Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21D1/00—Straightening, restoring form or removing local distortions of sheet metal or specific articles made therefrom; Stretching sheet metal combined with rolling
  • B21D1/14—Straightening frame structures
  • B21D1/145—Clamps therefor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21D1/00—Straightening, restoring form or removing local distortions of sheet metal or specific articles made therefrom; Stretching sheet metal combined with rolling
  • B21D1/14—Straightening frame structures
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
  • B66F—HOISTING, LIFTING, HAULING OR PUSHING, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, e.g. DEVICES WHICH APPLY A LIFTING OR PUSHING FORCE DIRECTLY TO THE SURFACE OF A LOAD
  • B66F7/00—Lifting frames, e.g. for lifting vehicles; Platform lifts
  • B66F7/10—Lifting frames, e.g. for lifting vehicles; Platform lifts with platforms supported directly by jacks
  • B66F7/12—Lifting frames, e.g. for lifting vehicles; Platform lifts with platforms supported directly by jacks by mechanical jacks
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
  • B66F—HOISTING, LIFTING, HAULING OR PUSHING, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, e.g. DEVICES WHICH APPLY A LIFTING OR PUSHING FORCE DIRECTLY TO THE SURFACE OF A LOAD
  • B66F7/00—Lifting frames, e.g. for lifting vehicles; Platform lifts
  • B66F7/28—Constructional details, e.g. end stops, pivoting supporting members, sliding runners adjustable to load dimensions

Definitions

• the invention relates to a straightening bench for the chassis and the bodywork of a vehicle.
• the invention also relates to fastening means for fixing the vehicle to a straightening bench.
• Document US Pat. No. 7,076,988 discloses a straightening bench for the chassis and the bodywork of a vehicle comprising a straightening table and a straightening beam.
• the straightening table is mounted on a lifting spider. Once the vehicle is positioned on the straightening table and fixed thereto, the spider makes it possible to raise it for the straightening work to be performed. In such an apparatus, the vehicle once raised is no longer based on its wheels, which limits the use of the device to straightening tasks.
• the measurement of the vehicle chassis to evaluate the progress of the straightening work indeed requires the movement of the vehicle on another device in which the vehicle is placed on its wheels.
• An object of the invention is to provide a straightening bench for performing both the straightening operations in themselves and also to measure the effect of said straightening operations on the vehicle chassis without having to move the vehicle.
• Another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus for carrying out any type of work on a vehicle: straightening of the vehicle, mechanical work, adjustment of the headlights, measurement of the chassis and geometry of the vehicle.
• the straightening bench for the chassis and the body of a vehicle comprises:
• said four beams comprising two longitudinal beams and two transverse beams connected in pairs, each of the two transverse beams being connected to two lifting columns,
• the fastening means of the straightening bench according to the invention are able to be fixed on the longitudinal members or the reinforcements of the longitudinal member of the vehicle, the latter being also referred to as "rocking rebates".
• the fastening means comprise fasteners comprising a degree of freedom of vertical adjustment to adapt to the height of the side members or spar reinforcements of different vehicle models.
• said fasteners comprise a degree of freedom of horizontal adjustment to adapt to the spacing between the (reinforcements of) right and left spars of different vehicle models.
• the straightening bench according to the invention can therefore be used as a conventional four-post lift once the wheels of the vehicle placed on the longitudinal beams. This makes it possible to perform any type of mechanical work, since the mechanic has an optimal working space under the vehicle, once it is raised thanks to the lifting columns of the apparatus.
• the straightening bench comprises at least one straightening square, said straightening square being attached to one of said four beams.
• the presence of the straightening bracket and the means for fixing the vehicle to the straightening bench also makes it possible to carry out the straightening work on the chassis and the bodywork expected for a conventional straightening bench, thanks to chains or cables attached to the straightening bench. the straightening square.
• the work space underneath the vehicle allows to set up an ultrasonic chassis measuring device. In this way, straightening and measuring of the vehicle chassis can be carried out concomitantly without having to move the vehicle to another device.
