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EP3602689B1 - Electromagnetic antenna - Google Patents

Electromagnetic antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3602689B1
EP3602689B1 EP18711379.0A EP18711379A EP3602689B1 EP 3602689 B1 EP3602689 B1 EP 3602689B1 EP 18711379 A EP18711379 A EP 18711379A EP 3602689 B1 EP3602689 B1 EP 3602689B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wall
waveguide
electromagnetic
radiating
coupling slot
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Active
Application number
EP18711379.0A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3602689A1 (en
Inventor
Christian Renard
Eric VINAY
Eric Estebe
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Thales SA
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Thales SA
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Publication date
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Publication of EP3602689A1 publication Critical patent/EP3602689A1/en
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/22—Longitudinal slot in boundary wall of waveguide or transmission line
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/10—Resonant slot antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
    • H01Q21/0037—Particular feeding systems linear waveguide fed arrays
    • H01Q21/0043—Slotted waveguides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0087—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing antenna arrays

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electromagnetic antenna of the type comprising a first radiating part with an electromagnetic waveguide of predetermined geometric shape.
  • the invention lies in the field of partially active or passive electromagnetic antennas, used in the field of radars or radiocommunications.
  • one or more active circuits for example amplifiers or phase shifters, for processing the signal emitted or received by such an antenna, in order to obtain an active antenna. more compact.
  • So-called slot antennas comprising a radiation part consisting of a waveguide comprising radiating slots.
  • Such antennas offer the advantage of having low electrical losses, but not allowing easy integration of active circuits.
  • the document EP 2 249 437 discloses such an antenna.
  • Antennas are also known consisting of a stack of layers of dielectric substrates, etched with metal tracks, the coupling between layers being obtained by means of metallized holes, also called vias, or by electromagnetic coupling by opening or by proximity.
  • metallized holes also called vias
  • electromagnetic coupling by opening or by proximity.
  • Such antennas with a stack of layers generally exhibit significant electrical losses.
  • the invention provides an electromagnetic antenna according to claim 1, comprising a first radiating part with an electromagnetic waveguide of predetermined geometric shape, forming a first electromagnetic propagation medium and comprising a first radiation wall comprising a plurality of slits radiating spaced apart, each radiating slot extending in a first longitudinal direction, and a second wall, opposite to the first radiating wall.
  • the antenna comprises a second active part comprising a stack of at least two dielectric layers, at least one of the dielectric layers being etched with at least one metal track leading to at least one active circuit, forming a second electromagnetic propagation medium, at least a portion of said second active part being pressed against said second wall in a contact zone.
  • the antenna comprises a coupling slot located in said contact zone, the coupling slot passing through said second wall, said coupling slot extending in a second direction forming a non-zero orientation angle with said first direction. longitudinal.
  • the electromagnetic antenna according to the invention exhibits low electrical losses owing to a radiating surface similar to the radiating surface of a conventional slit guide antenna.
  • the coupling slot helps to minimize bulk, no additional coupling or connection elements being added.
  • the electromagnetic antenna according to the invention can have one or more of the characteristics below, taken independently or in combination, in any technically acceptable combination.
  • the second active part comprises a metallized layer etched on an upper dielectric layer of the stack, said metallized layer being pressed against the second wall of the waveguide, and the coupling slot is formed of two parts, a first part passing through said second wall and a second part passing through said metallized layer.
  • the second active part comprises a metallized layer etched on an upper dielectric layer of the stack, said metallized layer forming said second wall of the waveguide.
  • the first radiating wall has a plurality of radiating slits positioned according to a predetermined regular grid, and the coupling slit is located opposite a slitless zone of the first wall.
  • the waveguide of the first radiating part is a waveguide of rectangular section, said first wall and second wall being substantially parallel.
  • the coupling slot is centered relative to the second wall of the waveguide.
  • the orientation angle is substantially equal to 45 degrees.
  • the second propagation medium has an associated wavelength
  • the second active part has a transmission line printed between two layers stacked dielectrics, the transmission line comprising a termination portion whose length is a function of said wavelength associated with the second propagation medium.
  • an electromagnetic antenna 10 comprises a first radiating part 12 and a second active part 14 adapted to be connected to or comprising at least one active circuit 50.
  • the active circuit is an amplifier or a phase shifter.
  • the figure 1 schematically shows the first radiating part 12 and the second active part 14, in exploded perspective.
  • the first radiating part 12 is of the slotted waveguide type, as explained in more detail below. This first radiating part of the antenna constitutes a first electromagnetic propagation medium.
  • the second active part consists of a stack of layers of dielectric substrates etched with metal tracks, the connections from one layer to the other being made by means of metallized holes, also called vias.
  • the active part of the antenna constitutes a second electromagnetic propagation medium.
  • the first radiating part 12 comprises a waveguide 16 of predetermined geometric shape, which is a parallelepipedal waveguide, therefore of rectangular section, in the example illustrated.
  • a waveguide 16 having another geometric shape can be envisaged, for example having a step (in English 'ridge') in order to increase its frequency band.
  • the waveguide 16 is made of a metallic material, and has walls of a given thickness, and is filled with air, or completely or partially filled with a first dielectric material.
  • the waveguide 16 comprises a first wall 18, called the radiation wall, and a second wall 20, which is opposite to the first wall 18.
  • the first wall 18 and the second wall 20 are substantially parallel.
  • At least two radiating slots 22 are formed.
  • Each radiating slot 22 is an opening made in the thickness of the first wall 18, of given shape, size and orientation, allowing controlled radiation of electromagnetic waves.
