EP3034990B1 - Projectile - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a projectile, comprising a projectile casing and disposed therein explosive.

Projectiles of the type in question are brought in a known manner by a launching device to a high speed and then fly unguided and without further drive in the direction of the target. Upon impact with the target or, if the projectile has a tempier device immediately before impingement, the explosive is ignited via a bullet-side igniter. The explosives explode, the bullet shell ruptures, it comes to splintering. This fragmentation can be further enhanced by the fact that bullet casing side, be it on the inside, be it in the casing material itself, be it on the outside, additional fragmentation elements are provided, so that the forming, ring-shaped open fragment cone not only by Hüllmaterialsplitter, but also is formed by the additional introduced splitter elements.

In the case of explosive detonation, the forming splinters experience both a radial velocity component resulting from the detonation and an axial velocity component resulting from the projectile motion. As a result, an annular open splitter cone directed forward at a corresponding angle is formed. In this fragment cone, a large part of the splinters are located in a narrow area of high fragment density, which means that the cone width as such is relatively narrow. The effective range is correspondingly small.

The invention is therefore based on the problem to provide a projectile, which is improved in contrast.

To solve this problem is inventively provided in a projectile of the type mentioned that the shell is designed and / or the explosives arranged or distributed so that at least partially a radial velocity profile of the splinter generated by bursting of the shell with the ignition of the explosive seen in projectile longitudinal direction from front to rear increasing radial velocity.

The projectile is characterized by the fact that the splinters, as viewed in the longitudinal direction, are moved at an ever greater radial speed, and thus therefore increase the radial acceleration from front to back. As a result, since all the splitters have the same axial velocity, the superposed radial velocity component has less influence in the front splitter region than in the rear region. The radial velocity vector increases from front to back. As a result, the total vector of a splitter resulting from the radial and axial components, which is generated in the front shell region, is directed more in the longitudinal direction of the projectile than the resulting vector of a splitter, which is generated in the rear shell region. The splinters thus fly away in the forward floor area at a smaller angle relative to the projectile longitudinal axis as compared to splitter from the rear floor area which fly away at a larger angle relative to the projectile longitudinal axis.

Overall, this results from the adaptation or variation of the radial splitter speed as a function of the axial position in the projectile widening of the fragment cone and thus a more uniform splinter density. US Pat. No. 7,451,704 B1 and US 4,768,440 A have projectiles to the object, wherein splinters are generated, which have a front-to-rear along the projectile longitudinal axis increasing radial velocity. In order to realize such a speed or acceleration profile, different embodiments are conceivable. According to the invention, a decrease in the shell envelope density along the longitudinal axis from front to back is applied at least to the cylindrical part of the projectile which lies close to the eyepiece. The higher the density of the material, the lower the radial acceleration and, consequently, the radial velocity component. According to a first embodiment of the invention, the wall thickness of the casing can be seen from the front to the rear, at least in sections, as viewed in the projectile longitudinal direction. The thicker the shell wall, the lower the radial acceleration, because more mass is to move. Consequently, decreases the shell thickness in the projectile longitudinal direction from front to back, inevitably the splinters generated further forward are accelerated less than the fragments generated further back.

In order to achieve this density variation, the sheath can consist, at least in sections, of two different material layers, one of which has a higher density than the other material layer, the material layer having the higher density decreasing in its thickness in the projectile longitudinal direction and the material layer having the lower density in their strength increases. The material layer having the higher density may for example consist of a heavy metal such as tungsten, or of a tungsten-containing alloy, while the material layer having the lower density consists for example of steel.

Alternatively or in addition to the decrease of the projectile casing wall thickness, according to a further variant of the invention, the quantity of explosive may increase from the front to the rear at least in sections as seen in projectile longitudinal direction. This means that less explosive is provided in the area of the projectile nose in terms of quantity than in the rear projectile area, wherein the explosive increase can be designed linearly, for example. The variation of the amount of explosives also causes the splinters generated in the front area to be accelerated less rapidly than the splinters produced in the rear area.

In order to be able to vary the explosive template as described, a preferably conical filling piece is expediently arranged in the interior of the projectile, lying in the projectile longitudinal axis. This fills a part of the projectile interior, so that inevitably increases the space in which the explosives can be introduced in volume from front to back.

