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EP3604921B1 - Biomasseheizgerät für den häuslichen gebrauch - Google Patents

Biomasseheizgerät für den häuslichen gebrauch Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3604921B1
EP3604921B1 EP19182908.4A EP19182908A EP3604921B1 EP 3604921 B1 EP3604921 B1 EP 3604921B1 EP 19182908 A EP19182908 A EP 19182908A EP 3604921 B1 EP3604921 B1 EP 3604921B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
casing
biomass
heat generator
grille
main box
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP19182908.4A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3604921A2 (de
EP3604921A3 (de
Inventor
Angelo Zardi
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority to PL19182908T priority Critical patent/PL3604921T3/pl
Publication of EP3604921A2 publication Critical patent/EP3604921A2/de
Publication of EP3604921A3 publication Critical patent/EP3604921A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3604921B1 publication Critical patent/EP3604921B1/de
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/24—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having a vertical, substantially cylindrical, combustion chamber
    • F23G5/245—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having a vertical, substantially cylindrical, combustion chamber with perforated bottom or grate
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B90/00—Combustion methods not related to a particular type of apparatus
    • F23B90/04—Combustion methods not related to a particular type of apparatus including secondary combustion
    • F23B90/06—Combustion methods not related to a particular type of apparatus including secondary combustion the primary combustion being a gasification or pyrolysis in a reductive atmosphere
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/10—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of field or garden waste or biomasses
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2205/00—Waste feed arrangements
    • F23G2205/16—Waste feed arrangements using chute