  • radiating slots 22 are positioned according to a regular grid, along the X, Y directions of the plane.
  • the shape, size, orientation and position of the radiating slots are used to define the radiation pattern of the antenna.
  • the X direction is the longitudinal direction
  • the Y direction is the transverse direction
  • the Z direction is the direction orthogonal to the plane (X, Y), so as to form an orthonormal spatial reference (X, Y, Z).
  • Two successive radiating slits in a given direction are spaced apart by a predetermined distance.
  • each radiating slot 22 has the shape of a rectangle with rounded corners as shown in the figure. figure 1 , extending in a first direction, which is the longitudinal direction X.
  • all the radiating slots made in the first wall 18 of the waveguide have the same geometric shape and the same dimensions.
  • the radiating slots 22 have a similar shape but different dimensions.
  • the first wall 18 comprises, between the slits, zones 23 without slit, also called non-radiating zones.
  • the waveguide distributes an electromagnetic signal to the radiating slits 22.
  • the first radiating part 12 and the second active part 14 have been shown separated for ease of explanation.
  • first radiating part 12 and the second active part 14 are pressed against each other, without separation between these two parts.
  • the first radiating part 12 and the second active part 14 are aligned longitudinally and are pressed against each other, the outer face 20a of the second wall 20 being bonded to an upper layer of the second active part and forming a zone of contact.
  • the first radiating part 12 and the second active part 14 are coupled by a coupling slot 30, located in the contact zone and which passes through the second wall 20 as far as an upper dielectric layer of the stack forming the second active part.
  • the dielectric layers of the second active part are made with a second dielectric material.
  • the coupling slot 30 extends in a second direction A forming a non-zero orientation angle, denoted ⁇ , with the first direction X.
  • orientation angle the acute angle formed between the first direction X and the second direction A.
  • the coupling slit 30 is placed opposite the first wall 18 of the waveguide 16, at a zone without slit 23, that is to say located between two successive slits.
  • placing an element facing a zone is meant here a positioning of the element without contact with the zone considered, and such that the axis of electromagnetic radiation of this device is included in said zone.
  • the coupling slot 30 is centered with respect to the second wall 20.
  • the non-zero orientation angle ⁇ is preferably substantially equal to 45 °.
  • the coupling slit 30 When the coupling slit 30 is placed at a distance equal to a quarter wavelength guided from the radiating slits 22 along the longitudinal axis X, it does not disturb the radiation, and is functionally analogous to a transformer towards the second part. active 14.
  • the waveguide 16 is excited via the coupling slot 30, which makes it possible to produce a direct connection with the stacked dielectric layers of the second active part 14, and to distribute an electromagnetic signal coming from the circuit active between an antenna port and the radiating slots.
  • the second active part 14 is a printed circuit of the triplate type and comprises two stacked dielectric layers, denoted respectively 42, 44.
  • the shielding intended to block the propagation of parasitic electromagnetic modes is produced by a set of holes metallized 45 of which only one is symbolically represented on the figure 1 .
  • a printed circuit of the microstrip type is used.
  • Each dielectric layer 42, 44 has a lower face 42a, 44a and an upper face 42b, 44b.
  • a printed segment 40 forming a transmission line, is printed between the two dielectric layers, either on the lower face of the layer 42, or on the upper face of the layer 44.
  • the layer 42 is at least partially covered, on its upper face 42b, with a metallized layer 21 forming a first ground plane P1.
  • the coupling slot 30 is made in two parts, a first part formed by the slot 30a which passes through the second metal wall 20, and a second part formed by the slot 30b which passes through the metallized layer 21.
  • the two parts 30a and 30b of the coupling slot 30 are of the same shape and aligned on all the edges.
  • the slits 30a and 30b are made separately, the coupling slit 30 being made when the first radiating part and the second active part are assembled.
  • the metallized layer 21 is replaced by the second wall 20 of the waveguide 16, when the latter is in ground continuity with the upper face 42b of the layer 42.
  • the first ground plane P1 is formed by the second wall 20, and the coupling is effected by the coupling slot 30a formed in the second wall 20 of the waveguide.
  • the layer 42 has a metallized layer 21 on its upper face, and the metallized layer 21 constitutes the second wall 20 of the waveguide 16.
  • the coupling slot 30 is formed. through the slot 30b made in the metallized layer 21.
  • Layer 44 is at least partially covered, on its lower face 44a, with a metallized layer 25 forming a second ground plane P2.
  • the printed segment 40 is connected to an active circuit 50, for example an amplifier or a phase shifter.
  • an active circuit 50 for example an amplifier or a phase shifter.
  • figure 1 comprises only two stacked dielectric layers, but of course, this is an example, any other number of stacked layers being possible.
  • the equivalent circuit diagram of the inclined coupling slot 30 consists of an impedance inserted in series on a line.
  • the transmission line 40 is terminated at its other end by an open-circuit termination portion 48, also called a “stub”, the reduced impedance of which is at the level of the coupling slot allows full coupling of the energy to the radiating guide 16.
  • the electromagnetic antenna also comprises a first radiating part and a second active part coupled via an inclined coupling slot.
  • the second active part is arranged at right angles to the longitudinal direction of the first radiating part.
  • the metal portion forming a contact zone is either produced by bonding a portion of the second wall of the waveguide and a corresponding portion of an upper metallized layer of the second active part, or by a portion of the second wall of the waveguide only, or by a portion of an upper metallized layer of the second active part only.
  • the coupling slot 30 passes through the metallic portion of the contact zone to the upper dielectric layer of the second active part.
  • the coupling slot 30 is oriented at 45 °.
  • the electromagnetic antenna according to the invention comprises a radiating waveguide part exhibiting reduced ohmic losses, and an active part compatible with the installation and use of active circuits.
  • the implementation of the coupling between the first radiating part and the second active part by an inclined coupling slot is easier to achieve than in the case where an additional coupling and connection element would be added, the total bulk of the antenna is reduced and ohmic losses are minimized.

