EP3403148A1 - Controlling method, control system, and plant - Google Patents
Controlling method, control system, and plantInfo
- Publication number
- EP3403148A1 EP3403148A1 EP17715643.7A EP17715643A EP3403148A1 EP 3403148 A1 EP3403148 A1 EP 3403148A1 EP 17715643 A EP17715643 A EP 17715643A EP 3403148 A1 EP3403148 A1 EP 3403148A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- control
- quality criterion
- riti
- seti
- plant
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 98
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001364 causal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000036962 time dependent Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010219 correlation analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000018910 keratinopathic ichthyosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B13/00—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion
- G05B13/02—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric
- G05B13/04—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric involving the use of models or simulators
- G05B13/047—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric involving the use of models or simulators the criterion being a time optimal performance criterion
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B17/00—Systems involving the use of models or simulators of said systems
- G05B17/02—Systems involving the use of models or simulators of said systems electric
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for control, a control system and a system.
- a further object of the invention is to provide an improved control system and an improved system with which the method according to the invention can be carried out.
- the inventive method for controlling uses a STEU ⁇ ervorschrift.
- the course of the control is at least partially observed and, depending on this course, at least one quality criterion characterizing the quality of the control method is determined, ie determined.
- an adaptation of the tax law is carried out in the inventive method.
- the course of the control is detected by detecting the profile in discrete and, in particular, successive time intervals or continuously. Under the phrase "based on the waveform of the control" is preferably "at least from the control at run time and / or from the controller to the previous, in particular successive points in time or time periods from ⁇ pending" understood.
- Suitably method automated ⁇ Siert to the invention is, for example computer-implemented and / or software-based, run.
- the quality criterion (s) are evaluated at runtime and, depending on the quality criterion (s), in particular if at least one quality criterion changes by a threshold value and / or with a threshold rate, the tax code is changed. Consequently, it is not mandatory, Bedin ⁇ conditions or environmental changes, which can lead to a change in the quality criteria previously explicitly set.
- the inventive method thus allows a gegenü ⁇ over the prior art particularly flexible and robust control.
- the quality criteria are not fixed in advance fixed, but are either determined at run time of the controller itself or flexibly adjusted over the life of the device used for carrying out the method according to the invention.
- the tax law is executed with a control unit.
- the control unit is an integrated (ger .: "EMBED Dedicated control units are provided regularly via a memory element which is expediently used in the method according to the invention for storing at least part of the course of the control.
- the course of the control is monitored with an adaptation unit and the determination of the quality criterion as well as the adaptation of the control specification are carried out by means of the adaptation unit.
- the tax law is executed with a control unit, which, although signal-connected with this, is functionally separated from the adaptation unit.
- Insbesonde ⁇ re controller and adaptation unit can each be ⁇ least a dedicated processor or with each horrin- least a dedicated processor core to be formed. In this way, on the one hand control and observation of the control and the determination of the quality criterion can be carried out completely parallel to each other. It is advantageously ensured in this way that the operation of the adaptation unit does not disturb the operation of the control unit due to an otherwise shared use of resources.
- control is expediently formed with a control, in particular with a PID control.
- PID controllers can be obtained by means of the method according to the invention a dynamic control with egg ⁇ ner high stability.
- quantity to be controlled or regulated in particular a control variable, or with a measure for a deviation, for example an overshoot, during a setting phase or a measure of an oscillation (in particular amplitude and / or frequency). be formed during a setting phase of the controlled or regulated variable size.
- a semantic model is used for the at least one quality criterion and / or the adaptation.
- the semantic model an ontology and / or ⁇ least a representation library.
- Semantic Mo ⁇ delle provide in known manner the possibility to combine knowledge of a plurality of different areas in a consistent manner with each other, which is obtained during a simulation or about knowledge, from a BOM or from a working plan of a means of controlling product to be manufactured or from a maintenance report of the plant.
- the course of the control in the time domain is detected.
- the at least one criterion preferably the at least one criterion rinsekrite- determined in the time domain and / or there is the ANPAS ⁇ solution of the control rule in the time domain.
- the inventive method for controlling a manufacturing plant is performed.
- control procedure is suitably carried out by means of a control unit, is subjected min ⁇ least herange- a state of the control unit for the quality criterion and / or as an input quantity for the control rule.
- the method according to the invention is preferably carried out for the control ⁇ tion of a system, wherein at least one state of the system for the quality criterion and / or used as an input to the tax rule.
- a context model of the control method which includes a semantic model, in particular having at least one ontology and / or at least one representation library.
- the at least one quality criterion is formed on the basis of the context model of the control method.
- the control method can be based on the
- the inventive method is preferably carried out for Steue ⁇ tion of a plant, wherein a context model to the ⁇ position is used, which comprises a semantic model, in ⁇ sbesondere comprising at least an ontology and / or ⁇ least a representation of library.
- specifications for output variables of the controller and / or specifications of the input variables of the controller can also be used according to the invention, for example sensor readings and / or specifications of rules which influence control signals and / or sensor signals and / or Specifications of state transitions, which in particular specify which states and conditions in the form of measured values entail which state transitions.
- these specifications are derived from a model for the control method, in particular a semantic model of the control method, which preferably has one or more a plurality of ontologies and / or one or more representation ⁇ onsbibken comprises.
- the control system according to the invention has at least one control unit, designed for control by means of a control prediction , and at least one adaptation unit.
- the min ⁇ least an adaptation unit is arranged to observe the course of the control, at least partially, and to determine a quality of the control method of characterizing quality criterion.
- the adaptation unit is designed to adapt the tax rule depending on the quality criterion.
- he ⁇ inventive control system is designed to carry out the inventive method as described above.
- control unit is an integrated (English: "EmbeddecT) Steuerein ⁇ unit.
- integrated control units regularly have a memory element which can conveniently save the course of the control, so that this stored history of the adaptation unit can be easily made available by means of signal connection or signal ⁇ transmission.
- control unit and adaptation unit are each formed with at least one own processor or each with at least one own processor core.
- adaptation unit does not block any resources intended for control.
- observation of control and the determination of the quality criterion and the adaptation of STEU ervorschrift ⁇ all times are possible at run time and are not interrupted as in the case of utilization of the computing capacity of the control unit. It is expedient in the control system according to the invention
- Control a scheme, in particular a PID control.
- the control unit of the control system according to the invention comprises a PID controller.
- the inventive system is in particular a manufacturing plant ⁇ .
- the system according to the invention has a control system as described above.
- zei ⁇ gene a structure of a control system according to the invention with a control unit and a monitoring and adjusting unit for executing a fiction, modern ⁇ method for controlling schematically gem in a schematic diagram, a signal flow of the observation and adaptation ⁇ unit.
- Fig. 1 schematically in a schematic diagram, a part of the signal flow of the control unit acc.
- Fig. 1 shows schematically in a signal flow diagram, a context model of the control unit acc. Fig. 1 and 3 of the control system according to the invention.
- Fig. 1 schematically in a section of a schematic diagram and
- FIG. 5 shows a context model of a method according to the invention for controlling by means of the control system according to the invention.
- Fig. 1 and Fig. 4 schematically in a section of a schematic diagram.
- COS is an embedded, that is, integrated control system comprises COS and as shown in FIG. 1, a control unit COU in the form of a decorated to Steue ⁇ tion microprocessor.
- the STEU ⁇ ersystem COS comprises a monitoring and adjusting unit OAU, whose function is described in more detail below.
- the Monitoring and adjustment unit OAU is realized with a ent ⁇ speaking, furnished ie programmed microprocessor.
- the control unit COU and the observation and adaptation unit OAU can each be realized as one or more cores of a single processor in further, not specifically illustrated exemplary embodiments.
- control unit COU is a control algorithm, ie a tax law implemented, by means of which the control ⁇ unit COU forms a software-based PID controller.
