EP3060631B1 - Fixed bed reactor for gasification of fuels - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a fixed bed reactor for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass, according to the preamble of claim 1.

Fixed bed reactors for the gasification of fuels, in particular of carbonaceous solid fuels (for example biomass or waste and in particular wood or the like substances), with the purpose to use the fuel gases generated in the reactor for energy production or power generation (in particular by means of internal combustion engines, such as gas engines), are well known. The gas produced from the solid fuels is referred to differently as product gas, lean gas, wood gas or syngas, wherein the gasification in the reactor provides the product gas, the main components carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, water vapor and gasification with air as a gasification agent also contains considerable amounts of nitrogen. In the course of gasification, tars or condensates, ashes and dust are produced as undesirable by-products in varying amounts.

The gasification process in the reactor itself can be roughly divided into the areas of heating or drying, pyrolytic decomposition, oxidation and reduction. This will be explained in more detail below on the basis of biomass:
First, the biomass is heated, whereby the water therein is evaporated to a temperature level of about 200 degrees Celsius. After the heating or drying phase of the biomass takes place at temperatures between 150 degrees Celsius and 500 degrees Celsius, a thermally induced pyrolytic decomposition of the macromolecules that make up biomass. This produces gaseous hydrocarbon compounds, and pyrolysis coke.

During the subsequent oxidation, parts of the resulting gaseous and solid pyrolysis products are brought to react with oxygen by further action of heat, which is introduced via the supplied air in an oxidation zone by means of an air supply device. This causes the temperature to be raised to, for example, above 1000 ° C, which cleaves much of the higher hydrocarbon compounds (tars) into smaller gaseous molecules. Partially, this can also lead to the combustion of carbon. It also produces carbon dioxide

Components of the product gas, such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane, are then formed in a reduction zone adjoining the oxidation zone. In particular, in this case, the combustion products formed during the oxidation of carbon dioxide and water with solid carbon to carbon monoxide and hydrogen are reduced.

Such a process is carried out, for example, in a fixed bed reactor according to the EP 0 156 363 A2 in which a Heizgasabzugskanal is arranged as provided with a Heizgasabzugsöffnung Gasausbrennringkanal around the lower portion of a hopper around, below the Gasausbrennringkanals the hopper is extended in a double cone and in this area has a bottom grate. In an upper shoulder of the double-cone extension, a plurality of gas overflow openings which open out into the gas combustion ring channel are arranged, via which the gas can flow from the interior of the reactor into the gas combustion ring channel. The double-cone-shaped extension is formed as well as the hopper from a one- or multi-part lining, the term wall lining here and below is expressly understood in a broad and comprehensive sense and include or denote all suitable refractory materials and materials. The lining is, if necessary, with the interposition of an insulating material, provided on the outside with a Umschließungsgehäuse that may be formed by a water-carrying double wall assembly, which is provided with flow and return connections for cooling water. The grate can be both received and arranged stationary in the reactor interior or else be designed as a rotatable grate plate, which has on its underside Räumflügel and on its upper side an ash cone. To the top, the enclosure is closed with a tight-fitting ceiling, which also at the same time carrier of an upper part of the hopper, in which the solid fuel can be introduced by hand or with automatic feed elements through a chute. Such a fixed bed reactor is relatively expensive to manufacture in production and tends to clog or affect the gas removal, which in turn has a negative effect on the overall efficiency of the reactor.

WO 2013/098525 . EP 0 837 120 . DE 10 2009 042104 . WO 2011/115770 describe gasification reactors for the gasification of carbonaceous materials, wherein the raw material is first gasified in a central tube and wherein at least in each case the lower part of the central reactor is surrounded by an annular gas collecting space.

In contrast, it is an object of the present invention to provide a fixed bed reactor for the gasification of fuels, in particular biomass, on the one hand manufacturing technology and manufacturing technology is simple and can be achieved by means of the other an optimized gas flow in a simple and reliable manner.
This object is achieved with the features of claim 1. Advantageous embodiments are the subject of the dependent claims.
According to claim 1, a fixed bed reactor for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass, is proposed which has a reactor interior. Furthermore, the fixed bed reactor has at least one fuel metering device for metering fuel to be gasified into the interior of the reactor. In addition, a grate arranged in the interior of the reactor, preferably on the bottom side, is provided on which the fuel metered into the interior of the reactor and to be gasified rests as a fixed bed. Furthermore, at least one air supply device is provided for supplying air into the interior of the reactor, the term "air" being understood here in a comprehensive sense and representing any suitable gasification agent (ie expressly also for those which are not air). For example, air or pure oxygen enriched with oxygen or water vapor can be added instead of pure ambient air, to name just a few examples. Furthermore, the fixed bed reactor according to the invention comprises at least one gas outlet for discharging the gas generated in the reactor interior from the reactor interior, wherein a muffle tube, based on the reactor high axis direction, is guided from above into the reactor interior that this with a lower Muffelrohrendbereich above the grate in opens the reactor interior. According to the invention, it is provided that the lower Muffelrohrendbereich protrudes from a reactor inner wall into the reactor interior, wherein a seen in Hochachsenrichtung, upper reactor inner wall area surrounding the lower, free Muffelrohrendbereich with a defined gap distance such that between the lower, free Muffelrohrendbereich and the upper reactor inner wall region at least partially annularly around the lower, free Muffelrohrendbereich circumferential, also in the Reactor interior merging or freely accessible from the reactor interior, gas collection chamber is formed, in which opens the at least one gas outlet.

As a result, a gas collecting space which is somewhat prone to clogging and easily accessible from the inside of the reactor is formed, into which the gas can flow in freely and accumulate before it is drawn off via the gas outlet.

Such a structure is particularly advantageous even if, as is the case according to a particularly preferred optional embodiment, the reactor inner wall and thus the reactor interior, seen in the vertical axis direction down to the grate or to a grate opening in a lower reactor inner wall area constricted, wherein between the latter and the grate, a side ash discharge opening with respect to the reactor interior is formed.

By means of such a rust-side or rostöffnungsseitigen narrowing of the reactor interior in the lower reactor inner wall area can be advantageously on muffelrohrseitige, material-carrying steps and edges, as previously required for an optimal flow of material into the reactor interior, be dispensed with. Because of the design with a rust or rust opening-side constriction or constriction is achieved in addition to a desired fuel distribution in the reactor interior in a simple way, a targeted flow of material in the direction of the side ash discharge opening out. In addition, the rust itself can be reduced in diameter. As a result, the grate, which is preferably designed as a rotatably mounted grate plate, less prone to blockages by coal and slag pieces, which accumulate at the edge of the grate. In addition, a smaller rust at a same torque distribute a greater force on the circumference, which also has an advantageous effect on the ash discharge.

According to a particularly preferred specific embodiment is thus proposed that a muffle tube inner wall over the entire muffle tube length seen the same diameter, that is formed without a diameter jump or without edges and steps. As a result, the material flow in the reactor interior is much more uniform. In addition, it is advantageous in this context if the upper inner wall region of the reactor, as seen over its entire extent in the vertical axis direction, is essentially of the same diameter, that is to say without a diameter jump or without steps and / or edges. In addition to a simplification of manufacture, this also has an advantageous effect on the gas outlet from the gas collection chamber, since there is a flow calming there and thus the gas can be withdrawn unhindered from the gas collection chamber. At the upper reactor inner wall area can then, as seen in Hochachsenrichtung, lower and to the grate or the grate opening narrowing, in particular step-like and / or conical narrowing, reactor inner wall area are connected, then between the and the grate with respect to the Reactor interior lateral ash discharge opening is formed. This, too, can be achieved relatively easily in terms of production technology and leads to the advantages already discussed in detail above.

According to a further particularly preferred embodiment, the upper reactor inner wall region extends approximately to the height of the mouth opening of the free, lower Muffelrohrendbereiches and then begins down to the grate or the grate opening narrowing, lower reactor inner wall area, which, in particular in conjunction with a cone-shaped constriction, gives a smooth, smooth transition which has an advantageous effect on the efficiency of the reaction.
Furthermore, it is advantageous if a part of the gas collecting space forming Muffelrohraußenwand of projecting into the reactor interior free, lower Muffelrohrendbereichs also seen over their entire extension in the vertical axis direction, the same diameter, that is formed without a diameter jump. Because this also contributes significantly to calm the flow of gas in the gas collection chamber.

The lower Muffelrohrendbereich has a there at least partially, preferably completely, encircling Muffelrohrkamm or forms such, wherein the Muffelrohrkamm has a plurality of spaced apart and / or downwardly projecting comb teeth. This is achieved on the one hand, that the fixed bed in this area is still held together and thus stabilized, while at the same time but already escape gas through the tine gaps and can flow into the reactor-side gas collection chamber. Depending on the density of the tines or the gap width is also a kind of prefiltering of the gas, since there particles can be retained.

The inner wall of the reactor itself is preferably formed by a mono- or multi-part reactor lining, wherein the term "lining", as already explained at the outset, is representative of any suitable refractory material or of any suitable refractory material. By means of such lining it is ensured in a simple manner that the reactor inner wall withstands the high temperatures prevailing there with a correspondingly desired long service life.

The reactor lining preferably has on the upper side, an insertion opening for the received in the reactor interior free, lower Muffelrohrendbereich reactor ceiling wall portion on which the muffle tube either directly or in a manner to be described indirectly indirectly with the interposition of a muffle tube enclosing ceiling wall insulation supported or fixed. As a result, hotspot formation in this upper reactor region, which at the same time can also serve to fix the muffle tube, is advantageously avoided, in particular with regard to the gas collecting space arranged on the cover wall side, in which very high gas temperatures prevail. Hotspot is generally understood to mean an area where very high temperatures can occur. This can thus be the range of a local temperature maximum, but this is not mandatory.

The reactor lining is according to a further particularly preferred embodiment, at least partially surrounded by a reactor housing, which is preferably formed from a steel material or from a steel material, coated. Such a reactor housing is a high-quality and highly durable outer skin for the reactor, in addition to a simple way can be used and prepared simultaneously for the determination of different components.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment, it is provided that the reactor housing encases an outer side wall of the reactor lining. Furthermore, the reactor lining is also encased in a lower end portion of the reactor up to a grate opening formed there from the reactor housing and has there a connection area for a grate-carrying and / or supporting grate housing.

