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EP2880265B1 - Moving turbine blade - Google Patents

Moving turbine blade Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2880265B1
EP2880265B1 EP13756579.2A EP13756579A EP2880265B1 EP 2880265 B1 EP2880265 B1 EP 2880265B1 EP 13756579 A EP13756579 A EP 13756579A EP 2880265 B1 EP2880265 B1 EP 2880265B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
blade
low pressure
pressure turbine
stilt
curved portion
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP13756579.2A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2880265A1 (en
Inventor
Raphaël DUPEYRE
Josserand Bassery
Vincent François BOULAY
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
Original Assignee
Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Safran Aircraft Engines SAS filed Critical Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
Publication of EP2880265A1 publication Critical patent/EP2880265A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2880265B1 publication Critical patent/EP2880265B1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/14—Form or construction
    • F01D5/141—Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/14—Form or construction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/14—Form or construction
    • F01D5/147—Construction, i.e. structural features, e.g. of weight-saving hollow blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/30—Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
    • F05D2240/20—Rotors
    • F05D2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
    • F05D2240/301—Cross-sectional characteristics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2250/00—Geometry
    • F05D2250/70—Shape
    • F05D2250/71—Shape curved

Definitions

  • the field of the invention relates to the field of moving blades of a turbomachine low pressure turbine.
  • the invention relates more particularly to a particular arrangement of the foot of a moving blade of low pressure turbine.
  • a moving blade 1 of low pressure turbine is formed by three sets: a lower part called the foot 10, an upper part called the heel 20 and a central part formed by the blade 30.
  • the stilt 11 is an important part of the foot 10 because it provides the mechanical connection between the blade 30 and the foot 10 which is secured to the rotor disk, it is therefore the seat of significant mechanical stress.
  • the low pressure turbine blades have stilts having substantially a rectilinear shape which corresponds to the shape of the upper part of the bulb (ie the upper part of the dovetail).
  • stilts having substantially a rectilinear shape which corresponds to the shape of the upper part of the bulb (ie the upper part of the dovetail).
  • such stilts do not meet the mechanical requirements.
  • stilts called curvilinear stilts, taking the shape or more precisely the profile of the blade, so as to ensure the maximum overlap between the stilt 11 and the blade 30 or more exactly between the profile of the cross section of the stilt 11 and the profile of the cross section of the blade 30.
  • EP0887513A2 discloses a moving blade of the state of the art according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the invention aims to provide a blade low pressure turbine blade lightened compared to the blades of the state of the art and which allows to withstand the imposed mechanical stresses.
  • the invention proposes a low-pressure turbine blade according to claim 1.
  • the lengths of the different parts are adjusted according to the desired mechanical characteristics.
  • said curvilinear portion is defined so that the cross section of the curvilinear portion is superimposed on the cross section of the base of the blade with an overlap greater than 95%.
  • each of said parts of the stilt has a constant thickness.
  • the invention also relates to a low pressure turbine comprising a plurality of blades according to the invention.
  • the curvilinear portion 15 is located between the two rectilinear portions 14 and 16. Each of the portions 14, 15, 16 having a constant thickness.
  • the geometric shape of the stilt 11 of the blade according to the invention has a curvilinear portion 15 which matches a portion of the profile 35 of the base of the blade 30 of the blade shown in dotted lines on the figure 3 .
  • the base of the blade is the part of the blade connected to the stilt.
  • the two profiles are identical, that is to say that the outer face 18 of this curvilinear portion 15 has the same profile as the extrados 31 of the base of the blade 30 (shown in FIG. figure 1 ) and that the internal face 17 has the same profile as the underside of the base of the blade 30 ( figure 1 ).
  • this portion 15 has the same thickness as the base of the corresponding blade 30 so that the two profiles are found superimposed.
  • the lengths of the different parts 14, 15 and 16 of the stilt 11 may be variable and adapted according to the desired mechanical characteristics. Indeed, it is possible to increase the proportion of the curvilinear portion 15 to the detriment of the rectilinear portions 14, 16 if the foot 10 of the blade must withstand the mechanical constraints imposed. Thus, the different lengths can be modulated and optimized according to the desired weight / strength ratio. For example, the shape of the stilt 11 is determined by successive iterations by means of a CAD model and thermomechanical calculations.
  • the stilt 11 is thus developed so that the curvilinear portion 15 has an overlap with the cross section of the blade 30 of at least 95% and preferably 100%.
  • a total overlap of the order of 65 to 75% between the section of the blade and the section of the stilt allows to obtain sufficient mechanical strength for an application in the field of low pressure turbines while having a gain in mass.
  • the thickness of the stilt profile is constant and equal to 2 mm.
  • the stilt has a recovery rate of 85% with the base of the blade.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)