- the control unit COU will be described below.
- the observation and adaptation unit OAU is designed to observe and adapt the control method executed by the control unit COU.
- the observation and ANPAS ⁇ sungsech OAU is closer detail in Fig. 2:
- the observation and adaptation unit OAU receives via an input interface a time-synchronous data flow SYR from the current tax law of the control method of the control unit COU.
- This data flow SYR is formed with each ak ⁇ TULLE captured images PIIW of the control method.
- the currently acquired images PIIW comprise the current input variables and outputs of the control unit COU and are kept available in their time sequence as a history of images BPIO, BPH in a main memory WOME of the observation and adaptation unit OAU. In this one Hi ⁇ storie of images BPIO, BPH attacks
- the data stream evaluator DASE also contains evaluation data ESDB in the work memory WOME of the observation and adaptation unit OAU.
- the adaptation of the control method of the control unit COU is carried out by the data stream evaluator DASE in such a way that the data stream evaluator DASE commits a desired target image POIB of the control method based on the quality criteria described in more detail below and subsequently transmits the target image PIOB to the control unit COU by means of a time-synchronous data flow SYR.
- the control unit COU over ⁇ takes the target image PIOB as the current tax law. With ⁇ tels the adoption of the target image PIOB as the current tax ⁇ regulation, the control method is adjusted accordingly.
- the control method of the control unit COU is a control method known per se in the form of a software-based PID control of a system as shown in FIG.
- the plant is in the embodiment shown a Vietnamesesanalage (in another, not specifically shown, beauspie ⁇ len, the control method can be embodied as a control method for other systems or processes).
- the Steuerver ⁇ drive satisfies the control model described below:
- the control unit COU are according to their currently implemented control rule a time-dependent control signal u (t) from which actuators ACTU, the w ⁇ let in the embodiment shown, manufacturing equipment, and according to a time-dependent function F (t) to act. Acting the actuators according to the function u F (t)
- the state x (t) does not depend solely on the function u F (t), but additional disturbing influences and stochastic influences NOI are to be taken into account, which uncontrollably influence the state x (t) of the production plant.
- Sensors SENS detect the state x (t) of the system as measured values y (t).
- the sensors are signal-connected to a state estimator x est (t) which, together with the control unit COU, is part of a control unit CONB.
- a state estimator x est (t) an estimation function is implemented which estimates from the measured values y (t) a state of the system which itself is not directly accessible to a measurement. This state is transmitted to the control unit COU together with the measured values y (t) itself.
- the control unit also holds it COU ⁇ system deviation are compared reference values y ref (t) for the measuring values y (t), wel ⁇ che with these reference values y ref (t) for determining a re.
- control unit COU determines new control signals u (t) as a function of these measured values y (t) and the reference values y ref (t) and the states of the system estimated by the state estimator x est (t).
- the state estimator x est (t) is part of the control method itself in the exemplary embodiment shown and is not part of the observation and adaptation unit OAU.
- the above-explained control model thus describes the following variables:
- control model describes the control unit COU and the input and output variables which are transmitted to or provided by the control unit COU, here in particular the measured values y (t) and the control signals u (t).
- control model describes variables which describe the time ⁇ behavior of the system, here are not directly measurable states of the system.
- Such quantities are, on the one hand, quality criteria (English: “Key performance indicators”, KPIs), which determine a desired quality of the tax rule. Furthermore, warning signals can be provided which occur during the run-time-synchronous evaluation of input and output variables and / or states of the system and suitably characterize deviations from desired states and / or injured quality criteria.
- causal relationships of variables of the control model and such warning signals for example from a semantic model, can be used.
- dependencies between different components of the control model can be used. Such dependencies are expediently derived from explicit knowledge of the production process carried out with the installation and / or explicit knowledge of the structure of the installation and / or a hierarchy of its components and / or a correlation analysis of various components of the control model.
- control model and the context model (which may, for example, include the control model) can now be used to optimize and adapt the control process.
- such a context model is a semantic ⁇ MOORISH model, especially in the manner of a
- the context model can be easily analyzed and used to adapt and / or optimize the tax procedure.
- the context model expediently includes as much knowledge about the control process as possible and represents this knowledge in a manner known per se by means of objects, relations and procedures.
- the knowledge comes from the control process itself and also useful simulations the control method and / or a controlled means of Steuerverfah ⁇ Rens system and / or the specification of a controlled means of the control process plant gefer ⁇ saturated product and / or service protocols the system and / or specifications of environmental conditions and / or quality tests such as a finished product or the plant.
- the context model illustrated in FIG. 4 comprises a semantic description CONS of the control method in the form of a control model and a semantic description SYSD of the control unit COU.
- the semantic description CONS has a sub-class, which forms a continuous state Be ⁇ scription of the control method.
- the relation "has sub-class" is always labeled in ⁇ distinguished in Fig. 4 with arrows HAS.
- the control method dissected into the sub-classes with non-linear components of the control method and NONL with linear components LINE the control method.
- Both the nonlinear components of the control method NONL and the linear components LINE of the control method influence a description of the control unit COU in the time domain TIDD (marked as "defined” by means of the arrows DEF in FIG in the time domain TIDD of the semantic description of the control unit COU SYSD from itself.
- the description of the control unit COU in the time domain TIDD has a subclass an answer STERD on describing the Ant ⁇ word of the control unit COU to a control step of STEU ⁇ ervons.
- the answer STERD in each case forms ei ⁇ NEN part (the relation "is part of" is marked with arrows PAO) of quality criteria, which as a
- quality criteria form evaluation criteria for the quality of the operation of the control unit COU.
- quality criteria can be used in further, not specifically illustrated exemplary embodiments: the variability of the control method, in particular one
- a detailed analysis for example, failure analysis, or an analysis for a possible optimization of the control method, requires further information about Kausalbe ⁇ relationships of sizes of the control method and preferably also sizes the system. Such information about causal relationships are obtained in the illustrated embodiment from the semantic description CONS of the control method:
- the control method comprises a control algorithm CONP which defines control functions CONF and control variables CONV (the relation "defined” is marked with arrows DEF.)
- the control variables CONV are part of the control functions CONF (the relation "has subclass on "is marked with arrows HAS).
- the control functions CONF comprise, on the one hand, sequences SEQ and estimation functions ESOB for estimating conditions of the system and feedback functions FEBA.
- the control variables CONV include, for example, temporary or internal variables TEINT, for example a time dynamic of the Control device COU, in particular the value of an integrie ⁇ generating part of the PID controller, or the temporal dynamics of the system, which is approximately determined by an estimator or a sensor.
- TEINT temporary or internal variables
- control variables CONV include input INPU and output variables OUPU, approximately output for controlling the actuators ACTU or obtained from the sensors SENS.
- the way in which the control functions CONF correlate different control variables CONV defines implicit relationships between the control variables CONV. Such relationships and dependencies become transparently visible in the context model and usable for observation and adaptation according to the invention.
- control variables CONV form input variables (the relations "input quantity f" are marked with arrows INF) for quality criteria CONK, which are already explained with reference to FIG. 4 as the rise time RITI, the overshoot OSHSO and as a decay time SETI.
- these specifications are obtained from a model for the control method, in particular a semantic model of the control process, comprising preferably one or more ontologies and / or one or more repre ⁇ onsBibliotheken.
- the system of the invention is a Vietnamesesanalage explained here in exporting approximately ⁇ for example, and has a ⁇ OF INVENTION dung control system according as described above on.
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Abstract
Description
Beschreibung description
Verfahren zur Steuerung, Steuersystem und Anlage Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Steuerung, ein Steuersystem und eine Anlage. Method for control, control system and installation The invention relates to a method for control, a control system and a system.