The reactor housing has, according to a further particularly preferred specific embodiment, at least one, preferably peripheral edge, reactor housing flange, which is connected to a correspondingly assigned, preferably likewise peripherally encircling, muffle tube flange, preferably in the form of a upper reactor housing end region in that the reactor housing peripherally surrounds a ceiling wall insulation in such a way that the connection plane of the at least one reactor housing flange is aligned approximately flush with an upper side of the ceiling wall insulation and is connected to the correspondingly assigned, at least one muffle tube flange guided away from the muffle tube radially outwards , With such a construction, the hotspot formation and thus overheating of this flange connection region are advantageously avoided, so that no special and expensive seals or screws have to be used for the production of the flange connection. Another significant advantage of such a configuration is that in the case of a screw flange connection, the screws for assembly and maintenance purposes are freely accessible.

According to a further particularly preferred embodiment, the reactor lining is formed by an inner reactor lining layer forming the inner wall of the reactor and an insulating layer which surrounds the latter as side wall insulation and outer reactor lining layer. It is advantageously provided here that the insulating layer extends between the outer side wall of the inner reactor lining layer and a side wall region of the reactor housing in the vertical axis direction up to a ceiling wall insulation adjacent thereto. Next advantageous provided that the inner reactor Ausmauerungsschicht tapers on the outer side of the reactor downwardly, in particular stepped and / or conically tapered so that the insulating layer extends at the lower reactor area into the connection area for a rust-carrying and / or halterndes grate housing , This also ensures in a simple manner that even the lower or bottom-side reactor area can be reliably thermally insulated or shielded in a simple and material-saving manner.

According to a further particularly preferred embodiment of the present inventive idea, it is proposed that a muffle tube inner wall of the muffle tube is formed by a one-part or multi-part muffle lining, which is located in a muffle tube region outside the reactor, in particular in a vertical axis direction above a reactor top wall of the reactor , At least one, part of the air supply forming air inlet opening, which opens for an air supply to the muffle tube in the muffle tube. Again, the term "lining" in turn is representative of any suitable materials or materials with which the desired refractoriness can be achieved. Such an air supply located outside of the reactor can be accomplished in a manufacturing-technically simple way and also allows, as the following explanations will show, increased structural flexibility.

Thus, according to a particularly preferred embodiment, the muffle tube lining may be surrounded at least partially by a muffle tube housing and the muffle tube lining may comprise a plurality of circumferentially spaced and at least partially around the muffle tube circumference arranged air inlet openings, the outside wall side in a muffelrohrgehäuseseitig trained and with Air-feed muffle tube housing air duct open, such that air flowing into the air duct via the air inlet openings circumferentially flows into the muffle tube. As a result, a particularly simple and functionally reliable charging of a muffle tube-side oxidation zone with air or the like gas is possible, in particular such that the air or gas supply is uniformly distributed circumferentially, which has a beneficial effect on the efficiency of the reaction in the oxidation zone.

According to a further particularly preferred embodiment, it is proposed that the muffle tube is connected by means of at least one muffle tube flange to the reactor, in particular to a correspondingly assigned flange of a reactor housing of the reactor. Now, if this at least one muffle tube flange with the muffle tube housing air duct heat transfer coupled or thermally conductive, it can be cooled by the air flowing into the air duct or the like gas in a simple manner, the muffle tube flange or a connected with this Muffelrohrgehäusebereich. Alternatively or additionally, at the same time, the air flowing into the air duct or the like gas can be preheated by heat from the heated muffle tube housing, which also has an advantageous effect on the reaction in the oxidation zone of the muffle tube. With such a configuration, the air supply device can thus be cooled in an advantageous dual function at the same time also for cooling certain reactor parts, in particular in the connection area of muffle tube housing and reactor housing.

According to a further particularly preferred specific embodiment, it is provided that the muffle tube housing extends over the outer side wall, preferably approximately over the entire outer side wall, of the muffle tube lining, which is a lower portion of the muffle tube housing viewed in the vertical axis direction together with the free, lower one Muffelrohrendbereich protrudes into the reactor interior, while seen in the vertical axis upper portion of the Muffelrohrgehäuses the reactor to the outside, in particular upwards, surmounted. This results in a construction which is generally easy to produce in terms of production, in which case it can come to heating of the muffle tube housing, so that the previously described cooling function in conjunction with the muffle tube housing air channel is of particular advantage.

According to a preferred embodiment of the muffle tube housing, the muffle tube flange which can be fixed on the reactor side can thus be arranged in the direction of the vertical axis in an upper to middle muffle tube region.

In principle, the muffle tube can be designed such that the fuels to be gasified can be supplied to it directly or indirectly, for example via a metering device. Such a metering device may be a simple, for example by means of a flap closable Zudosieröffnung. Particularly preferably, however, the metering device is constructed so that it comprises a metering screw, which is associated with a metering, then controlled by means of the metering screw controlled or regulated at certain times a defined amount of fuel to be gasified can be metered.

Particularly preferred in this connection is an embodiment in which the muffle tube has an upper muffle tube opening at its portion projecting beyond the reactor in the direction of the vertical axis, to which a fuel nozzle coupled to the fuel metering device and / or equipped with a core air nozzle, for example cylindrical or conical downward opening, head part, the upper muffle tube opening lid-like closing, is placed. The head part may have a headspace cavity merging into the muffle tube cavity and / or a cavity connected to the muffle tube cavity into which a metering opening of the metering device opens, preferably opens laterally, and / or into which the core air nozzle protrudes from a headboard top side. In such a construction, the head part may preferably be made of a different material than the muffle tube, in particular the muffle tube lining. For example, the headboard can be made conveniently from a sheet metal material. Particularly preferably, the core air nozzle projects from above into the head part approximately vertically downwards. This has the advantage that the material flow in the reactor is significantly less disturbed than is the case, for example, with a lateral introduction of the core air nozzle.

For a particularly simple determination, it is proposed that the muffle tube housing has at its upper end region a second, upper muffle tube flange, on which the head part is fixed with a head part flange.

Furthermore, it can be provided that the head part cavity widens downwards conically towards the muffle tube cavity, in particular in such a way that the head part cavity has the same diameter, ie without a diameter jump or without step and / or without an edge and thus essentially smooth, passes into the muffle tube cavity, whereby the material flow in the upper region of the reactor can be significantly improved.

For a reliable thermal insulation to the outside, it is also proposed that a partial region of the muffle tube projecting outwards from the reactor, preferably together with a head part connected thereto, be surrounded at least in regions, preferably completely, by thermal insulation. This thermal insulation is arranged in particular such that the heat insulation extends upwards from a muffle tube flange connected to a reactor housing flange.

In order to ensure a homogeneous, trouble-free gas outlet, it is provided according to a further particularly preferred embodiment according to the invention that a plurality of gas outlet are provided on the reactor periphery side spaced apart, in particular two diametrically opposite, which open into the gas collecting space. This can be done, for example, in such a way that the at least one gas outlet opening into the annular gas collecting space is formed by a gas discharge channel which passes through the reactor lining and the reactor housing and leads to the outside of the reactor. Particularly preferred in this context is an embodiment in which at least partially a gas exhaust pipe is inserted into the gas exhaust duct, which is inserted with the interposition of a gas exhaust pipe surrounding pipe insulation in a seitenwandisolierungs- and reactor housing side trained channel area. This makes it possible to achieve a particularly specific thermal insulation of the particularly temperature-critical hot gas duct, in which, for example, a different insulating material can be used than that used for the insulating layer, thereby making possible an individual requirements sufficient special design of the insulating layer in this area is. In particular, therefore, here a pipe connection can be connected to the housing so that this is not too warm.

According to a further particularly preferred specific embodiment according to the invention, a lower reactor inner wall region or the lower reactor inner wall region which narrows towards the grate has or forms a grate opening, which can then be easily associated with the grate in the desired manner. This grate is preferably stored and / or supported in and / or on a grate housing which is connected to the reactor. About such a rust housing can then, for example, the rust in a simple manner be accessible from the lower reactor area ago, which is particularly advantageous for maintenance or repair work.

The grate can basically be designed as a stationary grate. Particularly preferred and advantageous for an optimized ash discharge is, however, provided that the grate is formed by a grate plate which is rotatably mounted in or on the grate housing of the grate device connected to the reactor and by means of a grate drive, preferably by means of a likewise forming part of the grate device rust drive, is rotary drivable.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention idea can also be provided that at least one and at least partially and / or at least partially disposed around the grate opening strip member is disposed on a grate opening edge region of the grate opening edge region in the vertical axis direction protrudes downward and to form the lateral ash discharge opening defined in a vertical axis direction gap distance to the grate, in particular to an edge region of the grate having.

With such a strip element, in particular in conjunction with a rotatably mounted grate plate, a wear on the lower reactor inner wall area or in the region of the grate opening, which is regularly formed of refractory concrete or masonry, by, for example, hard carbonaceous ash scraps reliable avoided or reduced, because this area is then covered and protected by the strip element accordingly. In addition, not only the abrasion at the lower reactor inner wall area is avoided here, but also a possibly existing connection or flange portion of the grate housing to a reactor housing completely covered, so that this flange can be made of a much cheaper material.

In addition, the at least one strip element may be provided at least partially with a grinding and / or cutting structure, in particular with a toothed surface, at its free lower end region facing the grate and / or the grating edge region, preferably approximately in the region of the downwardly protruding at least one strip element. and / or serrated grinding and / or cutting structure provided be, so that there is a particularly effective rust-side grinder is formed, which has an advantageous effect on the crushing of coal and slag pieces and thus makes the ash discharge much more effective.

The at least one strip element can in principle be attached directly and thus directly to the grate opening edge region. Particularly preferred, in particular in connection with a reactor lining, which is encased by a reactor housing, however, is an embodiment in which the at least one strip element is part of the reactor housing, in particular of a reactor lining enclosing a reactor lining, which in the assembled state of Reactor housing rests on the associated grate opening edge region and / or formed on one of the grate opening associated edge region of a reactor housing opening of the reactor housing and / or is connected.

The grate plate edge region may optionally have there completely or preferably only partially circumferential and in Hochachserichtung upwardly projecting, preferably also strip-shaped, web element (that is, in a sectional arrangement a plurality of spaced apart web elements), seen in grate plate radial direction in a defined Gap distance is guided behind the downwardly projecting strip element in the vertical axis direction upwards, in particular in such a way is guided upward that the web element engages behind the strip element with a defined gap distance. The upper free end has a defined predetermined gap distance to a lower reactor wall region, so that the ash discharge shaft is curved in this area or runs like a labyrinth. By this arrangement is reliably prevented that too much ash is discharged, but without affecting the overall ash flow too strong. This in turn means that the grate plate can be rotated more often and thus an overall better mixing or mixing of the fixed bed can be done. The one or more web elements may in principle be formed integrally with the grate plate, for example, be formed by a marginal edging. Alternatively, the at least one web element can also be formed by a separate component, which is then placed from above onto the grate plate and fastened there. A grinding and / or cutting structure can then also be formed, for example, at the free ends of the web elements. If necessary, can then dispensed on the grinding and / or cutting structure on the grate plate edge region. In the case of a circumferential web element this can be formed in one or more parts.

