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EP3854957A1 - Système de plafond suspendu - Google Patents

Système de plafond suspendu Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3854957A1
EP3854957A1 EP20153845.1A EP20153845A EP3854957A1 EP 3854957 A1 EP3854957 A1 EP 3854957A1 EP 20153845 A EP20153845 A EP 20153845A EP 3854957 A1 EP3854957 A1 EP 3854957A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
side edge
profiles
grid
ceiling
coating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP20153845.1A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Thomas Nilsson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Saint Gobain Ecophon AB
Original Assignee
Saint Gobain Ecophon AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Saint Gobain Ecophon AB filed Critical Saint Gobain Ecophon AB
Priority to EP20153845.1A priority Critical patent/EP3854957A1/fr
Priority to US17/759,058 priority patent/US20230040670A1/en
Priority to CA3166467A priority patent/CA3166467A1/fr
Priority to PCT/EP2021/051055 priority patent/WO2021151726A1/fr
Publication of EP3854957A1 publication Critical patent/EP3854957A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B9/00—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B9/04—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation comprising slabs, panels, sheets or the like
    • E04B9/0435—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation comprising slabs, panels, sheets or the like having connection means at the edges
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B9/00—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B9/22—Connection of slabs, panels, sheets or the like to the supporting construction
    • E04B9/24—Connection of slabs, panels, sheets or the like to the supporting construction with the slabs, panels, sheets or the like positioned on the upperside of, or held against the underside of the horizontal flanges of the supporting construction or accessory means connected thereto
    • E04B9/241—Connection of slabs, panels, sheets or the like to the supporting construction with the slabs, panels, sheets or the like positioned on the upperside of, or held against the underside of the horizontal flanges of the supporting construction or accessory means connected thereto with the slabs, panels, sheets or the like positioned on the upperside of the horizontal flanges of the supporting construction
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B9/00—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B9/22—Connection of slabs, panels, sheets or the like to the supporting construction
    • E04B9/28—Connection of slabs, panels, sheets or the like to the supporting construction with the slabs, panels, sheets or the like having grooves engaging with horizontal flanges of the supporting construction or accessory means connected thereto

