EP2591153A1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung eines verbundfadens - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung eines verbundfadensInfo
- Publication number
- EP2591153A1 EP2591153A1 EP11730290.1A EP11730290A EP2591153A1 EP 2591153 A1 EP2591153 A1 EP 2591153A1 EP 11730290 A EP11730290 A EP 11730290A EP 2591153 A1 EP2591153 A1 EP 2591153A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- thread
- yarn
- drawn
- cooling
- draw
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
- D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
- D01D5/08—Melt spinning methods
- D01D5/082—Melt spinning methods of mixed yarn
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
- D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
- D01D5/08—Melt spinning methods
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
- D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
- D01D5/12—Stretch-spinning methods
- D01D5/16—Stretch-spinning methods using rollers, or like mechanical devices, e.g. snubbing pins
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
- D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
- D02G1/00—Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics
- D02G1/20—Combinations of two or more of the above-mentioned operations or devices; After-treatments for fixing crimp or curl
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
- D02J—FINISHING OR DRESSING OF FILAMENTS, YARNS, THREADS, CORDS, ROPES OR THE LIKE
- D02J1/00—Modifying the structure or properties resulting from a particular structure; Modifying, retaining, or restoring the physical form or cross-sectional shape, e.g. by use of dies or squeeze rollers
- D02J1/08—Interlacing constituent filaments without breakage thereof, e.g. by use of turbulent air streams
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
- D02J—FINISHING OR DRESSING OF FILAMENTS, YARNS, THREADS, CORDS, ROPES OR THE LIKE
- D02J1/00—Modifying the structure or properties resulting from a particular structure; Modifying, retaining, or restoring the physical form or cross-sectional shape, e.g. by use of dies or squeeze rollers
- D02J1/22—Stretching or tensioning, shrinking or relaxing, e.g. by use of overfeed and underfeed apparatus, or preventing stretch
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
- D02J—FINISHING OR DRESSING OF FILAMENTS, YARNS, THREADS, CORDS, ROPES OR THE LIKE
- D02J1/00—Modifying the structure or properties resulting from a particular structure; Modifying, retaining, or restoring the physical form or cross-sectional shape, e.g. by use of dies or squeeze rollers
- D02J1/22—Stretching or tensioning, shrinking or relaxing, e.g. by use of overfeed and underfeed apparatus, or preventing stretch
- D02J1/223—Stretching in a liquid bath
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing a composite thread from two synthetic threads according to the preamble of claim 1, as well as a device for carrying out the method according to the preamble of claim 6.
- partially drawn threads or fully drawn threads can be produced.
- the partially drawn threads which are also known in the art as "pre-oriented yarn” (POY)
- POY pre-oriented yarn
- the fully drawn yarns also known as “fill-drawn yarn” (FDY)
- FDY fill-drawn yarn
- the composite yarn which is produced by intensive swirling of the two threads, leads, with a thermal treatment, to the fact that the little-shrinking filament strands emerge from the thread structure by means of bends and loops opposite to one another Constricting filament strands with high shrinkage, so that a texture effect similar to the texturing occurs.
- a generic method and a generic device for producing a composite thread are known, for example, from US Pat. No. 5,858,290.
- two threads are spun next to each other and drawn off independently of each other by associated godet systems and stretched. After hiding the two threads, these are combined to form the composite thread.
- the godet systems operated in parallel are designed to produce a partially stretched yarn and a fully drawn yarn, which are combined after stretching into the composite yarn.
- the separately operated godet systems require a high level of mechanical engineering effort.
- the invention is based on the fact that the orientation of the molecular chains is essentially determined by a speed difference for producing a fully drawn thread. In that regard, it is also possible to produce a fully drawn thread with identical speed differences at different speed levels. Thus, according to the invention, the stretching speed of the fully worn thread can be adapted to a withdrawal speed of the partially drawn thread.
- the spinning position for the production of the POY thread can be assigned directly to the drafting field of the adjacent spinning position for the production of the FDY thread. There is no need for separate pallets and pulleys to guide the PO Y yarn in its spinning position.
- the process variant is particularly suitable to produce either a composite thread or a monofilament.
- the method variant is preferably used, in which the partially drawn thread is connected after cooling and peeling directly by a swirling with the fully drawn thread to the composite thread.
- the composite thread after melt spinning is directly suitable for further processing or further treatment.
- the reduced in particular in the production of the composite thread spinning speed for the production of fully drawn yarn allows a thread guide with simple wraps on the draw godets.