According to a further particularly preferred embodiment, it is proposed that the grate housing is fixed to a reactor wall section protruding downwards in the vertical axis direction from the reactor, in particular from a reactor housing of the reactor, for example by means of a plurality of quick-connect connections. This reactor wall section projecting downwards on the reactor side then surrounds the reactor-side grate opening and / or a strip element optionally arranged there with a defined gap spacing in order to form a lateral ash discharge chute adjoining a lateral ash discharge opening, which is preferably oriented substantially vertically. As a result, the ash discharge from the reactor is made particularly reliable.

In this context, it is furthermore particularly advantageous if the reactor wall section projecting downwards on the reactor side for forming the lateral ash discharge shaft is also guided downward in the vertical axis direction so that it projects beyond the edge region of the grate in the vertical axis direction and / or that it transversely to the Seen high axis direction, having a defined gap distance to the edge region of the grate. As a result, a particularly preferred Austragsschachtgeometrie is provided.

In addition, at least one air inlet opening fluidly connected to at least one air supply device can open in the reactor wall section in a simple manner, via which air can be supplied for an advantageous ash burnup or ash burnout in the region of the ash discharge opening and / or the region of the ash discharge shaft.

Furthermore, a concrete embodiment is particularly preferred in which the grate housing is formed like a trough with a grate housing side wall section which is fixed to the reactor wall section. This is preferably carried out in such a way that at the grate housing side wall section at least partially and / or at least partially peripherally peripheral Grate housing flange is fixed to a, formed on the reactor-side wall portion wall portion flange portion.

In addition, the reactor-side reactor wall section may be stiffened with a plurality of circumferentially spaced-apart ribs which are supported on the one hand on the reactor wall section and on the other hand on the reactor, in particular on a reactor housing of the reactor.

According to a further particularly preferred embodiment, it is proposed that a plurality of circumferentially spaced bearings, in particular roller bearings, is arranged on the grate housing, preferably in the region of the peripheral grate housing side wall section or on the edge grate housing sidewall section itself, which form the rotatably mounted grate plate To support rust during its rotation in a peripheral area of the grate. This results in a much better storage and support of the grate plate, especially at a relatively high load application in the area of ascheaustragöffnungs- or ascheaustragschachtseitig trained grinder.

For a particularly advantageous ash discharge, it is proposed that at least one carrier blade guided radially outward to the housing side wall section is arranged on the underside of the grate designed as a rotatable grate plate. In this context, it is preferably provided that on the underside of the grate plate, a plurality of spaced apart in the circumferential direction and arranged radially outward to the grate housing side wall portion guided Mitnehmerschaufeln is arranged.

The at least one driver blade may have at the radially outer, free end side end of a bearing recess which is penetrated by the bearings during rotation of the grate actuator. This is the one hand, the unhindered operation of the grate plate and support by the edge bearing allows. In addition, it can be ensured with such a configuration that the carrier blades can still be guided relatively far outwards as far as the edge region of the grate.

The Mitnehmerschaufeln can basically be designed in different ways. Particularly preferred is the at least one driving scoop plate-shaped and / or protrudes downwards in the vertical axis direction from the bottom of the grate plate. The at least one driving scoop can also be curved and / or have at least one recess, which helps to reduce the stiffness or a possible risk of blockage.

The formed as a rotatable grate plate grate may also according to another particularly preferred embodiment, a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart and from a central region of radially outward, preferably up to the edge region of the grate guided expansion slots, which of the top and / or Underside of the grate plate forth at least partially covered by a voltage applied there in a system connection plate-shaped cover, the cover either unobstructed with the grate plate from above and / or below abuts the expansion slot or only on one side of the expansion slot, based on the longitudinal extension direction determined is. These expansion slots help with the rust prevailing high temperatures advantageous to avoid distortion of the grate plate. By the cover of the expansion slots by means of the cover is also ensured that there are no unwanted air currents or, where appropriate, an undesirable ash drop through the grate plate itself. Rather, here the ash is discharged in the desired manner on the side ash discharge opening edge, where the previously described grinder can be formed so that it can come to the desired targeted crushing of coal and slag in the ash discharge.

The expansion slots may also have at defined locations circular extensions that help to avoid cracking advantageous.

The one expansion slot associated cover member is according to a particularly preferred embodiment part of a Mitnehmerschaufel, in particular formed by a Mitnehmerschaufelseitige fold. In an advantageous dual function, it is thus ensured that the carrier blade simultaneously also assumes the function of the covering element.

The only one-sided connection of the cover then ensures that the expansion slot function is not canceled.

According to a further particularly preferred embodiment, it is proposed that a cylindrical sleeve is arranged on the underside of the grate, preferably centrally and / or centrally and / or about a drive shaft of a grate drive of a grate designed as a rotatable grate plate, which has a plurality on its casing Having circumferentially spaced air outlet openings. Further, a preferably rostgehäusungseitige air supply device opens into the region of the sleeve, such that the air supplied through this air supply through the cuff side air outlet openings circumferentially distributed and then further along the bottom of the grate to the edge region of the grate and thus to the ash ash combustion zone forming lateral Ash discharge port flows. As a result, if required, a targeted supply of air to the side ash discharge opening or to the lateral ash discharge shaft, so that there can be an optimized circumferentially distributed, uniform ash burn, which has an advantageous effect on the overall efficiency of the reactor.

The grate housing may further comprise a bottom ash outlet opening, followed by a discharge shaft, in which, for example, a discharge screw is received, by means of which the ash can be discharged. Furthermore, the grate housing may be stiffened on its outside with reinforcing profiles.

According to a further particularly preferred embodiment it is provided that a raised grate cone is arranged on the grate, preferably centrally and / or centrally, which with its conical base has a defined small distance to the edge region of the grate and / or to the side ash discharge opening. This distance is preferably at most 20 cm, most preferably at most 10 cm. Thus, the desired low ash outlet opening-side distance is produced, which helps to reduce the risk of blockage in the area of the ash discharge opening advantageous. In addition, the material flow can be much better controlled there.

The grate cone can basically be round and conical in the usual way. Particularly preferred is the "rust cone" but as rust pyramid with a plurality of pyramid corners adjoining each other via pyramid corners, in particular at least four pyramid side surfaces. As a result, on the one hand, a significantly more controlled material flow in the lower region of the reactor can be ensured, wherein the pyramidal or angular design of the cone substantially improves the ash discharge from the reactor through the distance between the cone wall and the outer wall which varies during the rotation.

The pyramid side surfaces running obliquely upwards and inwards with respect to the vertical axis direction toward the pyramid tip can also have a pyramid side surface region bent substantially vertically downwards on their underside facing the grate and thus on the ash discharge opening side. This also helps to substantially equalize and stabilize the material flow in the area of the ash discharge opening.

Furthermore, bends may again be provided on the underside of the downwardly bending pyramid side surface regions, which are designed in such a way that they can be received between centering plates arranged on the rust side for easy centering of the grate cone.

In addition, for a particularly preferred additional mixing or distribution of the rust-side accumulating material on the top of the grate edge arranged and circumferentially spaced distribution elements, in particular distribution rods or the like may be provided.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment it is provided that on the grate, preferably centrally and / or centrally, a raised grate cone is arranged, wherein the cone tip of the grate cone is provided with a tower-like agitator, based on the Hochachsenrichtung, upwards from the apex protrudes, in particular protrudes into an interior of a muffle tube. With such a Rührwerkturm can be an advantageous mixing of the material to be gasified in particular in the remote from the grate plate upper portion of the bed achieve because it protrudes centrally into the bed and therefore mix them from the center and can move. The frequency of the grate plate rotation and thus also an undesirable coal discharge with the ash can therefore be advantageously reduced.

Preferably, the tower-like agitator is formed by a separate component which is mounted on a, a flattened cone tip of the grate cone forming mounting plate and secured there.

The tower-like agitator is preferably formed by a tower body, which carries at its end facing away from the apex free end a spherical and / or the tower body laterally superior stirring ball, with a good internal mixing of the bulk material is achieved. For an even better effect, the stirring ball preferably has a structured surface, for example such that the surface has a plurality of edges as structural elements.

The stirring ball itself is preferably made of a castable material, in particular of concrete, so that an upper attachment region of the tower body is anchored in the stirring ball by pouring. In this case, it is preferably provided for a very good anchoring that the upper attachment region of the tower body is formed by a plurality of spaced-apart Eingießlaschen.

In order to achieve different tower heights and thus an optimal adaptation of the tower height to the respective circumstances, it can further be provided that the tower-like agitator has a multi-part tower body composed of a plurality of tower segments connected to one another. In this context, then one of the stirring ball facing upper head-tower segment carry the stirring ball.

The tower body of the tower-like agitator carries on its outer side preferably at least one stirring blade, which may in principle have any shape, for example, but is formed by a hot or high heat-resistant flat steel.

The Turmsegemente or at least a portion thereof may each have at least one receiving opening, in particular in the form of a receiving slot, through which an impeller in the tower body can be inserted, and in particular form and contour adapted plugged, in particular to allow a gas-tight connection.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the at least one stirring blade of an upper tower segment seen in the vertical axis direction is in plugged state supported and / or supported on a holding element of a tower axis in the lower axis direction underlying tower segment. This results in a particularly stable connection possibility of the agitator blade, which is also easy to install, especially in terms of assembly technology. In concrete terms, it can be provided here that the at least one stirring blade engages under or is fastened to a holding element of the tower segment which is situated below the vertical axis direction in the form of a U-profile.

The tower segments are preferably each formed by a cylindrical pipe section, in particular a cylindrical and polygonal cross-section pipe section. In this case, at least a part of the tower segments, in particular the tower segments not carrying the stirring ball, can then be closed in a gas-tight manner by means of an intermediate plate aligned substantially transversely to the vertical axis direction. This ensures in a simple manner that no gases can escape through the tower-like agitator.

The intermediate plate itself is arranged in a high-axis direction seen in the upper end region of a tower segment, so that then the intermediate plate in a dual function at the same time also the holding element, preferably the support member formed by a U-profile, wear.

Particularly advantageous is an embodiment in which the tower-like agitator, preferably a tower tip forming free end of the tower-like agitator and / or in particular a arranged at the free end of the tower-like agitator agitating ball is coupled in terms of aerodynamic design with a run in the reactor interior Kernluftdüse in that the air supplied via the core-air nozzle can be injected into the interior of the reactor via at least one agitator-side, in particular agitator-side, flow channel. In this case, the air supplied via the core air nozzle is preferably blown into the interior of a muffle tube at approximately the level of the at least one muffle tube-side air inlet opening and / or an oxidation zone. As a result, a particularly effective combustion of the material is achieved and can be ensured in a particularly simple manner homogeneous combustion of the material.

