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EP3450049B1 - Dispositif de moulage sous pression ainsi que procédé de lubrification d'un piston d'injection - Google Patents

Dispositif de moulage sous pression ainsi que procédé de lubrification d'un piston d'injection Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3450049B1
EP3450049B1 EP17188556.9A EP17188556A EP3450049B1 EP 3450049 B1 EP3450049 B1 EP 3450049B1 EP 17188556 A EP17188556 A EP 17188556A EP 3450049 B1 EP3450049 B1 EP 3450049B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
casting
lubricant
piston
lubricant channel
chamber
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP17188556.9A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3450049A1 (fr
Inventor
Olgierd LEMANSKI
Ahmed Adel MAHMOUD
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ga Roeders Holding & Cokg GmbH
Original Assignee
G A Roeders Holding & Co KG GmbH
GA Roeders Holding & Co KG GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by G A Roeders Holding & Co KG GmbH, GA Roeders Holding & Co KG GmbH filed Critical G A Roeders Holding & Co KG GmbH
Priority to PL17188556T priority Critical patent/PL3450049T3/pl
Priority to EP17188556.9A priority patent/EP3450049B1/fr
Priority to HUE17188556A priority patent/HUE051483T2/hu
Publication of EP3450049A1 publication Critical patent/EP3450049A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3450049B1 publication Critical patent/EP3450049B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/20—Accessories: Details
    • B22D17/2015—Means for forcing the molten metal into the die
    • B22D17/203—Injection pistons
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/08—Cold chamber machines, i.e. with unheated press chamber into which molten metal is ladled
    • B22D17/10—Cold chamber machines, i.e. with unheated press chamber into which molten metal is ladled with horizontal press motion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/14—Machines with evacuated die cavity
    • B22D17/145—Venting means therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/20—Accessories: Details
    • B22D17/2015—Means for forcing the molten metal into the die
    • B22D17/2038—Heating, cooling or lubricating the injection unit

