EP3568911A1 - Modular system comprising a component and an integrated photovoltaic element - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a photovoltaic modular system for generating solar current on structures, comprising at least one component (1) and at least one PV element (2) attached thereto, wherein the PV element (2) is electrically contacted on the component (1) via at least one electrical conductor track (5, 8).

Description

 Modular system with a component and an integrated photovoltaic element

The invention relates to photovoltaic modular system for generating solar power to buildings, comprising at least one component made of a known construction material and at least one PV element attached thereto.

US 9 059 348 B1 describes a masonry unit with a solar cell for electricity generation, in particular a photovoltaic clad concrete block, which combines the structural attributes of the concrete block (or other masonry units) and the power generation of photovoltaic units.

The object of the invention is, above all, to make previously unused building areas usable for power generation by means of photovoltaic elements or PV elements.

This object is achieved by a photovoltaic modular system for generating solar power to buildings, comprising at least one component and at least one attached photovoltaic element or PV element, wherein the PV element is electrically contacted via at least one conductor track on the component.

As structures for the use of the photovoltaic modular system according to the invention are basically those of structural engineering and civil engineering into consideration. The component may be non-load-bearing, that is, for example, serve as a façade or roof element, or be statically supporting and thus designed in particular as a solid component. According to its intended purpose, it is regularly used in an outdoor area, so it can be part of any building envelope or, for example, of infrastructure structures. It can consist of almost any ordinary natural or synthetic material or building material, such as mineral or resin-bonded artificial stone, especially concrete; but also wood materials, modified plastics, ceramics, metal, clay, etc. can serve as a material for the device, as long as the material can be advantageously processed and adapted to the particular requirements of the invention. The PV element may be a photovoltaic single cell or multiple single cells interconnected into a module. As a single cell, it can be interconnected via the component with further individual cells to form a module. In particular, as a module, it is regularly formed plate-shaped with a flat extension, which is substantially greater than its thickness. Its peripheral shape can be designed largely arbitrary and basically accept almost any shape. It is usually round or rectangular. Its areal extent is regularly smaller than that area of the device to which it is attached. This can regularly be assigned to a single component a plurality of PV elements. For other size ratios, a single PV element may be associated with exactly one device. With an appropriate size, however, an assignment of a single PV element to several components is not excluded. If the PV element is larger than the component, that can at least serve as a kind of electrical interface between the PV element and an otherwise conventional wall, for example. A single cell as a PV element or a single cell of the PV element comprises a semiconductor or photoreactive material which is completely enclosed between two protective layers protected against air, oxygen and weathering, wherein at least one protective layer is transparent or at least translucent translucent. The at least one electrical interconnect connects the PV element to the device that has other suitable electrical interfaces. The device may have multiple tracks. Regularly required are two traces, which do not necessarily have to be physically separated from each other, and contact one plus pole and one minus pole of the PV element. Even if in the following, for the sake of simplicity, only a single conductor track is mentioned, the plurality of conductor tracks should be inserted in them analogously. Depending on the choice of material for the device, the conductor can be electrically isolated.

Furthermore, the PV element can be connected to modules or to another electrical unit, such as one, for example, via one or more further components with one or more PV elements in a series connection or a parallel connection be connected electrical network, a consumer, a converter, a memory, etc. The PV element is therefore so far indirectly, namely exclusively through the device, and not directly or directly connected to other electrical units. constructive Thus, the conductor track is assigned to the component and not, for example, in terms of its assembly independent or the PV element associated unit.

The electrical conductor track is in the broadest sense attached to the component, ie, it can either be attached to the component near the surface or superficially embedded in the component, so that the PV element can be connected very flexibly, not only or exclusively with the component spatially next to him arranged PV elements, but arbitrary with adjacent or distant PV elements, with those in series or in parallel and in this sense with other electrical units such as loads, memories, converters, etc. The type of interconnection of the PV element that is, not determined by its relative position to other PV elements or limited, but indefinitely by the conductor track or conductor tracks applied in the component, which can be present in the component in a large number of ways, so that the invention has high flexibility with regard to the interconnection of the component PV element, which in particular can maximize performance ability of a PV system, if and as far as specifically those PV elements are connected in series, which have a similar performance. Otherwise, a lower-power, smaller-area PV element, for example, could degrade the performance of its array of PV elements of which it is a part. According to one embodiment of the invention, the PV element may be mounted on a surface of the device or embedded in a recess in the surface thereof. It may be partially or completely and then preferably flush-mounted. The deeper the PV element is embedded in the component, the more restrained it looks optically, because its possible projection over the component can produce a shadow. In addition, the deeper the embedded, the better the PV element is protected against mechanical stress and weather conditions.

Deviating from the previously described positions of the PV element, in which it is aligned parallel to the surface of the component, the PV element may alternatively be arranged at an angle relative to the surface of the component. For this purpose, the angle of integration of the PV element in the component can be adapted to the installation conditions. The PV element can thus be inclined relative to a surface of the device to which it is attached on one side over its entire surface. Alternatively, it may be clamped on one side in a quiver-like depression in the component and with its other, free side protruding kragarmartig from the device. In both cases, the orientation of the PV element can thus be decoupled from the orientation of the component. Thus, a possibly more favorable orientation of the PV element with respect to its light source can be achieved if the constructional-geometric orientation of the component in the installed state is unfavorable with respect to the direction of irradiation or the direction of the compass.

The PV element can - fully attached on one side of the component - cover that entire surface. Alternatively, it may not completely cover the surface of the device, leaving areas of the devices uncovered between multiple PV elements. In a plan view of a wall of the modular system according to the invention, both the PV elements and the uncovered surfaces of the components are then visible. This offers a variety of degrees of freedom when using the modular system according to the invention, for example, for a facade design. The modular system thus offers a high degree of flexibility, great adaptability and therefore a great design potential.