In der Industrieautomatisierung werden große Datenmengen von Anlagen mittels speicherprogrammierbarer Steuerungen (engl.: „programmable logic Controller" (PLC) ) erfasst und sogenann¬ ten SCADA-Systemen übergeben. Recognized in the industrial automation large amounts of equipment by means of programmable logic controllers (ger .: "programmable logic controller" (PLC)) and pass sogenann ¬ th SCADA systems.
Es ist bekannt, Steuerungen in ihrer Funktionsweise von Zeit zu Zeit automatisch zu überprüfen. Dazu ist regelmäßig eine Analyse der erfassten Daten erforderlich. Hierzu sind enorme Datenmengen zu speichern und zu analysieren, was hohe Ressourcen erfordert. Daher werden typischerweise die erfassten Daten gespeichert und zu späteren Zeitpunkten analysiert. In eigebetteten speicherprogrammierbaren Steuerungen ist der zur Speicherung erfasster Daten zur Verfügung stehende Speicher allerdings in der Regel begrenzt. It is known to automatically check controls in their operation from time to time. This requires regular analysis of the data collected. This requires enormous amounts of data to be stored and analyzed, which requires high resources. Therefore, the collected data is typically stored and analyzed at later times. In embedded programmable logic controllers, however, the memory available for storing data is generally limited.
Es ist daher Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein in dieser Hinsicht verbessertes Verfahren zur Steuerung zu schaffen, welches insbesondere eine Überprüfung ihrer Funktionsweise mit erfass¬ ten Daten besser als bislang bekannt ermöglicht. Ferner ist es Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein verbessertes Steuersystem und eine verbesserte Anlage bereitzustellen, mit welchen das er- findungsgemäße Verfahren ausführbar ist. It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an improved in this respect method of control, which in particular allows a review of their functioning with erfass ¬ th data better than previously known. A further object of the invention is to provide an improved control system and an improved system with which the method according to the invention can be carried out.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zur Steuerung nutzt eine Steu¬ ervorschrift. Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren wird der Verlauf der Steuerung zumindest teilweise beobachtet und es wird abhängig von diesem Verlauf mindestens ein die Güte des Steuerverfahrens kennzeichnendes Gütekriterium bestimmt, d.h. ermittelt. Abhängig vom Gütekriterium erfolgt bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren eine Anpassung der Steuervorschrift. Insbesondere wird bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren der Verlauf der Steuerung erfasst, indem der Verlauf in diskreten und insbesondere aufeinanderfolgenden Zeitintervallen oder kontinuierlich erfasst wird. Unter der Wendung „abhängig vom Verlauf der Steuerung" wird bevorzugterweise „zumindest ab¬ hängig von der Steuerung zur Laufzeit und/oder von der Steuerung zu vorangegangenen, insbesondere aufeinanderfolgenden Zeitpunkten oder Zeitabschnitten" verstanden. The inventive method for controlling uses a STEU ¬ ervorschrift. In the method according to the invention, the course of the control is at least partially observed and, depending on this course, at least one quality criterion characterizing the quality of the control method is determined, ie determined. Depending on the quality criterion, an adaptation of the tax law is carried out in the inventive method. In particular, in the method according to the invention, the course of the control is detected by detecting the profile in discrete and, in particular, successive time intervals or continuously. Under the phrase "based on the waveform of the control" is preferably "at least from the control at run time and / or from the controller to the previous, in particular successive points in time or time periods from ¬ pending" understood.
Geeigneterweise wird das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren automati¬ siert, etwa computerimplementiert und/oder softwarebasiert, ausgeführt . Suitably method automated ¬ Siert to the invention is, for example computer-implemented and / or software-based, run.
Mithilfe des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist es möglich, die Ausführung des Steuerverfahrens zur Laufzeit zu beobachten und laufzeitsynchron aktiven Einfluss auf das Steuerverfahren selbst zu nehmen und das Steuerverfahren anzupassen. Dazu werden zur Laufzeit das oder die Gütekriterien ausgewertet und, abhängig von dem oder den Gütekriterien, insbesondere wenn zumindest ein Gütekriterium sich um einen Schwellwert und/oder mit einer Schwellrate ändert, die Steuervorschrift geändert. Folglich ist es nicht zwingend erforderlich, Bedin¬ gungen oder Umgebungsänderungen, welche zu einer Änderung der Gütekriterien führen können, vorab explizit festzulegen. With the aid of the method according to the invention, it is possible to observe the execution of the control method at runtime and to take active-time influence on the control method itself and to adapt the control method. For this purpose, the quality criterion (s) are evaluated at runtime and, depending on the quality criterion (s), in particular if at least one quality criterion changes by a threshold value and / or with a threshold rate, the tax code is changed. Consequently, it is not mandatory, Bedin ¬ conditions or environmental changes, which can lead to a change in the quality criteria previously explicitly set.
Vielmehr kann mittels des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens auf unvorhergesehene Situationen zur Laufzeit reagiert werden. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren erlaubt folglich eine gegenü¬ ber dem Stand der Technik besonders flexible und robuste Steuerung. Vorzugsweise sind die Gütekriterien nicht vorab fix festgelegt, sondern werden entweder zur Laufzeit der Steuerung selbst bestimmt oder aber über die Lebensdauer der zur Ausführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens herangezogenen Vorrichtung flexibel angepasst. Rather, by means of the method according to the invention, it is possible to react to unforeseen situations at runtime. The inventive method thus allows a gegenü ¬ over the prior art particularly flexible and robust control. Preferably, the quality criteria are not fixed in advance fixed, but are either determined at run time of the controller itself or flexibly adjusted over the life of the device used for carrying out the method according to the invention.
Insbesondere wird bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren die Steuervorschrift mit einer Steuereinheit ausgeführt. Vorzugs¬ weise ist die Steuereinheit eine integrierte (engl.: „embed- ded") Steuereinheit. Gerade integrierte Steuereinheiten ver¬ fügen regelmäßig über ein Speicherelement, welches zweckmäßig bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zur Speicherung zumindest eines Teils des Verlaufs der Steuerung herangezogen wird. In particular, in the method according to the invention, the tax law is executed with a control unit. ¬ preference as the control unit is an integrated (ger .: "EMBED Dedicated control units are provided regularly via a memory element which is expediently used in the method according to the invention for storing at least part of the course of the control.
Idealerweise wird bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren der Verlauf der Steuerung mit einer Adaptionseinheit beobachtet und die Bestimmung des Gütekriteriums sowie die Anpassung der Steuervorschrift mittels der Adaptionseinheit vorgenommen. Zweckmäßig wird die Steuervorschrift mit einer Steuereinheit ausgeführt, welche, wenngleich signalverbunden mit dieser, von der Adaptionseinheit funktional getrennt ist. Insbesonde¬ re können Steuereinheit und Adaptionseinheit mit jeweils zu¬ mindest einem eigenen Prozessor oder aber mit jeweils zumin- dest einem eigenen Prozessorkern ausgebildet sein. Auf diese Weise können Steuerung einerseits und Beobachtung der Steuerung sowie die Bestimmung des Gütekriteriums vollständig parallel zueinander ausgeführt werden. Vorteilhaft ist auf diese Weise sichergestellt, dass der Betrieb der Adaptions- einheit den Betrieb der Steuereinheit nicht aufgrund einer ansonsten geteilten Ressourcennutzung stört. Ideally, in the method according to the invention, the course of the control is monitored with an adaptation unit and the determination of the quality criterion as well as the adaptation of the control specification are carried out by means of the adaptation unit. Suitably, the tax law is executed with a control unit, which, although signal-connected with this, is functionally separated from the adaptation unit. Insbesonde ¬ re controller and adaptation unit can each be ¬ least a dedicated processor or with each zumin- least a dedicated processor core to be formed. In this way, on the one hand control and observation of the control and the determination of the quality criterion can be carried out completely parallel to each other. It is advantageously ensured in this way that the operation of the adaptation unit does not disturb the operation of the control unit due to an otherwise shared use of resources.