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for pressure casting a casting material, and to a method for lubricating a casting piston.
  • the device according to the invention is designed for the pressure casting of a casting material and in particular for the pressure casting of metals.
  • the device comprises a casting chamber with a filling opening for the casting material, a casting piston which is displaceable in the casting chamber and which is designed to discharge the casting material into a mold cavity connected to the casting chamber.
  • the device further comprises a lubricant channel with an inlet and an outlet, the outlet of the lubricant channel opening into the casting chamber.
  • the device comprises a lubricant device which is designed to introduce a lubricant into the entrance of the lubricant channel.
  • a molten metal is filled into a casting chamber via a filler opening.
  • the casting piston guided inside the casting chamber is then moved in the longitudinal direction of the casting chamber in the direction of the mold cavity in order to shoot the liquid metal out of the casting chamber into a mold cavity.
  • the outer surface of the casting piston is usually as close as possible to the inner surface the casting chamber, whereby a gap must remain in order to ensure the displaceability of the casting piston.
  • the lubricant is introduced into the casting chamber via the lubricant channel, so that it can at least partially get between the outer surface of the casting piston and the inner surface of the casting chamber and form a sliding layer there.
  • document EP 2 745 956 A2 presents a die casting device comprising a die casting piston and a piston rod, the piston rod having a lubrication device.
  • document US 3,779,305 A. presents an apparatus for lubricating a cast structure.
  • document JP S50 10728 A presents a device, wherein means for spraying lubricant are provided.
  • document US 2009/050289 A1 presents a casting process whereby vacuum is created in a mold cavity and a casting chamber.
  • document WO 2015/040490 A2 presents a high pressure casting device.
  • Previously known devices often have the problem that the amount of lubricant is difficult to dose.
  • the die casting device has a compressed air device for introducing compressed air into the inlet of the lubricant channel.
  • a lubricant previously introduced into the lubricant channel can be conveyed almost completely from the lubricant channel into the casting chamber and can contribute to the production of a sliding layer there.
  • a precisely metered amount of lubricant can be introduced into the lubricant channel, the compressed air device according to the invention ensuring this is that the precisely metered amount almost completely gets into the casting chamber and contributes to the lubrication there.
  • the compressed air device ensures that a precisely metered quantity of lubricant introduced into the lubricant channel is conveyed almost completely out of the lubricant channel and into the casting chamber in order to contribute to the lubrication there.
  • Another important advantage of the present invention is that after the introduction of compressed air into the inlet of the lubricant channel, there are no longer any lubricant residues in the lubricant channel. It was recognized in the context of the invention that the lubricant residues remaining in the lubricant channel can lead to problems with die-casting devices known from the prior art. This applies in particular if, in order to improve the quality of the cast part, a vacuum is generated in the casting chamber and / or in the mold cavity connected to it before the melt is injected.
  • lubricant residues which are located in the lubricant channel are drawn into the casting chamber when the vacuum is generated, so that a larger amount of lubricant undesirably comes into contact with the melt.
  • This can lead to significant impairments in the cast part quality.
  • chemical reactions of the lubricant with the hot melt can occur, so that, for example, hydrogen gas is generated which is enclosed in the casting during the injection.
  • the die-casting device according to the invention allows the lubricant channel to be blown out almost completely, so that subsequent vacuum generation does not result in undesired suction of lubricant.
  • the casting piston can have a diameter between 2 cm and 16 cm, preferably between 3.5 cm and 14 cm, more preferably between 5 cm and 12 cm.
  • the lubricant channel can have a diameter between 2 mm and 15 mm, preferably between 4 mm and 12 mm, more preferably between 6 mm and 10 mm.
  • the lubricant channel extends through the casting piston.
  • the lubrication of the casting plunger with the aid of a lubricant channel running through the casting plunger itself is advantageous, since in this case the lubricant and the compressed air can be discharged during a movement of the casting plunger within the casting chamber, so that the lubricant is distributed within the casting chamber.
  • outlet of the lubricant channel is preferably arranged in the lateral surface of the casting piston.
  • the lubricant can be applied in the area of the lateral surface and immediately form a sliding layer there.
  • the casting piston can also have an annular groove running around its circumferential surface, the outlet of the lubricant channel opening into the annular groove.
  • the lubricant released by the compressed air can thus move around the casting piston, which further improves the distribution of the lubricant within the casting chamber.
  • the die-casting device preferably comprises a piston rod connected to the casting piston, the lubricant channel extending through the piston rod.
  • the piston rod is preferably firmly connected to the casting piston. It is used to move the piston within the casting chamber.
  • the piston rod usually runs through a piston rod opening in the casting chamber.
  • the compressed air device is connected to the lubricant channel via a first valve. It is also advantageous if the lubricant device is connected to the lubricant channel via a second valve.
  • the use of valves allows the lubricant and the compressed air to be introduced into the lubricant channel separately from one another without the lubricant device and compressed air device influencing one another. In particular, it can be avoided that the lubricant is pressed back into the lubricant device by the compressed air.
  • the die casting device has a vacuum device which is designed to evacuate the casting chamber and / or the mold cavity is.
  • a vacuum device which is designed to evacuate the casting chamber and / or the mold cavity is.
  • the die-casting device preferably comprises a cover which is designed to close the fill opening in a vacuum-tight manner.
  • the cover preferably has a feed line to the vacuum device.
  • a vacuum can be created inside the casting chamber via the feed line.
  • the feed line can have a large cross-section, for example the cross-section of the feed line can be between 20 mm and 40 mm, so that the casting chamber can be evacuated via the feed line and the filling opening using a large volume flow. If large volume flows are used for evacuation, it is particularly important due to the associated strong "suction effect" that there are no lubricant residues in the lubricant channel.