Description

DOMAINE TECHNIQUE DE L'INVENTIONTECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Le domaine de l'invention est relatif au domaine des aubes mobiles d'une turbine basse pression de turbomachine.The field of the invention relates to the field of moving blades of a turbomachine low pressure turbine.

L'invention concerne plus particulièrement un arrangement particulier du pied d'une aube mobile de turbine basse pression.The invention relates more particularly to a particular arrangement of the foot of a moving blade of low pressure turbine.

ARRIÈRE PLAN TECHNOLOGIQUE DE L'INVENTIONBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Classiquement, tel qu'illustré à la figure 1, une aube mobile 1 de turbine basse pression est formée par trois ensembles : une partie inférieure appelée le pied 10, une partie supérieure appelée le talon 20 et une partie centrale formée par la pale 30.Classically, as illustrated in figure 1 , a moving blade 1 of low pressure turbine is formed by three sets: a lower part called the foot 10, an upper part called the heel 20 and a central part formed by the blade 30.

Le pied 10 de l'aube mobile 1 est composé de trois éléments fonctionnels :

  • une échasse 11 assurant la liaison entre la pale et le pied 10 ;
  • un bulbe 12 assurant la liaison mécanique entre l'aube mobile et un disque de rotor de turbine :
  • des becquets 13 réduisant les fuites de manière à maximiser le rendement de la turbine basse pression.
The foot 10 of the moving blade 1 is composed of three functional elements:
  • a stilt 11 ensuring the connection between the blade and the foot 10;
  • a bulb 12 providing the mechanical connection between the blade and a turbine rotor disk:
  • spoilers 13 reducing leakage so as to maximize the efficiency of the low pressure turbine.

L'échasse 11 est une partie importante du pied 10 car elle assure la liaison mécanique entre la pale 30 et le pied 10 qui se retrouve solidaire du disque du rotor, elle est par conséquent le siège d'importantes contraintes mécaniques.The stilt 11 is an important part of the foot 10 because it provides the mechanical connection between the blade 30 and the foot 10 which is secured to the rotor disk, it is therefore the seat of significant mechanical stress.

Classiquement, les aubes mobiles de turbine basse pression présentent des échasses ayant sensiblement une forme rectiligne qui correspond à la forme de la partie supérieure du bulbe (i.e. la partie supérieure de la queue d'aronde). Toutefois, dans certaines configurations géométriques, notamment en présence de pales de forme complexe, de telles échasses ne permettent pas de répondre aux exigences mécaniques requises.Conventionally, the low pressure turbine blades have stilts having substantially a rectilinear shape which corresponds to the shape of the upper part of the bulb (ie the upper part of the dovetail). However, in certain geometric configurations, particularly in the presence of blades of complex shape, such stilts do not meet the mechanical requirements.

Dans de telles situations, il a été développé des échasses, dites échasses curvilignes, reprenant la forme ou plus exactement le profil de la pale, de manière à assurer le maximum de recouvrement entre l'échasse 11 et la pale 30 ou plus exactement entre le profil de la section transversale de l'échasse 11 et le profil de la section transversale de la pale 30.In such situations, it has been developed stilts, called curvilinear stilts, taking the shape or more precisely the profile of the blade, so as to ensure the maximum overlap between the stilt 11 and the blade 30 or more exactly between the profile of the cross section of the stilt 11 and the profile of the cross section of the blade 30.