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a suspended ceiling system, and more particular to such a suspended ceiling system comprising a polygon-shaped ceiling tile and a grid of profiles supporting the ceiling tile.
  • suspended ceilings being suspended from a ceiling structure, which henceforward is referred to as suspended ceilings, can be installed in many different types of buildings for various reasons. Examples of reasons are to absorb sound, to reflect light, to lower the ceiling height or to conceal installations such as cable arrangements, ventilation equipment, lighting installations and other devices arranged in the space between the suspended ceiling and the ceiling structure of a building.
  • a common type of suspension is to use a grid of profiles for suspending a plurality of ceiling tiles.
  • the grid of profiles is suspended from a ceiling structure.
  • the profiles are arranged to support and thus uphold the ceiling tiles.
  • the profiles can for example be formed by T-beams with laterally extending flanges, wherein the ceiling tiles are placed so that the flanges support the edges of the ceiling tiles.
  • the ceiling tiles are thus embedded in the grid of profiles.
  • ceiling tiles As an alternative to suspension of ceiling tiles by means of a grid of profiles, free-hanging units of ceiling tiles forming ceiling islands are one way of creating acceptable acoustic environments.
  • the ceiling tiles may have sound-absorbing properties.
  • An advantage with free-hanging ceiling tiles are that they often are regarded as more esthetically appealing due to their exposed edges and floating impression, when compared to ceiling tiles being embedded in a grid of profiles.
  • Free-hanging ceiling tiles can be installed in large, noisy environments such as open-plan areas, restaurants, shopping centers etc., close to working areas or other locations where acoustical treatment is needed in order to achieve suitable conditions for communication, concentration or recovery.
  • Free-hanging units can also be used as a complement to an overall suspended ceiling in order to improve the acoustic environment with a reduction of the sound level and a diminishing of sound as distance increases.
  • Free-hanging ceiling tiles may be mounted by means of suspension members connecting the ceiling tiles to a ceiling structure. This mounting causes the free-hanging ceiling tiles to be sensitive to air flows which may set the ceiling tiles in motion.
  • the ceiling tiles may be arranged according to various designs depending on the application. In order to achieve a particular ceiling arrangement by means of free-hanging tiles suspended by suspension members, a precise and accurate mounting process is required. Each ceiling tile, typically being suspended by four suspension members, needs to be aligned with adjacent ceiling tiles in order to achieve the desired design. This is particular important for designs in which it is easy for the human eye to spot deviations, which makes the ceiling appear defective and/or incorrectly mounted.
  • An example of such a sensitive design is ceiling tiles being arrange adjacent to each other and distanced with an even distance. Even a tiny deviation from this distance makes the ceiling tiles appear slanted in relation to each other. An esthetically appealing configuration is to let the distance be equal to the thickness of the ceiling tile.
  • the distance may be quite small which makes a deviation even more easy to spot.
  • Small distances between the ceiling tiles are also desirable in order to increase the acoustic performance, i.e. the sound absorption capacity, of the ceiling.
  • a high cover ratio of the ceiling tiles is desired which is achieved by having a small distance between the ceiling tiles.
  • EP2902559 discloses a ceiling system comprising a grid of profiles having a plurality of fixing points, ceiling tiles each provided with attachment points on a rear surface thereof and connections member each connected to a fixing point of grid of profiles, wherein the connection members are releasably connectable to the attachment points in response to pushing the ceiling tiles in an upward direction.
  • a ceiling system is provided with a high degree of design freedom having the controlled and stable mounting enabled by the grid of profiles and at the same time the esthetic value of free-hanging ceiling tiles.
  • the ceiling system may be associated with an increased cost and may be time consuming to install.
  • a particular object is to provide a suspended ceiling system enabling simple and efficient mounting of the ceiling tiles in an improved manner.
  • a suspended ceiling system comprising a polygon-shaped ceiling tile and a grid of profiles supporting the ceiling tile.
  • the grid of profiles defines a frame in which the polygon-shaped ceiling tile is arranged and supported by supporting flanges of the grid of profiles.
  • the polygon-shaped ceiling tile comprises at front surface, a rear surface and at least three side edges extending between the front surface and the rear surface, wherein a side edge portion associated with each side edge comprises a top tongue, a bottom tongue, and a groove extending along the side edge portion and separating the top tongue and the bottom tongue.
  • the top tongues comprise engagement surfaces resting on the supporting flanges of the grid of profiles. A distal end of each top tongue extends beyond a distal end of the bottom tongue such that a bottom section of the polygon-shaped ceiling tile comprising the bottom tongue and the groove of each side edge portion is insertable from above into the frame defined by the grid of profiles.
  • top tongues having distal ends extending beyond the distal ends of the associated bottom tongues enables insertion from above of the ceiling tile into the frame of the grid of profiles such that that the bottom portion of the ceiling tile is passed through the frame and such that the engagement surfaces of the top tongues are placed on the supporting flanges.
  • the ceiling tile may have the aesthetic value of a group or cluster of free-hanging ceiling tiles arranged with small gaps therebetween while still being installed in a frame of a grid of profiles.
  • Each frame of the grid of profiles is configured for reception of one ceiling tile.
  • the ceiling tile is made of a compressed mineral fibre material, such as glass wool.
  • a ceiling tile made of a porous material such as a compressed mineral fibre material may have acoustical absorbing properties.