As a further variant relevant to the invention, which may be provided as an alternative or in addition to the decrease of the bullet casing wall thickness and to the increase in the amount of explosive, the Gurney energy of the explosive seen in the projectile longitudinal direction can increase from front to back. The gurney energy of an explosive is a measure of how much a material moved by the detonating explosive is accelerated. If the Gurney energy of the explosive now varies in such a way that the Gurney energy in the region of the projectile tip is smaller than in the rear projectile region, then the acceleration profile varying according to the invention can also be set here.

For example, to accomplish this, the explosive may consist of two different types of explosive, one of which being in the core and the other type of explosive being around the outside of the first type of explosive, and one type of explosive having a higher gurney energy than the other type of explosive. and in the projectile longitudinal direction, the amount of one explosive type increases from front to back and the amount of the other type of explosive decreases from the front to the rear. So there are two different explosive types with different Gurney energy used. The amount of the different types of explosives arranged virtually layered in the interior of the projectile varies such that one explosive type increases quantitatively in the projectile longitudinal direction, while the other explosive type decreases in quantity. This also allows a variation of the radial splitter acceleration over the projectile longitudinal axis can be achieved.

To facilitate splinter formation, the shell can be structured on the inside or outside by means of notches or hookers. These notches or grooves form quasi predetermined breaking points, along which preferably bursts the projectile casing when igniting the explosive.

Furthermore, on the inside of the casing or in the casing material even in the region in which the velocity profile is given, additional splitter elements which comprise loose splinters or which themselves burst into splinters may be arranged. It is conceivable, for example, the arrangement of internal splitter plates, for example of heavy metal such as tungsten, which tear when splitting the explosives in splinters. It is also conceivable to integrate in the shell material itself corresponding heavy metal splinters, which are released upon ignition of the explosive.

As an alternative or in addition to the shell-inside or wrapping-material-side arrangement of the splitter elements, it is also conceivable to fix additional splitter elements on the outside of the shell in the region in which the velocity profile is given, which comprise loose splinters or which burst themselves into splinters, and which fixes them by means of an outer shell which overlaps them are to be arranged. Thus, it is also possible to arrange splitter plates corresponding to the outside of the projectile, preferably of heavy metal or corresponding alloys or the like. These are fixed by a thin outer shell, which naturally also ruptures when the explosive is ignited. According to an expedient development of the invention loose splinter elements can further be introduced in the area of the projectile nose, which form a closed fragment cone directed towards the projectile longitudinal direction when the explosive is ignited. The projectile nose is thus filled with separate, additional loose splinter elements, which experience primarily an axial acceleration, respectively, the axial acceleration component is greater than the radial acceleration component, so that there is a front-opening, closed splinter cone. The "distance" of this fragment cone to the fragment cone, which is generated by the shell-side generated splitter, is lower due to the expansion or spreading of this second fragment cone according to the invention than in previously known projectiles.

In this context, the velocity profile is preferably designed in such a way that the open fragment cone formed by the splinters thrown away with different radial velocity adjoins the closed fragment cone. Consequently, a quasi-closed splinter front is formed, so that a very large effective range is given.

Fig. 1

eine Prinzipdarstellung eines Geschosses im Schnitt,

Fig. 2

eine Prinzipdarstellung zur Erläuterung der Splitterbildung bei bisher bekannten Geschossen,

Fig. 3

eine Prinzipdarstellung eines Splitterkegels, wie er sich bei bisher bekannten Geschossen ausbildet,

Fig. 4

eine Prinzipdarstellung eines sich bei einem erfindungsgemäßen Geschoss ausbildenden Splitterkegels,

Fig. 5

eine Prinzipdarstellung eines Hüllenaufbaus einer ersten Ausführungsform,

Fig. 6

eine Prinzipdarstellung eines Hüllenaufbaus einer zweiten Ausführungsform,

Fig. 7

eine Prinzipdarstellung eines Hüllenaufbaus einer dritten Ausführungsform mit innenliegendem Füllstück zur Variation der Sprengstoffmenge,

Fig. 8

eine Prinzipdarstellung eines Geschosses mit verschiedenen Sprengstofftypen,

Fig. 9

eine Prinzipdarstellung der Splitterbildung bei einem erfindungsgemäßen Geschoss, und

Fig. 10

eine Prinzipdarstellung der Bildung zweier sich ergänzender Splitterkegel eines erfindungsgemäßen Geschosses.