Le développement de ce type de configuration d'échasse a permis d'uniformiser les contraintes dans cette partie de l'aube mais a contribué à l'augmentation de masse des aubes et par conséquent de la turbine basse pression. On comprend bien qu'une augmentation de masse de quelques grammes sur une aube mobile a pour conséquence d'augmenter la masse de plusieurs kilos au niveau de la turbine entière qui comporte une pluralité d'étages, chaque étage étant formé par plusieurs centaines d'aubes.The development of this type of stilt configuration has made it possible to standardize the stresses in this part of the blade but has contributed to the increase in mass of the blades and consequently of the low pressure turbine. It is understood that a mass increase of a few grams on a moving blade has the effect of increasing the mass of several kilos at the entire turbine which comprises a plurality of stages, each stage being formed by several hundred blades.

Le document EP0887513A2 divulgue une aube mobile de l'état de l'art selon le préambule de la revendication 1.The document EP0887513A2 discloses a moving blade of the state of the art according to the preamble of claim 1.

DESCRIPTION GÉNÉRALE DE L'INVENTIONGENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Dans ce contexte, l'invention vise à proposer une aube mobile de turbine basse pression allégée par rapport aux aubes mobiles de l'état de la technique et qui permet de supporter les contraintes mécaniques imposées.In this context, the invention aims to provide a blade low pressure turbine blade lightened compared to the blades of the state of the art and which allows to withstand the imposed mechanical stresses.

A cette fin, l'invention propose une aube mobile de turbine basse pression selon la revendication 1.For this purpose, the invention proposes a low-pressure turbine blade according to claim 1.

Avantageusement, les longueurs des différentes parties sont ajustées en fonction des caractéristiques mécaniques désirées. Ainsi, il est possible de modifier la longueur de la partie curviligne par rapport aux parties rectilignes de manières à améliorer davantage les caractéristiques mécaniques du pied. Avantageusement, ladite partie curviligne est définie de manière à ce que la section transversale de la partie curviligne se trouve superposée à la section transversale de la base de la pale avec un recouvrement supérieur à 95%. Avantageusement, chacune desdites parties de l'échasse présente une épaisseur constante.Advantageously, the lengths of the different parts are adjusted according to the desired mechanical characteristics. Thus, it is possible to modify the length of the curvilinear portion relative to the rectilinear parts so as to further improve the mechanical characteristics of the foot. Advantageously, said curvilinear portion is defined so that the cross section of the curvilinear portion is superimposed on the cross section of the base of the blade with an overlap greater than 95%. Advantageously, each of said parts of the stilt has a constant thickness.

L'invention a également pour objet une turbine basse pression comportant une pluralité d'aubes mobiles selon l'invention.The invention also relates to a low pressure turbine comprising a plurality of blades according to the invention.

L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lumière de la description qui suit et en référence aux figures dont la liste est donnée ci-dessous.The invention will be better understood in the light of the description which follows and with reference to the figures listed below.

BRÈVE DESCRIPTION DES FIGURESBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

  • La figure 1 décrite précédemment illustre une aube mobile d'une turbine basse pression.The figure 1 described above illustrates a moving blade of a low pressure turbine.
  • La figure 2 représente schématiquement une vue en coupe, selon un plan de coupe transversal, d'une échasse d'aube mobile selon l'invention.The figure 2 schematically represents a sectional view, along a transverse sectional plane, of a mobile blade stilt according to the invention.
  • La figure 3 illustre une superposition de la section représentée à la figure 2 avec la section selon un plan de coupe transversal parallèle au plan de coupe transversal de l'échasse, de la pale de l'aube selon l'invention.The figure 3 illustrates a superposition of the section shown in figure 2 with the section along a transverse sectional plane parallel to the transverse sectional plane of the stilt, the blade of the blade according to the invention.
DESCRIPTION DÉTAILLÉE DE MODES DE RÉALISATION DE L'INVENTIONDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

En référence à la figure 2, l'échasse 11 présente une section transversale se décomposant en trois parties distinctes :

  • une première partie 14 qui est rectiligne ;
  • une deuxième partie 15 qui est curviligne ;
  • une troisième partie 16 qui est de nouveau rectiligne.
With reference to the figure 2 , the stilt 11 has a cross section that breaks down into three distinct parts:
  • a first portion 14 which is rectilinear;
  • a second portion 15 which is curvilinear;
  • a third part 16 which is rectilinear again.