In principle, the PV element can be permanently connected to the component, bonded to it, for example, after the component has been manufactured, or connected to it, for example embedded in it, during its manufacture. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the PV element can be mounted demountable on the component. This makes it possible, for example, after a defect against a functioning PV element or due to the technological progress to exchange for a technically advanced PV element. For replacement, the PV element can be destroyed, which can be tolerated in the case of a defective PV element. Alternatively, the PV element can be replaced non-destructively, which saves resources.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the conductor track can be completely integrated into the component, in particular protected against ingress of moisture as a result of the effects of weathering. It can thus in particular be admitted as a separate conductor in the manufacture of the component, for example cast in, laminated in, cast in or the like. In the case of a non-exchangeable PV element, which is also permanently connected to the component, then in particular the weather protection of a contact point between the PV element and the conductor of the device is not a design challenge, because the contact point embedded between the PV element and the device and thus usually also protected. In the case of a removable PV element, a contact gap between it and the component may in particular be moisture-tight. The arrangement of a sealant in the contact gap, for example, a peripheral O-ring, sealing tape, sealing rubber, thermoplastic seal, etc., can provide appropriate protection. In any case, against mechanical weather influences such as hail, the PV elements must also have a corresponding protective layer on the upper side, whereas the contact points can be regularly covered by the PV elements themselves and thereby protected.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the conductor can be applied to a surface of the device. It can be mechanically fastened, for example by screwing, nailing, stapling, riveting or the like. Alternatively, the conductor can be printed completely or at least partially or over a portion of its length. Against potentially damaging weather conditions, it may have a protective coating, for example based on polymer. A print of the conductor track or a plurality of conductor tracks represents a simple manufacturing possibility, which is largely independent of the production of the device itself. A printed trace may also be combined with a conventional embedded trace in the same device and, for example, contact a first pole of the PV element, whereas the conventionally embedded trace contacts the other pole of the PV element. Alternative methods of applying the trace may be vapor deposition, spraying, sticking, or doctor blade application.

In particular, replaceable PV elements usually have a regularly detachable fastening device on the component, which for example use principles of screwing, latching, clipping, magnetism or the like or combinations thereof. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the electrical contacting of the PV element on the component at the same time constitute a fastening of the PV element on the component. The contact must not be the only attachment of the PV element, but can cooperate with the above-mentioned fasteners so that they can be dimensioned less efficient and thus cheaper. As a sole attachment, the contacting represents a combination of functions, which can lead to a simpler and cheaper construction, fewer components, less installation effort and thus also a lower susceptibility to errors.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the component can be made of concrete. This makes it possible to use all the advantages of concrete technology, in particular in terms of stability, shaping options, weather resistance and appearance for the manufacture and construction of the device. With a precast concrete element as a component also benefits of factory production serial can be used, in particular a consistently high quality. Even filigree geometries, in particular for embedding or for the formation of PV elements, can thus be achieved, as the Applicant has already stated in his earlier patent application no. WO / 2017/046 308, which is therefore fully incorporated in the content of the present application. Also, and in particular the formation of traces on the concrete element, whether by embedding a conductor or by printing, steaming, spraying, sticking or applying the Doctor Blade method, can be implemented easily even in a serial production of the concrete element. Alternatively, at least one conductor track in the component, but may be formed close to the surface. For this purpose, the component may be designed to be conductive in a near-surface region, for example by the addition of conductive additives and their concentration at the surface of the device, as the applicant has disclosed in his earlier application WO / 2016/1 16 458. In this regard, this application is therefore also included in the content of the present application. An optionally required further conductor track may be formed as a conventional, possibly peripherally insulated conductor and embedded in the component. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the structural element can be constructed of textile concrete or textile-reinforced concrete (TRC). Textile concrete is very fine-grained, usually high-strength and thus with the same component dimensions statically much higher load capacity, which distinguishes him from the usual normal concrete. As tensile reinforcement technical textiles, usually scrim, used. Alkali-resistant glass and carbon fibers have proved their worth as fiber material for the reinforcement. A reinforcement at least from these fibers does not rust. Even in the absence of a need for greater concrete coverage as a rust protection for the reinforcement can therefore be made in textile concrete very thin components of, for example, only a few centimeters thick. This allows the modular system especially offer photovoltaic facade panels. Textile concrete lends itself to being processed into precast concrete elements.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the conventional static reinforcement of the concrete element may also be formed as an electrical conductor for contacting with the PV element. The conductor can be designed as a "classical" conductive or electrically conductive reinforcement, for example made of steel or, if necessary, as conductively activated reinforcement, if it itself is not conductive or not sufficiently conductive The contacting of a second pole can, for example, provide a separately embedded, possibly electrically insulated, conductor track or printed circuit trace conductor Ideally, there are two conductive reinforcements in the component, which may be electrically insulated from one another conventional reinforcement, in particular a steel reinforcement of the component and the electrical conductor for the contacting of the PV element leads to a simpler and thus more cost-effective construction, because fewer components must be installed, so that the material costs, installation costs and the Fehleranf decline due date.