• the straightening bench according to the invention makes it possible to perform multiple tasks in one and the same place, without changing the vehicle's position.
• the straightening bench according to the invention comprises means for varying the distance between the longitudinal beams.
• Such means advantageously comprise rails on the transverse beams on which the longitudinal beams can slide.
• This embodiment advantageously makes it possible to adapt the spacing between the longitudinal beams to the dimensions of the vehicle to be repaired. Thus, vehicles of variable width can be repaired on the same straightening bench.
• said straightening bracket is attached to said beam by means of removable fastening means.
• the straightening bracket can indeed be moved to different places on the straightening bench beams, which will move it depending on the areas of the chassis or the body to straighten.
• the beams of the straightening bench according to the invention are I-beams, the central part of said beams having a width sufficient to allow the rolling of a tire of said vehicle and the side parts being pierced with holes. at regular intervals.
• the holes constitute practical fastening means for the straightening brackets and for any other tools or instruments to be used in combination with the straightening bench.
• the removable attachment means of the straightening bracket comprise stems inserted into the holes of one of said I-beams.
• rails are fixed on said I-beams, the straightening brackets being able to slide on said rails.
• the straightening brackets can be moved along the beams of the straightening bench and therefore be positioned optimally according to the specificity of the straightening work to be performed.
• the straightening bench according to the invention comprises a hydraulic jack fixed on one of said four beams, said jack being able to exert a vertical force on a vehicle point included in the perimeter defined by said four beams.
• said jack makes it possible, in addition to being used as a straightening means, to lift the chassis of the vehicle close to a wheel in order to change said wheel.
• the straightening bench according to the invention comprises a rule, said rule being fixed to at least one of the straightening bench beams and serving as a repository on which can slide a data collection device for a system for measuring the chassis of the vehicle.
• a vehicle chassis measurement system comprises a data collection device that can take different embodiments: by for example, an ultrasound receiver device for picking up signals emitted by transmitters placed at different locations of the vehicle or a measuring head comprising a steerable arm whose end is brought into contact with different points of the chassis or the body of the vehicle. .
• the measurement values collected by the ultrasound receiver device or the measurement head are compared to standard values provided by the vehicle manufacturer.
• said rule on which the data collecting device can slide is integral with the reference frame constituted by the beams of the straightening bench on which the vehicle is placed, which allows the system the measuring column remains operational when the lifting columns are activated and the height of the straightening bench and thus of the vehicle is varied.
• said rule comprises a beam fixed between said longitudinal beams by means of transverse beams connecting the longitudinal beams two by two.
• the straightening bench according to the invention comprises a system for measuring the vehicle suspension geometry integrated on said longitudinal beams of the straightening bench.
• a system for measuring the vehicle suspension geometry integrated on said longitudinal beams of the straightening bench can therefore be directly integrated in the straightening bench according to the invention because the vehicle is placed on its wheels on the longitudinal beams, which is necessary to measure the characteristic angles such as the inclination of the pivots, the hunting, the camber or parallelism.
• Such a system comprises plates on which are placed and moved the wheels of the vehicle equipped with sensors, in order to take the necessary measures.
• the plates of the system for measuring the geometry of the wheels can be integrated with the longitudinal beams on which the wheels of the vehicle rest.
• the straightening tools present on the straightening bench such as straightening brackets, can also be used to carry out work on the suspension geometry of the vehicle and the impact of this work can be measured live. Thanks to the system to measure the suspension geometry.
• Such an arrangement will make it possible to use the straightening brackets to work on the suspension geometry of the vehicle and thus to avoid the replacement of certain parts of the front and rear trains of the vehicle. There will therefore be a gain in material and speed associated with the use of the straightening bench according to the invention.
• the front transverse beam of the straightening bench comprises a rail for installing a measuring tool for adjusting the headlights.
• a measuring tool for adjusting the headlights.
• the innovative approach of the straightening bench according to the invention which consists in keeping the vehicle on its wheels under all circumstances thus offers the possibility of carrying out any type of mechanical work on the vehicle without having to move the latter on other apparatus.