  • the cover can define a vacuum-tight interior between itself and the casting chamber, an area of the piston rod adjacent to the casting chamber preferably being located in the interior.
  • the cover can have a grommet for the piston rod.
  • the cover can be designed to be displaceable, a vacuum-tight closure of the filling opening being achieved by displacing the cover. If the piston rod is located in the area adjacent to the casting chamber in the evacuated interior of the cover, it is avoided that when the casting chamber is evacuated, outside air is drawn into the casting chamber via the gap which is inevitably present between the piston rod opening and the piston rod.
  • the casting chamber therefore has a rear wall adjoining the mold cavity with a passage for the casting material leading to the molding cavity, the casting piston being able to be displaced into an end position for the casting in of the casting material, the casting piston being in the end position between the casting piston and the There is a free space on the rear wall.
  • the melt is injected, liquid metal can enter the free space, which may cool prematurely there, but due to the free space also in the end position of the casting piston (i.e. in a position in which the casting piston is closest to the mold cavity) is not conveyed into the mold cavity .
  • the contribution early cooled casting material in the mold cavity is avoided or at least reduced.
  • the free space can have a volume between 10 and 160 cm 3 , preferably between 30 and 120 cm 3 , more preferably between 50 and 90 cm 3 .
  • the free space is preferably arranged in a region of the casting chamber which extends from the bottom of the casting chamber to a height of less than 80% of the casting chamber, preferably to a height of less than 70%, more preferably less than 60%. This is advantageous since the casting chamber is usually only filled with the casting material up to a certain height, so that the metal melt comes into contact with the casting piston in the lower region of the casting chamber after it has been filled.
  • the free space is preferably formed by a recess in the casting piston.
  • the recess can be formed by an oblique cut of a front surface of the casting piston.
  • the front surface denotes the surface of the casting plunger pointing in the direction of the mold cavity.
  • the free space according to the invention can have an independent inventive content.
  • a device for pressure casting a casting material described above, which has the above-mentioned free space, can thus be an object of the present invention regardless of the lubricant channel, lubricant device and compressed air device.
  • step a a quantity of lubricant between 0.1 ml and 1.4 ml, preferably between 0.2 ml and 1 ml, more preferably between 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml, is introduced into the lubricant channel.
  • Compressed air is preferred in step b. introduced into the lubricant channel with a pressure in the range between 4 bar and 10 bar, preferably between 6 bar and 8 bar.
  • the compressed air in step b. introduced into the inlet of the lubricant channel over a period of between 0.5 and 5 seconds, preferably between 2 and 3 seconds.
  • the lubricant and / or the compressed air is introduced when the casting piston is withdrawn.
  • the lubricant and / or the compressed air is introduced into the lubricant channel after the melt has been injected.
  • the casting piston is in the vicinity of the end position (that is to say in a position adjacent to the mold cavity). If the lubrication process is carried out when withdrawing from the end position, the lubricant can be distributed over the lubricant channel in the entire casting piston.
  • a. and b. creates a vacuum in the interior of the casting chamber.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic illustration of a die casting device according to the invention after the filling of a metal melt 15.
  • the die casting device has a casting chamber 13 with a filling opening 14 and a rear wall 51.
  • the rear wall 51 is provided with a passage 52.
  • a casting piston 16 is arranged, which is attached to a piston rod 22.
  • the casting chamber also has a piston rod opening 50 through which the piston rod 22 is passed.
  • One can move the casting piston 13 Force is exerted on the piston rod 22.
  • the casting piston 16 has a diameter of 6 cm.
  • the piston stroke i.e. the maximum distance that the casting piston can be moved, is approximately 40 cm.
  • the interior of the casting chamber 13 is connected via the passage 52 to a mold cavity 18 which consists of two mold part halves 19, 20.
  • a molten metal 15 is filled into the casting chamber.
  • the casting piston 16 can from a Figure 1 shown starting position can be moved to an end position in the direction of the mold cavity 18 within the casting chamber 13.
  • the casting piston 16 displaces the molten metal 15 and presses it through the passage 52 into the mold cavity 18. This process is also referred to as "shooting" the melt 15 into the mold cavity 18.
  • a cast part is formed within the mold halves 19, 20 after the molten metal has cooled.
  • the casting piston 16 has a recess 43, which is formed by an oblique cut of a front surface 42 of the casting piston 16. After filling the melt 15 into the casting chamber 13, the melt 15 comes into contact with the casting piston 16. In the vicinity of the casting piston, the melt 15 may cool prematurely. To inject the melt 15, the casting piston 16 is in the Figure 3 shown end position shifted. Because of the cutout 43, there is a free space 53 in the end position between the casting piston 16 and the rear wall 51, into which casting material which has cooled down early can enter. The cast material cooled at an early stage is therefore not conveyed into the mold cavity 18. The cast part quality is therefore not impaired, or at least to a lesser extent, by cast material that has cooled down prematurely.
  • the outer surface of the casting piston 16 lies as closely as possible against the inner surface 17 of the casting chamber 13, but there is a gap 21 between the outer surface and the inner surface 17 in order to enable the casting piston 16 to move.
  • the casting piston 16 is guided in this way within the casting chamber 13.
  • a lubricant channel 23 extends through the piston rod 22 as well as through the casting piston 16.
  • the diameter of the lubricant channel is approximately 6 mm.
  • the lubricant channel 23 branches into a total of 10 outlets, of which the two outlets 49 can be seen in the sectional view. The exits open into an annular groove 24.
  • the lubricant channel can have a smaller diameter in the region of the branches.
  • the annular groove 24 extends around the outer surface of the casting piston 16.
  • the die casting device also has a lubricant device 28, which is connected via a valve 26 and a feed line 44 to an inlet 25 of the lubricant channel 23.
  • the lubricant device 28 can be formed by a lubricant reservoir and a lubricant pump.
  • a compressed air device 29 which is connected to the inlet 25 via a valve 27 and a feed line 45.
  • the compressed air device 29 can comprise a compressed air container and is designed to provide compressed air at a pressure of 7 bar over a period of at least 3 s.