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Description

La présente invention concerne une antenne électromagnétique du type comportant une première partie rayonnante à guide d'onde électromagnétique de forme géométrique prédéterminée.The present invention relates to an electromagnetic antenna of the type comprising a first radiating part with an electromagnetic waveguide of predetermined geometric shape.

L'invention se situe dans le domaine des antennes électromagnétiques partiellement actives ou passives, utilisées dans le domaine des radars ou des radiocommunications.The invention lies in the field of partially active or passive electromagnetic antennas, used in the field of radars or radiocommunications.

De manière connue, pour les antennes partiellement actives ou passives, comme les antennes à amplification répartie, se produisent des pertes électriques liées à la distribution de la puissance du signal qui nuisent au rendement de l'antenne. En particulier, la puissance rayonnée et/ou la sensibilité de l'antenne à la réception se trouvent diminuées. Par conséquent, un système utilisateur de telles antennes, par exemple un radar, aura une portée limitée.In a known manner, for partially active or passive antennas, such as distributed amplification antennas, electrical losses associated with the distribution of the power of the signal occur, which adversely affect the efficiency of the antenna. In particular, the radiated power and / or the reception sensitivity of the antenna are reduced. Therefore, a system using such antennas, for example a radar, will have a limited range.

De plus, outre les limitations dues aux pertes électriques, il est également utile d'intégrer aux antennes un ou plusieurs circuits actifs, par exemple amplificateurs ou déphaseurs, pour un traitement du signal émis ou reçu par une telle antenne, pour obtenir une antenne active plus compacte.In addition, in addition to the limitations due to electrical losses, it is also useful to integrate into the antennas one or more active circuits, for example amplifiers or phase shifters, for processing the signal emitted or received by such an antenna, in order to obtain an active antenna. more compact.

On connaît des antennes dites à fentes, comportant une partie de rayonnement constituée d'un guide d'onde comportant des fentes rayonnantes. De telles antennes offrent l'avantage de présenter de faibles pertes électriques, mais ne permettant pas une intégration aisée de circuits actifs. Le document EP 2 249 437 divulgue une telle antenne.So-called slot antennas are known, comprising a radiation part consisting of a waveguide comprising radiating slots. Such antennas offer the advantage of having low electrical losses, but not allowing easy integration of active circuits. The document EP 2 249 437 discloses such an antenna.

On connaît également des antennes constituées d'un empilement de couches de substrats diélectriques, gravés de pistes métalliques, le couplage entre couches étant obtenu par l'intermédiaire de trous métallisés, appelés également vias, ou par couplage électromagnétique par ouverture ou par proximité. Cependant, de telles antennes à empilement de couches présentent en général des pertes électriques importantes.Antennas are also known consisting of a stack of layers of dielectric substrates, etched with metal tracks, the coupling between layers being obtained by means of metallized holes, also called vias, or by electromagnetic coupling by opening or by proximity. However, such antennas with a stack of layers generally exhibit significant electrical losses.

De plus, dans de nombreuses applications, il est utile d'avoir des antennes qui présentent un encombrement réduit.In addition, in many applications, it is useful to have antennas which have a small footprint.

Il est donc utile de proposer des antennes améliorées, présentant de faibles pertes électriques et un encombrement réduit tout en permettant une connexion aisée à des circuits actifs.It is therefore useful to provide improved antennas, exhibiting low electrical losses and reduced bulk while allowing easy connection to active circuits.

A cet effet, l'invention propose une antenne électromagnétique selon la revendication 1, comportant une première partie rayonnante à guide d'ondes électromagnétiques de forme géométrique prédéterminée, formant un premier milieu de propagation électromagnétique et comportant une première paroi de rayonnement comportant une pluralité de fentes rayonnantes espacées, chaque fente rayonnante s'étendant selon une première direction longitudinale, et une deuxième paroi, opposée à la première paroi de rayonnement.To this end, the invention provides an electromagnetic antenna according to claim 1, comprising a first radiating part with an electromagnetic waveguide of predetermined geometric shape, forming a first electromagnetic propagation medium and comprising a first radiation wall comprising a plurality of slits radiating spaced apart, each radiating slot extending in a first longitudinal direction, and a second wall, opposite to the first radiating wall.

L'antenne comporte une deuxième partie active comprenant un empilement d'au moins deux couches diélectriques, au moins une des couches diélectriques étant gravée d'au moins une piste métallique aboutissant à au moins un circuit actif, formant un deuxième milieu de propagation électromagnétique, au moins une portion de ladite deuxième partie active étant plaquée contre ladite deuxième paroi dans une zone de contact. De plus, l'antenne comporte une fente de couplage située dans ladite zone de contact, la fente de couplage traversant ladite deuxième paroi, ladite fente de couplage s'étendant selon une deuxième direction formant un angle d'orientation non nul avec ladite première direction longitudinale.The antenna comprises a second active part comprising a stack of at least two dielectric layers, at least one of the dielectric layers being etched with at least one metal track leading to at least one active circuit, forming a second electromagnetic propagation medium, at least a portion of said second active part being pressed against said second wall in a contact zone. In addition, the antenna comprises a coupling slot located in said contact zone, the coupling slot passing through said second wall, said coupling slot extending in a second direction forming a non-zero orientation angle with said first direction. longitudinal.