In order to define the relative position of conductive reinforcing layers to one another and in the component during manufacture, the use of insulating spacers is known. The distance of the conductive reinforcement to each other and their position in the component can affect its dimensions. For producing the recess oriented parallel or at an angle to the surface of the component, a shuttering inlay can be used corresponding to the shape and size of a portion of the intended PV element to be connected. It can define the design and the relative position of the recess in the component. The spacers and formwork inlays can largely determine the layout of the device. In addition to their function of defining the spacing of reinforcement layers, modified spacers can also assume the function of contacting the PV element. This combination of functions can lead to a simpler and thus cheaper construction and in particular to a reduced installation effort.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, a textile fiber reinforcement can serve as a static reinforcement of the component, the electrical conductor tracks for contacting of the PV element. The fibers of the textile reinforcement can themselves be electrically conductive, contain conductive fibers or at least serve as carriers of electrical conductors. A particularly suitable for a textile fiber reinforcement fiber material represent carbon fibers or carbon fibers, because they are electrically conductive. Their processing as textile reinforcement is also well researched and manageable. In addition, they can be prefabricated, for example, as three-dimensional reinforcement bodies with two mutually spaced reinforcement planes, wherein both the fiber material and the production method and even the geometry can vary within a reinforcement body. The reinforcement planes can be formed with conductive fibers, for example carbon fibers, and thus in each case as strip conductors, which are kept apart from one another by nonconductive fiber materials and thus electrically insulated from one another.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the component may be formed of a polymer-modified concrete, high-strength concrete (HPC) or ultra high-strength concrete (UHPC). Its modification by polymers can serve the electrical insulation of the reinforcement, which can simplify their manufacture. High-strength concrete in itself already allows the formation of very slim or thin components. This strength can be further increased by the use of a textile reinforcement. The electrical properties of the concrete, in particular its insulating properties, can be influenced by a modification with the aid of polymers as insulating impact substances, for example by latex dispersions, crosslinked polyethylene, unsaturated polyester resins, epoxy polymers or polyurethanes. In addition, it is possible to use common additives for polymer-based concretes, for example superplasticizers. Suitable substances with good dielectric strength are, for example: polycarbonates, aluminum oxide, polyester, PMMA, polypropylene, PET, polystyrene, ABS or PVC. As insulating materials, for example, polyethylene, PVC, polyester, polycarbonates, epoxy resins, melamine resins, polyurethane resins, silicone elastomers or sakresiv or other rocks or powders such as iron oxide can be used, which can serve as a sturgeon particles, besides zeolites / ion exchangers or other water-repellent substances or additives of powders such as iron oxide in low concentrations as interfering particles.

The component with PV element is a multifunctional component and can be used as a constructive and / or decorative component, for example, for enclosing elements of buildings, such as facades, exterior walls or roofs, or of structural elements, such as doors. doors, windows, staircases or balcony balustrades, or of terraces, parking lots, roads, biking and walking paths, ramps, enclosures, retaining walls, noise barriers or enclosures. An advantage of the invention is the combination of the function "static and / or design element" with the function "solar energy production". Thus, the example façade panel shows that the component with integrated PV element can act as weather protection and building clothing and at the same time as a solar module. The commonly required requirement to install two separate systems for these purposes is eliminated. As a result, installation space can be saved. Furthermore, costs for the installation of a second system and, in a corresponding manner, the initial investment and the follow-up costs for the operation can be reduced.

Compared with comparable solutions, the invention also has the advantage that it offers unequally more design variants resulting from a large number of variable individual components of the construction system. Thus, the shape, color and size as well as the distance of the PV elements to each other can be varied, as well as the color, shape and surface structure of the synthetic building material of the device, which can remain visible between the PV elements. For the first time ever, PV systems can be made highly individual and flexible. This is particularly important for the field of building-integrated photovoltaics. Efficient, easy-to-implement and easy-to-integrate solutions are sought for, which offer a wide range of possible applications due to their efficiency and flexibility, while at the same time being highly accepted due to their design capabilities. With the modular system according to the invention, therefore, almost any component can be combined with the function of solar energy generation. Thus, almost all surfaces made of these building materials, which are usually so-called hard surfaces and which occur in very large numbers, extent and extent in residential areas or in cities, be energetically activated and used for energy production.

The modular system can accommodate PV elements of different technologies, such as silicon solar cells, thin-film cells, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), solid state solar cells (ssDSC), perovskite cells, gallium arsenide cells or polymer-based OPV solar cells. With interchangeable PV elements, the modular system offers the advantage of being able to use different technologies on the same structure, enabling rapid and flexible technology changes and aging Disadvantages of certain cell types or technologies to compensate. So each of the PV systems mentioned has its technical advantages and disadvantages. The respective advantages can be brought to particular advantage or compensate by adapting the modular system. For example, OPV and DSSC solar cells are characterized by the fact that they achieve good efficiency values even in diffuse light conditions. OPV and DSSC cells are therefore well suited for use on vertically rising east, west and south facades, therefore predestined as a PV element for the said system.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the PV element may comprise Lichtlenkungs- or light bundling devices. Thus, a possibly unfavorable orientation of the PV element relative to its light source can be compensated, for example as a result of the position of the sun or the structural geometric orientation with respect to the direction in which the component is in the installed state. A light bundling device or an optical concentrator concentrates light with a high efficiency on the smallest possible surface, thus achieving a high irradiation intensity. For this it is not necessary to create an image of the light source. In use are imaging optical functional elements such as converging lenses, for example glass hemispheres or Fresnel lenses, and concave mirrors, but also non-imaging optical functional elements such as prisms or cones. With a glass ball as a converging lens, the photovoltaic element is inserted deeper into the surface of the component and the light-directing glass ball is positioned perpendicular to the surface so that it protrudes to a maximum of 49% from the concrete surface. For the embedding of glass spheres in concrete, developed by the applicant vacuum formwork technology, set forth in the German patent application no. 10 2015 100 715 "apparatus and method for producing components made of concrete and concrete components produced therewith", be used in this respect, the content of the present The glass ball is embedded in the concrete by means of the vacuum formwork, precisely positioned and held in position by a lateral bond with the concrete.The optimum distance to the light deflection between the glass sphere and the photovoltaic element can be regulated via the embedment depth of the photovoltaic element.

In the same way, genuine concentrated PV elements (CPV) can also be embedded in the concrete as photovoltaic individual elements. The procedure essentially corresponds to the illustrated combination of photovoltaic elements and glass hemispheres or glass balls. CPV elements are usually distinguished by the photoreactive material used, for example gallium arsenide as a thin layer, and the glass element for light guidance and focusing, which usually has a lens-like glass cut to improve the function.