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren ist die Steuerung zweckmäßig mit einer Regelung, insbesondere mit einer PID- Regelung, gebildet. Gerade bei PID-Reglern kann mittels des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens eine dynamische Regelung mit ei¬ ner hohen Stabilität erhalten werden. In the method according to the invention, the control is expediently formed with a control, in particular with a PID control. Especially with PID controllers can be obtained by means of the method according to the invention a dynamic control with egg ¬ ner high stability.
Geeigneterweise ist das zumindest eine Gütekriterium mit ei- ner Variabilität einer mittels der Steuerung oder Regelung einzustellenden Größe, insbesondere einer Regelgröße gebil¬ det. Alternativ oder zusätzlich kann das zumindest eine Gütekriterium mit einem Maß für die Einstellzeit einer zu Suitably, the at least one quality criterion with a variability of a adjusted by the control or regulating variable, in particular a controlled variable gebil ¬ det. Alternatively or additionally, the at least one quality criterion with a measure of the setting time of a
steuernden oder zu regelnden Größe, insbesondere einer Regel- große, oder mit einem Maß für ein Abweichen, etwa ein Überschwingen, während einer Einstellphase oder ein Maß für eine Oszillation (insbesondere Amplitude und/oder Frequenz) wäh- rend einer Einstellphase der zu steuernden oder zu regelnden Größe gebildet sein. quantity to be controlled or regulated, in particular a control variable, or with a measure for a deviation, for example an overshoot, during a setting phase or a measure of an oscillation (in particular amplitude and / or frequency). be formed during a setting phase of the controlled or regulated variable size.
In einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird für das zumindest eine Gütekriterium und/oder die Anpassung ein semantisches Modell herangezogen. Vorteil¬ haft weist das semantische Modell eine Ontologie und/oder zu¬ mindest eine Repräsentationsbibliothek auf. Semantische Mo¬ delle bieten in an sich bekannter Weise die Möglichkeit, Wis- sen aus einer Vielzahl verschiedener Bereiche in einer konsistenten Weise miteinander zu verknüpfen, etwa Wissen, welches während einer Simulation erhalten wird oder aus einer Stückliste oder aus einem Arbeitsplan eines mittels der Steuerung zu fertigenden Produkts oder aus einem Wartungsbericht der Anlage entstammt. In an advantageous development of the method according to the invention, a semantic model is used for the at least one quality criterion and / or the adaptation. Advantage ¬ way, the semantic model an ontology and / or ¬ least a representation library. Semantic Mo ¬ delle provide in known manner the possibility to combine knowledge of a plurality of different areas in a consistent manner with each other, which is obtained during a simulation or about knowledge, from a BOM or from a working plan of a means of controlling product to be manufactured or from a maintenance report of the plant.
In einer bevorzugten Weiterbildung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird der Verlauf der Steuerung im Zeitbereich er- fasst. Vorzugsweise wird zudem das zumindest eine Gütekrite- rium im Zeitbereich bestimmt und/oder es erfolgt die Anpas¬ sung der Steuervorschrift im Zeitbereich. In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the course of the control in the time domain is detected. In addition, preferably the at least one criterion Gütekrite- determined in the time domain and / or there is the ANPAS ¬ solution of the control rule in the time domain.
Bevorzugt wird das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zur Steuerung einer Fertigungsanlage durchgeführt. Preferably, the inventive method for controlling a manufacturing plant is performed.
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren wird die Steuervorschrift zweckmäßig mittels einer Steuereinheit ausgeführt, wobei min¬ destens ein Zustand der Steuereinheit für das Gütekriterium und/oder als Eingangsgröße für die Steuervorschrift herange- zogen wird. In the inventive method, the control procedure is suitably carried out by means of a control unit, is subjected min ¬ least herange- a state of the control unit for the quality criterion and / or as an input quantity for the control rule.
Das Verfahren gemäß der Erfindung wird bevorzugt zur Steue¬ rung einer Anlage durchgeführt, wobei mindestens ein Zustand der Anlage für das Gütekriterium und/oder als Eingangsgröße für die Steuervorschrift herangezogen wird. The method according to the invention is preferably carried out for the control ¬ tion of a system, wherein at least one state of the system for the quality criterion and / or used as an input to the tax rule.
Geeigneterweise wird bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren ein Kontextmodell des Steuerverfahrens herangezogen, welches ein semantisches Modell, insbesondere aufweisend zumindest eine Ontologie und/oder zumindest eine Repräsentationsbibliothek, umfasst. Vorzugsweise wird das zumindest eine Gütekriterium anhand des Kontextmodells des Steuerverfahrens gebildet. Vor- teilhafterweise lässt sich das Steuerverfahren anhand desSuitably, in the method according to the invention, a context model of the control method is used, which includes a semantic model, in particular having at least one ontology and / or at least one representation library. Preferably, the at least one quality criterion is formed on the basis of the context model of the control method. Advantageously, the control method can be based on the
Kontextmodells besonders einfach analysieren und zergliedern, sodass sich insbesondere aus Stabilitätsbetrachtungen heraus leicht automatisiert praxistaugliche Gütekriterien ableiten lassen. Vorteilhafterweise lassen sich also semantische Mo- delle des Steuerverfahrens auch für die Durchführung des er¬ findungsgemäßen Verfahrens nutzen, so dass einmal entwickelte semantische Modelle zugleich sowohl zur Steuerung selbst als auch für die Anpassung der Steuerung nutzbar sind. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren wird vorzugsweise zur Steue¬ rung einer Anlage ausgeführt, wobei ein Kontextmodell der An¬ lage herangezogen wird, welches ein semantisches Modell, in¬ sbesondere aufweisend zumindest eine Ontologie und/oder zu¬ mindest eine Repräsentationsbibliothek, umfasst. So lassen sich aus dem semantischen Modell der Anlage leicht Gütekrite¬ rien ableiten, etwa derart, dass das oder die Gütekriterien sicherstellen, dass Randbedingungen der zu steuernden Anlage zuverlässig eingehalten werden können. Für eines oder mehrere der vorgenannten Kontextmodelle können erfindungsgemäß zudem Spezifikationen für Ausgangsgrößen der Steuerung und/oder Spezifikationen der Eingangsgrößen der Steuerung herangezogen werden, etwa - soweit vorhanden - Sensormesswerte und/oder Spezifikationen von Regeln, die etwa Steuersignale und/oder Sensorsignale beeinflussen und/oder Spezifikationen von Zustandsübergängen, welche insbesondere festlegen, welche Zustände und Bedingungen in Form von Messwerten welche Zustandsübergänge nach sich ziehen. Erfindungsgemäß werden diese Spezifikationen aus einem Modell für das Steuerverfahren, insbesondere einem semantischen Modell des Steuerverfahrens, welches vorzugsweise eine oder mehrere Ontologien und/oder eine oder mehrere Repräsentati¬ onsbibliotheken umfasst, erhalten. Analyze and dissect the context model particularly easily, so that, in particular from stability considerations, it is easy to derive practically feasible quality criteria. So Advantageously, can also be used for carrying out the inventive method he ¬ semantic models of the control process so that once developed semantic models are also available both to control themselves and for the adjustment of the control. The inventive method is preferably carried out for Steue ¬ tion of a plant, wherein a context model to the ¬ position is used, which comprises a semantic model, in ¬ sbesondere comprising at least an ontology and / or ¬ least a representation of library. Thus, for out of the semantic model of the plant slightly Gütekrite ¬ rien deduce about such that the one or more quality criteria to ensure that boundary conditions of the system to be controlled can be reliably maintained. For one or more of the aforementioned context models, specifications for output variables of the controller and / or specifications of the input variables of the controller can also be used according to the invention, for example sensor readings and / or specifications of rules which influence control signals and / or sensor signals and / or Specifications of state transitions, which in particular specify which states and conditions in the form of measured values entail which state transitions. According to the invention, these specifications are derived from a model for the control method, in particular a semantic model of the control method, which preferably has one or more a plurality of ontologies and / or one or more representation ¬ onsbibken comprises.