• the straightening bench according to the invention is therefore in fact a multitasking device whose design allows to gather in a single structure a set of tools and instruments that could not be used concomitantly in the prior art.
• the fact of being able to combine straightening, chassis measurement and suspension geometry tools into one and the same device has proved to be particularly advantageous both economically and in terms of time and cost savings.
• said fixing means of the straightening bench according to the invention comprise a degree of freedom in rotation along an axis of rotation parallel to the plane formed by said four beams. This degree of freedom keeps the attachment of the vehicle to the frame formed by the four beams even when the chassis of the vehicle is raised in one place and becomes oblique with respect to said frame, for example when a wheel of the vehicle must be changed.
• said axis of rotation parallel to the plane formed by said four beams is further parallel to the transverse beams of the straightening bench.
• said fixing means of the straightening bench according to the invention comprise a degree of freedom in rotation along an axis of rotation perpendicular to the plane formed by said four beams.
• the fastening means may be oriented along the axis of the longitudinal members or reinforcements of the vehicle spar to be fixed to the straightening bench.
• Another object of the invention is to provide means for attaching a vehicle to a straightening bench comprising the degrees of freedom in rotation and translation described above, adapting to any type of body and vehicle chassis and being otherwise easily and quickly put in place while providing significant reliability.
• the fastener for fixing a vehicle to a straightening bench comprises a rod, a groove being machined at one end of said rod, said groove dividing the end of said rod in two legs, each of the two legs including a through-hole, said two through-holes facing each other, and also includes a first jaw, said first jaw being inserted into said groove, said first jaw including a through hole facing the through-holes of legs of said rod, and a second C-jaw including a concave portion, a leg of said rod being inserted into the concave portion of the second jaw, said jaws including a plurality of through holes facing each other in pairs, bolts being inserted into said through holes to secure the first jaw to said rod and to secure the second jaw to the first m jaw.
• cars having a tapered profile, and therefore non-parallel right and left spar reinforcements can be fixed without difficulty to a straightening bench using the fastening means according to the invention.
• the possibility of varying the orientation of the jaws with respect to the axis defined by the through holes drilled in the two legs of the rod makes it possible to maintain the attachment of the vehicle to the straightening bench even when the chassis of the vehicle is raised. in one place.
• said first and second jaws with their through holes facing each other can be brought closer to each other while remaining parallel thanks to screwing bolts and of nuts, which maximizes the area of the clamping zone and the clamping force between the two jaws and therefore the reliability of the fastener according to the invention. This effect is not observed for the fasteners of the prior art whose clamping zone results from a rotation and not from a translation of the first and second jaws.
• fasteners can, however, be used directly only if the vehicle has appropriate reinforcements spar, that is to say, able to be firmly gripped by the jaws of the fastener. In the absence of such reinforcements of spars, said fasteners can not be used effectively.
• Another object of the invention is to provide means to fix any type of vehicle to the straightening bench.
• chassis anchoring kit of a vehicle for a fastening attachment to a straightening bench comprises:
• each rod comprising an anchor head for a jack support hole of said vehicle
• At least one beam comprising two through holes, the distance (D) between said two through holes being equal to the distance between the front jack support hole and the rear jack support hole of said vehicle, the diameter of said through holes being sufficient to allow the passage of said at least two rods;
• fastening means for fixing said at least one beam to said at least two rods anchored to the chassis of the vehicle.
• the chassis of a vehicle is in fact generally provided with holes drilled in its side members, generally protected by covers, intended to accommodate a jack when changing a wheel. Surprisingly, it could be found that these holes could be diverted from their primary function and be used to attach the vehicle to the straightening bench. These holes are pierced in a very solid part of the chassis of the vehicle and therefore constitute an appropriate place to insert rods with anchor heads.
• the beam advantageously comprises means for varying the distance between said two through holes, which allows it to be used for different vehicle models which therefore have a different spacing between their jack support holes.
• the at least two rods of the anchoring kit are threaded and the fixing means of said rods to the beam comprise nuts.
• the beam of the anchoring kit can be fixed to the vehicle by introducing the threaded rods into the through holes of the beam and fixing them with nuts.