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a biomass heat generator for domestic use.
  • biomass is an organic material which is obtained by means of a biological process and enables heat to be sustainably obtained, by limiting the emissions of CO 2 during combustion.
  • the operating principle is based on the injection of stoichiometric air inside the firelplace.
  • the performance improves but so do the emissions in terms of pollutant fumes and particles which, in a certain percentage, are evacuated into the atmosphere.
  • a more ecological and efficient heat generating technology is represented by pyrolysis and gasification.
  • Pyrolysis is a process of thermo-chemical decomposition of biomass in the absence of oxidising elements and at high temperatures, generally higher than 400°C.
  • gasification is a thermochemical conversion process of a solid/liquid fuel into "syngas", by means of an external agent (for example air or oxygen or vapour) in adequate quantities.
  • an external agent for example air or oxygen or vapour
  • Pyrogasification is already in use in some industrial sectors, for example in waste combustion plants or cogeneration.
  • patio heaters and stoves for cooking in the open, or in semi-closed environments which exploit pyrogasification.
  • the technical task underlying the present invention is to provide a biomass heat generator for domestic use which obviates the drawbacks in the prior art as described above.
  • an object of the present invention is to propose a biomass heat generator for domestic use that has a higher performance and lower emissions with respect to known solutions.
  • Another object of the present invention is to propose a biomass heat generator for domestic use that enables a continuous supply of the fuel under conditions of safety.
  • Another object of the present invention is to propose a biomass heat generator for domestic use that is easily controllable, in particular in order to enable modulation of the intensity of the flame on the basis of the amount of heat desired.
  • Another object of the present invention is to propose a biomass heat generator for domestic use, in which the interruption of the combustion takes place over a short time and without generation of unpleasant emissions.
  • Another object of the present invention is to propose a biomass heat generator for domestic use that generates fewer combustion residues with respect to known solutions.
  • Another object of the present invention is to make available a biomass heat generator for domestic use that is compact, structurally simple, easy to maintain, modular, enabled for heating and/or cooking.
  • reference numeral 1 relates to a biomass heat generator for domestic use.
  • the generator 1 comprises a main box-like casing 2 and a secondary box-like casing 5, both having elongated extensions and branching off from one another.
  • the main box-like casing 2 encloses a reaction chamber 3 and a combustion chamber 4 of the gases coming from the reaction chamber 3.
  • the main box-like casing 2 extends substantially vertically, i.e. in height, with the reaction chamber 3 being situated under the combustion chamber 4.
  • the secondary box-like casing 5 branches off from the main box-like casing 2 at the reaction chamber 3 and has an open end 5a for introducing the biomass.
  • the secondary box-like casing 5 forms therewith a pre-established angle, denoted by "a", in such a way as to enable descent by force of gravity of the biomass introduced via the open end 5a.
  • the pre-established angle a is preferably an acute angle, more preferably comprised between 25° and 45°.
  • the main box-like casing 2 and the secondary box-like casing 5 are preferably tubes having rectangular or square or circular section.
  • a hole is made in the main box-like casing 2 at the reaction chamber 3 so as to enable coupling (e.g. by welding) the secondary box-like casing 5.
  • the secondary box-like casing 5 is a tube that is tapered from its open end 5a towards the branch-off from the main box-like casing 2. Therefore, the diameter of the secondary box-like casing 5 is at a maximum at the open end 5a thereof and reduces as it goes towards the main box-like casing 2.
  • the main box-like casing 2 and the secondary box-like casing 5 are made of metal or a metal alloy.
  • metal for example, iron can be used, which has the advantage of being a catalyser.
  • steel can be used.
  • Means are preferably provided for interrupting the inflow of fuel from the secondary box-like casing 5 towards the main box-like casing 2.
  • an internal shutter can be used, inside the secondary box-like casing 5, which is moved to open or close using a manual lever outside the secondary box-like casing 5.
  • the generator 1 preferably further comprises a connecting shield (not illustrated) between the secondary box-like casing 5 and the main box-like casing 2.
  • the connecting shield is in fact a hood screen which enables retaining the heat emitted by the main box-like casing 2 in the reaction chamber 3, facilitating:
  • An access hole for igniting the combustion is further afforded in the main box-like casing 2.
  • the access hole (to which a hatch door is associated) is located above the reaction chamber 3. This arrangement enables carrying out ignition from above which occurs immediately and without releasing fumes.
  • the generator 1 further comprises:
  • the first inlet 6 for the air is obtained in the main box-like casing 2 below the first grille 8.
  • the first inlet 6 is interposed between the first grille 8 and a drawer for the collection of the residues of combustion, denoted by reference numeral 10.
  • the drawer 10 closes the main box-like casing 2 below, i.e. it constitutes the bottom thereof.
  • the zone between the drawer 10 and the first grille 8 has the purpose of causing the air coming from the first inlet 6 to circulate.
  • the first inlet 6 is constituted by a conduit which opens into the main box-like casing 2.
  • the first inlet 6 is preferably protected by a movable hatch door (not illustrated).
  • a movable hatch door (not illustrated).