Das erfindungsgemäße Steuersystem weist mindestens eine Steu- ereinheit, ausgebildet zur Steuerung mittels einer Steuervor¬ schrift, sowie mindestens eine Adaptionseinheit auf. Die min¬ destens eine Adaptionseinheit ist ausgebildet, den Verlauf der Steuerung zumindest teilweise zu beobachten und ein die Güte des Steuerverfahrens kennzeichnendes Gütekriterium zu bestimmen. Dabei ist bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Steuersystem die Adaptionseinheit ausgebildet, abhängig vom Gütekriterium die Steuervorschrift anzupassen. Geeigneterweise ist das er¬ findungsgemäße Steuersystem ausgebildet, das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren wie oben beschrieben auszuführen. The control system according to the invention has at least one control unit, designed for control by means of a control prediction , and at least one adaptation unit. The min ¬ least an adaptation unit is arranged to observe the course of the control, at least partially, and to determine a quality of the control method of characterizing quality criterion. In this case, in the control system according to the invention, the adaptation unit is designed to adapt the tax rule depending on the quality criterion. Suitably, he ¬ inventive control system is designed to carry out the inventive method as described above.
Idealerweise ist bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Steuersystem die Steuereinheit eine integrierte (engl.: „embeddecT) Steuerein¬ heit. Gerade integrierte Steuereinheiten verfügen regelmäßig über ein Speicherelement, welches zweckmäßig den Verlauf der Steuerung speichern kann, sodass dieser gespeicherte Verlauf der Adaptionseinheit mittels Signalverbindung oder Signal¬ übertragung einfach zur Verfügung gestellt werden kann. Ideally, in the control system according to the invention, the control unit is an integrated (English: "EmbeddecT) Steuerein ¬ unit. Just integrated control units regularly have a memory element which can conveniently save the course of the control, so that this stored history of the adaptation unit can be easily made available by means of signal connection or signal ¬ transmission.
Besonders bevorzugt sind Steuereinheit und Adaptionseinheit mit jeweils zumindest einem eigenen Prozesser oder jeweils mit zumindest einem eigenen Prozessorkern gebildet. Auf diese Weise ist sichergestellt, dass die Adaptionseinheit keine zur Steuerung vorgesehenen Ressourcen blockiert. Ferner lässt sich so sicherstellen, dass die Beobachtung der Steuerung und die Bestimmung des Gütekriteriums und die Anpassung der Steu¬ ervorschrift jederzeit zur Laufzeit möglich sind und nicht etwa im Falle einer Auslastung der Rechenkapazität durch die Steuereinheit unterbrochen sind. Zweckmäßig ist bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Steuersystem dieParticularly preferably, the control unit and adaptation unit are each formed with at least one own processor or each with at least one own processor core. In this way it is ensured that the adaptation unit does not block any resources intended for control. Furthermore, it can be ensured so that the observation of control and the determination of the quality criterion and the adaptation of STEU ervorschrift ¬ all times are possible at run time and are not interrupted as in the case of utilization of the computing capacity of the control unit. It is expedient in the control system according to the invention
Steuerung eine Regelung, insbesondere eine PID-Regelung. Vorzugsweise umfasst die Steuereinheit des erfindungsgemäßen Steuersystems einen PID-Regler. Die erfindungsgemäße Anlage ist insbesondere eine Fertigungs¬ anlage. Die erfindungsgemäße Anlage weist ein Steuersystem wie vorhergehend beschrieben auf. Control a scheme, in particular a PID control. Preferably, the control unit of the control system according to the invention comprises a PID controller. The inventive system is in particular a manufacturing plant ¬. The system according to the invention has a control system as described above.
Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand eines in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert. Es zei¬ gen : einen Aufbau eines erfindungsgemäßen Steuersystems mit einer Steuereinheit und einer Beobachtungs- und Anpassungseinheit zur Ausführung eines erfindungs¬ gemäßen Verfahrens zur Steuerung schematisch in einer Prinzipskizze, einen Signalfluss der Beobachtungs- und Anpassungs¬ einheit gem. Fig. 1 schematisch in einer Prinzipskizze, einen Teil des Signalflusses der Steuereinheit gem. Fig. 1 schematisch in einem Signalflussdiagramm, ein Kontextmodell der Steuereinheit gem. Fig. 1 und 3 des erfindungsgemäßen Steuersystems gem. Fig. 1 schematisch in einem Ausschnitt einer Prinzipskizze und The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to an embodiment shown in the drawing. It zei ¬ gene: a structure of a control system according to the invention with a control unit and a monitoring and adjusting unit for executing a fiction, modern ¬ method for controlling schematically gem in a schematic diagram, a signal flow of the observation and adaptation ¬ unit. Fig. 1 schematically in a schematic diagram, a part of the signal flow of the control unit acc. Fig. 1 shows schematically in a signal flow diagram, a context model of the control unit acc. Fig. 1 and 3 of the control system according to the invention. Fig. 1 schematically in a section of a schematic diagram and
Fig. 5 ein Kontextmodell eines erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zur Steuerung mittels des erfindungsgemäßen Steuersystems gem. Fig. 1 und Fig. 4 schematisch in einem Ausschnitt einer Prinzipskizze. 5 shows a context model of a method according to the invention for controlling by means of the control system according to the invention. Fig. 1 and Fig. 4 schematically in a section of a schematic diagram.
Das erfindungsgemäße Steuersystem COS ist ein eingebettetes, d.h. integriertes, Steuersystem COS und umfasst wie in Fig. 1 dargestellt eine Steuereinheit COU in Form eines zur Steue¬ rung eingerichteten Mikroprozessors. Ferner umfasst das Steu¬ ersystem COS eine Beobachtungs- und Anpassungseinheit OAU, deren Funktion nachfolgend näher beschrieben wird. Auch die Beobachtungs- und Anpassungseinheit OAU ist mit einem ent¬ sprechend eingerichteten, d.h. programmierten, Mikroprozessor realisiert. Grundsätzlich können in weiteren, nicht eigens dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen die Steuereinheit COU und die Beobachtungs- und Anpassungseinheit OAU jeweils als ein oder mehrere Kerne eines einzigen Prozessors verwirklicht sein . The control system according to the invention, COS is an embedded, that is, integrated control system comprises COS and as shown in FIG. 1, a control unit COU in the form of a decorated to Steue ¬ tion microprocessor. Further, the STEU ¬ ersystem COS comprises a monitoring and adjusting unit OAU, whose function is described in more detail below. Also the Monitoring and adjustment unit OAU is realized with a ent ¬ speaking, furnished ie programmed microprocessor. In principle, the control unit COU and the observation and adaptation unit OAU can each be realized as one or more cores of a single processor in further, not specifically illustrated exemplary embodiments.
In der Steuereinheit COU ist ein Steueralgorithmus, d.h. eine Steuervorschrift, implementiert, mittels welchem die Steuer¬ einheit COU einen softwarebasierten PID-Regler bildet. Die Steuereinheit COU wird unten näher beschrieben. In the control unit COU is a control algorithm, ie a tax law implemented, by means of which the control ¬ unit COU forms a software-based PID controller. The control unit COU will be described below.