La partie curviligne 15 est située entre les deux parties rectilignes 14 et 16. Chacune des parties 14, 15, 16 présentant une épaisseur constante.The curvilinear portion 15 is located between the two rectilinear portions 14 and 16. Each of the portions 14, 15, 16 having a constant thickness.

Comme illustré à la figure 3, la forme géométrique de l'échasse 11 de l'aube selon l'invention présente une partie curviligne 15 qui épouse une partie du profil 35 de la base de la pale 30 de l'aube représenté en pointillés sur la figure 3. On entend par la base de la pale, la partie de la pale raccordée à l'échasse.As illustrated in figure 3 , the geometric shape of the stilt 11 of the blade according to the invention has a curvilinear portion 15 which matches a portion of the profile 35 of the base of the blade 30 of the blade shown in dotted lines on the figure 3 . The base of the blade is the part of the blade connected to the stilt.

Au niveau de partie curviligne 15, les deux profils sont identiques, c'est-à-dire que la face externe 18 de cette partie curviligne 15 présente le même profil que l'extrados 31 de la base de la pale 30 (illustré à la figure 1) et que la face interne 17 présente le même profil que l'intrados de la base de la pale 30 (figure 1). Avantageusement cette partie 15 présente la même épaisseur que la base de la pale 30 correspondante de sorte que les deux profils se retrouvent superposés.At the curvilinear portion 15, the two profiles are identical, that is to say that the outer face 18 of this curvilinear portion 15 has the same profile as the extrados 31 of the base of the blade 30 (shown in FIG. figure 1 ) and that the internal face 17 has the same profile as the underside of the base of the blade 30 ( figure 1 ). Advantageously this portion 15 has the same thickness as the base of the corresponding blade 30 so that the two profiles are found superimposed.

Les longueurs des différentes parties 14, 15 et 16 de l'échasse 11 peuvent être variables et adaptées en fonction des caractéristiques mécaniques recherchées. En effet, il est possible d'augmenter la proportion de la partie curviligne 15 au détriment des parties rectilignes 14, 16 si le pied 10 de l'aube doit résister davantage aux contraintes mécaniques imposées. Ainsi, les différentes longueurs sont modulables et à optimiser en fonction de rapport poids/résistance souhaité. Par exemple la forme de l'échasse 11 est déterminée par itérations successives au moyen d'un modèle CAO et de calculs thermomécaniques.The lengths of the different parts 14, 15 and 16 of the stilt 11 may be variable and adapted according to the desired mechanical characteristics. Indeed, it is possible to increase the proportion of the curvilinear portion 15 to the detriment of the rectilinear portions 14, 16 if the foot 10 of the blade must withstand the mechanical constraints imposed. Thus, the different lengths can be modulated and optimized according to the desired weight / strength ratio. For example, the shape of the stilt 11 is determined by successive iterations by means of a CAD model and thermomechanical calculations.

L'échasse 11 est ainsi développée de manière à ce que la partie curviligne 15 ait un recouvrement avec la section transversale de la pale 30 d'au moins 95% et avantageusement de 100%. A titre d'exemple, un recouvrement total de l'ordre de 65 à 75% entre la section de la pale et la section de l'échasse permet d'obtenir une robustesse mécanique suffisante pour une application dans le domaine des turbines basse pression tout en présentant un gain de masse.The stilt 11 is thus developed so that the curvilinear portion 15 has an overlap with the cross section of the blade 30 of at least 95% and preferably 100%. For example, a total overlap of the order of 65 to 75% between the section of the blade and the section of the stilt allows to obtain sufficient mechanical strength for an application in the field of low pressure turbines while having a gain in mass.

Selon un exemple de réalisation dans le domaine des turbines basses pression, le profil de l'échasse présente :

  • une première partie rectiligne 14 présentant une longueur de 2 mm ;
  • une partie curviligne 15 présentant au niveau du profil extrados une longueur en corde de 10 mm, et au niveau du profil intrados une longueur en corde de 8 mm ;
  • une troisième partie 16 rectiligne présentant une longueur de 4 mm au niveau de la face extrados et une longueur de 6 mm au niveau de la face intrados.
According to an exemplary embodiment in the field of low pressure turbines, the profile of the stilt presents:
  • a first rectilinear portion 14 having a length of 2 mm;
  • a curvilinear portion 15 having at the extrados profile a rope length of 10 mm, and at the intrados profile a rope length of 8 mm;
  • a third rectilinear portion 16 having a length of 4 mm at the extrados face and a length of 6 mm at the intrados face.