According to a particularly preferred specific embodiment, it is provided that a free end of the fixedly arranged core air nozzle in such a way opens in a agitator side, in particular Rührkugelseitigen, core air nozzle mouth region that the agitator is still rotatable relative to the core air nozzle. This ensures that the Rührwerkturm can still rotate freely with the rust and the Kernluftdüse must not be rotatably mounted, although the latter (rotatable storage of the core air nozzle or fixing the stirring ball on this even in combination with a suitable drive) of course, in principle is possible. Preferably, it can further be provided that the core air nozzle with its free core air nozzle end region is received in a shape-matched and contour-adapted manner with a defined predetermined gap distance in the core air nozzle opening region designed as a core air nozzle outlet channel. This may indeed lead to an air outlet in the mouth region of the core air nozzle on the agitator, especially in the top of a stirring ball, but this does not adversely affect, but on the contrary, even positively affects because the there exiting small amount of air for combustion of the Material in agitator near or Rührkugelahen area ensures and thus the material is held there flowable.

Particularly preferred in this case is an embodiment in which the agitator, in particular the stirring ball, has an air space into which the core air nozzle and / or a core air nozzle orifice area opens and branches off from the at least one flow channel. This air space thus serves as a kind of collector and promotes the uniform distribution of air in the area of the oxidation zone.

Preferably, a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart flow channels are formed on the tower-like agitator, in particular optionally also on the stirring ball, wherein the tower-like agitator in the region of these flow channels a defined predetermined distance, in particular a distance of 200mm to 350mm, for example of about 300mm, of the having surrounding muffle tube together with the opening there air inlet openings. As a result, an oxidation zone is formed which, in principle, makes it possible to greatly reduce the tar content in the product gas or, if appropriate, this can even be kept completely or approximately free of tar.

Alternatively or additionally, the air supply into the air space but also from the grate side or by the agitator, for example, through the tower segments, through to the air space done, for example, such that a Air supply duct branches off the grate or from the local air supply and opens into the air space.

The invention will be explained in more detail by way of example with reference to the drawing.

Fig. 1a

schematisch eine perspektivische Außenansicht einer beispielhaften Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Festbettreaktors,

Fig. 1b

eine schematische Seitenansicht des Festbettreaktors gemäß Fig. 1a,

Fig. 1c

schematisch eine Schnittansicht entlang der Linie A-A der Fig. 1b,

Fig. 2a

schematisch eine perspektivische Darstellung des Kopfteils,

Fig. 2b

schematisch eine Prinzipskizze betreffend die Anordnung von Bauteilen am Kopfteil des Reaktors,

Fig. 3a

eine schematische, perspektivische Darstellung des Muffelrohrgehäuses,

Fig. 3b

eine Draufsicht auf das Muffelrohrgehäuse gemäß Fig. 3a,

Fig. 3c

schematisch eine Schnittansicht entlang der Linie B-B der Fig. 3b,

Fig. 3d

schematisch eine Seitenansicht des Muffelrohrgehäuses gemäß Fig. 3a,

Fig. 3e

schematisch und perspektivisch eine Muffelrohr-Ausmauerung,

Fig. 4a

schematisch eine Schnittansicht durch das Reaktorgehäuse mit einer Reaktor-Ausmauerung und einem in diese eingesetzten Muffelrohr,

Fig. 4b

eine schematische und perspektivische Unteransicht des Reaktorgehäuses,

Fig. 4c

schematisch eine Draufsicht auf das Reaktorgehäuse gemäß Fig. 4b,

Fig. 4d

schematisch eine Schnittansicht entlang der Linie C-C der Fig. 4c,

Fig. 5a

schematisch eine Schnittansicht durch die Reaktor-Ausmauerung ohne umgebendes Reaktorgehäuse mitsamt Deckenwandisolierung und seitlicher Dämmschicht,

Fig. 5b

schematisch ein oberes Ringteil der Reaktor-Ausmauerung,

Fig. 5c

schematisch ein unteres Ringteil der Reaktor-Ausmauerung,

Fig. 5d

schematisch und perspektivisch eine seitliche Dämmschicht der Reaktor-Ausmauerung,

Fig. 6a

eine schematische und perspektivische Draufsicht auf ein wannenförmiges Rostgehäuse,

Fig. 6b

eine schematische und perspektivische Unteransicht des Rostgehäuses gemäß Fig. 6a,

Fig. 6c

schematisch eine Draufsicht auf das Reaktorgehäuse gemäß Fig. 6a,

Fig. 6d

schematisch eine Schnittansicht entlang der Linie D-D der Fig. 6c,

Fig. 7a

eine schematische und perspektivische Draufsicht auf einen in dem Rostgehäuse gemäß der Fig. 6a bis 6d drehbar gelagerten Rostteller mitsamt als Rostpyramide ausgeführtem Rostkegel,

Fig. 7b

eine schematische Draufsicht auf den Rostteller gemäß Fig. 7a,

Fig. 7c

eine schematische Schnittansicht entlang der Linie E-E der Fig. 7b,

Fig. 7d

eine Seitenansicht des Rosttellers gemäß Fig. 7a,

Fig. 7e

eine vergrößerte Detaildarstellung der Einzelheit C gemäß Fig. 7d,

Fig. 7f

eine vergrößerte Detaildarstellung der Einzelheit D der Fig. 7f,

Fig. 7g

eine schematische und perspektivische Darstellung der an der Drehtellerunterseite angeordneten Manschette,

Fig. 7h

eine schematische und perspektivische Draufsicht auf eine Abkantung als Abdeckelement aufweisende Mitnehmerschaufel,

Fig. 7i

eine schematische Draufsicht auf den Rostteller ohne aufgesetztem Rostkegel,

Fig. 8a

eine schematische und perspektivische Darstellung des als Rostpyramide ausgebildeten Rostkegels,

Fig. 8b

eine Draufsicht auf den Rostkegel gemäß Fig. 8b,

Fig. 9

eine schematische und als Schnittansicht dargestellte Detaildarstellung des Reaktorinnenraums im Bereich der Ascheaustragsöffnung,

Fig. 9a

eine optionale Ausgestaltung des Rostteller-Randbereiches mit vertikalen Stegen,

Fig. 10a

eine schematische Seitenansicht eines auf die Rostkegelspitze aufgesetzten turmartigen Rührwerks,

Fig. 10b

einen schematischen Längsschnitt durch das turmartige Rührwerk,

Fig. 10c

eine perspektivische Detailansicht eines Kopf-Turmsegmentes mitsamt umfangsseitig beabstandeten Eingießlaschen,

Fig. 10d

eine perspektivische Detaildarstellung einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Rührkugel,

Fig. 10e

eine perspektivische Detailansicht eines Zwischen- oder Basis-Turmsegmentes,

Fig. 10f

eine perspektivische Darstellung des Rostkegels mitsamt Montageplatte,

Fig. 10g

eine schematische Darstellung eines mit einer Kernluftdüse strömungstechnisch gekoppelten turmartigen Rührwerks im Bereich einer Oxidationszone,

Fig. 10h

eine zur Ausgestaltung nach Fig. 10g alternative Ausgestaltung mit einer beispielhaften Ausführungsform einer kernluftdüsenseitig gehalterten Rührkugel,

Fig. 10i

eine Weiterbildung der Ausführungsform nach Fig. 10h mit zusätzlichem Rührwerk.

Show it:

Fig. 1a

1 is a schematic perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a fixed bed reactor according to the invention;

Fig. 1b

a schematic side view of the fixed bed reactor according to Fig. 1a .

Fig. 1c

schematically a sectional view taken along the line AA Fig. 1b .

Fig. 2a

schematically a perspective view of the head part,

Fig. 2b

schematically a schematic diagram concerning the arrangement of components on the head part of the reactor,

Fig. 3a

a schematic perspective view of the Muffelrohrgehäuses,

Fig. 3b

a plan view of the muffle tube housing according to Fig. 3a .

Fig. 3c

schematically a sectional view taken along the line BB of Fig. 3b .

Fig. 3d

schematically a side view of the Muffelrohrgehäuses according to Fig. 3a .

Fig. 3e

schematically and in perspective a muffle tube lining,

Fig. 4a

1 is a schematic sectional view through the reactor housing with a reactor lining and a muffle tube inserted into it;

Fig. 4b

a schematic and perspective bottom view of the reactor housing,

Fig. 4c

schematically a plan view of the reactor housing according to Fig. 4b .

Fig. 4d

schematically a sectional view taken along the line CC of Fig. 4c .

Fig. 5a

schematically a sectional view through the reactor lining without surrounding reactor housing together with ceiling wall insulation and lateral insulation layer,

Fig. 5b

schematically an upper ring part of the reactor lining,

Fig. 5c

schematically a lower ring part of the reactor lining,

Fig. 5d

schematically and in perspective a lateral insulating layer of the reactor lining,

Fig. 6a

a schematic and perspective plan view of a trough-shaped grate housing,

Fig. 6b

a schematic and perspective bottom view of the grate housing according to Fig. 6a .

Fig. 6c

schematically a plan view of the reactor housing according to Fig. 6a .

Fig. 6d

schematically a sectional view taken along the line DD of Fig. 6c .

Fig. 7a

a schematic and perspective plan view of one in the grate housing according to the Fig. 6a to 6d rotatably mounted grate plate together with grate cone executed as rust pyramid,

Fig. 7b

a schematic plan view of the grate plate according to Fig. 7a .

Fig. 7c

a schematic sectional view taken along the line EE of Fig. 7b .

Fig. 7d

a side view of the grate plate according to Fig. 7a .

Fig. 7e

an enlarged detail of the detail C according to Fig. 7d .

Fig. 7f

an enlarged detail of the detail D of Fig. 7f .

Fig. 7g

a schematic and perspective view of the arranged on the turntable underside cuff,

Fig. 7h

a schematic and perspective plan view of a bent as cover member having Mitnehmerschaufel,

Fig. 7i

a schematic plan view of the grate plate without attached grate cone,

Fig. 8a

a schematic and perspective view of trained as a rust pyramid grate cone,

Fig. 8b

a plan view of the grate cone according to Fig. 8b .

Fig. 9

a schematic representation of the interior of the reactor in the region of the ash discharge opening, shown as a sectional view,

Fig. 9a

an optional embodiment of the grate plate edge region with vertical webs,

Fig. 10a

FIG. 2 a schematic side view of a tower-like agitator mounted on the grate cone tip, FIG.