  • the front surface of the polygon-shaped ceiling tile may be provided with a first coating having a light reflectance above 0,8.
  • a first coating having a light reflectance above 0,8 for instance a white paint
  • the contrast between the front surface and the shadowed void may be enhanced, which will increase the impression of the ceiling tile being free-hanging.
  • light reflectance is in this application meant the proportion of incident visible light being reflected.
  • a front surface provided with a coating having a light reflectance above 0,8 will reflect above 80% of the incident visible light.
  • Each side edge portion may comprise a side edge surface adjoining the front surface and being provided with a first coating having a light reflectance above 0,8.
  • each side edge portion may comprise a side edge surface provided with a second coating having a light reflectance below 0,2.
  • a second coating having a light reflectance below 0,2 such as a black paint
  • the front surface may be provided with a first coating and each side edge portion may comprise a side edge surface provided with a second coating, wherein the difference between the light reflectance of first coating of the front surface and the light reflectance of the second coating of the side edge surface is at least 0,5.
  • the shadowing effect of the void may be further enhanced.
  • Each supporting flange of the grid of profiles may comprise a bottom surface provided with a third coating having a light reflectance below 0,2.
  • a third coating having a light reflectance below 0,2 such as black paint
  • Each groove may have a height H in the range of 5-40 mm.
  • Each bottom tongue may have a thickness T in the range of 5-20 mm.
  • the suspended ceiling system may further comprise a plurality of polygon-shaped ceiling tiles, wherein the grid of profiles defines a plurality of frames in which the plurality of polygon-shaped ceiling tiles may be arranged.
  • the polygon-shaped ceiling tile may be rectangular. Other shapes are conceivable, such as triangular, pentagonal or hexagonal shape.
  • the grid of profiles may comprise profiles having an inverted T-shape.
  • a lighting strip may be arranged in one of the grooves.
  • the suspended ceiling may be arranged for indirect lighting of a room.
  • Figs. 1a-b illustrate a ceiling tile 1 for a suspended ceiling system in accordance with the present invention.
  • the ceiling tile may be an acoustical ceiling tile with sound absorbing properties.
  • the ceiling tile may have a porous structure and may be made of a compressed fibre material, such as glass wool or stone wool.
  • the ceiling tile 10 has a polygonal shape and comprises a front surface 11, a rear surface 12 and at least three side edges 13 extending between the front surface 11 and the rear surface 12.
  • the ceiling tile 10 is rectangular and thus comprises four side edges 13. It is understood that the polygon-shaped ceiling tile may have other shapes, such as a triangular, pentagonal or hexagonal shape.
  • a side edge portion associated with each side edge 13 of the ceiling tile 10 comprises a top tongue 14, a bottom tongue 15, and a groove extending 16 along the side edge 13 and separating the top tongue 14 and the bottom tongue 15.
  • a side edge portion comprising a top tongue 14, a bottom tongue 15 and a groove 16 separating the two tongues 14, 15 results in the formation of a plurality of side edge surfaces 17.
  • Each side edge portion comprises a side edge surface 17 forming an engagement surface 18 which is associated with the top tongue 14 and which is faced in the same direction as the front surface 11.
  • the bottom tongue 15 may have a thickness T in the range of 5-20 mm.
  • the groove 16 may have a height H in the range of 5-40 mm.
  • the front surface 11 of the ceiling 10 tile is provided with a first coating such as paint.
  • Each side edge portion may comprise a side edge surface 17 provided with a second coating such as paint.
  • all side edge surfaces 17 of each side edge portion but the side edge surface 17' adjoining the front surface 11 are provided with the second coating.
  • the side edge surfaces 17' adjoining the front surface 11 are provided with the first coating.
  • all side edge surfaces 17 of each side edge portion may be provided with the second coating.
  • the first coating may have a light reflectance above 0,8.
  • the second coating may have a light reflectance below 0,2.
  • the difference in light reflectance of the first coating and the second coating may be at least 0,5.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates installation of a suspended ceiling system 50 comprising ceiling tiles 10 of the type described above and a grid of profiles 30.
  • the grid of profiles 30 is configured to be supported by a structural ceiling of a room.
  • the grid of profiles 30 defines a plurality of frames 31 in which the ceiling tiles 10 are arranged.
  • the ceiling tiles 10 are supported by supporting flanges 32 of the grid of profiles 30.
  • the supporting flanges are configured to support the ceiling tiles 10 via the engagement surfaces 18 of the top tongues 14 of the ceiling tiles 10.
  • Each supporting flange 32 may comprise a bottom surface 33 provided with a third coating such as paint.
  • the third coating may have a light reflectance below 0,2.
  • the grid of profiles 30 comprises a plurality of primary profiles extending in parallel and having an inverted T-shape with an upstanding web 34 and two supporting flanges 32 extending laterally in opposite directions.
  • the free end of the web 34 may be provided with a reinforcing bulb (not shown).
  • the grid of profiles further comprises a plurality of secondary profiles (not shown) extending transversely to the primary profiles such that the frames are defined by the primary profiles and the secondary profiles.
  • Each frame 31 is configured for reception of a single ceiling tile.
  • the ceiling tile 10 For installation of a ceiling tile 10 in a frame 31 of the grid of profiles 30, the ceiling tile 10 is inserted from above into the frame 31 such that the engagement surface 18 of each top tongue 14 comes to rest against an associated supporting flange 32 of the grid of profiles 30, as evident from the detached enlargement in Fig. 2 .
  • the ceiling tile 10 to the left is being lowered from above into a frame 31 defined between the left primary profile and the middle primary profile, and the ceiling tile 10 to the right is arranged in a frame defined between the middle primary profile and the right primary profile.