Avantageusement, l'antenne électromagnétique selon l'invention présente des pertes électriques faibles grâce à une surface rayonnante analogue à la surface rayonnante d'une antenne classique en guide à fentes. De plus, la fente de couplage permet de minimiser l'encombrement, aucun élément de couplage ou de connexion supplémentaire n'étant ajouté.Advantageously, the electromagnetic antenna according to the invention exhibits low electrical losses owing to a radiating surface similar to the radiating surface of a conventional slit guide antenna. In addition, the coupling slot helps to minimize bulk, no additional coupling or connection elements being added.

Avantageusement, l'antenne électromagnétique selon l'invention peut présenter une ou plusieurs des caractéristiques ci-dessous, prises indépendamment ou en combinaison, selon toutes combinaisons techniquement acceptables.Advantageously, the electromagnetic antenna according to the invention can have one or more of the characteristics below, taken independently or in combination, in any technically acceptable combination.

La deuxième partie active comporte une couche métallisée gravée sur une couche diélectrique supérieure de l'empilement, ladite couche métallisée étant plaquée contre la deuxième paroi du guide d'onde, et la fente de couplage est formée de deux parties, une première partie traversant ladite deuxième paroi et une deuxième partie traversant ladite couche métallisée.The second active part comprises a metallized layer etched on an upper dielectric layer of the stack, said metallized layer being pressed against the second wall of the waveguide, and the coupling slot is formed of two parts, a first part passing through said second wall and a second part passing through said metallized layer.

La deuxième partie active comporte une couche métallisée gravée sur une couche diélectrique supérieure de l'empilement, ladite couche métallisée formant ladite deuxième paroi du guide d'onde.The second active part comprises a metallized layer etched on an upper dielectric layer of the stack, said metallized layer forming said second wall of the waveguide.

La première paroi de rayonnement présente une pluralité de fentes rayonnantes positionnées selon une grille régulière prédéterminée, et la fente de couplage est située en regard d'une zone sans fente de la première paroi.The first radiating wall has a plurality of radiating slits positioned according to a predetermined regular grid, and the coupling slit is located opposite a slitless zone of the first wall.

Le guide d'onde de la première partie rayonnante est un guide d'onde à section rectangulaire, lesdites première paroi et deuxième paroi étant sensiblement parallèles.The waveguide of the first radiating part is a waveguide of rectangular section, said first wall and second wall being substantially parallel.

La fente de couplage est centrée par rapport à la deuxième paroi du guide d'onde.The coupling slot is centered relative to the second wall of the waveguide.

L'angle d'orientation est sensiblement égal à 45 degrés.The orientation angle is substantially equal to 45 degrees.

Le deuxième milieu de propagation a une longueur d'onde associée, et la deuxième partie active comporte une ligne de transmission imprimée entre deux couches diélectriques empilées, la ligne de transmission comportant une portion de terminaison dont la longueur est fonction de ladite longueur d'onde associée au deuxième milieu de propagation.The second propagation medium has an associated wavelength, and the second active part has a transmission line printed between two layers stacked dielectrics, the transmission line comprising a termination portion whose length is a function of said wavelength associated with the second propagation medium.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention ressortiront de la description qui en est donnée ci-dessous, à titre indicatif et nullement limitatif, en référence aux figures annexées, parmi lesquelles :

  • la figure 1 est vue schématique éclatée d'une antenne électromagnétique selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention ;
  • la figure 2 est une vue schématique de dessus de l'antenne de la figure 1 ;
  • la figure 3 est vue schématique d'une antenne électromagnétique selon un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention.
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will emerge from the description which is given below, by way of indication and in no way limiting, with reference to the appended figures, among which:
  • the figure 1 is an exploded schematic view of an electromagnetic antenna according to a first embodiment of the invention;
  • the figure 2 is a schematic top view of the antenna of the figure 1 ;
  • the figure 3 is a schematic view of an electromagnetic antenna according to a second embodiment of the invention.

Selon un mode de réalisation une antenne électromagnétique 10 comporte une première partie rayonnante 12 et une deuxième partie active 14 adaptée à être connectée à ou comprenant au moins un circuit actif 50.According to one embodiment, an electromagnetic antenna 10 comprises a first radiating part 12 and a second active part 14 adapted to be connected to or comprising at least one active circuit 50.

Par exemple, le circuit actif est un amplificateur ou un déphaseur.For example, the active circuit is an amplifier or a phase shifter.

La figure 1 représente schématiquement la première partie rayonnante 12 et la deuxième partie active 14, en perspective éclatée.The figure 1 schematically shows the first radiating part 12 and the second active part 14, in exploded perspective.

La première partie rayonnante 12 est de type guide d'onde à fentes, comme expliqué plus en détail ci-après. Cette première partie rayonnante de l'antenne constitue un premier milieu de propagation électromagnétique.The first radiating part 12 is of the slotted waveguide type, as explained in more detail below. This first radiating part of the antenna constitutes a first electromagnetic propagation medium.

La deuxième partie active est constituée d'un empilement de couches de substrats diélectriques gravés de pistes métalliques, les liaisons d'une couche à l'autre étant effectuées par l'intermédiaire de trous métallisés, également appelés vias. La partie active de l'antenne constitue un deuxième milieu de propagation électromagnétique.The second active part consists of a stack of layers of dielectric substrates etched with metal tracks, the connections from one layer to the other being made by means of metallized holes, also called vias. The active part of the antenna constitutes a second electromagnetic propagation medium.