L'épaisseur du profil de l'échasse est constante et égale à 2 mm. Ainsi, avec un tel profil, l'échasse présente un taux de recouvrement de 85% avec la base de la pale.The thickness of the stilt profile is constant and equal to 2 mm. Thus, with such a profile, the stilt has a recovery rate of 85% with the base of the blade.

Claims (5)

  1. Moving blade (1) of a low pressure turbine with a foot (10) and a vane (30) with an outer face (31) and an inner face (32), said foot (10) having a shank (11) connecting the vane (30) to the foot (10); said blade (1) being characterised in that said shank (11) is formed such that the cross-section of said shank has a first straight portion (14), a second curved portion (15) and a third straight portion (16), said curved portion (15) having an external face (18) having the same profile as the outer face (31) of the bottom of the said vane (30) and an internal face (17) having the same profile as the inner face (32) of the bottom of said vane (30), said straight portions (14, 16) being located on each side of said curved portion (15).
  2. Moving blade (1) of a low pressure turbine according to the previous claim, characterised in that the length of the curved portion (15) is adjusted as a function of the required mechanical properties.
  3. Moving blade (1) of a low pressure turbine according to one of the previous claims, characterised in that said curved portion (15) is defined such that the cross-section of the curved portion (15) is superposed on the cross-section of the vane (30) with an overlap of more than 95%.
  4. Moving blade (1) of a low pressure turbine according to one of the previous claims, characterised in that each of said portions (14, 15, 16) has a constant thickness.
  5. Low pressure turbine of a turbomachine, characterised in that it comprises a plurality of moving blades (1) according to one of claims 1 to 4.
EP13756579.2A 2012-08-03 2013-07-19 Moving turbine blade Active EP2880265B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1257602A FR2994211B1 (en) 2012-08-03 2012-08-03 TURBINE MOBILE AUB
PCT/FR2013/051748 WO2014020258A1 (en) 2012-08-03 2013-07-19 Moving turbine blade

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2880265A1 EP2880265A1 (en) 2015-06-10
EP2880265B1 true EP2880265B1 (en) 2019-07-17

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US (1) US9920632B2 (en)
EP (1) EP2880265B1 (en)
CN (1) CN104520537B (en)
BR (1) BR112015002350B1 (en)
CA (1) CA2880829C (en)
FR (1) FR2994211B1 (en)
RU (1) RU2642948C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2014020258A1 (en)

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FR3017649B1 (en) * 2014-02-18 2021-10-15 Snecma MOBILE VANE FOR TURBOMACHINE BODY
FR3085992B1 (en) 2018-09-14 2020-12-11 Safran Aircraft Engines MOBILE TURBINE WHEEL BLADE WITH A CURVILINE SHAPED FOOT
FR3127018A1 (en) * 2021-09-14 2023-03-17 Safran Aircraft Engines Moving blade for a turbomachine turbine, having a design improving the sealing of the inter-blade cavities
FR3145186A1 (en) 2023-01-23 2024-07-26 Safran Aircraft Engines WEDGE FOR TURBOMACHINE ROTOR, ASSOCIATED ROTOR AND TURBOMACHINE ASSEMBLY

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Publication number Publication date
RU2015107176A (en) 2016-09-27
CA2880829A1 (en) 2014-02-06
CN104520537B (en) 2020-01-17
BR112015002350B1 (en) 2021-11-16
RU2642948C2 (en) 2018-01-29
CA2880829C (en) 2020-06-09
US9920632B2 (en) 2018-03-20
US20150218950A1 (en) 2015-08-06
EP2880265A1 (en) 2015-06-10
BR112015002350A2 (en) 2017-07-04
FR2994211A1 (en) 2014-02-07
CN104520537A (en) 2015-04-15
FR2994211B1 (en) 2018-03-30
WO2014020258A1 (en) 2014-02-06

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