  • the required quantity of air is modest, thus it is sufficient to open the hatch door of the first inlet 6 only by a little to inject the air necessary, in this way preventing too much heat from being dispersed to the outside.
  • the second inlet 7a, 7b, 7c for the air is obtained in the main box-like casing 2 above the second grille 9.
  • the second inlets for the air inside the combustion chamber 4 are three in number, denoted by 7a, 7b, 7c. They are obtained at different heights in the main box-like casing 2 and/or at opposite sides with respect to the combustion chamber 4.
  • the second inlets 7a, 7b, 7c for the air in the combustion chamber 4 have the function of efficiently burning the gas mix coming from the reaction chamber 3, helping to keep temperatures high.
  • the inlets Realising the inlets at different levels (i.e. heights) in the main box-like casing 2 and on opposite sides thereof with respect to the combustion chamber 4 facilitates the air-gas mixture.
  • some of the inlets have a fixed inflow rate in order to guarantee a necessary minimum inflow of air.
  • One or more of the inlet holes have an adjustable inflow rate with the purpose of modifying the mixing parameters.
  • a conduit is included which starts from the zone beneath the drawer 10 and extends upwards, being welded to the main box-like casing 2 up to one or more of the inlets 7a, 7b, 7c in the combustion chamber.
  • the first grille 8 has a curvilinear shape with concavity facing the reaction chamber 3 in such a way as to collect the biomass coming from the secondary box-like casing 5.
  • the first grille 8 comprises a first frame 18 on which a plurality of first bars 28 is fixed, the plurality of first bars 28 being parallel and bent in such a way as to give the curvilinear shape to the first grille 8.
  • first frame 18 has a substantially rectangular shape.
  • the first bars 28 can be bent in such a way as to define a more or less accentuated curve and extend between two opposite sides of the first frame 18.
  • the distance between adjacent bars 28 is preferably equal to or less than 4 mm. In fact, starting from 6 mm wood pellets, the dimension of the charcoal after contraction by effect of the energy release will be about 4.5 mm. With a distance between the bars 28 of equal to or less than 4 mm, the charcoal is retained by the first grille 8 and thus is subject to the primary air (i.e. coming from the first inlet 6) to be consumed.
  • the first grille 8 is preferably fitted removably, i.e. not fixed, inside the main box-like casing 2 so that the first bars 28 are parallel to the incoming direction of the biomass from the secondary box-like casing 5.
  • the first frame 18 is preferably fitted flush with the secondary box-like casing 5 so as to enable a continuous descent of the fuel, i.e. a descent with no jamming.
  • the first grille 8 is preferably fitted inside the main box-like casing 2 so that the first bars 28 are parallel to the incoming direction of the biomass from the secondary box-like casing 5. In this way, there is a scraping effect on the first grille 8 which facilitates the fall of the cinders and minerals created by the combustion of charcoal.
  • the variant of the first grille 8 illustrated in figure 3a demonstrates that the first bars 28 do not extend between two opposite sides of the first frame 18 (as in figures 3b-3c ). On the contrary, the first bars 18 extend from one side of the first frame 18 up to meeting a flat plate 38 which connects them to the opposite side of the first frame 18.
  • the second grille 9 comprises a second frame 19 on which a plurality of second bars 29 is fixed, said second bars 29 being reciprocally parallel and being spaced and in a number that allows a quantity of passage of air comprised between 22% to 40%.
  • the second frame 19 preferably has a substantially rectangular shape.
  • the second bars 29 extend between two opposite sides of the second frame 19.
  • each bar is constituted by a hollow tube having a square section.
  • the tube can have a rectangular or circular section.
  • Figure 4a instead illustrates a variant in which each bar 29 has the shape of a bent metal sheet with a V or U-shaped transversal section.
  • the functions of the second grille 9 are:
  • the annular structure 11 illustrated here is suitable for heating the environment and can vary in shape and dimensions.
  • the annular structure 11 is preferably fitted on the main box-like casing 2 and can be demounted and replaced by other structures suitable for different uses (for example, a cooking hob, a boiler for heating liquids, etc.).
  • the valve 13 of the exhaust pipe 12 regulates the speed of the overall reactions of the generator 1, thus also enabling regulation of the heat emitted.
  • the biomass having been introduced via the secondary box-like casing 5, enters the reaction chamber 3 and is deposited on the first grille 8.
  • a lighter liquid is sprayed through the access hole realised in the main box-like casing 2 onto the second grille 9 which, as it percolates through the openings thereof, reaches the underlying biomass.
  • the flame can be lit using a long-nozzle lighter.
  • the flames fan out to the whole surface area of the biomass and spread to the underlying zone so that the whole volume of biomass present is subjected to pyrolysis.
  • This step lasts for about 13-20 minutes (as a function of the quantity of biomass injected in the reaction chamber 3) and it is of fundamental importance as it enables reaching the optimal thermal conditions for the following step.
  • the gasification of the residual charcoal commences which, in contact with the primary air, dissolves and generates gases and releases heat.
  • the gas generated in this way rises through the coals, mixes with the pyrolysis generated by the fuel, and reaches the combustion chamber 4.
  • the layer of charcoal is located in the middle, between two different contemporaneous reactions, the pyrolysis above and the gasification below. These reactions thermally sustain one another in order to maintain the overall reaction high.