La première partie rayonnante 12 comprend un guide d'onde 16 de forme géométrique prédéterminée, qui est un guide d'onde parallélépipédique, donc à section rectangulaire, dans l'exemple illustré.The first radiating part 12 comprises a waveguide 16 of predetermined geometric shape, which is a parallelepipedal waveguide, therefore of rectangular section, in the example illustrated.

En variante, un guide d'onde 16 ayant une forme géométrique autre est envisageable, par exemple présentant un décrochement (en anglais 'ridge') en vue d'augmenter sa bande de fréquence.As a variant, a waveguide 16 having another geometric shape can be envisaged, for example having a step (in English 'ridge') in order to increase its frequency band.

Par exemple, le guide d'onde 16 est fait dans un matériau métallique, et présente des parois d'épaisseur donnée, et est rempli d'air, ou rempli complètement ou partiellement d'un premier matériau diélectrique.For example, the waveguide 16 is made of a metallic material, and has walls of a given thickness, and is filled with air, or completely or partially filled with a first dielectric material.

Le guide d'onde 16 comprend une première paroi 18, dite paroi de rayonnement, et une deuxième paroi 20, qui est opposée à la première paroi 18.The waveguide 16 comprises a first wall 18, called the radiation wall, and a second wall 20, which is opposite to the first wall 18.

Lorsque le guide d'onde 16 est de forme parallélépipédique, la première paroi 18 et la deuxième paroi 20 sont sensiblement parallèles.When the waveguide 16 is of parallelepiped shape, the first wall 18 and the second wall 20 are substantially parallel.

Sur la première paroi 18, qui est la paroi de rayonnement, sont pratiquées au moins deux fentes rayonnantes 22.On the first wall 18, which is the radiating wall, at least two radiating slots 22 are formed.

Chaque fente rayonnante 22 est une ouverture ménagée dans l'épaisseur de la première paroi 18, de forme, de taille et d'orientation données, permettant un rayonnement contrôlé des ondes électromagnétiques.Each radiating slot 22 is an opening made in the thickness of the first wall 18, of given shape, size and orientation, allowing controlled radiation of electromagnetic waves.

De préférence, plusieurs fentes rayonnantes 22 sont positionnées selon une grille régulière, selon les directions X, Y du plan. Les forme, taille, orientation et position des fentes rayonnantes permettent de définir le diagramme de rayonnement de l'antenne.Preferably, several radiating slots 22 are positioned according to a regular grid, along the X, Y directions of the plane. The shape, size, orientation and position of the radiating slots are used to define the radiation pattern of the antenna.

Par exemple la direction X est la direction longitudinale, la direction Y est la direction transversale, et la direction Z est la direction orthogonale au plan (X,Y), de manière à former un repère spatial orthonormé (X,Y,Z).For example, the X direction is the longitudinal direction, the Y direction is the transverse direction, and the Z direction is the direction orthogonal to the plane (X, Y), so as to form an orthonormal spatial reference (X, Y, Z).

Deux fentes rayonnantes successives selon une direction donnée sont espacées d'une distance prédéterminée.Two successive radiating slits in a given direction are spaced apart by a predetermined distance.

Dans l'exemple, chaque fente rayonnante 22 a une forme de rectangle aux angles arrondis telle que représentée sur la figure 1, s'étendant selon une première direction, qui est la direction longitudinale X.In the example, each radiating slot 22 has the shape of a rectangle with rounded corners as shown in the figure. figure 1 , extending in a first direction, which is the longitudinal direction X.

Dans un mode de réalisation, toutes les fentes rayonnantes pratiquées dans la première paroi 18 du guide d'onde ont la même forme géométrique et les mêmes dimensions. En variante, les fentes rayonnantes 22 ont une forme semblable mais des dimensions différentes.In one embodiment, all the radiating slots made in the first wall 18 of the waveguide have the same geometric shape and the same dimensions. As a variant, the radiating slots 22 have a similar shape but different dimensions.

La première paroi 18 comporte, entre les fentes, des zones 23 sans fente, également appelées zones non rayonnantes.The first wall 18 comprises, between the slits, zones 23 without slit, also called non-radiating zones.

Le guide d'onde effectue la distribution d'un signal électromagnétique vers les fentes rayonnantes 22.The waveguide distributes an electromagnetic signal to the radiating slits 22.

Sur la figure 1, la première partie rayonnante 12 et la deuxième partie active 14 ont été représentées séparées pour faciliter l'explication.On the figure 1 , the first radiating part 12 and the second active part 14 have been shown separated for ease of explanation.

Dans la pratique, la première partie rayonnante 12 et la deuxième partie active 14 sont plaquées l'une contre l'autre, sans séparation entre ces deux parties.In practice, the first radiating part 12 and the second active part 14 are pressed against each other, without separation between these two parts.

Dans le mode de réalisation de la figure 1, la première partie rayonnante 12 et la deuxième partie active 14 sont alignées longitudinalement et sont plaquées l'une contre l'autre, la face extérieure 20a de la deuxième paroi 20 étant collée à une couche supérieure de la deuxième partie active et formant une zone de contact.In the embodiment of the figure 1 , the first radiating part 12 and the second active part 14 are aligned longitudinally and are pressed against each other, the outer face 20a of the second wall 20 being bonded to an upper layer of the second active part and forming a zone of contact.