Instead of separate light-steering or light-bundling devices, to some degree, constituents of the PV elements themselves can be optimized with respect to the incident light. Thus, the upper cover or substrate layer, ie the light-facing flat cover glass or the upper cover film or translucent cover of a PV element, be profiled or embossed. It may, in a simple example, be provided with a kind of fine sawtooth profile or the like in the micro to millimeter range. The profiling achieves a light-directing effect and, in terms of dimensions, a light-bundling effect. As a further alternative, the upper substrate layer can be provided with imprints, so z. B. with grids or line pattern, etc. This will achieve a light-directing effect, in dimensions also a Lichtbündelungseffekt.

Alternatively, the refractive index of the semiconductor or photoreactive material or other functional layer necessary for solar energy generation within the PV element may be exploited for light steering or light bundling purposes in order to achieve a more favorable irradiation direction on the PV element. The refractive index of a material is directly related to its atomic structure. Thus, the degree of crystallinity and the crystal lattice of a solid affect its band structure and thus the refractive index. Such factors may be influenced to some extent in the manufacture of the semiconductor or photoreactive material and modified in view of the application. Thus, for example, the refractive index of a semiconductor material or the redox reaction system of a dye solar cell can be optimized with regard to the installed state as a vertically oriented facade solar cell.

The principle of the invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to a drawing by way of example. In the drawing show:

FIG. 1 shows a perspective basic representation of the invention, Figures 2 to 6: design examples

 FIG. 7 shows a sectional view according to the section line II - II in FIG. 1,

FIGS. 8 to 10 are sectional views of embedded PV elements in a component;

Figures 1 1, 12: sectional views of mounted PV elements on a device, Figure 13 is a sectional view of a tilted PV element,

 FIGS. 14, 15: configurations of the reinforcement layer

 Figures 16, 17: PV single cells with glass hemispheres as optical concentrators.

Figure 1 provides a perspective schematic representation of the invention: A rectangular Fass- denplatte with a thickness of 10 to 20 mm as a plate-shaped component 1 carries a plurality of flush mounted in three rows and PV elements 2. On its back are not shown, but known anchor or mounting parts for mounting the device 1 to a substructure. Each PV element 2 is composed of a square solar cell or a square solar module 3 and a similar frame 4 as fastening means.

In principle, the following description can be applied both to a single photovoltaic cell or solar cell and to a solar module connected from a plurality of individual photovoltaic cells. For the sake of simplicity, however, only the solar cell 3 (or 3.1... 3.5) will be mentioned below, wherein the alternative possibility of using a solar module is to be included. In contrast to the PV element 2, the solar cell 3 is essentially the electrical component that converts radiant energy directly into electrical energy. In particular, it therefore comprises no fastening means, such as the frame 4.

On a side facing away from the exposure side, the PV element 2 has two contact elements 5, which are shown separately for the sake of clarity, which electrically contact a plus pole and a minus pole of the PV element 2. Each PV element 2 is inserted from a surface or view side 6 of the component 1 into a recess 7, whose outline shape corresponds to that of the PV element 2. The component 1 is designed to be very thin and has a two-layer grid-shaped reinforcement 8. The planar layers of the reinforcement 8 lie one above the other in the thickness direction of the component 1. Each layer of reinforcement 8 is included one of the two contact elements 5 of each PV element 2 in electrically conductive connection, so that the PV elements 2 are present in a parallel circuit.

The PV elements 2 of the component 1 are therefore in a parallel connection. It is independent of its position on the surface 6 of the component 1, because the two poles of the PV element 2 can be connected to the two-ply reinforcement 8 from any location on the surface 6. This makes it possible to freely choose the position of each PV element 2 on the surface 6. The same size and uniformly shown in Figure 1 PV elements 2 can take any size and shape, with which the invention provides a great deal of freedom. A few design examples exclusively with round PV elements 3 offer the figures 2 to 6. The embodiments of Figures 2 and 3 use only PV elements of the same size and also demonstrate the optical effect of gaps in the arrangement.

According to FIGS. 4 and 5, the component 1 has three different types of PV elements 2.1, 2.2, 2.3. Analogous to their different size, they also differ in their electrical performance. FIG. 6 illustrates the possibility of interconnecting the PV elements 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 in each case according to their size and power separately and thus to increase the overall performance of the PV elements 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 in the component 1, without thereby creating it Restrictions comes.

FIG. 7 shows a schematized sectional view according to section line VII-VII in FIG. 1. It illustrates an exemplary structure of the PV element 2 made of a square solar cell 3 and a square frame 4. The frame 4 serves to fix the PV element 2 in FIG The contact elements 5.1 and 5.2 are connected to the lower reinforcement layer 8.1 and the upper reinforcement layer 8.2 in electrically conductive connection and form electrical contact points of the PV elements 2 in the component. 1 Together with the contact elements 5, the reinforcement 8 represents a conductor in the component 1, which electrically contacts the PV element 2. It establishes the exclusive electrical contact between the PV elements 2 with each other. FIGS. 8 to 13 each show, in a sectional view, a section of a component 1 in the region of a single PV element 2. The six embodiments are a concrete component 1 in which a classic steel reinforcement 8 in two layers, namely, a lower reinforcing layer 8.1 and an upper reinforcing layer 8.2 is arranged in a lower cross-sectional half.

The solar cells 3.1 (FIG. 8) ... 3.5 (FIG. 13) each carry two contacts 18.1 and 18.2 or 25.1 and 25.2 on one underside (only FIGS. 12 and 13). They form the minus pole and the plus pole of the solar cell 3.1... 3.5 and protrude from the underside 17, but may also be designed to be flush there. The electrical connection between the contacts 18.1 and 18.2 or 25.1 and 25.2 or the solar cells 3.1 ... 3.5 and the reinforcement 8, the electrically conductive contact elements 5.1, 5.2 ago.