Fig. 10b

a schematic longitudinal section through the tower-like agitator,

Fig. 10c

a detailed perspective view of a head-tower segment together with circumferentially spaced Eingießlaschen,

Fig. 10d

a detailed perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the stirring ball,

Fig. 10e

a detailed perspective view of an intermediate or base tower segment,

Fig. 10f

a perspective view of the grate cone together with mounting plate,

Fig. 10g

FIG. 2 a schematic representation of a tower-type agitator fluidly coupled to a core air nozzle in the region of an oxidation zone, FIG.

Fig. 10h

one for the design Fig. 10g alternative embodiment with an exemplary embodiment of a core-air-side held agitating ball,

Fig. 10i

a development of the embodiment according to Fig. 10h with additional agitator.

In the Fig. 1a schematically and exemplarily shows a perspective plan view of an exemplary embodiment of a fixed bed reactor 1 according to the invention for the gasification of fuels, such as biomass. The Fig. 1b shows a side view of the fixed bed reactor 1 according to Fig. 1a and the Fig. 1c shows a schematic sectional view taken along the line AA Fig. 1b ,

Like the synopsis of this Fig. 1a to 1c can be removed, the fixed bed reactor on a reactor interior 2, in which a subsequently described in more detail and designed as a rotary grate grate plate 3 together with grate 4, here the bottom side, is arranged. The grate plate 3 together with grate cone 4 is rotatably mounted in or on a connected to the reactor 1 in the manner described in more detail below grate housing 5 and rotatably driven by means of a grate drive.

On the grate plate 3 together with grate 4 of the metered into the reactor interior 2 and to be gasified fuel, which is not shown here, as a fixed bed.

A reactor inner wall 6 of the reactor interior 2 is here, which in particular also the synopsis of Fig. 1c . 4a and 5a can be removed, formed by a multi-part reactor lining 7 made of a refractory material, for example a dense fire concrete. This reactor lining 7 here by way of example comprises an upper ring part 8 (FIG. Fig. 5b ), which has a part of a side wall forming the upper side wall portion 9 and a top wall portion 10, in which an insertion opening 11 for a following even closer described muffle tube 12 is formed. Furthermore, this upper ring part 8, as shown in particular from Fig. 5a it can be seen, two diametrically opposed gas outlet 13.

The reactor lining 7 furthermore has a lower ring part 14 (FIG. Fig. 5c ), which has a downwardly stepwise tapered lower side wall portion 15 and also forms a grate opening 16 on its underside.

How this in particular from the synopsis of Fig. 1c . 4a and 5a It can be seen, an upper reactor inner wall region over its entire extent in Hochachsenrichtung seen formed substantially equal diameter, while a down to the upper reactor inner wall portion 17 in Hochachsenrichtung downward (and here only by way of example by the lower ring member 14 formed) lower reactor inner wall region 18 to the grate opening 16 and thus to the grate plate 3 down (here conical example) narrows, with the largest bottleneck and thus the largest constriction in the region of the grate opening 16 is located.

As this particular from the Fig. 1c and also from the Fig. 9 can be seen, this narrowed lower reactor inner wall region 18 then has a defined small distance d to the grate cone 4, for example of the order of 10 to 15 cm, which has an advantageous effect on the material flow in the reactor interior 2. How this in particular the Fig. 9 can be removed, the grate plate 3 is here so spaced apart in the vertical axis direction below the narrowed lower reactor inner wall portion 18 in the region of the grate opening 16, the between the narrowed lower reactor inner wall portion 18 and the grate plate 3 with respect to the reactor interior 2 side ash discharge opening 19th is trained.

How this further the synopsis of Fig. 1c . 4a and 5a can be removed, the reactor lining 7 on the outer wall side along the upper and lower side wall portions 9, 15 a this sheathing insulating layer 20 as an outer reactor Ausmauerungsschicht, which is made for example of a refractory brick. This insulating layer 20 extends as sidewall insulation in the direction of the vertical axis up to a there adjacent ceiling wall insulation 21 and borders here exemplarily from below to this. At the lower end, the insulating layer 20 is widened stepwise on the inside, in order to be fully assembled ( Fig. 4a . 5a ) adapted shape and contour in the outer wall side step-like taper of the lower ring member 14 of the reactor lining 7 intervene. This ensures that the insulating layer 20 at the lower reactor area into the connection area of the grate housing 5 (FIG. Fig. 1c ) extends into it.

The insulating layer 20 here thus forms an outer reactor lining layer of the reactor lining 7, while the upper ring part 8 and the lower ring part 14 form an inner reactor lining layer. It should be expressly mentioned at this point that the upper and lower ring part 8, 14 can also be formed in one piece and / or of the same material.

The outer side wall of the reactor lining formed here by the insulating layer 20 by way of example, but having a cylindrical shape here by way of example only, is encased in a system connection, ie without or without an essential gap spacing, by a reactor housing 22 (FIG. Fig. 1c and 4a ), the structure of which, in particular in connection with the Fig. 4b to 4d can be seen in more detail.

Thus, the reactor housing 22 has a lateral jacket section 23, which at its upper end region, viewed in the direction of the vertical axis, has a reactor housing flange 24 which peripherally revolves, this lateral jacket section 23 of the reactor housing 22 being guided so far upwards (FIG. Fig. 1c . 4a ), that this surrounds the ceiling wall insulation 21 edge side in such a way that the connection plane of the reactor housing flange 24 is aligned approximately flush with an upper surface of the ceiling wall insulation 21. This ceiling wall insulation 21 may be formed for example by a ceramic fiber material.

Here, the lateral jacket section 23 of the reactor housing 22 has recesses 25 substantially immediately below the connection plane of the reactor housing connecting flange 24, which are the gas outlet openings 13 of the upper ring member 8, which are exemplarily and preferably diametrically opposed, and also the gas outlet openings 13 associated recesses 26 of the insulating layer 20 are assigned. How this in particular from the synopsis of Fig. 1c . 4d and 5a can be seen, these recesses 25 of the lateral jacket portion 23 of the reactor housing 22 and the recesses 26 of the insulating layer 20, for example, each have a larger diameter than the gas outlet 13 of the upper ring part 8. The gas outlet 13 together with the respective associated recesses 25, 26 form here a gas outlet or gas discharge channel opening into a gas collection chamber 27 of the reactor interior 2 into which a gas exhaust pipe 28 (FIG. Fig. 1c . Fig. 4d ) can be used. By compared to the gas outlet openings larger diameter recesses 25, 26, the tube can be sheathed into the insulating layer 20 of the reactor lining 7 with a prepared, for example, a ceramic fiber pipe insulation 29, which then by the reactor housing side recesses 25 and through the insulating layer side recesses 26 extends therethrough to an inner reactor lining layer forming upper ring member 8, whereby a specific and precisely tuned, optimized isolation of the gas exhaust pipe 28 can be ensured. Alternatively, however, can also be dispensed with such a solution and thus does not need the pipe insulation 29 protrude into the insulation layer, but can flush with the housing 23.

As this in particular from the Fig. 4b to 4c it can be seen, the reactor housing 22 further comprises a lower, bottom-side housing portion 30 which surrounds the reactor lining 7 at the lower end portion of the reactor up to the grate opening 16 formed there and there has a connection area for the grate housing 5 described in more detail below. At this the grate opening 16 of the reactor interior 2 associated lower housing portion 30 of the reactor housing 22, an annular strip member 31 is supported, specifically at one of the grate opening 16 associated opening edge region of the bottom reactor housing opening 32 (FIGS. Fig. 4d ).

As shown in particular from a detailed representation Fig. 9 it can be seen, this strip element 31 is in the assembled state of the reactor housing 22 at the associated grate opening edge portion 33 of the narrowed, lower reactor inner wall portion 18, preferably in a system connection, wherein the strip member 31, the grate opening edge portion 33 in As seen in the vertical axis direction z, it projects downwards and, in order to form the lateral ash discharge opening 19, has a defined gap distance from the grate plate 3 in the direction of the vertical axis.

The strip element, which is preferably formed from a steel material, in particular a hot or high-temperature steel material, has a tooth-shaped grinding and / or cutting structure 34 on its free bottom end region facing the grate plate 3, which together with the rotatably mounted grate plate 3, in particular with one here By way of example also tooth-shaped grinding and / or cutting structure 35 of a grate plate edge portion 36, a grinder is formed.

How this continues Fig. 4a to d , the Figure 5 and the Fig. 9 can be removed, the reactor housing 22 has a projecting from the lower housing portion 30 of the reactor housing 22 down reactor wall portion 37, the reactor-side grate opening 16 and the there arranged strip element 31 to form a to the side (and here substantially vertically aligned ) Ascheaustragöffnung 19 subsequent lateral ash discharge shaft with a defined gap distance annularly encloses.

The grate plate edge region 36 may optionally, as in the Fig. 9a only extremely schematically shown, there only in sections circulating and in Hochachsenrichtung upwardly projecting, preferably also strip-shaped trained, web element 32a (that is, in a sectional arrangement a plurality of spaced apart web elements), seen in grate plate radial direction in a defined gap distance behind the downwardly projecting strip element 31 is guided in the vertical axis direction upwards, in particular in such a way is guided upward that the web element 32a, the strip element 31 engages behind with a defined gap distance. The upper free end has a defined predetermined gap distance to a lower reactor wall area, so that the ash discharge shaft 38 is curved in this area or runs like a labyrinth. The web elements 32a are here exemplified as separate components which are placed from above on the grate plate 3 and connected thereto.

This reactor wall section 37 is to guide the side ash discharge shaft also so far down in the vertical axis direction shown that he overlooks the edge portion 36 of the grate plate 3 viewed in the vertical axis direction down and that, as already stated, seen transversely to the vertical axis direction, a defined Gap distance to the edge region 36 of the grate plate 3 has.

The reactor wall section 37 further has a Wandabschnittflansch 39, to which the grate housing 5 is fixed by means of a correspondingly associated Rostgehäuseflansches 40, optionally with the interposition of a sealing element 41. The determination is carried out here, for example, by means of a plurality of reactor housing side arranged and in the circumferential direction of flange spaced-apart quick-release connections 42. Alternatively, a screw with slots can be provided. This can then improve the positioning of the grate housing and thus the ash discharge screw.

As this further in particular from the Fig. 9 can be seen, at least one ignition opening 43 open in the region of the reactor wall portion 37, can be ignited on the means of an ignition and control device 44 not shown here. There are preferably provided a plurality of such ignition openings 43 distributed over the circumference.

Like this further in particular the Fig. 4b can be removed, the reactor wall portion 37 of the reactor housing is also preferably stiffened with a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart ribs 46. Likewise, we thereby stiffened the lower housing portion 30.