Further advantages and details of the invention will become apparent from the embodiments described below and from the drawing. Showing:

Fig. 1

a schematic representation of a projectile in section,

Fig. 2

a schematic diagram for explaining the fragmentation in previously known projectiles,

Fig. 3

a schematic diagram of a fragment cone, as it forms in previously known projectiles,

Fig. 4

a schematic representation of a forming in a projectile bullet invention,

Fig. 5

a schematic representation of a hull structure of a first embodiment,

Fig. 6

a schematic representation of a shell structure of a second embodiment,

Fig. 7

a schematic representation of a shell structure of a third embodiment with internal filler for varying the amount of explosives,

Fig. 8

a schematic representation of a projectile with different explosive types,

Fig. 9

a schematic representation of the fragmentation in a projectile according to the invention, and

Fig. 10

a schematic representation of the formation of two complementary splinter cone of a projectile according to the invention.

Fig. 1 shows a sectional view of an exemplary projectile 1, comprising a bullet casing 2 made of stainless steel with an explosive 3 introduced therein and an ignition device 4, via which the explosive can be ignited in a conventional manner. The projectile casing 2 is for example made of steel, it has in the present embodiment on the shell side integrated additional splitter elements 5. In the area of the projectile tip 6, additional loose fragment elements 7, for example in the form of spheres, are accommodated in a space delimited from the space in which the explosive is accommodated. The splitter elements 5 and 7 may be made of heavy metal such as tungsten, for example.

If the explosive 3 ignited on the ignition device 4, it comes to splintering. On the one hand, the projectile casing 2 tears, forming a multiplicity of individual chips, the shape of which can optionally be influenced or defined by structuring the inside or outside of the projectile casing 2 by means of grooves or notches. The splitter elements 5, such as splitter plates, burst into many individual fragments. The same applies to the splitter elements 7, which are also hurled as splinters into the environment when the explosive 3 is ignited.

Fig. 2 shows in the form of a schematic representation of the splinter formation respectively splinter movement of the splinters, which are generated by the projectile casing 2. Due to the ignition of the explosive 3, the individual splitters experience a radial acceleration, as shown by the vector arrow v _r . As the projectile flies, there is also an axial velocity component, as indicated by the vector arrow ν _{a is} shown. This results in the total vector ν ₁ indicating the direction of movement of the splitter.

In practice, a relatively narrow splinter cone 8, which is open in the longitudinal direction of the projectile, forms, as in FIG Fig. 3 is shown. A large part of the sheath splinters lies in the narrow region, ie the fragment cone 8, in which the fragment density is relatively high.

This results from the fact that in known projectiles all splinters generated on the shell side experience the same radial acceleration via the igniting explosive 3, that is to say therefore the radial velocity component or the radial velocity vector ν _r seen in the projectile longitudinal axis, is virtually the same everywhere.

In contrast, it is provided in a projectile 1 according to the invention to widen this splinter cone 8, which takes place in that over the projectile longitudinal axis a varying acceleration profile and thus a varying velocity profile of the thrown splitter is generated. According to the invention, by different measures, which will be discussed below, the splitter generated closer to the projectile nose 6 accelerated less than the splitter, which are generated closer to the projectile end 9. This is in Fig. 4 shown. Also there is a splinter cone 8 is shown, however, compared to the splinter cone 8 off Fig. 3 , is significantly wider and widens with increasing distance from the projectile.

As a measure to produce such an acceleration or velocity profile, it is possible to vary the projectile casing 2 in its wall thickness in the direction of the projectile longitudinal axis. An embodiment in the form of a schematic diagram shows Fig. 5 , The projectile casing 2 and the explosive 3 are shown. The projectile casing is thicker in the region which is closer to the bullet tip 6, shown here by dashed lines, and the wall thickness is therefore greater than in the region which is closer to the projectile end, which is also shown dashed here 9 lies. Thus, the amount of explosive seen inevitably varies over the projectile longitudinal axis, which is shown here by the dash-dotted line L. It can be seen that in the region closer to the bullet tip 6, less explosive is introduced due to the thicker shell 2 than in the region closer to the bullet Floor 9 is located. The projectile casing 2 is, as far as the outside is concerned, at least in this area, for example cylindrical.