  • the lubricant device 28 is designed to introduce a precisely metered amount of a lubricant via the valve 26 into the inlet 25 of the lubricant channel 23.
  • the compressed air device 29 is designed to Valve 27 to introduce compressed air into the inlet 25 of the lubricant channel 23.
  • the die casting device further comprises a cover 35 which defines an interior 36 between the cover 35 and the casting chamber 13 and which is displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the casting chamber 13.
  • the cover seals on the side facing the molded part with a seal arranged between the fill opening 14 and the molded part half 20, which extends circumferentially around the outer wall of the casting chamber.
  • the cover 35 can also seal with a seal which is arranged directly on the molded part half 20 or a machine plate arranged there (not shown in the figures).
  • the cover On the opposite side, the cover has a grommet 38 through which the piston rod 22 is guided.
  • a section 37 of the piston rod 22 is located in the interior 36, so that when the casting chamber 13 is evacuated, little or no outside air is drawn into the casting chamber 13 through the gap in the region of the piston rod opening 50.
  • the cover 35 also has a connection 39 which is connected to a vacuum device 30 via a line 40 and a valve 41.
  • the vacuum device 30 is also connected to the mold cavity 18 via a feed line 31 and a valve 32.
  • the cover 35 is first moved over the filler opening 14, so that the interior 36 and the casting chamber 13 are closed in a vacuum-tight manner. This state is in Figure 2 shown.
  • the valve 41 can now be opened so that the vacuum device 30 can generate a vacuum via the connection 39 and the line 40 in the interior 36 and in the interior of the casting chamber 13.
  • the valve 32 is preferably still closed at this time.
  • FIG. 3 shows the state of the device after the melt has been injected into the mold cavity 18, the casting piston 16 being in the end position here.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Dispositif de coulée sous pression d'un matériau de coulée (15), en particulier de coulée sous pression de métaux, le dispositif comprenant
    a. une chambre de coulée (13) pourvue d'une ouverture de remplissage (14) destinée au matériau de coulée (15),
    b. un piston de coulée (16) qui peut coulisser dans la chambre de coulée (13) et qui est conçu pour délivrer le matériau de coulée (15) dans une cavité de moule (18) reliée à la chambre de coulée (13),
    c. un conduit de lubrifiant (23) pourvu d'une entrée (25) et d'une sortie (49), la sortie (49) du conduit de lubrifiant débouchant dans la chambre de coulée (13),
    d. un dispositif à vide (30) conçu pour mettre la chambre de coulée (13) sous vide,
    e. un moyen de lubrification (28) qui est conçu pour introduire un lubrifiant (46) dans l'entrée (25) du conduit de lubrifiant (23), et
    f. un moyen à air comprimé (29) destiné à introduire de l'air comprimé dans l'entrée (25) du conduit de lubrifiant (23) .
  2. Dispositif de coulée sous pression selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le conduit de lubrifiant (23) s'étend à travers le piston de coulée (16).
  3. Dispositif de coulée sous pression selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que la sortie (49) du conduit de lubrifiant est ménagée dans la surface latérale du piston de coulée (16), le piston de coulée (16) comportant de préférence une gorge annulaire (24) s'étendant autour de sa surface latérale, la sortie (49) du conduit de lubrifiant (23) débouchant dans la gorge annulaire (24).
  4. Dispositif de coulée sous pression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que le moyen à air comprimé (29) est relié au conduit de lubrifiant (23) par le biais d'une première valve (27).
  5. Dispositif de coulée sous pression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que le moyen de lubrification (28) est relié au conduit de lubrifiant (23) par le biais d'une deuxième valve (26).
  6. Dispositif de coulée sous pression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que celui-ci comporte un couvercle (35) qui est conçu pour fermer de manière étanche sous vide l'ouverture de remplissage (14), le couvercle (35) comportant un conduit d'alimentation (40) menant au dispositif à vide (30).
  7. Dispositif de coulée sous pression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que la chambre de coulée (13) comporte une paroi arrière (51) attenante à la cavité de moule (18) et pourvue d'un passage (52) menant à la cavité de moule (18) et destiné au matériau de coulée (15), le piston de coulée (16) pouvant coulisser jusque dans une position finale pour injecter le matériau de coulée (15), un espace libre (53) étant ménagé entre le piston de coulée (16) et la paroi arrière (51) dans la position finale du piston de coulée (16).
  8. Dispositif de coulée sous pression selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que l'espace libre est formé par un évidement (43) ménagé dans le piston de coulée (16), l'évidement (43) étant de préférence formé par une découpe oblique d'une surface avant (42) du piston de coulée (16).
  9. Procédé de lubrification d'un piston de coulée (16) qui est guidé à l'intérieur d'une chambre de coulée (13) d'un dispositif de coulée sous pression, le dispositif de coulée sous pression comportant un conduit de lubrifiant (23) débouchant dans la chambre de coulée (13), le procédé comprenant les étapes suivantes :
    a. introduire du lubrifiant (46) dans une entrée (25) du conduit de lubrifiant (23),
    b. introduire de l'air comprimé dans l'entrée (25) du conduit de lubrifiant (23),
    un vide étant ménagé à l'intérieur de la chambre de coulée (13) après les étapes de procédé a. et b.
  10. Procédé selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que une quantité de lubrifiant comprise entre 0,1 ml et 1,4 ml, de préférence entre 0,2 ml et 1 ml, plus préférablement entre 0,4 ml et 0,6 ml est introduite dans le conduit de lubrifiant (23) .
  11. Procédé selon la revendication 9 ou 10, caractérisé en ce que de l'air comprimé est introduit dans l'entrée (25) du conduit de lubrifiant (23) à une pression comprise entre 4 bar et 10 bar, de préférence entre 6 bar et 8 bar.
  12. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 9 à 11, caractérisé en ce que de l'air comprimé est introduit dans l'entrée (25) du conduit de lubrifiant (23) sur une durée comprise entre 0,5 et 5 secondes, de préférence entre 2 et 3 secondes.
  13. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 9 à 12, caractérisé en ce que le lubrifiant (46) et/ou l'air comprimé sont introduits lors du retrait du piston de coulée (16).
EP17188556.9A 2017-08-30 2017-08-30 Dispositif de moulage sous pression ainsi que procédé de lubrification d'un piston d'injection Active EP3450049B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL17188556T PL3450049T3 (pl) 2017-08-30 2017-08-30 Urządzenie do odlewania ciśnieniowego oraz sposób smarowania tłoka prasującego
EP17188556.9A EP3450049B1 (fr) 2017-08-30 2017-08-30 Dispositif de moulage sous pression ainsi que procédé de lubrification d'un piston d'injection
HUE17188556A HUE051483T2 (hu) 2017-08-30 2017-08-30 Nyomás alatti öntõberendezés és eljárás egy dugattyú kenésére