Each contact element 5.1, 5.2 of Figures 8 to 1 1 consists of a spring contact screw 10, a screw 12 and a spring contact 14. The spring contact screw 10 has a screw head 1 1 and is screwed into the threaded sleeve 12. The threaded sleeve 12 of the contact element 5.1 inserted in an insulating sleeve 19, they are electrically isolated from the upper reinforcement layer 8.2. Between each spring contact screw 10 and its head 1 1 and the screw 12 contact discs 20 are arranged, each clamp the reinforcing layers 8.1 or 8.2 between them. This ensures a reliably conductive connection between the reinforcement layers 8 and the screw sleeve 12. The threaded sleeve 12 extends on a side facing away from the spring contact screw 10 in a centrally perforated pot 13, the pin-shaped spring contact 14 passes. A contact spring 15 between the spring contact screw 10 and the spring contact 14 pushes those of the screw 10 away into the pot 13 into it. Beyond the pot each free contact ends 16 of the two spring contacts 14 project in the direction of the bottom 17 of the solar cell 3.1 ... 3.3 or lying there at the corresponding position contacts 18.1 and 18.2. Each component 1 of Figures 8 and 9 carries on its surface 6 a rectangular recess 7.1, in which the PV element 2 can be flush.

According to Figure 8, the pot 13 of the screw 12 is attached to an electrically insulating plug frame 4.2, for example, glued or plugged. The plug-in frame 4.2 works with a clamping and sealing frame 4.1 together. The spring contacts 14 project through the frame 4.2, so that the free contact ends 16 of the contact elements 5.1, 5.2 protrude into the depression 7.1. For mounting the PV element 2, the solar cell 3.1 is now inserted into the recess 7.1. In this case, the free contact ends 16 of the spring contacts 14 with the contacts 18.1 and 18.2 come into an electrically conductive connection. The compressible spring 15 provides a shift tolerance for the spring contacts 14 and provides a pressure-biased engagement of the contact ends 16 at the contacts 18.1 and 18.2.

To permanently solar cell 3.1 in a flush position within the device

1, the clamping and sealing frame 4.1 can be releasably clamped in the plug-in frame 4.2. At the same time it ensures a liquid-tight seal, so that a moisture access to the recess 7.1 and the bottom 17 of the solar cell 3.1 and thus a possible short circuit between the contacts 18.1 and 18.2 is reliably prevented.

FIG. 9 demonstrates an alternative releasable attachment of the PV element 2 in the component 1. With regard to its conductor track, the component 1 is constructed identically to the previous exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 8 from the reinforcement 8 and the contact elements 5.1, 5.2 and also has the cuboid depression 7.1. on. Deviating from this, the component 1 of Figure 9 without the plug-in frame 4.2 according to Figure 8, so that its contact elements 5.1 and 5.2 are only embedded in concrete. Their spring contacts 14 protrude with their free contact ends 16 in the recess 7.1, whose scope corresponds to that of the solar cell 3.2 largely. The solar cell 3.2 has peripherally a hollow groove 30 into which a sealing and clamping ring 31 is inserted. It is designed as an O-ring, which is able to seal both axially and radially.

For mounting the PV element 2, the solar cell 3.2 preconditioned with the ring 31 is pressed into the depression 7.1. The resulting radial compression of the ring 31 not only ensures a reliable attachment of the solar cell 3.2 in the recess 7.1, but at the same time for a sealing of a construction joint 32 between the PV element

2 and the component 1. The sealing and clamping ring 31 represents a structurally simple solution to a double function as a seal on the one hand and as a releasable attachment of the PV element 2 on the other hand. FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a PV element 2 that is arranged inclined relative to the surface 6 of the component 1. The structure of the component 1 differs from the previously shown embodiments according to Figures 8 and 9 only by a differently shaped recess 7.2 and by slightly modified contact elements 5. 1, 5.2 from: The end-side pots 13.2 of the screw sleeves 12 are corresponding to the inclination of the PV element 2 cut diagonally. The end-side contact ends 16 of the spring contacts 14 show the same inclination. It is essentially predetermined by the inclination of a bottom surface 9 of the depression 7.2, into which a conventionally designed solar cell 3.2 is inserted and fastened in the manner shown in FIG. 8 or FIG. Thus, the PV element 2, for example, at least slightly compensate for an unfavorable direction of sunshine at a otherwise surface-parallel alignment with the surface 6 of the device 1.

The exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 11 and 12 now relate to PV elements 2 which rest on the surface 6 of the components 1, thus protruding therefrom at least by the amount of their thickness d. Therefore, there is no recess here. Regardless, they offer another alternative attachment system. It is based on magnetism and can basically also be used in the previous embodiments.

In otherwise largely the same structure of the component 1 with respect to the reinforcement 8 and the contact elements 5.1, 5.2 carries the solar cell 3.3 of Figure 1 1 deviating on its underside 17, a magnet holder 22, with a correspondingly positioned counter-holder 23 in the surface 6 of the device. 1 interacts. They pull the solar cell 3.3 by magnetic force against the device. 1 They press a near the circumference of the solar cell 3.3 underside circumferentially mounted seal 24 on the surface 6, so that the construction gap 32 is completed fluid-tight.

The embodiment of Figure 12 converts the fastening system according to Figure 1 1 by a combination of functions: The solar cell 3.4 carries on its underside 17 as contact points to its plus and minus pole in each case a magnetic contact 25.1, 25.2, with a mating contact 26.1, 26.2 in Component 1 cooperates both magnetically and electrically. The electrical and mechanical contacting of the PV element 2 on the component 1 are therefore shown in FIG. 12 in the magnetic contacts 25. 1, 25. 2 and in the counterparts. contacts 26.1, 26.2 combined with each other, which material and construction costs can be reduced. A comparable effect plug, spring, clamping, or screw instead of the magnetic contacts 25 1, 25.2 and the mating contacts 26.1, 26.2 achieve. The seal 24 according to FIG. 11 is mounted on the surface 6 of the component 1 in FIG.