La première partie rayonnante 12 et la deuxième partie active 14 sont couplées par une fente de couplage 30, située dans la zone de contact et qui traverse la deuxième paroi 20 jusqu'à une couche diélectrique supérieure de l'empilement formant la deuxième partie active. Les couches diélectriques de la deuxième partie active sont faites avec un second matériau diélectrique.The first radiating part 12 and the second active part 14 are coupled by a coupling slot 30, located in the contact zone and which passes through the second wall 20 as far as an upper dielectric layer of the stack forming the second active part. The dielectric layers of the second active part are made with a second dielectric material.

La fente de couplage 30 s'étend selon une deuxième direction A formant un angle d'orientation non nul, noté α, avec la première direction X.The coupling slot 30 extends in a second direction A forming a non-zero orientation angle, denoted α, with the first direction X.

On appelle ici angle d'orientation l'angle aigu formé entre la première direction X et la deuxième direction A.Here we call orientation angle the acute angle formed between the first direction X and the second direction A.

La fente de couplage 30 est placée en regard de la première paroi 18 du guide d'onde 16, au niveau d'une zone sans fente 23, c'est-à-dire située entre deux fentes successives.The coupling slit 30 is placed opposite the first wall 18 of the waveguide 16, at a zone without slit 23, that is to say located between two successive slits.

On entend ici par placement d'un élément en regard d'une zone un positionnement de l'élément sans contact avec la zone considérée, et tel que l'axe de rayonnement électromagnétique de ce dispositif est compris dans ladite zone.By placing an element facing a zone is meant here a positioning of the element without contact with the zone considered, and such that the axis of electromagnetic radiation of this device is included in said zone.

Dans un mode de réalisation, la fente de couplage 30 est centrée par rapport à la deuxième paroi 20.In one embodiment, the coupling slot 30 is centered with respect to the second wall 20.

L'angle d'orientation non nul α, visible dans une représentation schématique sur la figure 2, est de préférence sensiblement égal à 45°.The non-zero orientation angle α, visible in a schematic representation on the figure 2 , is preferably substantially equal to 45 °.

Lorsque la fente de couplage 30 est placée à une distance égale à un quart de longueur d'onde guidée des fentes rayonnantes 22 selon l'axe longitudinal X, elle ne perturbe pas le rayonnement, et est fonctionnellement analogue à un transformateur vers la deuxième partie active 14.When the coupling slit 30 is placed at a distance equal to a quarter wavelength guided from the radiating slits 22 along the longitudinal axis X, it does not disturb the radiation, and is functionally analogous to a transformer towards the second part. active 14.

Avantageusement, le guide d'onde 16 est excité par l'intermédiaire de la fente de couplage 30, ce qui permet de réaliser une liaison directe avec les couches diélectriques empilées de la deuxième partie active 14, et de distribuer un signal électromagnétique issu du circuit actif entre un accès de l'antenne et les fentes rayonnantes.Advantageously, the waveguide 16 is excited via the coupling slot 30, which makes it possible to produce a direct connection with the stacked dielectric layers of the second active part 14, and to distribute an electromagnetic signal coming from the circuit active between an antenna port and the radiating slots.

Dans le mode de réalisation illustré, la deuxième partie active 14 est un circuit imprimé de type triplaque et comporte deux couches diélectriques empilées, notées respectivement 42, 44. Le blindage destiné à bloquer la propagation de modes électromagnétiques parasites est réalisé par un ensemble de trous métallisés 45 dont un seul est symboliquement représenté à la figure 1. En variante, on utilise un circuit imprimé de type microruban.In the illustrated embodiment, the second active part 14 is a printed circuit of the triplate type and comprises two stacked dielectric layers, denoted respectively 42, 44. The shielding intended to block the propagation of parasitic electromagnetic modes is produced by a set of holes metallized 45 of which only one is symbolically represented on the figure 1 . As a variant, a printed circuit of the microstrip type is used.

Chaque couche diélectrique 42, 44 a une face inférieure 42a, 44a et une face supérieure 42b, 44b.Each dielectric layer 42, 44 has a lower face 42a, 44a and an upper face 42b, 44b.

Un segment imprimé 40, formant une ligne de transmission, est imprimé entre les deux couches diélectriques, soit sur la face inférieure de la couche 42, soit sur la face supérieure de la couche 44.A printed segment 40, forming a transmission line, is printed between the two dielectric layers, either on the lower face of the layer 42, or on the upper face of the layer 44.

Plusieurs modes de réalisation de la fente de couplage sont envisagés, comme détaillé ci-dessous.Several embodiments of the coupling slot are envisioned, as detailed below.

Dans un premier mode de réalisation, la couche 42 est au moins partiellement recouverte, sur sa face supérieure 42b, d'une couche métallisée 21 formant un premier plan de masse P1. Dans ce premier mode de réalisation, la fente de couplage 30 est réalisée en deux parties, une première partie formée par la fente 30a qui traverse la deuxième paroi métallique 20, et une deuxième partie formée par la fente 30b qui traverse la couche métallisée 21.In a first embodiment, the layer 42 is at least partially covered, on its upper face 42b, with a metallized layer 21 forming a first ground plane P1. In this first embodiment, the coupling slot 30 is made in two parts, a first part formed by the slot 30a which passes through the second metal wall 20, and a second part formed by the slot 30b which passes through the metallized layer 21.