The grate housing flange 40 connected to the reactor wall section 37 or to the wall section flange 39 is connected to a grate housing sidewall section 47 (cf. Fig. 6a to 6d ), which laterally delimits a trough-like grate housing 5.

At this grate housing side wall portion a plurality of circumferentially spaced roller bearings 49 is arranged, the rotatably mounted grate plate 3 in its rotation from below in a peripheral side Rostteller area 48 (see Fig. 7c ). This marginal Rosttellerbereich 48 can, as in the Fig. 9 is shown only schematically and by way of example, be formed by a grate plate wall portion 50 projecting downwardly from the grate plate edge region 36. Optionally, the arrangement of the roller bearings 49 but also so that they are directly and directly supported on the underside of the grate plate 3. However, a further advantage of this downwardly projecting grate plate wall section 50 is that it also advantageously braces or stiffens the grate plate 3.

As this further in particular from the Fig. 7c and 7d it can be seen, a plurality of circumferentially spaced from each other and starting from a central region radially outward to about the grate plate edge region 36 guided Mitnehmerschaufeln 51 is arranged, wherein the Mitnehmerschaufeln at the radially outer, free end side end of a bearing recess 52, which is penetrated by the roller bearings 49 during rotation of the grate plate (see in particular Fig. 9 ).

The Mitnehmerschaufeln 51 are here exemplified substantially plate-shaped and protrude viewed in the vertical axis direction down from the bottom of the grate plate 3, wherein they also have a plurality of recesses 53.

To stiffen the Mitnehmerschaufeln 51 may also be provided with stiffening ribs 54, which here have a substantially triangular shape and can be supported on the Mitnehmerschaufel 51 itself and on the other hand also on the underside of the grate plate 3.

The grate plate 3 also has, as this particular from the Fig. 7i It can be seen that the grate plate 3 without patch grate cone 4 shows a plurality of circumferentially spaced and emanating from a central region radiating radially outward to the edge portion 36 of the grate plate 3 guided expansion slots 55 on here two examples with circular Extensions 56 are provided to prevent cracking.

These expansion slots 55 are from below by means of a Mitnehmerschaufelseitigen fold 57 (see Fig. 7h ), which abut in a system connection on the underside of the grate plate 3 and are fixed only on one side of the expansion slot 55, with respect to its direction of longitudinal extension, for example by means of a screw connection 58 (shown here only symbolically). Fig. 7h ) are fixed on one side of the respective associated expansion slot 55. In order for a reliable coverage of the expansion slots 55 is achieved without the function of the expansion slots 55 is affected as such, as would be the case with a connection of the folds 57 on opposite sides of an expansion slot 55.

As further in particular from the synopsis of FIGS. 1c . 7c, 7d and 7f it can be seen is at the bottom of the grate plate 3 to a drive shaft 59 (see Fig. 1c ) of a rust drive, a cylindrical sleeve 60 is arranged, which has a plurality of circumferentially spaced air outlet openings 61 on its jacket. For example, in the Fig. 6a and 6d Air supply device 60a shown only schematically can then open into the area of cuff 60. The air supplied via this air supply device 60a when required (or any other suitable gas) then flows through the cuff side air outlet openings circumferentially distributed and then further along the underside of the grate plate 3 to the edge region 36 of the grate plate 3 and thus to a second oxidation zone forming ash discharge opening 19.

In the Fig. 7g the cuff 60 is shown in a unique position for clarity.

As this further in particular from the Fig. 6a to 6d it can be seen, the grate housing 5 has a bottom, grate ash outlet opening 62, to which a grate ash tray 63 connects downwards in which, for example, a not shown here in detail ash removal screw is added to the means of the Mitnehmerschaufeln 51 in the rostschäuseseitigen ash discharge shaft 63 to be able to discharge subsidized ash. In the figures, only the ash discharge shaft-side screw housing 65 is shown here. The ash discharge chute 63 is merely here designed as an example square and can of course be designed around. This results in the possibility of aligning the ash screw via two pivot points (grate housing and ash discharge shaft) at any point to the ash collection screw.

Like this further from in particular the Fig. 6b it can be seen, the grate housing 5 may be stiffened on its outside with reinforcing profiles 64.

Like this from the Fig. 7a, 7c, 7d and especially from the Fig. 8a and 8b It can be seen, the grate cone 4 is formed here as a pyramid pyramid with a plurality of pyramid corners 66 adjacent pyramid side surfaces 67, wherein the respect to the Hochachsenrichtung the Pyramidenspitze out obliquely above and inside running pyramid side surfaces 67 on its the grate plate 3 facing bottom a substantially vertically downwards have kinking pyramid side surface area 68, the distance d (compare Fig. 9 ) in the region of the lateral ash discharge opening 19 of the reactor interior 2, in particular in such a way that in this lower rust-side region of the reactor interior 2, a substantially uniform circumferential cross-section in the substantially rectangular gap region is formed.

These vertically kinking pyramid side surface portions 68 may be bent at its lower end portion in turn by about 90 ° and form a fastening tab or a centering 69, by means of which the grate cone 4 can be easily aligned and placed in the desired manner between the stainless steel cover plates 70.

As this further only schematically and by way of example in the Fig. 7d can be arranged on the top of the grate plate edge side and circumferentially spaced distribution bars 71 may be arranged, of which only one example is shown here and can cause a good mixing of the material when turning the grate plate 3.

Alternatively, as shown in the FIGS. 10a to 10f is shown, for a particularly advantageous mixing of the material in the reactor interior 2, in particular in the interior of the muffle tube 12, also a tower-like agitator 92 the cone tip 93 of the grate cone 4 may be provided, for example there as a separate component on a, a flattened cone tip 93 forming mounting plate 98 mounted and secured ( Fig. 10f ).

The tower-like agitator 92 is formed by a tower body 99, which at its the cone apex 93 facing away from the free end carries a spherical and / or the tower body 99 laterally projecting stirring ball 94. The stirring ball has a structured surface, wherein for this purpose it is preferably provided that the surface has a plurality of edges 105 as structural elements. Specifically, the edges 105 are formed on the agitating ball 104 so that they form a stirring ball 104 with a pyramidal structure, which has only here, for example, a plurality of upper, pyramidal side surfaces 107 opening into a pyramidal tip 106, to the vertically downwardly oriented pyramid side walls 108 connect, protrude from the turn obliquely set Pyramidenteilseitenflächen 109 down and inwards toward the tower body 99 out.

The stirring ball 94 may be made of any suitable material, but is preferably made of a castable material, particularly concrete, such that an upper mounting region of the tower body 99 is anchored in the stirring ball 94 by pouring. For this purpose, it is preferably provided that the upper attachment region of the tower body 99 is formed by a plurality of spaced-apart Eingießlaschen 100, as shown in the Fig. 10c shown, can be angled in different directions.

Particularly preferably, the tower-like agitator 92 has a multi-part and composed of a plurality of interconnected tower segments 101, 102, 103 tower body 99. An upper head tower segment 103 facing the stirring ball 94 then carries the stirring ball 94 in this case.

Irrespective of its segment-like configuration, the tower body 99 of the tower-like agitator 92 can carry at least one agitating blade 97 projecting laterally from it, wherein it preferably carries a plurality of agitating blades 97 which are spaced apart from one another in the vertical axis direction and in the circumferential direction.

The three exemplary Turmsegemente 101, 102, 103 here each have at least one, here two diametrically opposite, receiving opening (s) 95, in particular in the form of a receiving slot, through which in each case an agitator blade 97 in the tower body 99 plugged, in particular form - and contour fitting pluggable, is. How this in particular from the synopsis of Fig. 10b and 10e shows the stirring blades 97 engage in the inserted state formed as a U-shaped retaining element 96 of the respective lower axis in the direction of the underlying tower segment 101, 102 and are fixed there, for example by welding.

The tower segments 101, 102, 103 are each formed by a cylindrical and in cross-section polygonal piece of pipe, wherein a lower base tower segment 101 and an intermediate tower segment 102 forming tower segments 101, 102 closed by a substantially transversely aligned to the vertical axis direction intermediate plate 104 gas-tight are. This intermediate plate 104 is arranged in each case in an upper end region of the tower segments 101, 102 viewed in the direction of the vertical axis and carries the holding element 96 formed by a U-profile.

Even if this is in the 10a to 10f is no longer explicitly shown, the remaining grate structure corresponds to the previously or also described below structure, that is, in the 10a to 10f shown grate cone 4 with attached tower-like agitator 92 can of course be used instead of the grate cone shown there. It should also be mentioned at this point that the grate cone used in conjunction with a tower-like agitator can of course also have any other shape, for example smooth-walled without edges.

As this is schematic and dashed also in the Fig. 1c is shown, the tower-like agitator 92 extends with its free end, which is preferably formed by the stirring ball 94, in the interior of the muffle tube 12 to about the height of the air inlet openings 76 and / or to just below the free end of the core air 84 and thus up to the area of the oxidation zone, which has a particularly advantageous effect on practical operation.

How this in particular from the synopsis of Fig. 1c and 4a It can be seen that the muffle tube 12, based on the reactor high-axis direction z, guided in such a manner from above into the reactor interior 2, that this opens with a lower Muffelrohrendbereich 72 above the grate cone 4 and thus above the grate plate 3 in the reactor interior, said lower muffle tube end portion 72 projects as a free Muffelrohrendbereich spaced from the reactor inner wall 6 in the reactor interior 2, so that the upper reactor inner wall portion 17 surrounds the lower, free Muffelrohrendbereich 72 with a defined gap distance such that between the lower, free Muffelrohrendbereich 72 and the upper reactor inner wall portion 17 of the annular, around the lower, free Muffelrohrendbereich 72 circumferential gas collection chamber 27 is formed, in which, as described above, the gas outlet openings 13 and the gas exhaust pipes 28 open.

Particularly advantageous in this context is an embodiment in which, as exemplified and schematically in the Fig. 10g 1, a stirring ball 94 arranged at the free end of the tower-like agitator 92 is fluidically coupled in such a way that a free end 84a of the fixedly arranged core air nozzle 84 is defined with a defined core air-jet nozzle 84 guided centrally or centrally into the interior of the muffle tube 12 Gap distance is received in a designed as a core air nozzle-mouth duct core air nozzle opening portion 94b substantially contour and contour adapted. This ensures that the agitator 92 is still rotatable relative to the core air nozzle 84. Like in the Fig. 10g Furthermore, a guide element 84b may be provided on the core air nozzle 84 in the region of the orifice-side orifice opening, which possibly conducts air flowing back through the gap 84c into the desired region of the oxidation zone.