• the anchor rods are drilled with holes and pins are used to secure said rods to said beam once the anchor heads are introduced into the jack support holes.
• the latter can be directly attached to the straightening bench using the previously exposed fasteners.
• the invention therefore also relates to the use of vehicle jack support holes as means for fixing said vehicle to a straightening bench.
• the invention also relates to another type of chassis anchoring kit of a vehicle comprising a first transverse beam dedicated to the front part of the vehicle, a second transverse beam dedicated to the rear part of the vehicle, the first beam comprising anchors to the chassis of the vehicle, the second beam including anchors to the chassis of the vehicle, said first and second beams each including a rail, said anchors comprising a U-shaped portion and a closure plate for attaching said anchors around said rails by closing said U-shaped portions, said beams also including fasteners including a U-shaped portion and a closure plate for securing said fasteners around said rails by closing said U-shaped portions, the fasteners also comprising a clamping plate adapted to be gripped by the fasteners of a red bench ressage.
• the second type of anchoring kit explained above has indeed proved more appropriate than the first type described for certain vehicle models.
• the anchoring parts of the first beam are adapted to be fixed to the chassis of the vehicle by means of the screws fixing the front cradle to the chassis of the vehicle.
• the anchoring parts of the first beam are adapted to be fixed to the chassis of the vehicle by means of the screws fixing the rear axle of the vehicle to the chassis of the vehicle.
• Fig. 1 is an elevational view of an embodiment of the straightening bench according to the invention
• Fig. 5 is a view of the beam of the anchoring kit to the chassis of the vehicle according to the invention
• Fig. 6 is a rod with anchor head for the anchoring kit to the chassis of the vehicle according to one embodiment of the invention
• Fig. 7 is a rod with anchor head for the vehicle chassis anchoring kit according to another embodiment of the invention.
• Fig. 9 is an elevational view of an embodiment of the straightening bench according to the invention comprising a rule serving as a reference for a system for measuring the chassis, plates for measuring the suspension geometry and a measuring device for the adjustment. headlights;
• Figs. 1 and FIG. 2 show an embodiment of the straightening bench according to the invention.
• the straightening bench comprises four lifting columns 1, two transverse beams 2b connected to the lifting columns 1, as well as two longitudinal beams 2a connected to the transverse beams 2b and intended to receive the wheels of the vehicle to be repaired.
• Fastening means 4 of the vehicle to the longitudinal beams 2a of the straightening bench are present in order to immobilize the vehicle for straightening work.
• the straightening brackets include hydraulic cylinders to move in three dimensions of space and thus allow straightening of the chassis or bodywork once equipped with chains or cables.
• the longitudinal beams 2a and 2b transverse straightening bench are I-beams.
• the width of the central portion of the longitudinal beams 2a is sufficient to accommodate the tire of the vehicle to be repaired.
• the lateral parts of the I-beams are provided with through holes drilled at regular intervals. Such holes are used for fastening U-shaped pieces 40 to which the fasteners 4 are fastened, and also for fixing rails 5 on which the straightening brackets 3 slide.
• the lifting columns 1 of the straightening bench are provided with worm.
• the longitudinal beams 2a can slide along the transverse beams 2b, so as to adapt the spacing between the longitudinal beams 2a to the specific width of the vehicle to be repaired.
• the fasteners 4 comprise a degree of freedom in rotation along an axis of rotation 6 parallel to the plane formed by the said four beams 2a, 2b.
• This degree of freedom makes it possible to retain the attachment of the vehicle to the frame formed by the four beams 2a, 2b even when the chassis of the vehicle is raised in one place and becomes oblique with respect to said frame, for example when a wheel of the vehicle must be changed.
• Such an elevation of the vehicle is for example carried out with the aid of a hydraulic jack fixed on one of said four beams 2a, 2b, said jack being able to exert a vertical force on a vehicle point included in the perimeter defined by said four beams 2a, 2b.
• the fasteners 4 further include a degree of freedom in rotation along the axis of rotation 7 perpendicular to the plane formed by said four beams 2a, 2b.