Die Beobachtungs- und Anpassungseinheit OAU ist ausgebildet, das mittels der Steuereinheit COU ausgeführte Steuerverfahren zu beobachten und anzupassen. Die Beobachtungs- und Anpas¬ sungseinheit OAU ist in Fig. 2 näher detailliert: The observation and adaptation unit OAU is designed to observe and adapt the control method executed by the control unit COU. The observation and ANPAS ¬ sungseinheit OAU is closer detail in Fig. 2:
Die Beobachtungs- und Anpassungseinheit OAU erhält über eine Eingangsschnittstelle einen laufzeitsynchronen Datenfluss SYR aus der aktuellen Steuervorschrift des Steuerverfahrens der Steuereinheit COU. Dieser Datenfluss SYR ist mit jeweils ak¬ tuell erfassten Abbildern PIIW des Steuerverfahrens gebildet. Die aktuell erfassten Abbilder PIIW umfassen die aktuellen Eingangsgrößen und Ausgangsgrößen der Steuereinheit COU und werden in ihrer zeitlichen Abfolge als Historie von Abbildern BPIO, BPH in einem Arbeitsspeicher WOME der Beobachtungsund Anpassungseinheit OAU verfügbar gehalten. Auf diese Hi¬ storie von Abbildern BPIO, BPH greift ein The observation and adaptation unit OAU receives via an input interface a time-synchronous data flow SYR from the current tax law of the control method of the control unit COU. This data flow SYR is formed with each ak ¬ TULLE captured images PIIW of the control method. The currently acquired images PIIW comprise the current input variables and outputs of the control unit COU and are kept available in their time sequence as a history of images BPIO, BPH in a main memory WOME of the observation and adaptation unit OAU. In this one Hi ¬ storie of images BPIO, BPH attacks
Datenstromevaluator DASE zu, welcher mittels Informationen REWE über die dem Steuerverfahren zugrundeliegende Aufgabe den Datenstrom der Abbilder BPIO, BPH mittels asynchroner Lesevorgänge ASYR einliest und auswertet und von Zeit zu Zeit, d.h. mittels eines asynchronen Schreibprozesses ASYW, das Steuerverfahren anpasst. Auch der Datenstromevaluator DASE hält dazu Evaluationsdaten ESDB im Arbeitsspeicher WOME der Beobachtungs- und Anpassungseinheit OAU zur Verfügung. Die Anpassung des Steuerverfahrens der Steuereinheit COU durch den Datenstromevaluator DASE erfolgt derart, dass der Datenstromevaluator DASE aufgrund von unten näher beschriebenen Gütekriterien ein gewünschtes Sollbild POIB des Steuerverfahrens festschreibt und das Sollbild PIOB nachfolgend mittels eines laufzeitsynchronen Datenflusses SYR an die Steuereinheit COU übermittelt. Die Steuereinheit COU über¬ nimmt das Sollbild PIOB als aktuelle Steuervorschrift. Mit¬ tels der Übernahmes des Sollbildes PIOB als aktuelle Steuer¬ vorschrift ist das Steuerverfahren entsprechend angepasst. Datenstromevaluator DASE, which uses REWE information about the task underlying the control process the data stream of the images BPIO, BPH read asynchronous reads ASYR and evaluates and from time to time, ie by means of an asynchronous writing process ASYW, adapts the control method. The data stream evaluator DASE also contains evaluation data ESDB in the work memory WOME of the observation and adaptation unit OAU. The adaptation of the control method of the control unit COU is carried out by the data stream evaluator DASE in such a way that the data stream evaluator DASE commits a desired target image POIB of the control method based on the quality criteria described in more detail below and subsequently transmits the target image PIOB to the control unit COU by means of a time-synchronous data flow SYR. The control unit COU over ¬ takes the target image PIOB as the current tax law. With ¬ tels the adoption of the target image PIOB as the current tax ¬ regulation, the control method is adjusted accordingly.
Das Steuerverfahren der Steuereinheit COU ist ein an sich bekanntes Regelungsverfahren in der Art einer softwarebasierten PID-Regelung einer Anlage wie in Fig. 3 gezeigt. Die Anlage ist im gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel eine Fertigungsanalage (in weiteren, nicht eigens dargestellten Ausführungsbeispie¬ len kann das Steuerverfahren als ein Steuerverfahren für sonstige Anlagen oder Prozesse ausgebildet sein) . Das Steuerver¬ fahren genügt dem nachfolgend erläuterten Steuermodell: Zur Durchführung des Steuerverfahrens gibt die Steuereinheit COU gemäß ihrer aktuell implementierten Steuervorschrift ein zeitabhängiges Steuersignal u(t) aus, welches Aktoren ACTU, im gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel Fertigungsmittel, veran¬ lasst, gemäß einer zeitabhängigen Funktion uF(t) zu agieren. Das Agieren der Aktoren gemäß der Funktion uF(t) The control method of the control unit COU is a control method known per se in the form of a software-based PID control of a system as shown in FIG. The plant is in the embodiment shown a Fertigungsanalage (in another, not specifically shown Ausführungsbeispie ¬ len, the control method can be embodied as a control method for other systems or processes). The Steuerver ¬ drive satisfies the control model described below: To carry out the control method, the control unit COU are according to their currently implemented control rule a time-dependent control signal u (t) from which actuators ACTU, the w ¬ let in the embodiment shown, manufacturing equipment, and according to a time-dependent function F (t) to act. Acting the actuators according to the function u F (t)
versetzt die Anlage in einen Zustand x(t) . Typischerweise hängt der Zustand x(t) nicht allein von der Funktion uF(t) ab, sondern es sind zusätzlich Störeinflüsse und stochasti- sche Einflüsse NOI zu berücksichtigen, welche den Zustand x(t) der Fertigungsanlage unkontrollierbar beeinflussen. puts the system in a state x (t). Typically, the state x (t) does not depend solely on the function u F (t), but additional disturbing influences and stochastic influences NOI are to be taken into account, which uncontrollably influence the state x (t) of the production plant.
Sensoren SENS erfassen den Zustand x(t) der Anlage als Mess¬ werte y(t) . Die Sensoren sind mit einem Zustandsschätzer xest(t) signalverbunden, welcher gemeinsam mit der Steuerein- heit COU Teil eines Steueraggregats CONB ist. Im Zustands- schätzer xest(t) ist eine Schätzfunktion implementiert, welche aus den Messwerten y(t) einen Zustand der Anlage schätzt, welcher selbst nicht direkt einer Messung zugänglich ist. Dieser Zustand wird der Steuereinheit COU gemeinsam mit den Messwerten y(t) selbst übermittelt. Die Steuereinheit COU er¬ hält zudem Referenzwerte yref(t) für die Messwerte y(t), wel¬ che mit diesen Referenzwerten yref(t) zur Ermittlung einer Re- gelabweichung verglichen werden. Die Steuereinheit COU ermittelt anhand ihrer Steuervorschrift in Abhängigkeit dieser Messwerte y(t) und der Referenzwerte yref(t) und der mittels des Zustandsschätzers xest(t) geschätzten Zustände der Anlage neue Steuersignale u(t). Sensors SENS detect the state x (t) of the system as measured values y (t). The sensors are signal-connected to a state estimator x est (t) which, together with the control unit COU, is part of a control unit CONB. In the state estimator x est (t), an estimation function is implemented which estimates from the measured values y (t) a state of the system which itself is not directly accessible to a measurement. This state is transmitted to the control unit COU together with the measured values y (t) itself. The control unit also holds it COU ¬ system deviation are compared reference values y ref (t) for the measuring values y (t), wel ¬ che with these reference values y ref (t) for determining a re. On the basis of its control law, the control unit COU determines new control signals u (t) as a function of these measured values y (t) and the reference values y ref (t) and the states of the system estimated by the state estimator x est (t).