  • each top tongue 14 extends beyond a distal end 20 of the associated bottom tongue 15 such that a bottom section 21 of the polygon-shaped ceiling tile 10 comprising the bottom tongue 15 and the groove 16 of each side edge portion is insertable from above into and through the frame 31 defined by the grid of profiles 30.
  • the bottom section 21 of the ceiling tile 10 will pass through the frame 31 such that the engagement surfaces 18 of the top togues 14 may be brought into engagement with the supporting flanges 32 of the grid of profiles 30 for support of the ceiling tile 10.
  • the ceiling tile 10 has a first width W1 as measured between the distal ends 19 of the opposing pair of top tongues 14 and a second width W2 as measured between the distal ends 20 of the opposing pair of bottom tongues 15. Further, distal ends 35 of two supporting flanges 32 facing each other and each associated with a respecive primary profile are separated by a distance D. The first width W1 of the ceiling tile 10 is greater than the distance D and the second width W2 of the ceiling tile 10 is smaller than the distance D.
  • FIG. 3a-b illustrate the installation of a rectangular ceiling tile 10.
  • a grid of profiles 30 comprises supporting flanges 32 defining a rectangular frame 31.
  • the webs associated with the supporting flanges 32 have been left out.
  • each top tongue 14 has a distal end 19 extending beyond the distal end 20 of the associated bottom tongue 15 whereby the ceiling tile 10 may be lowered into the frame 31 such that the bottom section 21 of the ceiling tile 10 may be inserted and passed through the frame 31 until the engagement surfaces 18 of the top tongues 14 come to rest against the supporting flanges 31, as illustrated in Fig 3b .
  • Fig. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the suspended ceiling system 50 comprising rectangular ceiling tiles 10 installed in frames 31 defined by a grid of profiles 30. For sake of clarity, only the supporting flanges 32 of the grid of profiles 30 are illustrated.
  • the ceiling tiles have been installed in accordance with what has been described above, i.e. by inserting the ceiling tiles 10 from above into the frames 31 of the grid of profiles 30.
  • a ceiling tile 10 with side edge portions each comprising a top tongue 14 and a bottom tongue 15 separated by a groove 16 extending along the associated side edge 13, wherein a distal end 19 of each top tongue 14 extends beyond a distal end 20 of the bottom tongue 15, results in a ceiling tile 10 which is easy to install in a frame 31 of a grid of profiles 30.
  • the ceiling tile 10 is simply inserted from above into the frame 31 such that the bottom section 21 of the ceiling tile 10 is passed through the frame 31 and the engagement surfaces 18 of the top tongues 15 come to rest on the supporting flanges 32.
  • the groove 16 extending along each side edge portion and separating the top tongue 14 from the bottom tongue 15 enables the formation of a shadowed void extending along the side edges and thus encircling the front surface of each ceiling tile.
  • an impression is created of the ceiling tiles being arranged in a free-hanging manner while still being installed in frames of a grid of profiles.
  • the impression is enhanced by ensuring that the difference in light reflectance between the first coating and the second is at least 0,5.
  • the first coating may have a light reflectance above 0,8 and the second coating may have a light reflectance below 0,2.
  • the first coating may be a white paint and the second coating may be a black paint.
  • tt is thus the part of the ceiling tile provided with the first coating which form the part of the ceiling tile appearing to be installed in a free-hanging manner.
  • each supporting flange 32 may be provided with a third coating having a light reflectance below 0,2.
  • Figs. 5a, b another embodiment of the ceiling tile 10 is disclosed.
  • the polygon-shaped ceiling tile 10 is triangular.
  • the ceiling tile 10 thus comprise a front surface 11, a rear surface 12 and three side edges 13 extending between the front surface 11 and the rear surface 12.
  • a side edge portion associated with each side edge 13 comprises a top 14 tongue provided with an engagement surface 18, a bottom tongue 15 and a groove 16 extending along the side edge 13 and separating the top tongue 14 and the bottom tongue 15.
  • the distal end 19 of each top tongue 14 extends beyond the distal end 20 of the bottom tongue 15.
  • the ceiling tile 10 is insertable from above into a frame 31 of a grid of profiles 30 such that the bottom section 21 of the ceiling tile 10 is passed through the frame 31 and the engagement surfaces 18 of the top tongues 14 come to rest on the supporting flanges 32.
  • a suspended ceiling system 50 comprising triangular ceiling tiles 10 of this type is illustrated in Fig. 6 .
  • the groove may be shaped in any desired manner, such as V- or U-shaped.
  • the purpose of the groove is to create a void which enhances the impression of a free-hanging installation.
  • the groove may be utilized for additional installation.
  • a lighting strip may be arranged in the groove.
  • a suspended ceiling system comprising ceiling tiles provided with lighting strips in some or all the grooves may still be perceived as arranged in a free-hanging manner.
  • the void formed by each groove comprising a lighting strip will not be shadowed but illuminated, and as long as the contrast between front surface of each ceiling tile and the void is sufficiently strong, the impression of a free-hanging ceiling tile may be maintained.
  • the side edge surfaces forming the distal ends of the top and the bottom tongues extend have an extension perpendicular to the front and rear surfaces of the ceiling tile. It is understood that these side edge surfaces may be formed differently.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Residential Or Office Buildings (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
EP20153845.1A 2020-01-27 2020-01-27 Système de plafond suspendu Pending EP3854957A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP20153845.1A EP3854957A1 (fr) 2020-01-27 2020-01-27 Système de plafond suspendu
US17/759,058 US20230040670A1 (en) 2020-01-27 2021-01-19 Suspended ceiling system
CA3166467A CA3166467A1 (fr) 2020-01-27 2021-01-19 Systeme de plafond suspendu
PCT/EP2021/051055 WO2021151726A1 (fr) 2020-01-27 2021-01-19 Système de plafond suspendu