Another way to vary the acceleration or velocity profile in the manner according to the invention along the projectile longitudinal axis, is in Fig. 6 shown. Again, in the schematic diagram of the projectile casing 2 and the explosive 3 is shown. The wall thickness of the projectile casing 2 is the same in this embodiment over the projectile longitudinal axis, but varies the density of the bullet casing material. In this case, the projectile casing 2 is made up of two layers of material 2a and 2b. The material layer 2a has a higher density compared with the material layer 2b. The material layer 2a may, for example, be a heavy metal material, while the material layer 2b may be steel. The wall thickness of the material layer 2 a decreases from the projectile-tip-side region to the projectile-side region, while the wall thickness of the lower-density material layer increases from the tip-side region to the shell-side region. Consequently, it follows that the total density of the projectile casing 2 decreases from front to back. The amount of explosive remains, seen axially, the same at each point. As a result of this, splinters from the region of higher density are inevitably accelerated more slowly, that is to say have a lower splitter speed than splinters which are produced in the region of the projectile end. The respective radial vector components are consequently different over the projectile longitudinal axis, which inevitably leads to the fact that the total vector of a near-splitter generated much clearer and at a lower angle to the projectile longitudinal axis L than the total vector of a splitter, which was generated in the region of the projectile end.

Another possible measure for achieving the acceleration profile is in Fig. 7 shown. The projectile casing 2 is unchanged in this embodiment, it consists for example of stainless steel constant wall thickness. Inside the projectile casing 2, a conical filler 10, for example a steel cone, is introduced. This steel cone varies over the projectile longitudinal axis inevitably the space in which the explosive 3 can be introduced. Evidently, in the region which is closer to the projectile tip 6, there is less explosive 3 than in the region which is closer to the projectile end 9. Inevitably results in a lower acceleration and thus a lower radial velocity for the splitter, which is closer to Bullet tip 6 are generated, as for the splitter, which are generated closer to the floor.

A fourth possible measure for generating the acceleration or velocity profile is finally in Fig. 8 shown. Again, the projectile casing 2 is unchanged, it has a constant wall thickness and consists for example of steel. Inside the projectile casing 2, in turn, the explosive 3 is introduced, which, however, consists of two different explosive types 3a and 3b. The explosive 3a has a higher Gurney energy than the explosive 3b. The two explosives 3a, 3b are arranged in defined layers or layers. The introduction takes place such that the quantity of explosive 3a having the higher Gurney energy increases from the region of the projectile tip to the region of the projectile end 9, while the amount of the lower Gurney energy type of explosive 3b extends from the region of the projectile tip 6 towards the projectile end 9 decreases. This leads to the fact that the quasi "superimposed" Gurney energy of the explosive 3 increases from the region of the projectile tip 6 towards the region of the projectile end 9. A fragment produced closer to the projectile tip 6 is consequently accelerated less strongly than a fragment produced closer to the projectile end 9.

Fig. 9 shows a schematic representation of the different individual vectors or the total vector with respect to a splitter, which is generated near the projectile nose, and on a splitter, which is generated near the projectile end.

The measures mentioned (variation of the projectile shell wall thickness, variation of the shell envelope density, variation of the amount of explosive or variation of the Gurney energy) should at least be applied to the cylindrical part of the projectile, which lies close to the projectile tip 6, ie near the ogive. If one reduces there the radial portion of the splitter speed, in which the splinters are accelerated less, then inclines, see Fig. 9 , the vector ν in the direction of flight. In this way, the region of the fragments from the cylindrical projectile part, that is to say the fragment cone 8, can be approximated to the splitter region or splinter cone, which is optionally generated on the ogive side.