Der Zustandsschätzer xest(t) ist im gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel Teil des Steuerverfahrens selbst und ist nicht Teil der Beobachtungs- und Anpassungseinheit OAU. Das oben erläuterte Steuermodell beschreibt folglich die nachfolgend genannten Größen: The state estimator x est (t) is part of the control method itself in the exemplary embodiment shown and is not part of the observation and adaptation unit OAU. The above-explained control model thus describes the following variables:
Zum einen beschreibt das Steuermodell die Steuereinheit COU und die Eingangs- und Ausgangsgrößen, die der Steuereinheit COU übermittelt oder von dieser bereitgestellt werden, hier insbesondere die Messwerte y(t) und die Steuersignale u(t). On the one hand, the control model describes the control unit COU and the input and output variables which are transmitted to or provided by the control unit COU, here in particular the measured values y (t) and the control signals u (t).
Ferner beschreibt das Steuermodell Größen, welche das Zeit¬ verhalten des System beschreiben, hier die nicht direkt mess- baren Zustände der Anlage. Furthermore, the control model describes variables which describe the time ¬ behavior of the system, here are not directly measurable states of the system.
Zusätzlich zu den in Fig. 3 dargestellten und oben erläuterten Größen des Steuermodells können bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren in weiteren Ausführungsbeispielen weitere Größen herangezogen werden, welche nicht zum Steuermodell gehören und mittels welchen die Beobachtungs- und Anpassungseinheit OAU arbeitet: In addition to the variables of the control model illustrated in FIG. 3 and explained above, in the method according to the invention further variables may be used in further exemplary embodiments which do not belong to the control model and by means of which the observation and adaptation unit OAU operates:
Solche Größen sind zum einen Gütekriterien (engl.: „Key per- formance indicators" , KPIs) , welche eine gewünschte Güte der Steuervorschrift festlegen. Ferner können Warnsignale vorgesehen sein, welche während der laufzeitsynchronen Auswertung von Eingangs- und Ausgangsgrößen und/oder Zuständen der Anlage auftreten und zweckmäßig Abweichungen von Sollzuständen und/oder verletzten Gütekrite- rien kennzeichnen. Such quantities are, on the one hand, quality criteria (English: "Key performance indicators", KPIs), which determine a desired quality of the tax rule. Furthermore, warning signals can be provided which occur during the run-time-synchronous evaluation of input and output variables and / or states of the system and suitably characterize deviations from desired states and / or injured quality criteria.
Zudem können Kausalbeziehungen von Variablen des Steuermodells und solcher Warnsignale, etwa aus einem semantischen Modell, herangezogen werden. In addition, causal relationships of variables of the control model and such warning signals, for example from a semantic model, can be used.
Weiterhin können Abhängigkeiten zwischen verschiedenen Komponenten des Steuermodells herangezogen werden. Zweckmäßig werden solche Abhängigkeiten aus explizitem Wissen des mit der Anlage durchgeführten Fertigungsverfahrens und/oder explizi- tem Wissen über den Aufbau der Anlage und/oder einer Hierarchie ihrer Bestandteile und/oder einer Korrelationsanalyse von verschiedenen Komponenten des Steuermodells, abgeleitet. Furthermore, dependencies between different components of the control model can be used. Such dependencies are expediently derived from explicit knowledge of the production process carried out with the installation and / or explicit knowledge of the structure of the installation and / or a hierarchy of its components and / or a correlation analysis of various components of the control model.
Grundlage für die Arbeitsweise der Beobachtungs- und Anpas- sungseinheit OAU bildet dabei das Steuermodell der Steuerein¬ heit und zweckmäßig zusätzlich der Kontext, in welchem das Steuermodell steht und welcher in einem Kontextmodell des Steuerverfahrens repräsentiert ist. Das Steuermodell und das Kontextmodell (welches beispielsweise das Steuermodell ent- halten kann) können nunmehr herangezogen werden, um das Steuerverfahren zu optimieren und anzupassen. The basis for the operation of the monitoring and adjustment sungseinheit OAU while the control model of the Steuerein ¬ uniform and appropriate in addition, the context in which the control model is and which is represented in a context model of the control method. The control model and the context model (which may, for example, include the control model) can now be used to optimize and adapt the control process.
Beispielsweise liegt ein solches Kontextmodell als semanti¬ sches Modell, insbesondere in der Art einer For example, such a context model is a semantic ¬ MOORISH model, especially in the manner of a
Repräsentationsbibiothek und/oder Ontologie wie beispielsweise nachfolgend beschrieben, vor. Anhand einer solchen Ontologie kann das Kontextmodell leicht analysiert werden und zur Anpassung und/oder Optimierung des Steuerverfahrens genutzt werden. Das Kontextmodell umfasst dazu zweckmäßig so viel Wissen zum Steuerverfahren wie möglich und repräsentiert dieses Wissen in an sich bekannter Weise mittels Objekten, Relationen und Prozeduren. Beispielsweise entstammt das Wissen dem Steuerverfahren selbst und zudem zweckmäßig Simulationen des Steuerverfahrens und/oder einer mittels des Steuerverfah¬ rens gesteuerten Anlage und/oder der Spezifikation eines mit einer mittels des Steuerverfahrens gesteuerten Anlage gefer¬ tigten Produkts und/oder Wartungsprotokollen der Anlage und/oder Spezifikationen von Umgebungsbedingen und/oder Qualitätsprüfungen etwa eines gefertigten Produkts oder der Anlage . Representation Library and / or ontology such as described below, before. On the basis of such an ontology, the context model can be easily analyzed and used to adapt and / or optimize the tax procedure. The context model expediently includes as much knowledge about the control process as possible and represents this knowledge in a manner known per se by means of objects, relations and procedures. For example, the knowledge comes from the control process itself and also useful simulations the control method and / or a controlled means of Steuerverfah ¬ Rens system and / or the specification of a controlled means of the control process plant gefer ¬ saturated product and / or service protocols the system and / or specifications of environmental conditions and / or quality tests such as a finished product or the plant.
Das in Fig. 4 dargestellte Kontextmodell umfasst eine seman- tische Beschreibung CONS des Steuerverfahrens in Form eines Steuermodells und eine semantische Beschreibung SYSD der Steuereinheit COU. Die semantische Beschreibung CONS weist eine Unterklasse auf, welche eine zustandskontinuierliche Be¬ schreibung des Steuerverfahrens bildet. Die Relation „weist Unterklasse auf" ist in Fig. 4 stets mit Pfeilen HAS gekenn¬ zeichnet. Das Steuerverfahren zergliedert sich in die Unterklassen mit nichtlinearen Bestandteilen NONL des Steuerverfahrens und mit linearen Bestandteilen LINE des Steuerverfahrens . The context model illustrated in FIG. 4 comprises a semantic description CONS of the control method in the form of a control model and a semantic description SYSD of the control unit COU. The semantic description CONS has a sub-class, which forms a continuous state Be ¬ scription of the control method. The relation "has sub-class" is always labeled in ¬ distinguished in Fig. 4 with arrows HAS. The control method dissected into the sub-classes with non-linear components of the control method and NONL with linear components LINE the control method.