The embodiment of Figure 12 also shows an alternative embodiment of contact elements 5.1, 5.2: The lower reinforcement layer 8.1 and the upper reinforcement layer 8.2 are each welded via a welded reinforcing rod 8.3 or 8.4 with the counter-contacts 26.1, 26.2. They protrude from the plane of extension of their respective reinforcement layer 8.1, 8.2 vertically. The rebar 8.3 carries a sheath-side electrical insulation to provide sufficient insulation against the penetrated upper reinforcement layer 8.2.

The same magnetic fastening and contacting principle as in FIG. 12 is also followed by the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 13. The solar cell 3.5 there also has a respective magnetic contact 25.1, 25.2 on its underside 17 as contact points for its plus. Minus pole, which are both magnetically and electrically contacted with a respective mating contact 26.1, 26.2 in the component 1. Those also connect to the reinforcement layers 8.1, 8.2 in the component 1. Deviating, however, from all previous embodiments, the solar element 3.5 inserted on one side in a relative to the surface 6 at an angle of about 60 ° inclined recessed cuboid recess 7.3, in which the solar cell 3.5 is inserted quiver like. The 7.3 opposite side of the solar cell 3.5 protrudes like an inclined cantilever freely from the device 1 from. An annular peripheral seal 24 seals the construction gap 32 against moisture penetration. Because of the inclination of the solar cell 3.5, the mating contacts 26.1, 26.2 are electrically connected via bent reinforcing bars 8.3 and 8.4, respectively, to the reinforcing layers 8.1 and 8.2. Finally, two sockets 27 in the component 1 according to FIGS. 12 and 13 provide interfaces for an electrical coupling of the component 1 to a further component 1 or an electrical network, a converter, memory, consumer or the like. The sockets 27 are basically the same with reinforcing bars 8.3 and 8.4 respectively at the reinforcement layer 8.1 and 8.2 coupled as the mating contacts 26.1, 26.2. In all exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 8 to 13, the component 1 has a double-layered lattice-shaped surface reinforcement from the reinforcing gratings or layers 8.1 and 8.2 according to FIG. 14. They are assigned to the negative pole or the positive pole of the solar cells 3.1. With a sufficient electrical insulating effect of the material for the component 1, a certain distance a is sufficient as electrical insulation of the reinforcement layers 8.1, 8.2 with each other. Otherwise, the reinforcement layers 8.1, 8.2 may be coated with electrical insulation. Alternatively, the reinforcement 8 may consist of a single-layer lattice-shaped surface reinforcement 8.5 according to FIG. 15, which is formed as a double-ply of an upper conductor grid 28, a lower conductor grid 29 and an electrically isolating insulator 21 in between. The upper guide grid 28 may for example be associated with the positive pole, the lower conductor grid 29 with the minus pole. The conductor for the positive pole, that for the negative pole and the insulator 21 in between are thus in the same strand of a reinforcement 8 and can be contacted by suitably formed contact elements. Due to the omission of the distance a according to FIG. 14, the component 1 can be made significantly slimmer by the use of the surface reinforcement 8.5 according to FIG. Figures 16 and 17 illustrate the compensation of an unfavorable constellation of the structural geometric orientation of a equipped with PV elements 2 vertical noise protection wall 33 against the changing position of the sun. The noise protection wall 33 consists of a plurality of components 1. The circular PV elements 2 inserted flush in the components 1 are in principle constructed like the above-described incorporated PV elements 2 according to FIGS. 8 and 9. In addition, they carry a glass hemisphere 34 as a lens for directing light. The glass hemisphere 34 has a radius of approximately the same size as the PV elements 2 and is intimately connected to the solar cell 3. It directs the incident sunlight at different angles largely perpendicular to the PV element 2, so that the light can be used as lossless as possible for power generation. A comparable effect can be achieved, for example, with a Fresnel lens or the like instead of the glass hemisphere.

Since the preceding components 1 described in detail, the PV elements 2 and their common construction are exemplary embodiments, In a conventional manner, they can be modified to a large extent by a person skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. In particular, the specific embodiments of the PV elements 2 and of the solar cells 3 can also follow in a different form than described here. Likewise, the component 1 can be configured in a different form, if this is necessary for design or design reasons. Furthermore, the use of the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude that the features in question may also be present several times or more than once.

In the following, we will describe the invention for the sake of completeness in the words of the prior application:

The present invention relates to a photovoltaic system for generating solar power comprising a component made of a synthetic material (preferably a precast concrete element) and integrated into the device photovoltaic cells as PV elements, which are connected via the device to modules. In the given context, the photovoltaic elements or PV elements consist of a semiconductor or photoreactive material which is completely enclosed between two protective layers or substrates, ie. H. is protected against air, oxygen and weathering. Of these two substrate layers, so far regularly glass or foil, at least one transparent transparent, so that light with the semiconductor or photoreactive material in contact and it to an excitation of this material and in consequence to an electric current flow or generation of electrical energy comes, which can be used as electrical solar energy. For this purpose, it may be necessary to use further functional layers, which are likewise located between the two substrate layers. Thus, for example, in the case of the dye-sensitized solar cell, a titanium dioxide layer is one of several further functional layers required for the function of the cell. As substrates usually glass or polymer or plastic films are used. Top and bottom of the photovoltaic element are usually provided with tracks to the power line. The photovoltaic elements are usually round or square and between a few millimeters and a few centimeters large.