The generation of such an ogivenseitig generated fragment cone 10 is exemplified in Fig. 10 shown. According to the projectile Fig. 1 are in the field of Bullet tip 6 additional splitter elements 7 introduced in the form of loose, such as spherical heavy metal splinters. When the explosive 3 is ignited, it too is accelerated. It forms approximately a closed fragment cone, as in Fig. 10 is shown as an example.

The variation of the acceleration or velocity profile of the fragments produced on the sheath side is now preferably carried out in such a way that the splinter cone 8, which is open towards the front, is generated as far as possible so that it adjoins, naturally, seamlessly at the fragment cone 10. For this reason, the measures described should be implemented as close to the projectile tip, they should, if possible, extend as far as possible over the projectile casing length. Obviously results in such a case, a relatively wide, closed effective range of the projectile 1. Preferably, however, the measures should extend as far as possible to the floor.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

bullet

2

projectile casing

2a, 2b

different material layers

3

explosive

3a, 3b

different types of explosives

4

ignition device

5

splitting element

6

bullet tip

7

splitting element

8th

fragment cone

9

basement end

10

filling

L

line

Claims (10)

1. Projectile (1), comprising a projectile body (2) and explosive (3) disposed therein,
   wherein the projectile (1) has a cylindrical part and an ogive (6),
   wherein the projectile body (2) is designed and/or the explosive (3) is disposed or distributed such that on ignition of the explosive (3) a radial speed profile of the fragments produced by the projectile body (2) breaking up results at least in segments with the radial speed (v_r) increasing from front to rear when viewed in the longitudinal direction of the projectile (L),
   characterized in that
   a decrease in the density of the body of the projectile from front to rear along the longitudinal axis of the projectile (L) is applied at least to the cylindrical part of the projectile (1) lying near the ogive (6).
2. Projectile according to Claim 1,
   characterized
   in that

   - a decrease in the thickness of the body of the wall of the projectile from front to rear in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the projectile (L) and/or

   - an increase in the quantity of explosive from front to rear over the longitudinal axis of the projectile (L) and/or

   - an increase in the Gurney energy of the explosive (3) from front to rear over the longitudinal axis of the projectile (L)

   is applied at least to the cylindrical part of the projectile (1) lying near the ogive (6).
3. Projectile according to Claim 1 or 2,
   characterized in that
   the projectile body (2) consists at least in segments of two different layers of material (2a, 2b), of which one layer of material (2a) comprises a higher density than the other layer of material (2b), wherein the layer of material (2a) comprising the higher density decreases in its thickness when viewed in the longitudinal direction of the projectile (L) and the layer of material (2b) comprising the lower density increases in its thickness.
4. Projectile according to Claim 2 or 3,
   characterized in that
   a preferably conical filler (10) is disposed in the interior of the projectile (1) and lies on the longitudinal axis of the projectile (L).
5. Projectile according to any one of Claims 2 to 4, characterized in that
   the explosive (3) consists of two different types of explosive (3a, 3b), wherein the one type of explosive (3a) is disposed in the core and the other type of explosive (3b) is disposed around the outside of the first type of explosive, and wherein the one type of explosive (3a) comprises a higher Gurney energy than the other type of explosive (3b), and wherein the quantity of the one type of explosive (3a) increases from front to rear when viewed in the longitudinal direction of the projectile (L) and the quantity of the other type of explosive (3b) decreases from front to rear.
6. Projectile according to any one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that
   the projectile body (2) is internally and/or externally structured by means of notches or grooves to influence the fragment formation.
7. Projectile according to any one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that
   additional fragmentation elements (5) that contain loose fragments or that themselves break up into fragments, are disposed on the interior of the body or in the body material itself in the region in which the speed profile is specified.
8. Projectile according to any one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that
   additional fragmentation elements that comprise loose fragments or that break up into fragments themselves, and that are fixed by means of an outer body covering them, are disposed on the outside of the body in the region in which the speed profile is specified.
9. Projectile according to any one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that
   loose fragmentation elements (7) that form a closed fragment cone (11) oriented in the longitudinal direction of the projectile (L) on ignition of the explosive (3) are introduced in the region of the tip (6) of the projectile.
10. Projectile according to Claim 9,
    characterized in that
    the speed profile is configured such that the open fragment cone (8) formed by the fragments accelerated off with different radial speeds adjoins the closed fragment cone (11).

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