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17188556.9A EP3450049B1 (fr) 2017-08-30 2017-08-30 Dispositif de moulage sous pression ainsi que procédé de lubrification d'un piston d'injection

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3450049A1 EP3450049A1 (fr) 2019-03-06
EP3450049B1 true EP3450049B1 (fr) 2020-05-27

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP17188556.9A Active EP3450049B1 (fr) 2017-08-30 2017-08-30 Dispositif de moulage sous pression ainsi que procédé de lubrification d'un piston d'injection

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3450049B1 (fr)
HU (1) HUE051483T2 (fr)
PL (1) PL3450049T3 (fr)

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3779305A (en) * 1971-12-30 1973-12-18 Heich Die Casting Corp Apparatus for lubricating a die structure employed in die casting operations
JPS566824B2 (fr) * 1973-06-05 1981-02-13
DE102004057324A1 (de) * 2004-11-27 2006-06-01 Pfeiffer Vacuum Gmbh Vakuumdruckgussverfahren
DE102012025447B4 (de) * 2012-12-21 2016-11-03 Wieland Anlagentechnik Gmbh Druckgussvorrichtung, Schmiermittelversorgungssystem und Schmierverfahren
WO2015040490A2 (fr) * 2013-09-19 2015-03-26 Magna International Inc. Appareil et procédé de coulée sous pression à pression élevée

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
None *

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Publication number Publication date
HUE051483T2 (hu) 2021-03-01
PL3450049T3 (pl) 2020-11-02
EP3450049A1 (fr) 2019-03-06

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