With concrete as a synthetic material for forming a component, a concrete component can be obtained. The PV elements are placed on the concrete surface of the concrete elements applied or implemented in the concrete surface. The wiring of the photovoltaic cells or PV elements interconnected to form a module is completely integrated into the component, which is preferably designed as a thin textile concrete plate (English: Textile Reinforced Concrete TRC) and securely enclosed against weather influences. Photovoltaic cells are located on the concrete surface or viewed in cross-section in the edge region of the concrete slab (see Figure 1) and are preferably arranged so that the cells do not completely cover the surface of the concrete element, but remain between the cells concrete surfaces (see 2 to 6), so that in the plan view of the concrete element, the photovoltaic cells and the concrete surface of the device are viewable.

The individual photovoltaic cells are applied before concreting individually and preferably on a textile fiber mat, which provides the required interconnects for interconnecting the photovoltaic elements to a module, contains or serves as a carrier for these interconnects. For example, the textile fiber mat can comprise conductive carbon fibers. Depending on the static requirement, the textile fiber mat can simultaneously serve the textile reinforcement of the concrete element. In this case, it is a multifunctional reinforcement, as it serves at the same time the functions of reinforcement, power line and formwork aid for positioning the photovoltaic single cells during the concreting process. Due to the design as a textile-reinforced element, the concrete elements can be about 10-20 mm thin and used as components, preferably as facade panels for buildings. The concrete components are designed such that they can preferably be operated via a single electrical interface (that is to say a plug connection as a connection). On its rear side, the component can have anchors or anchor points designed as built-in components. This makes installation easy, in the case of facade panels, for example, by means of a conventional clasp attachment.

An advantage of the invention is the union of the function component with the function of solar energy production. For example, the façade panel shows that the PV concrete element can simultaneously function as weather protection and building clothing as well as a solar module. The commonly required requirement to install two separate systems for these purposes is eliminated. As a result, installation space can be saved. Furthermore, costs for assembly (one system instead of two systems) as well as correspondingly the initial investment and the consequential costs for the operation can be reduced. Compared with comparable solutions, the invention also has the advantage that they are much more Offers design variants resulting from a large number of changeable individual parameters. Thus, the shape, color and size as well as the distance of the individual photovoltaic cells from each other can be varied (see Figures 2 to 6), color, shape and surface structure of the synthetic building material, which is visible between the PV elements. FIG. 6 shows the interconnection of equal-sized PV elements, which is required from an electrical point of view, to form a module, without the need for design restrictions. For the first time ever, PV systems can be made highly individual and flexible. This is particularly important for the field of building integrated photovoltaics. Efficient solutions that are easy to set up, implement, and easy to inte- grate are being sought here, which offer a wide range of possible applications due to their efficiency and flexibility, while at the same time being highly accepted due to their design capabilities.

By means of the illustrated invention, it is possible to provide each component made of a synthetic building material with the function of solar energy generation. Thus, almost all surfaces produced from these building materials, which are usually hard surfaces and which occur in very large numbers, extent and extent in residential areas or in cities, can be energetically activated and used to generate energy. Such areas may include facades, roofs, balcony railings, terraces, car parks, roads, biking and walking paths, ramps, stairs, enclosures, retaining walls, enclosures, etc. In these areas of settlement or in cities, the use of solar energy has so far predominantly been on limited south-facing rooftop systems, which greatly restricts a consumer use of such energy. The system of concrete component, integrated interconnection and photovoltaic elements is suitable for various PV systems. For example, mono- and polycrystalline silicon solar cells, thin-film cells, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), solid state solar cells (ssDSC), perovskite cells, gallium arsenide cells or polymer-based OPV solar cells can be used as system elements.

Each of the PV systems mentioned has technical advantages and disadvantages that can be brought to particular advantage or adapted by adapting the system described here in accordance with the invention. For example, OPV and DSSC solar cells are characterized by the fact that they achieve good efficiency values even in diffuse light conditions. The- se cells are therefore well suited for use on vertically rising east, west and south facades, therefore predestined as a PV element for the said system. However, the lifetime is limited to silicon solar cells. The system described in accordance with the invention now permits the replacement of the OPV or DSSC cells implemented as photovoltaic individual cells, since the interconnection can be carried out as touch contacts. The interconnection is produced when the photovoltaic element is inserted into or pushed into the recess on the concrete surface in such a way that a contact surface or socket integrated in the photovoltaic element connects to a contact surface or plug or pin integrated in the component , comparable to the contact production by means of a plug or a removable battery. The exchange can be done by hand or by means of a robotic system, e.g. B. a facade maintenance robot. In this way, a defective or no longer functional photovoltaic element can be easily replaced. In the case of OPV or DSSC cells, this replacement would occur approximately every 5 years. Thus, the exchange of PV elements of a generation, for example, a silicon element, against a different generation, for. B. against an OPV element. Furthermore, the solar cells implemented in the component can be combined with glass hemispheres for directing the light (compare FIGS. 1 and 7). In this case, glass hemispheres of the same or approximately the same size as the photovoltaic elements or, more precisely, the same base area (base) as that of the photovoltaic elements are applied to them (eg adhesively bonded). By means of the glass hemispheres sunlight can also be detected in geometrically unfavorable constellations (for example as a result of the position of the sun or the geometrical orientation with respect to the direction of the component in the installed state) and deflected in the direction of the photovoltaic element. Instead of glass hemispheres and whole glass beads can be used. In this case, the photovoltaic element is inserted deeper into the concrete surface and the light-directing glass sphere is positioned vertically in the direction of the top of the board so that the glass sphere protrudes to a maximum of 49% from the concrete surface. The invention is based here on the vacuum formwork technology developed by the Applicants for embedding glass beads in concrete, set forth in German Patent Application No. 10 2015 100 715.0: "Apparatus and Method for Producing Concrete Components and Concrete Components Produced Therewith." The glass sphere is embedded in the concrete using the vacuum formwork, precisely positioned and held in position by means of a lateral bond with the concrete. The optimal distance to the light deflection between the glass sphere and the photovoltaic element can be regulated via the embedment depth of the photovoltaic element.