• the fixing means can be oriented along the axis of the longitudinal members or reinforcements of the vehicle spar to be fixed to the straightening bench.
• cars having a tapered profile, and therefore non-parallel right and left side spars reinforcements can be fixed without difficulty to the straightening bench according to the invention.
• Fig. 3 shows in detail an embodiment of the fastener used to secure the vehicle to the straightening bench.
• the fastener comprises a rod 10 having a groove 11 machined at one of its ends.
• the groove 11 divides the end of the rod 10 into two legs 12a and 12b, each of the two legs comprising a through hole 13a and 13b, the two through holes 13a and 13b facing each other.
• the clip also includes a first jaw 14, said first jaw 14 being inserted into the groove 11 of the rod 10.
• This first jaw is provided with a through hole 15 which faces the through holes 13a and 13b of the legs 12a and 12b of said rod 10.
• the through holes 13a and 13b of the rod 10 and the hole 15 of the first jaw make it possible to fix the first jaw to the rod 10 using, for example, a nut and a bolt with the dimensions adapted (not shown).
• the clip also includes a second C-shaped jaw 16 including a concave portion 17, a leg of said rod 12a being inserted into the concave portion 17 of the second jaw 16.
• the jaws 14 and 16 further include a plurality of through holes 18 and 19 facing each other in pairs. These through holes 18 and 19 make it possible to fix the first jaw 14 to the second jaw 16 using, for example, nuts and bolts of appropriate dimensions (not shown).
• cars having a tapered profile, and therefore non-parallel right and left spar reinforcements can be fixed without difficulty to a straightening bench using the fastening means according to the invention.
• the possibility of varying the orientation of the jaws relative to the axis defined by the through holes 13a and 13b pierced in the two legs 12a and 12b of the rod 10 makes it possible to retain the attachment of the vehicle to the straightening bench even when the vehicle chassis is raised in one place.
• a space 20 between the rod 10 and the first jaw 14 and bevels 21 are provided on the second jaw.
• said first and second jaws 14 and 16 through their through holes 18, 19 facing each other can be brought closer to each other while remaining parallel by screwing bolts and nuts, which maximizes the area of the clamping zone and the clamping force between the two jaws and therefore the reliability of the fastener according to the invention.
• This effect is not observed for the fasteners of the prior art whose clamping area results from a rotation and not a translation of the first and second jaws.
• through holes 22, advantageously threaded may be present in the first or second jaw to receive threaded rods pushing against the opposite jaw until the desired parallelism.
• the rod 10 is advantageously threaded (not shown). In this way it can be easily attached to an I-beam of the straightening bench according to the invention, at the desired height.
• the U-shaped part 40 shown in FIG. 4 can be easily attached to the I-beams of the straightening bench according to the invention with its side portions 41 provided with through holes 42.
• the central portion 43 being pierced by a slot, it can accommodate the rod 10 which is attached by a nut.
• the slot also offers a degree of lateral freedom to fix the rod to the desired location.
• Fig. 5 represents the beam 50 of the anchoring kit according to the invention intended to cooperate with the anchor rods 60 and 70 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7.
• This beam 50 thus has two holes 51 and 52 adapted to receive the anchor rods 60 and 70 after they have been introduced into the jack support holes of a vehicle.
• the spacing D between the holes 51 and 52 must therefore correspond to the distance between the jack support holes of the vehicle. Since this distance varies from one vehicle model to another, the beam 50 of the anchoring kit according to the invention advantageously comprises means for varying the distance between the through holes 51 and 52.
• the beam 50 consists of two beams 53 and 54 joined together by fixing means 55 and 56, for adjusting the length of the beam 50 by varying the portion of the beams 53 and 54 overlapping.
• a beam 50 in one piece pierced with through holes at different intervals corresponding to the standard dimensions of the vehicles to be fixed to the test bench. straightening.
• a beam 50 will be anchored to the left front and rear jack holes, while another beam 50 will be anchored to the right front and rear jack holes, after which said beams 50 may serve as support for receiving the fasteners of the straightening bench, in particular jaws which can firmly grip said beams 50.