The stirring ball 94 further has an air space 94c into which the core air nozzle 84 and the core air nozzle-opening channel open and branch off from the several circumferentially spaced flow channels 94a. As further shown, the stirring ball 94 in the region of these flow channels 94a a defined predetermined distance, in particular a distance of 200mm to 400mm, most preferably of about 300mm, from the surrounding muffle tube 12 together with the there opening air inlet openings 76, thereby forming an optimized oxidation zone is.

Alternatively or additionally, the air supply into the air space 94 c but also from the grate side or by the agitator 92, for example, through the tower segments 101, 102 and 103 through the air space 94c done, for example, such that a in the Fig. 10g schematically indicated air supply channel 92a on the rust side through the grate drive shaft, coming from outside the reactor, is led to the air space 94c.

Next alternatively, as in the Fig. 10h illustrated, but also be provided that the Kernluftdüse 84 laterally projecting and formed by a stirring ball 94 limiting element with the core air nozzle end portion 84a is firmly connected, in particular, as here expressly exemplified, such that the core air nozzle end portion 84a in the Stirring ball 94 is anchored by pouring. An integral training or a different definition is possible in principle.

The stirring ball 94 may then be rotationally driven together with, for example, the core air nozzle 84.

According to a development of the embodiment according to Fig. 10h can, as in the Fig. 10i Furthermore, it can also be provided that the stirring ball 94 carries a tower-like agitator 92 projecting downwards in the reactor vertical axis direction, so that the tower-like agitator 92 together with the stirring ball 94 and the core air nozzle 84, relative to the reactor vertical axis direction, is suspended from above in the fixed bed reactor 1. In this case, the tower-like agitator 92 seen in reactor high axis direction can extend arbitrarily and in particular without connection down to the grate area, for example, extend approximately into the area above the grate cone 4, not shown here.

Like in the Fig. 1c and 4a drawn only extremely schematically, the lower Muffelrohrendbereich 72 also has a there at least partially, preferably completely, encircling Muffelrohrkamm 72a or forms such, wherein the Muffelrohrkamm 72a has a plurality of spaced apart and / or downwardly projecting comb teeth.

Like this further from the Fig. 1c and 4a is apparent, the upper reactor inner wall portion 17, over its entire extent in the vertical axis direction Seen, the same diameter formed and extends this approximately to the height of the mouth opening of the free, lower Muffelrohrendbereiches 72. There then closes the lower and the grate opening or to the grate plate 3 narrowing, here conically tapering example, inner wall region 18 of the reactor ,

The muffle tube outer wall 73 of the lower Muffelrohrendbereichs 72, which forms part of the plenum 27 is formed in the region of the gas collection chamber 27 of the same diameter, so that there is an annular circumferential, in cross-section substantially rectangular gas collecting space.
Also, a muffle tube inner wall 74 of the muffle tube 12 is preferably formed over the entire muffle tube length of the same diameter, that is formed without a diameter jump or without edges and steps, which helps to ensure a muffelrohrseitig unimpeded material flow.

The muffle tube inner wall 74 of the muffle tube 12 is formed by a one-piece or multi-part muffle tube lining 75, which has a plurality of circumferentially spaced air inlet openings 76 in an upper region. These air inlet openings 76 are arranged on the muffle tube 12 that these in the assembled state of the muffle tube ( Fig. 1c . Fig. 4a ) are arranged outside the reactor 1 or in a muffle tube region lying in the vertical axis direction z above a reactor ceiling wall region 10.

The muffle wall lining 75 is also outside wall side at least partially, that is sheathed in the example shown here in the region of its side wall of a muffle tube housing 77 ( Fig. 3a to 3d ), wherein the air inlet openings 76 of the muffle tube lining 75 open in a muffle tube housing side and with air (or any other suitable gas) can be charged muffle tube housing air channel 78, such that in the air duct 78 incoming air (or any other suitable gas) circumferentially distributed flows through the air inlet openings 76 in the muffle tube 12. In this case, in the air inlet openings 76 air inlet tubes 79 (see Fig. 3a and 3c ) be used. By means of such muffle tube-side air supply via the air channel 78 and the circumferentially distributed air inlet openings 76, a suitable air supply into the oxidation zone of the muffle tube 12 is made possible in a simple manner.

The muffle tube lining may be made of the same material as the reactor lining 7.

The muffle tube housing 77 is preferably made of a high-temperature steel material, which, as in particular from the Fig. 3a and 3c in conjunction with the FIGS. 1c and 4a it can be seen extending over the entire muffle tube length.

As this further in particular from the Fig. 3a and 3b can be seen, the muffle tube 12 and the muffle tube housing 77 has an annular circumferential muffle tube flange 80 which is connectable to the reactor housing flange 24.

This muffle tube flange 80 is further coupled with the muffle tube housing air channel 78 in a heat-transmitting or heat-conducting manner, so that this muffle tube flange 80 or a muffle tube housing region connected thereto is cooled by the air flowing into the muffle tube housing air channel 78. Likewise, this incoming air is also preheated by the heat output from the heated muffle tube housing 77. On the other hand, the flange connection between the muffle tube 12, on the one hand, and the reactor housing 22, on the other hand, can thus advantageously be designed such that a hot spot or overheating is simply avoided there. This flange connection can thus be arranged in a maintenance and service-friendly manner freely accessible outside the reactor 1, as shown in the exemplary embodiment. The muffle tube flange 80 which can be fixed on the reactor housing side is thus arranged here in the direction of the vertical axis, preferably in approximately an upper to middle muffle tube region (see in particular FIG Fig. 3d In addition, for stiffening the muffle tube flange, in particular in the Fig. 3a , in the Fig. 3b and in the Fig. 3d shown, stiffening ribs 81 may be provided.

As further from the synopsis of Fig. 1c as well as the Fig. 2a and 2b it can be seen, the muffle tube 12 has an upper muffle tube opening 83 at its subsection projecting beyond the reactor in the direction of the vertical axis (compare also FIG Fig. 4 ), on which a coupled with a fuel metering device and equipped with a Kernluftdüse 84 cylindrical head portion 85, the upper muffle tube opening 83 closes lid-like, is placed.

This head part has ( Fig. 1c ) a merging into the muffle tube cavity 86 and connected to the muffle tube cavity head portion cavity 87 into which a coupled with a fuel metering device, not shown here Zudosdieröffnung 88 opens laterally. By contrast, the core air nozzle 84 protrudes into the head part 85 approximately vertically downwards from a top part of the head part.

The head portion 85 is preferably made of a sheet metal material and has at its lower end a headboard flange 89 which is connectable to a second, upper muffle tube flange 82 of the muffle tube.

In addition, the head part cavity 87 can widen conically downwards towards the muffle tube cavity 86, in particular in such a way that the head part cavity 87 has the same diameter, ie without a diameter jump or without a step or without an edge and thus essentially "smooth". merges into the muffle tube cavity 86.

The header flange 89 may in turn be stiffened with stiffening ribs 90.

The metered addition of the biomass or fuels to be gasified, for example via a metering screw, which is not shown here, which promotes a given amount of fuel through the metering opening 88 in the head part 85 at predetermined times, from where the material on the muffle tube 12 in the reactor interior 2 passes and is gasified.

As this continues from the Fig. 1c It can be seen that the part of the muffle tube 12 projecting outwards beyond the reactor 1 is completely surrounded by a heat insulation 91 together with the head part 85 connected thereto, namely, as is further apparent from FIG Fig. 1c It will be appreciated that the thermal insulation 91 extends upwardly from a lower muffle tube flange 80 connected to the reactor housing flange 24.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

Fixed Bed Reactor

2

Reactor interior

3

stainless plate

4

stainless cone

5

stainless housing

6

Reactor internal wall

7

Reactor lining

8th

upper ring part

9

upper side wall section

10

Cover wall portion

11

Through opening

12

muffle tube

13

Gasauslassöfffnungen

14

lower ring part

15

lower side wall section

16

stainless opening

17

upper reactor inner wall area

18

lower reactor inner wall area

19

lateral ash discharge opening

20

damp course

21

Ceiling wall insulation

22

reactor housing

23

lateral jacket section

24

Reactor housing flange

25

recesses

26

recesses

27

Gas collection space

28

Gas vent pipe

29

pipe insulation

30

lower housing section

31

bar item

32

Reactor housing opening

32a

web element

33

Stainless opening margin

34

Grinding and / or cutting structure

35

Grinding and / or cutting structure

36

Stainless plate edge area

37

Reactor wall section

38

Ascheaustragschacht

39

Wall section flange

40

Stainless housing flange

41

sealing element

42

Quick release connection

43

ignition opening

44

Ignition and control device

45

air

46

ribs

47

Stainless housing side wall section

48

Randseitig Rosttellerbereich

49

roller bearing

50

Stainless plate-wall portion

51

entrainment

52

bearing recess

53

recesses

54

stiffening ribs

55

expansion slots

56

circular extension

57

fold

58

screw

59

drive shaft

60

cuff

60a

air supply

61

Air outlet openings

62

Stainless housing Ascheaustragöffnung

63

Stainless housing Ascheaustragschacht

64

reinforcing profiles

65

snail shell

66

pyramid corners

67

Pyramid faces

68

vertical kinking pyramid side surface area

69

Centering / mounting tab

70

Cover plate

71

distribution bar

72

lower muffle tube end area

72a

Muffle tube comb

73

Muffle tube outer wall

74

Muffle tube inner wall

75

Muffle tube-lining

76

Air intake openings

77

Muffle tube housing

78

air duct

79

Air intake pipes

80

Muffle tube flange

81

stiffening ribs

82

Upper muffle tube flange

83

upper muffle tube opening

84

Kernluftdüse

84a

free end

84b

vane

84c

gap

85

headboard

86

Muffle tube cavity

87

Headboard Hohlraüm

88

Zudosieröffnung

89

Head flange

90

stiffening ribs

91

thermal insulation

92

tower-like agitator

93

apex

94

stirring ball

94a

flow channels

94b

Core air nozzle mouth area

94c

airspace

95

receiving slots

96

U-profile as a holding element

97

impellers

98

mounting plate

99

tower body

100

Eingießlaschen

101

Basic tower segment

102

Intermediate tower segment

103

Head tower segment

104

intermediate plate

105

Stirring ball-edge

106

Pyramidenspitze

107

Pyramid faces

108

Pyramid sidewalls

109

Pyramid faces

Claims (22)