  • the descending biomass is already very hot and quickly enters reaction; further the gasification of the charcoal absorbs and burns the oxygen coming from the primary air and removes it from the pyrolytic reaction that takes place above. As it continues to be consumed, the charcoal reduces volume with downwards displacements, leaving space above for inflow of new fuel, already hot (and therefore only a little moist, if at all) as it is heated before entering into the reaction chamber 3.
  • the opening of the valve 13 of the exhaust pipe 12 can be regulated to obtain the heat required within a minimum and a maximum.
  • the generator proposed is based on two contemporary reactions which mutually support one another to maintain a high thermal level. This leads to gas emission at high temperature that actuates the cracking of the tars (tar residues, aromatic hydrocarbons).
  • the gas produced by gasification rises through the overlying layer of charcoal which functions as a filter.
  • a high-temperature reaction environment leads to a lower production of chars, but with greater thermal power, and also leads to a greater production of syngas of high thermal quality, given the calorific value of the Tar, which is in combustion-ready conditions.
  • the heating and drying of the biomass is obtained prior to entry into the reaction chamber, again inside the secondary box-like casing.
  • the heat generation process takes place in continuous mode and is not dependent on blocks of load.
  • the generator is compact and thus suitable for use in domestic or assimilated environments.
  • the operation using natural air is further very advantageous as it makes the generator usable also in geographical areas not on the national electricity grid, or where the connection has been lost due to external causes (i.e. earthquakes).
  • the generator is easy to assemble and dismantle even by non-expert personnel, i.e. not technical personnel.
  • the modular structure enables easy transportability and maintenance.
  • the regulation of the heat is also within the grasp of non-technical personnel, as it is sufficient to open/close the valve of the exhaust pipe.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Solid-Fuel Combustion (AREA)
  • Tea And Coffee (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
  • Thermotherapy And Cooling Therapy Devices (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Biomasseheizgerät (1) für den häuslichen Gebrauch, umfassend:
    ein kastenähnliches Hauptgehäuse (2) aufweisend eine längliche Ausdehnung, in der eine Reaktionskammer (3) und eine Brennkammer (4) der aus der Reaktionskammer (3) kommenden Gase angeordnet sind, wobei die Reaktionskammer (3) unter der Brennkammer (4) angeordnet ist;
    ein sekundäres kastenähnliches Gehäuse (5) aufweisend eine längliche Ausdehnung und Abzweigung von dem kastenähnlichen Hauptgehäuse (2) an der Reaktionskammer (3), wobei das sekundäre kastenähnliche Gehäuse (5) ein offenes Ende (5a) zum Einbringen der Biomasse und zum Definieren eines vorbestimmten Winkels (a) in Bezug auf das kastenähnliche Hauptgehäuse (2) aufweist, sodass es der Biomasse ermöglicht, aufgrund der Schwerkraft abzusteigen;
    mindestens einen ersten Einlass (6) für die Luft in der Reaktionskammer (3);
    mindestens einen zweiten Einlass (7a, 7b, 7c) für die Luft in der Brennkammer (4);
    ein erstes Gitter (8), das in dem kastenähnlichen Hauptgehäuse (2) unter der Reaktionskammer (3) untergebracht ist und dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass es umfasst:
    ein zweites Gitter (9), das in dem kastenähnlichen Hauptgehäuse (2) zwischen der Brennkammer (4) und der Reaktionskammer (3) an der Abzweigung des sekundären kastenähnlichen Gehäuses (5) untergebracht ist, um die Gase zu konzentrieren, wobei das erste Gitter (8) eine krummlinige Form mit einer Konkavität aufweist, die der Reaktionskammer (3) zugewandt ist, um die Biomasse, die von dem sekundären kastenähnlichen Gehäuse (5) kommt, zu empfangen.
  2. Biomasseheizgerät (1) nach Anspruch 1, wobei der vorbestimmte Winkel (a) zwischen 25° und 45° liegt.
  3. Biomasseheizgerät (1) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei das erste Gitter (8) einen ersten Rahmen (18) umfasst, an dem (18) eine Vielzahl an ersten Stäben (28) befestigt sind, die so gebogen sind, um dem ersten Gitter (8) die krummlinige Form zu verleihen und parallel zueinander verlaufen.
  4. Biomasseheizgerät (1) nach Anspruch 3, wobei die ersten Stäbe (28) parallel zur Einflaufrichtung der Biomasse vom sekundären kastenähnlichen Gehäuse (5) sind.
  5. Biomasseheizgerät (1) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei das zweite Gitter (9) einen zweiten Rahmen (19) umfasst, an dem eine Vielzahl an zweiten Stäben (29) befestigt sind, wobei die zweiten Stäbe (29) parallel zueinander sind und beabstandet sind und in einer Anzahl, die den Luftdurchgang zwischen 22% und 40% ermöglicht.
  6. Biomasseheizgerät (1) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei der mindestens eine erste Einlass (6) für die Luft in dem kastenähnlichen Hauptgehäuse (2) unterhalb des ersten Gitters (8) ausgebildet wird.
  7. Biomasseheizgerät (1) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei der mindestens eine zweite Einlass (7a, 7b, 7c) für die Luft in dem kastenähnlichen Hauptgehäuse (2) oberhalb des zweiten Gitters (9) ausgebildet ist.
  8. Biomasseheizgerät (1) nach Anspruch 7, umfassend eine Vielzahl an zweiten Einlässen (7a, 7b, 7c) für die Luft in der Brennkammer (4), wobei die zweiten Einlässe (7a, 7b, 7c) an unterschiedlichen Höhen im kastenähnlichen Hauptgehäuse (2) und/oder an gegenüberliegenden Seiten in Bezug auf die Brennkammer (4) ausgebildet sind.
  9. Biomasseheizgerät (1) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei das kastenähnliche Hauptgehäuse (2) und das sekundäre kastenähnliche Gehäuse (5) Rohre mit rechteckigem oder quadratischem oder kreisförmigem Querschnitt sind.
  10. Biomasseheizgerät (1) nach Anspruch 9, wobei das sekundäre kastenähnliche Gehäuse (5) ein Rohr ist, das sich von seinem offenen Ende (5a) zur Abzweigung von dem kastenähnlichen Hauptgehäuse (2) hin verjüngt.
EP19182908.4A 2018-08-02 2019-06-27 Biomasseheizgerät für den häuslichen gebrauch Active EP3604921B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL19182908T PL3604921T3 (pl) 2018-08-02 2019-06-27 Generator ciepła z biomasy do użytku domowego