De préférence, les deux parties 30a et 30b de la fente de couplage 30 sont de même forme et alignées sur tous les bords. Dans un mode de réalisation pratique, les fentes 30a et 30b sont réalisées séparément, la fente de couplage 30 étant réalisée lorsque la première partie rayonnante et la deuxième partie active sont assemblées.Preferably, the two parts 30a and 30b of the coupling slot 30 are of the same shape and aligned on all the edges. In a practical embodiment, the slits 30a and 30b are made separately, the coupling slit 30 being made when the first radiating part and the second active part are assembled.

Dans un deuxième mode de réalisation, la couche métallisée 21 est remplacée par la deuxième paroi 20 du guide d'onde 16, lorsque celle-ci est en continuité de masse avec la face supérieure 42b de la couche 42. Dans ce cas, le premier plan de masse P1 est formé par la deuxième paroi 20, et le couplage est réalisé par la fente de couplage 30a pratiquée dans la deuxième paroi 20 du guide d'onde.In a second embodiment, the metallized layer 21 is replaced by the second wall 20 of the waveguide 16, when the latter is in ground continuity with the upper face 42b of the layer 42. In this case, the first ground plane P1 is formed by the second wall 20, and the coupling is effected by the coupling slot 30a formed in the second wall 20 of the waveguide.

Dans un troisième mode de réalisation, la couche 42 comporte une couche métallisée 21 sur sa face supérieure, et la couche métallisée 21 constitue la deuxième paroi 20 du guide d'onde 16. Dans ce mode de réalisation, la fente de couplage 30 est formée par la fente 30b pratiquée dans la couche métallisée 21.In a third embodiment, the layer 42 has a metallized layer 21 on its upper face, and the metallized layer 21 constitutes the second wall 20 of the waveguide 16. In this embodiment, the coupling slot 30 is formed. through the slot 30b made in the metallized layer 21.

La couche 44 est au moins partiellement recouverte, sur sa face inférieure 44a, d'une couche métallisée 25 formant un deuxième plan de masse P2.Layer 44 is at least partially covered, on its lower face 44a, with a metallized layer 25 forming a second ground plane P2.

Le segment imprimé 40 est connecté à un circuit actif 50, par exemple un amplificateur ou un déphaseur.The printed segment 40 is connected to an active circuit 50, for example an amplifier or a phase shifter.

L'exemple de la figure 1 comprend seulement deux couches de diélectriques empilées, mais bien entendu, il s'agit d'un exemple, tout autre nombre de couches empilées étant envisageable.The example of figure 1 comprises only two stacked dielectric layers, but of course, this is an example, any other number of stacked layers being possible.

Le schéma électrique équivalent de type 'circuit' de la fente de couplage inclinée 30 est constitué d'une impédance insérée en série sur une ligne.The equivalent circuit diagram of the inclined coupling slot 30 consists of an impedance inserted in series on a line.

La ligne de transmission 40 est terminée à son autre extrémité par une portion de terminaison 48 en circuit ouvert, également appelé « stub », dont l'impédance ramenée au niveau de la fente de couplage permet un couplage total de l'énergie vers le guide rayonnant 16.The transmission line 40 is terminated at its other end by an open-circuit termination portion 48, also called a “stub”, the reduced impedance of which is at the level of the coupling slot allows full coupling of the energy to the radiating guide 16.

Afin de ramener un circuit ouvert au niveau de la fente de couplage, la portion de terminaison 48 a une longueur L=L0 + kLi/2, avec k nombre entier positif ou nul, Li la longueur d'onde dans le milieu de propagation imprimé et L0 proche de 0.In order to bring an open circuit back to the level of the coupling slot, the terminating portion 48 has a length L = L 0 + kL i / 2, with k positive or zero integer, L i the wavelength in the middle of propagation printed and L 0 close to 0.

Dans un mode de réalisation, on sélectionne k=1.In one embodiment, k = 1 is selected.

Dans le mode de réalisation illustré schématiquement à la figure 3, l'antenne électromagnétique comporte également une première partie rayonnante et une deuxième partie active couplées par l'intermédiaire d'une fente de couplage inclinée.In the embodiment illustrated schematically on figure 3 , the electromagnetic antenna also comprises a first radiating part and a second active part coupled via an inclined coupling slot.

A la différence du mode de réalisation de la figure 1, la deuxième partie active est disposée à angle droit par rapport à la direction longitudinale de la première partie rayonnante.Unlike the embodiment of the figure 1 , the second active part is arranged at right angles to the longitudinal direction of the first radiating part.

Dans le mode de réalisation de la figure 3, lorsque l'antenne est assemblée, la première partie rayonnante et la deuxième partie active sont plaquées l'une contre l'autre sur une portion métallique formant une zone de contact. De manière analogue à ce qui a été décrit ci-dessus pour le mode de réalisation de la figure 1, la portion métallique formant une zone de contact est soit réalisée par collage d'une portion de la deuxième paroi du guide d'onde et d'une portion correspondante d'une couche métallisée supérieure de la deuxième partie active, soit par une portion de la deuxième paroi du guide d'onde seulement, soit par une portion d'une couche métallisée supérieure de la deuxième partie active seulement.In the embodiment of the figure 3 , when the antenna is assembled, the first radiating part and the second active part are pressed against each other on a metal portion forming a contact zone. Analogously to what has been described above for the embodiment of the figure 1 , the metal portion forming a contact zone is either produced by bonding a portion of the second wall of the waveguide and a corresponding portion of an upper metallized layer of the second active part, or by a portion of the second wall of the waveguide only, or by a portion of an upper metallized layer of the second active part only.

La fente de couplage 30 traverse la portion métallique de la zone de contact jusqu'à la couche diélectrique supérieure de la deuxième partie active.The coupling slot 30 passes through the metallic portion of the contact zone to the upper dielectric layer of the second active part.