The illustrated combination of photovoltaic elements and glass hemispheres or glass spheres is a simple version of concentrated photovoltaic elements. Concentrator PV (CPV). For CPV elements, efficiency is improved by redirecting and concentrating the light to a point or defined area. In the same way, genu- ene concentrated photovoltaic elements, engl. Concentrator PV (CPV) are embedded as photovoltaic elements in the concrete. The procedure essentially corresponds to the illustrated combination of photovoltaic elements and glass hemispheres or glass spheres. CPV cells usually differ in the photoreactive material used (gallium arsenide in the form of a thin film or similar) and the glass element for directing and concentrating light, which usually has a glass cut to improve its function.

The balls or hemispheres glued to the PV elements, however, are optional. To a certain extent, the PV elements themselves can be optimized with respect to the incident light by profiling or embossing the top cover or substrate layer, that is to say the flat cover glass facing the light or the upper cover film or translucent cover. So, for example, to give a simple example, is provided with a kind of fine sawtooth or comparable in the micro to millimeter range. The profiling achieves a light-directing effect and, in terms of dimensions, a light-bundling effect. The whole thing can be compared in principle with the profile lenses of bicycle lamps or car headlights, only that the dimension is another.

As a further alternative, the upper substrate layer can be provided with imprints, so z. B. with grids or line pattern, etc. This will achieve a light-directing effect, in dimensions also a Lichtbündelungseffekt.

Among other things, all these measures are used to modify the refractive index of the PV element at its interface with the surrounding medium (usually air). Another method, geometrically unfavorable constellations (to compensate for example due to the position of the sun or the structural geometrical orientation with respect to the direction of the device in the installed state, with the change in the refractive index of the semiconductor or photoreactive material or other, necessary for solar energy generation The refractive index of a material is directly related to its atomic structure, so that the degree of crystallinity and the crystal lattice of a solid affect its band structure and thus the refractive index, which can be up to a certain degree In the production of the semiconductor or photoreactive material, for example, the refractive index of a semiconductor material or the redox reaction system of a dye-sensitized solar cell may be modified with respect to the state of installation a ls vertically oriented facade solar cell can be optimized. The present invention is based on developments of the applicants for which patent protection has been applied for. In detail, these are PCT / EP2016 / 071940: Method for the production of topographical height profiles and of electrical conductor tracks on a concrete surface, further on German patent application no. 10 2015 100 71 1 .8: Electric component with a sensor section made of concrete, method for its production and its use.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1 component

 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 PV element

 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 Solar cell

 4 frames

 5, 5.1, 5.2 contact element

 6 surface

 7, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 recess

 8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.5 Reinforcement

8.3, 8.4 Reinforcing bar

 9 floor area

 10 spring contact screw

1 1 head

 12 screw sleeve

 13, 13.2 pot

 14 spring contact

 15 contact spring

 16 free contact end

17 bottom

 18.1, 18.2 contact

 19 insulator sleeve

 20 contact disc

 21 insulator

 22 magnet holders

 23 counterholds

 24 seal

 25.1, 25.2 magnetic contact

 26.1, 26.2 mating contact

 27 socket

 28 upper ladder grate

 29 lower ladder grid

30 coving

31 Sealing and clamping ring 32 construction gap

 33 Noise barrier

 34 Glass hemisphere a: distance of the reinforcement layers 8.1, 8.2 d: thickness of the solar cell 3

Claims

1 . Photovoltaic modular system for generating solar power to buildings comprising at least one component (1) and at least one attached PV element (2), wherein the PV element (2) via at least one electrical conductor track (5, 8) on the component electrically is contactable. 2. System according to claim 1, comprising a PV element (2) which is fixed on a surface (6) of the component (1) or in the surface (6) is embedded. 3. System according to claim 1, with a PV element (2) which is recessed with respect to a surface (6) of the component (1) in the surface (6). 4. System according to any one of the above claims, wherein the PV element (2) is removably attached to the component (1). 5. System according to any one of the above claims, wherein the conductor track (5, 8) protected against the effects of weather completely in the component (1) is integrated. 6. System according to claim 1 to 4, wherein the conductor track is at least partially applied to a surface (6) of the component (1). 7. System according to one of the above claims, wherein the electrical contact (25.1;  25.2) of the PV element (2) on the component (1) at the same time constitutes a fastening (26.1; 26.2) of the PV element (2) on the component (1). 8. System according to one of the above claims, with a precast concrete element as a component (1). 9. System according to claim 8, with a precast concrete element of textile concrete (TRC) as a component (1). 10. System according to claim 9, with a static reinforcement (8) of the precast concrete element at the same time as an electrical conductor for contacting with the PV element (2). 1 1. System according to one of claims 8 to 10 with a textile fiber reinforcement, preferably with carbon fibers, as a static reinforcement of the component (1), which provides an electrical conductor for contacting the PV element (2). 12. System according to any one of claims 8 to 1 1, comprising a component (1) made of a polymer-modified concrete. 13. System according to any one of claims 1 to 12 with a component (1) as part of facades, exterior walls, roofs, Balkonbrüstungen, terraces, parking lots, roads, bike paths and sidewalks, ramps, stairs, housings, retaining walls, noise barriers (33 ), Enclosures. 14. System according to one of claims 1 to 13 with silicon solar cells, thin-film cells, dye solar cells (DSSC), solid state solar cells (ssDSC), perovskite cells, gallium arsenide cells or polymer-based OPV solar cells as PV elements (2). 15. System according to any one of claims 1 to 14, with PV elements (2) with Lichtlenkungsoder Lichtbündelungsvorrichtungen, in particular with glass hemispheres (34) as optical concentrators (CPV).