• Figs. 6 and FIG. 7 therefore represent two embodiments of the rods 60 and 70 used in the chassis anchoring kit of a vehicle according to the invention.
• the rods 60 and 70 have different anchor heads 61 and 71 which correspond to different embodiments for different vehicle models. Indeed, all vehicle models do not have identical jack support holes and it is therefore necessary to produce rods with suitable anchor head.
• Fig. 8 shows beams 81, 82 for another embodiment of an anchoring kit according to the invention.
• Such an anchoring kit comprises beams 81, 82 which are here transverse beams, a beam 81 being dedicated to the front part of the vehicle, and another beam 82 at the rear.
• the beam 81 comprises anchoring pieces 83 adapted to be fixed to the chassis of the vehicle, advantageously using the screws fixing the front cradle to the chassis of the vehicle, while the beam 82 comprises anchoring pieces 84 capable of being fixed to the chassis of the vehicle, preferably with the screws fixing the rear axle of the vehicle to the chassis of the vehicle.
• the beams 81 and 82 also each comprise a rail 85.
• Said anchoring pieces 83 and 84 each comprise a U-shaped portion 86 capable of sliding on the rails 85, and each a closure plate 87 for fixing said parts 83 and 84 to rails 85 by closing said U-shaped portions 86.
• the closing plates 87 are pierced with holes to be fixed to rods 88 secured to the lateral parts of the U-shaped portions 86.
• the rods 88 may for example be threaded and fastened to the clamping plates. 87 using bolts.
• Beams 81 and 82 also include fasteners 89 (not shown on beam 81 in Figure 8) for receiving fasteners to the straightening bench, for example as described in FIG. 3.
• Such fasteners 89 also comprise a U-shaped part 891 and a closure plate 892.
• the fasteners 89 furthermore comprise a clamping plate 893 capable of being gripped by the fasteners of the straightening bench.
• the anchor parts 83 and 84 are designed to be adapted to a specific model of vehicle or even to a category of models, while the rails 85 and fasteners 89 may be used universally regardless of the model of the vehicle to be straightened.
• the distance between anchoring pieces 83, 84, as well as that between the fasteners 89 can be finely adjusted by the operator, the latter being able to slide on the rail 85 before fixing, in order to adapt to the specificities of the vehicle repaired and the straightening bench used.
• the anchor kit discussed below has been found to be particularly advantageous because of its ease of assembly and the small number of parts to be designed specifically for a given vehicle model.
• the rails 85 and the fasteners 89 are universal and can be used regardless of the model of the vehicle to be fixed, which offers an undeniable economic advantage.
• chassis anchoring kits of a vehicle illustrated in FIGS. 5-8 or the fastener described in FIG. 3 can be used both in combination with the straightening bench according to the invention with any other type of straightening bench disclosed in the prior art or more generally with any device requiring attachment to the chassis of a vehicle.
• Fig. 9 shows an embodiment of the straightening bench according to the invention comprising a rule 90 serving as a reference for a measuring system of the frame, said rule 10 being fixed between said longitudinal beams 2a by means of transverse beams 91 connecting the longitudinal beams 2a two by two, plates 92 for measuring the suspension geometry on the longitudinal beams 2a and a measuring device 93 for adjusting the headlights on the transverse beam 2b front of the straightening bench.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Geology (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Vehicle Cleaning, Maintenance, Repair, Refitting, And Outriggers (AREA)
• Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=56682081

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (5)

Families Citing this family (5)

Family Cites Families (15)

• 2016
  • 2016-07-19 CN CN201680042628.5A patent/CN107848004A/zh active Pending
  • 2016-07-19 WO PCT/EP2016/067147 patent/WO2017013101A2/fr active Application Filing
  • 2016-07-19 EP EP16750392.9A patent/EP3325187A2/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2016-07-19 US US15/745,575 patent/US20180207700A1/en not_active Abandoned
• 2018
  • 2018-10-18 HK HK18113412.3A patent/HK1254336A1/zh unknown

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