De préférence, dans ce mode de réalisation également, la fente de couplage 30 est orientée à 45°.Preferably, also in this embodiment, the coupling slot 30 is oriented at 45 °.

Ainsi, lorsqu'une fente de couplage 30 à angle d'orientation de 45° est réalisée, il est possible de réaliser une antenne dans laquelle la première partie rayonnante et la deuxième partie active sont disposées en parallèle ou transversalement, sans avoir à effectuer d'adaptation supplémentaire.Thus, when a coupling slot 30 with an orientation angle of 45 ° is produced, it is possible to produce an antenna in which the first radiating part and the second active part are arranged in parallel or transversely, without having to perform d additional adaptation.

Avantageusement, l'antenne électromagnétique selon l'invention comprend une partie rayonnante en guide d'onde présentant des pertes ohmiques réduites, et une partie active compatible avec la mise en place et la mise en oeuvre de circuits actifs.Advantageously, the electromagnetic antenna according to the invention comprises a radiating waveguide part exhibiting reduced ohmic losses, and an active part compatible with the installation and use of active circuits.

Avantageusement, la mise en œuvre du couplage entre la première partie rayonnante et la deuxième partie active par une fente de couplage inclinée est plus facile à réaliser que dans le cas où un élément de couplage et de connexion supplémentaire serait ajouté, l'encombrement total de l'antenne est réduit et les pertes ohmiques sont minimisées.Advantageously, the implementation of the coupling between the first radiating part and the second active part by an inclined coupling slot is easier to achieve than in the case where an additional coupling and connection element would be added, the total bulk of the antenna is reduced and ohmic losses are minimized.

Claims (8)

  1. An electromagnetic antenna having a first electromagnetic waveguide radiating part (12) of predetermined geometric shape, forming a first electromagnetic propagation medium and having a first radiation wall (18) having a plurality of spaced-apart radiating slots (22), each radiating slot (22) extending in a first longitudinal direction, and a second wall (20), opposite the first radiation wall (18), said antenna comprising a coupling slot (30, 30a, 30b) situated in a contact area, said coupling slot (30) passing through said second wall (20), said coupling slot (30) extending in a second direction forming a nonzero angle of orientation (α) with said first longitudinal direction,
    characterized in that it has a second active part (14) comprising a stack of at least two dielectric layers (42, 44), at least one of the dielectric layers being etched with at least one metal track, resulting in at least one active circuit, forming a second electromagnetic propagation medium, at least one portion of said second active part being pressed against said second wall in said contact area.
  2. The electromagnetic antenna according to claim 1, wherein said second active part (14) includes a metallized layer (21) etched on an upper dielectric layer (42) of the stack, said metallized layer (21) being pressed against the second wall (20) of the waveguide, and the coupling slot (30) is formed by two parts, a first part (30a) passing through said second wall (20) and a second part (30b) passing through said metallized layer (21).
  3. The electromagnetic antenna according to claim 1, wherein said second active part includes a metallized layer (21) etched on an upper dielectric layer (42) of the stack, said metallized layer (21) forming said second wall of the waveguide.
  4. The electromagnetic antenna according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first radiation wall (18) has a plurality of radiating slots (22) positioned in a predetermined regular grid, and the coupling slot (30) is located across from an area (23) without slots of the first wall (18).
  5. The electromagnetic antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the waveguide (16) of the first radiating part (12) is a waveguide with a rectangular section, said first wall (18) and second wall (20) being substantially parallel.
  6. The electromagnetic antenna according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said coupling slot (30) is centered relative to the second wall (18) of the waveguide.
  7. The electromagnetic antenna according to one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the angle of orientation (α) is substantially equal to 45 degrees.
  8. The electromagnetic antenna according to one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the second propagation medium has an associated wavelength, and the second active part (14) includes a transmission line (40) printed between two stacked dielectric layers (42, 44), the transmission line including a termination portion (48), the length of which is a function of said wavelength associated with the second propagation medium.
EP18711379.0A 2017-03-23 2018-03-22 Electromagnetic antenna Active EP3602689B1 (en)

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FR1700304A FR3064408B1 (en) 2017-03-23 2017-03-23 ELECTROMAGNETIC ANTENNA
PCT/EP2018/057297 WO2018172459A1 (en) 2017-03-23 2018-03-22 Electromagnetic antenna

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US11901601B2 (en) 2020-12-18 2024-02-13 Aptiv Technologies Limited Waveguide with a zigzag for suppressing grating lobes
US11444364B2 (en) 2020-12-22 2022-09-13 Aptiv Technologies Limited Folded waveguide for antenna
US12058804B2 (en) 2021-02-09 2024-08-06 Aptiv Technologies AG Formed waveguide antennas of a radar assembly
US11962085B2 (en) 2021-05-13 2024-04-16 Aptiv Technologies AG Two-part folded waveguide having a sinusoidal shape channel including horn shape radiating slots formed therein which are spaced apart by one-half wavelength
US11616282B2 (en) 2021-08-03 2023-03-28 Aptiv Technologies Limited Transition between a single-ended port and differential ports having stubs that match with input impedances of the single-ended and differential ports
US12148992B2 (en) 2023-01-25 2024-11-19 Aptiv Technologies AG Hybrid horn waveguide antenna
CN116231288B (en) * 2023-05-09 2023-06-30 广东工业大学 A Low Profile Dual Frequency Vertically Polarized Omnidirectional Antenna

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EP3602689A1 (en) 2020-02-05

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