1. Fixed bed reactor for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass,
   having a reactor interior (2),
   having at least one fuel-metering device for metering fuel to be gasified into the reactor interior (2),
   having a grate (3) which is arranged in the reactor interior (2) and on which the fuel which is metered into the reactor interior (2) and is to be gasified lies as a fixed bed,
   having at least one air-feeding device for feeding air into the reactor interior (2), and
   having at least one gas outlet (13) for removing the gas generated in the reactor interior (2) from the reactor interior (2),
   wherein a muffle pipe (12) is conducted, with respect to the reactor vertical axis direction, into the reactor interior (2) from above in such a way that it opens into the reactor interior (2) by a lower muffle pipe end region (72) above the grate (3),
   wherein the lower muffle pipe end region (72), as a free muffle pipe end region, protrudes into the reactor interior (2) at a spacing from a reactor inner wall (6), wherein an upper reactor inner wall region (17), as viewed in the vertical axis direction, surrounds the lower, free muffle pipe end region (72) with a defined gap spacing in such a way that a gas-collecting space (27) which extends annularly at least in certain regions around the lower, free muffle pipe end region (72) is formed between the lower, free muffle pipe end region (72) and the upper reactor inner wall region (17), into which gas-collecting space the at least one gas outlet (13) opens,
   characterized
   in that the lower muffle pipe end region (72) has or forms a muffle pipe comb (72a) which extends around there at least in certain regions, preferably completely, and which has a plurality of spaced-apart and/or downwardly projecting comb teeth.
2. Fixed bed reactor according to Claim 1, characterized in that wherein there is preferably provision that, as viewed in the vertical axis direction, the reactor inner wall (6), and hence the reactor interior (2), narrow downwardly towards the grate (3) or towards a grate opening (16), in a lower reactor inner wall region (18), wherein an ash discharge opening (19) arranged laterally with respect to the reactor interior (2) is formed between this narrowed lower reactor inner wall region (18) and the grate (3).
3. Fixed bed reactor according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a muffle pipe inner wall (74) is formed with the same diameter as viewed over the entire muffle pipe length, and/or in that a muffle pipe outer wall (73), which forms a constituent part of the gas-collecting space (27), of the free, lower muffle pipe end region (72) which protrudes into the reactor interior (2) is formed with the same diameter as viewed over its entire extent in the vertical axis direction.
4. Fixed bed reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the upper reactor inner wall region (17) is formed with the same diameter over its entire extent as viewed in the vertical axis direction and/or extends to the height of the mouth opening of the free, lower muffle pipe end region (72), and
   in that the upper reactor inner wall region (17) is adjoined by the lower (as viewed in the vertical axis direction) reactor inner wall region (18) which narrows towards the grate (3) or towards a grate opening (16), in particular in a step-like and/or conical manner, the ash discharge opening (19) arranged laterally with respect to the reactor interior (2) being formed between said reactor inner wall region and the grate (3).
5. Fixed bed reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the reactor inner wall (6) is formed by a single- or multi-part reactor lining (7).
6. Fixed bed reactor according to Claim 5, characterized in that the reactor lining (7) has a reactor cover wall region (10) which has a plug-through opening (11) for the free, lower muffle pipe end region (72) which is accommodated in the reactor interior (2), on which region the muffle pipe (12) is supported and/or secured either directly or indirectly with the interposition of a cover wall insulation (21) which encloses the muffle pipe (12).
7. Fixed bed reactor according to Claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the reactor lining (7) is enveloped at least in certain regions by a reactor housing (22), in particular is enveloped in a bearing connection.
8. Fixed bed reactor according to Claim 7, characterized in that the reactor housing (22) envelops an outer side wall (20) of the reactor lining (7), and
   in that the reactor lining (7) is further also enveloped by the reactor housing (22) at a lower reactor end region up to a grate opening (16) formed there and has there a connection region for a grate housing (5) which bears and/or holds the grate (3).
9. Fixed bed reactor according to Claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the reactor housing (22) has, at an upper reactor housing end region as viewed in the vertical axis direction, at least one reactor housing flange (24) which preferably extends around the edge and which is connected to a correspondingly assigned muffle pipe flange (80) which preferably likewise extends around the edge, preferably in such a way that the reactor housing (22) surrounds a cover wall insulation (21) at the edge in such a way that the connection plane of the at least one reactor housing flange (24) is oriented approximately surface-flush with an upper side of the cover wall insulation (21), and is connected to the correspondingly assigned at least one muffle pipe flange (80) which is conducted radially outwardly away from the muffle pipe (12).
10. Fixed bed reactor according to one of Claims 5 to 9, characterized in that the reactor lining (7) is formed by an inner reactor lining layer, which forms the reactor inner wall (6), and an insulating layer (20), which envelops said layer, as side wall insulation and outer reactor lining layer, in particular in such a way that the insulating layer (20) extends between the outer side wall of the inner reactor lining layer and a side wall region of the reactor housing (22) upwardly in the vertical axis direction up to a cover wall insulation (21) which adjoins there, and
    in that the inner reactor lining layer at the lower reactor region tapers downwardly on the outer wall side, in particular tapers in a step-like manner and/or conically, with the result that the insulating layer (20) at the lower reactor region extends into the connection region for a grate housing (5) which bears and/or holds the grate (3).
11. Fixed bed reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a muffle pipe inner wall (74) of the muffle pipe (12) is formed by a single- or multi-part muffle pipe lining (75) which, in a muffle pipe region situated outside the reactor (1), in particular in a muffle pipe region situated in the vertical axis direction above a reactor cover wall (10) of the reactor (1), has at least one air inlet opening (76) which forms a constituent part of the air-feeding device and which opens into the muffle pipe (12) in order to feed air to the muffle pipe (12).
12. Fixed bed reactor according to Claim 11, characterized in that the muffle pipe lining (75) is surrounded on the outer wall side at least in certain regions by a muffle pipe housing (77), and
    in that the muffle pipe lining (75) has a plurality of air inlet openings (76) which are spaced apart in the circumferential direction, are arranged at least in certain regions around the muffle pipe circumference and open on the outer wall side into a muffle pipe housing air duct (78) which is formed on the muffle pipe housing side and which can be charged with air, in such a way that air flowing into the air duct (78) flows into the muffle pipe (12) in a circumferentially distributed manner via the air inlet openings (76).
13. Fixed bed reactor according to Claim 12, characterized in that the muffle pipe (12) is connected by means of at least one muffle pipe flange (80) to the reactor (1), in particular to a correspondingly assigned flange (24) of a reactor housing (22) of the reactor (1), and
    in that the at least one muffle pipe flange (80) is coupled to the muffle pipe housing air duct (78) in a heat-transmitting and/or heat-conducting manner, in particular in such a way that the muffle pipe flange (80) and/or a muffle pipe housing region connected thereto are or is cooled by the air flowing into the air duct (78) and/or that the air flowing into the air duct (78) is preheated by heat emission from the heated muffle pipe housing (77).
14. Fixed bed reactor according to Claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the muffle pipe housing (77) extends over the outer side wall, preferably approximately over the entire outer side wall, of the muffle pipe lining (75) in such a way that a lower subregion, as viewed in the vertical axis direction, of the muffle pipe housing (77), together with the free, lower muffle pipe end region (72), protrudes into the reactor interior (2), whereas an upper subregion, as viewed in the vertical axis direction, of the muffle pipe housing (77) projects outwardly, in particular upwardly, beyond the reactor (1).
15. Fixed bed reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a lower reactor inner wall region (17), in particular a lower reactor inner wall region (17) which narrows towards the grate (3), has a grate opening (16), and/or in that the grate (3) is mounted and/or held in and/or on a grate housing (5) which is connected to the reactor (1).
16. Fixed bed reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the grate (3) is formed by a grate disc which is rotatably mounted in or on a grate housing (5) connected to the reactor (1) and can be rotationally driven by means of a grate drive, preferably by means of a grate drive which likewise forms a constituent part of the grate device.
17. Fixed bed reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one strip element (31) which extends around the grate opening (16) at least in certain regions and/or at least in certain portions is arranged at a grate opening edge region (33) of the grate opening (16) and projects downwardly beyond the grate opening edge region (33) as viewed in the vertical axis direction and, to form the lateral ash discharge opening (19), has a gap spacing, which is predetermined in a defined manner in the vertical axis direction, from the grate (3), in particular from an edge region (36) of the grate (3).
18. Fixed bed reactor according to Claim 17, characterized in that the at least one strip element (31) is a constituent part of a reactor housing (22), in particular of a reactor housing (22) which envelops a reactor lining (7), which, in the mounted state of the reactor housing (22), bears on the assigned grate opening edge region (33) and/or which is formed on and/or attached to an edge region, which is assigned to the grate opening (16), of a reactor housing opening (32) of the reactor housing (22).
19. Fixed bed reactor according to Claim 17 or 18, characterized in that the at least one strip element (31) is provided, at its free lower end region facing the grate (3), and/or the edge region (36) of the grate (3) that preferably terminates approximately in the region of the downwardly projecting at least one strip element (31) is provided at least in certain regions with a grinding and/or cutting structure (34, 35), in particular with a tooth-like and/or serrated grinding and/or cutting structure.
20. Fixed bed reactor according to one of Claims 17 to 19, characterized in that the grate (3), preferably formed by a rotatable grate disc, has, at its grate disc edge region (36), a web element (32a) which extends around only in certain portions, projects upwardly in the vertical axis direction and, as viewed in the grate disc radial direction, is conducted upwardly in the vertical axis direction at a defined gap spacing behind the downwardly projecting strip element (31), in particular is conducted upwardly in such a way that the web element (32a) engages behind the strip element (31) with a defined gap spacing, wherein there is preferably provision that the upper free end of the web element (32a) has a gap spacing, which is predetermined in a defined manner, from a lower reactor wall region, with the result that the ash discharge shaft (38) is curved or extends in a labyrinth-like manner in this region.
21. Fixed bed reactor according to one of Claims 15 to 20, characterized in that the grate housing (5) is secured to a reactor wall portion (37) which projects downwardly in the vertical axis direction from the reactor (1), in particular from a reactor housing (22) of the reactor (1), and
    in that the reactor wall portion (37) which projects downwardly on the reactor side annularly encloses the reactor-side grate opening (16) and/or a strip element (31) optionally arranged there in order to form a lateral ash discharge shaft (38) with a defined gap spacing that adjoins a lateral ash discharge opening (19) which is preferably oriented substantially vertically.
22. Fixed bed reactor according to Claim 21, characterized in that, in order to form the lateral ash discharge shaft (38), the reactor wall portion (37) which projects downwardly on the reactor side is additionally conducted downwardly in the vertical axis direction to such an extent that it projects downwardly beyond the edge region (36) of the grate (3) and/or that, as viewed transversely with respect to the vertical axis direction, it has a defined gap spacing from the edge region (36) of the grate (3).

Images