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT102018000007792A IT201800007792A1 (it) 2018-08-02 2018-08-02 Generatore di calore a biomassa per uso domestico

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3604921A2 EP3604921A2 (de) 2020-02-05
EP3604921A3 EP3604921A3 (de) 2020-02-26
EP3604921B1 true EP3604921B1 (de) 2021-03-10

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ID=63965897

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19182908.4A Active EP3604921B1 (de) 2018-08-02 2019-06-27 Biomasseheizgerät für den häuslichen gebrauch

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3604921B1 (de)
DK (1) DK3604921T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2880039T3 (de)
IT (1) IT201800007792A1 (de)
PL (1) PL3604921T3 (de)

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2869555B1 (fr) * 2004-04-28 2006-08-04 Bio 3D Applic Soc Par Actions Systeme et procede pour recycler thermiquement des dechets, en particulier des pneumatiques usages non recycables (punr) entiers et des dechets fractionnes et assimiles
JP5631313B2 (ja) * 2008-08-30 2014-11-26 ダル エナジー ホールディング エーピーエス 熱反応装置
ES2539246B1 (es) * 2012-10-23 2016-05-12 Fundacion Cidaut Caldera vertical de combustible solido
CN104140851B (zh) * 2014-08-12 2017-10-31 余式正 一种无二噁英和无废气排放的立式负压垃圾干馏焚烧炉

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
None *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP3604921A2 (de) 2020-02-05
DK3604921T3 (da) 2021-05-31
IT201800007792A1 (it) 2020-02-02
PL3604921T3 (pl) 2021-09-13
ES2880039T3 (es) 2021-11-23
EP3604921A3 (de) 2020-02-26

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