Sowohl die nichtlinearen Bestandteile des Steuerverfahrens NONL als auch die linearen Bestandteile LINE des Steuerverfahrens nehmen Einfluss (in Fig. 4 als Relation „definiert" mittels der Pfeile DEF gekennzeichnet) auf eine Beschreibung der Steuereinheit COU im Zeitbereich TIDD. Ferner hängt die Beschreibung der Steuereinheit COU im Zeitbereich TIDD von der semantischen Beschreibung SYSD der Steuereinheit COU selbst ab. Die Beschreibung der Steuereinheit COU im Zeitbereich TIDD weist als Unterklasse eine Antwort STERD auf, welche die Ant¬ wort der Steuereinheit COU auf einen Steuerschritt des Steu¬ erverfahrens beschreibt. Die Antwort STERD bildet jeweils ei¬ nen Teil (die Relation „ist Bestandteil von" ist mit Pfeilen PAO gekennzeichnet) von Gütekriterien, welche als eine Both the nonlinear components of the control method NONL and the linear components LINE of the control method influence a description of the control unit COU in the time domain TIDD (marked as "defined" by means of the arrows DEF in FIG in the time domain TIDD of the semantic description of the control unit COU SYSD from itself. the description of the control unit COU in the time domain TIDD has a subclass an answer STERD on describing the Ant ¬ word of the control unit COU to a control step of STEU ¬ erverfahrens. the answer STERD in each case forms ei ¬ NEN part (the relation "is part of" is marked with arrows PAO) of quality criteria, which as a
Anstiegszeit RITI einer zu steuernden Größe und als ein Überschwingen OSHSO dieser Größe über einen Referenzwert yref(t) hinaus und als eine Abklingzeit SETI von einer Abweichung dieser Größe von einem Sollwert vorliegen. Rise time RITI of a variable to be controlled and as an overshoot OSHSO of this magnitude over a reference value y ref (t) and as a decay time SETI of a deviation of this magnitude from a set point.
Diese Gütekriterien bilden Beurteilungskriterien für die Güte für die Arbeitsweise der Steuereinheit COU. Alternativ oder zusätzlich können in weiteren, nicht eigens dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen folgende Gütekriterien herangezogen werden : - die Variabilität des Steuerverfahrens, insbesondere eineThese quality criteria form evaluation criteria for the quality of the operation of the control unit COU. Alternatively or additionally, the following quality criteria can be used in further, not specifically illustrated exemplary embodiments: the variability of the control method, in particular one
Standardabweichung einer Abweichung vom Sollwert Standard deviation of a deviation from the setpoint
und/oder and or
- ein Prozentsatz der Bedienzeit der Anlage, welcher auf eine manuelle Bedienung entfällt und/oder - A percentage of the operating time of the system, which accounts for a manual operation and / or
- ein zeitliches Integral eines oder mehrerer der vorge¬ nannten Gütekriterien. - a time integral of one or more of the pre ¬ called quality criteria.
Eine eingehende Analyse, beispielsweise eine Fehleranalyse oder eine Analyse zwecks möglicher Optimierung des Steuerver- fahrens, erfordert weitergehende Informationen über Kausalbe¬ ziehungen von Größen des Steuerverfahrens und vorzugsweise auch Größen der Anlage. Solche Informationen über Kausalbeziehungen werden im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel aus der semantischen Beschreibung CONS des Steuerverfahrens erhalten: A detailed analysis, for example, failure analysis, or an analysis for a possible optimization of the control method, requires further information about Kausalbe ¬ relationships of sizes of the control method and preferably also sizes the system. Such information about causal relationships are obtained in the illustrated embodiment from the semantic description CONS of the control method:
Wie in Fig. 5 dargestellt umfasst das Steuerverfahren einen Steueralgorithmus CONP, welcher Steuerfunktionen CONF und Steuervariablen CONV definiert (die Relation „definiert" ist mit Pfeilen DEF gekennzeichnet) . Dabei sind die Steuervariab- len CONV Teil der Steuerfunktionen CONF (die Relation „weist Unterklasse auf" ist mit Pfeilen HAS gekennzeichnet) . As shown in Fig. 5, the control method comprises a control algorithm CONP which defines control functions CONF and control variables CONV (the relation "defined" is marked with arrows DEF.) The control variables CONV are part of the control functions CONF (the relation "has subclass on "is marked with arrows HAS).
Die Steuerfunktionen CONF umfassen zum einen Ablaufsteuerungen SEQ und Schätzfunktionen ESOB zur Schätzung von Zuständen der Anlage sowie Rückkopplungsfunktionen FEBA. The control functions CONF comprise, on the one hand, sequences SEQ and estimation functions ESOB for estimating conditions of the system and feedback functions FEBA.
Die Steuervariablen CONV umfassen etwa temporäre oder interne Variablen TEINT, beispielsweise eine zeitliche Dynamik der Steuereinrichtung COU, insbesondere der Wert eines integrie¬ renden Teils des PID-Reglers, oder die zeitliche Dynamik der Anlage, welche etwa von einer Schätzfunktion oder einem Sensor ermittelt wird. The control variables CONV include, for example, temporary or internal variables TEINT, for example a time dynamic of the Control device COU, in particular the value of an integrie ¬ generating part of the PID controller, or the temporal dynamics of the system, which is approximately determined by an estimator or a sensor.
Ferner umfassen die Steuervariablen CONV Eingangs- INPU und Ausgangsgrößen OUPU, etwa ausgegeben zur Steuerung der Aktua- toren ACTU oder erhalten von den Sensoren SENS . Die Art und Weise, wie die Steuerfunktionen CONF verschiedene Steuervariablen CONV miteinander in Beziehung setzen, definiert implizite Zusammenhänge zwischen den Steuervariablen CONV. Solche Zusammenhänge und Abhängigkeiten werden im Kontextmodell transparent sichtbar und nutzbar zur erfindungsge- mäß erfolgenden Beobachtung und Anpassung. Furthermore, the control variables CONV include input INPU and output variables OUPU, approximately output for controlling the actuators ACTU or obtained from the sensors SENS. The way in which the control functions CONF correlate different control variables CONV defines implicit relationships between the control variables CONV. Such relationships and dependencies become transparently visible in the context model and usable for observation and adaptation according to the invention.
Die Steuervariablen CONV bilden Eingangsgrößen (die Relationen „Eingangsgröße fü " sind mit Pfeilen INF gekennzeichnet) für Gütekriterien CONK, welche wie bereits anhand von Fig. 4 erläutert als Anstiegszeit RITI, dem Überschwingen OSHSO und als eine Abklingzeit SETI vorliegen. The control variables CONV form input variables (the relations "input quantity f" are marked with arrows INF) for quality criteria CONK, which are already explained with reference to FIG. 4 as the rise time RITI, the overshoot OSHSO and as a decay time SETI.
Für die vorgenannten Kontextmodelle können erfindungsgemäß zudem Spezifikationen für die Ausgangsgrößen der Steuerein- heit COU und Spezifikationen der Eingangsgrößen der Steuereinheit COU, etwa Messwerte von Sensoren, Spezifikationen von Regeln, welche Steuersignale welche Sensorsignale beeinflus¬ sen und Spezifikationen von Zustandsübergängen, welche insbesondere festlegen, welche Zustände und Bedingungen in Form von Messwerten welche Zustandsübergänge nach sich ziehen, herangezogen werden. For the above-mentioned context models according to the invention also specifications for the outputs of the control unit COU and specifications of the input variables of the control unit COU, such measured values from sensors, specifications of rules which control signals which sensor signals beeinflus ¬ sen and specifications of state transitions which define in particular, which States and conditions in the form of measured values which entail state transitions are used.
Erfindungsgemäß werden diese Spezifikationen aus einem Modell für das Steuerverfahren, insbesondere einem semantischen Mo- dell des Steuerverfahrens, welches vorzugsweise eine oder mehrere Ontologien und/oder eine oder mehrere Repräsentati¬ onsbibliotheken aufweist, erhalten. Die erfindungsgemäße Anlage ist im hier erläuterten Ausfüh¬ rungsbeispiel eine Fertigungsanalage und weist ein erfin¬ dungsgemäßes Steuersystem wie oben beschrieben auf. According to the invention, these specifications are obtained from a model for the control method, in particular a semantic model of the control process, comprising preferably one or more ontologies and / or one or more repre ¬ onsbibliotheken. The system of the invention is a Fertigungsanalage explained here in exporting approximately ¬ for example, and has a ¬ OF INVENTION dung control system according as described above on.
Claims
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