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP20153845.1A EP3854957A1 (fr) 2020-01-27 2020-01-27 Système de plafond suspendu

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3854957A1 true EP3854957A1 (fr) 2021-07-28

Family

ID=69326403

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP20153845.1A Pending EP3854957A1 (fr) 2020-01-27 2020-01-27 Système de plafond suspendu

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US20230040670A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP3854957A1 (fr)
CA (1) CA3166467A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2021151726A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
MX2020009776A (es) * 2018-03-21 2020-10-12 Armstrong World Ind Inc Sistema de techo que tiene una pluralidad de diferentes paneles.

Citations (4)

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DE2457806A1 (de) * 1974-12-06 1976-06-10 Holzhaeuer Atex W Platte fuer den innenausbau
WO2010129717A1 (fr) * 2009-05-05 2010-11-11 Abl Ip Holding, Llc Luminaire oled compact pour plafonds grillagés
EP2902559A1 (fr) 2014-01-30 2015-08-05 Saint-Gobain Ecophon AB Système de plafond suspendu et procédé pour monter un plafond suspendu
US20190292780A1 (en) * 2018-03-21 2019-09-26 Armstrong World Industries, Inc. Ceiling system having a plurality of different panels

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US4377059A (en) * 1978-09-18 1983-03-22 United States Gypsum Company Concealed ceiling system with accessible ceiling panels
US4484428A (en) * 1980-12-08 1984-11-27 Donn Incorporated Suspended ceiling grid system
US4413457A (en) * 1981-02-05 1983-11-08 Donn Incorporated Checkered wall or ceiling system
US4640064A (en) * 1985-03-18 1987-02-03 Donn Incorporated Suspension ceiling system combining snap-up pans and lay-in panels
US4794745A (en) * 1986-12-15 1989-01-03 National Rolling Mills Inc. Tier drop grid system
US4912899A (en) * 1989-03-30 1990-04-03 Plasker John C Drywall edge reveal trim strip
US5495697A (en) * 1994-03-24 1996-03-05 Bischel; Wesley T. K. Decorative elements for subceilings
US6108994A (en) * 1998-08-12 2000-08-29 Armstrong World Industries, Inc. Ceiling panel
US6260325B1 (en) * 1999-03-17 2001-07-17 Usg Interiors, Inc. Suspended concealed grid accessible ceiling system
SE521524C2 (sv) * 2000-05-09 2003-11-11 Ecophon Ab Takplatta
EP2725161B1 (fr) * 2012-10-24 2015-10-14 Saint-Gobain Ecophon AB Module d'absorption sonore et plafond suspendu comprenant celui-ci
FR3027096A1 (fr) * 2014-10-13 2016-04-15 Saint Gobain Placo Panneau lumineux
US9390700B1 (en) * 2015-03-10 2016-07-12 Awi Licensing Llc Laminate acoustic panel
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2457806A1 (de) * 1974-12-06 1976-06-10 Holzhaeuer Atex W Platte fuer den innenausbau
WO2010129717A1 (fr) * 2009-05-05 2010-11-11 Abl Ip Holding, Llc Luminaire oled compact pour plafonds grillagés
EP2902559A1 (fr) 2014-01-30 2015-08-05 Saint-Gobain Ecophon AB Système de plafond suspendu et procédé pour monter un plafond suspendu
US20190292780A1 (en) * 2018-03-21 2019-09-26 Armstrong World Industries, Inc. Ceiling system having a plurality of different panels

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA3166467A1 (fr) 2021-08-05
US20230040670A1 (en) 2023-02-09
WO2021151726A1 (fr) 2021-08-05

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