- the variant of the method is particularly advantageous, in which the fully drawn thread for pulling and / or stretching is guided by a plurality of simply looped godets in an S-shaped or Z-shaped thread running direction.
- the mechanical engineering effort by compact and short godets can reduce several threads side by side even with parallel guidance.
- the fully drawn thread is preferably drawn off in a dry state or in a wetted state with a water content ⁇ 10%.
- heat losses can be avoided by a so-called decoction of the preparation.
- the heat energy provided by the godet shells can be used directly to heat the polymer material of the filaments.
- the device according to the invention achieves the object in that one of the last draw godets of the draw field is assigned directly to one of the spinning nozzles of the adjacent spinning device for withdrawing the partially drawn yarn, wherein the draw godet has an ungraded godet sheath for the common guidance of the two yarns.
- the draw godet has an ungraded godet sheath for the common guidance of the two yarns.
- only one drafting field is needed to produce the composite yarn, which essentially carries out the drawing of the fully drawn yarn.
- the partially drawn thread is pulled off directly via a draw godet of the draw field.
- the draw godet associated with the yarns is followed directly downstream by a composite material which is designed as a swirling device.
- the threads can be interconnected by interlacing nodes, which ensure the cohesion of the filament strands even after initiation of shrinkage.
- the draw godets of the drafting field are preferably arranged to form an S-shaped or Z-shaped yarn path, with adjacent draw godets being drivable in opposite directions in the yarn path. This makes a simple thread guidance possible with a very compact arrangement of the godets.
- the device variant is preferably used, in which the draw field in a discharge region is assigned a preparation device for preparing the completely drawn yarn.
- the wetting required for further treatment of the thread before joining the composite thread can be applied.
- FIG. 1 shows schematically a first embodiment of a device according to the invention for carrying out the method according to the invention
- Fig. 2 shows schematically a further embodiment of the device according to the invention for carrying out the method according to the invention
- Fig. 3 shows schematically yet another embodiment of the device according to the invention for carrying out the method according to the invention.
- a first embodiment of the inventive device for carrying out the method according to the invention is shown schematically.
- the embodiment has two spinning devices 1.1 and 1.2, which are arranged side by side.
- the spinning devices 1.1 and 1.2 are identical in this embodiment.
- the spinning beam 3.1 and 3.2 extends orthogonal to the plane of the drawing, so that in Fig. 1 in each case only one spinning station with the adjacent spinning nozzles 4.1 and 4.2 of the two spinning devices 1.1 and 1.2 is shown.
- a spinning pump 2.1 and 2.2 is arranged, which are connected together via a melt inlet 29 with an extruder, not shown here, or another melt source.
- the spinning pumps 2.1 and 2.2 are each designed as a multiple pump and connected to the spinnerets 4.1 and 4.2 via in each case one arranged in the spinning beam 3.1 and 3.2 distribution systems.
- the spinning pumps 2.1 and 2.2 are driven independently of each other and can thus be operated at different speeds.
- two separate cooling devices 6.1 and 6.2 are provided, through which the filament shares 5.1 and 5.2 extruded from the spinnerets 4.1 and 4.2 are cooled independently of one another.
- the cooling device 6.1 and 6.2 has in this embodiment per spinneret 4.1 and 4.2 each have a cooling cylinder 7.1 and 7.2, which is held in a blast chamber 8.1 and 8.2.
- a climatic air is introduced, which is directed via the gas-permeable walls of the cooling cylinders 7.1 and 7.2 to the freshly extruded filaments of the filament shares 5.1 and 5.2.
- cooling device 6.1 and 6.2 is only an example. In principle, design variants with divided blow chambers or with a series transverse flow blower can be used to cool the filaments.
- the cooling devices 6.1 and 6.2 may also be designed differently. On the outlet side of the cooling device 6.1 and 6.2, a cooling shaft 9.1 and 9.2 is formed in each case.
- a collection yarn guide 28.1 and 28.2 is arranged, which forms a convergence point for the extruded filaments 5.1 and 5.2 respectively.
- a drafting field 10 is arranged with a godet system for withdrawing and stretching one of the threads.
- the drafting field 10 is associated with the spinning device 1.1, wherein a first withdrawal godet 12 is assigned directly to the spinneret 4.1 in order to remove the filament bundle 5.1 from the spinneret 4.1.
- the Abzugsgalette 12 are arranged downstream of several draw godets, in this embodiment, a total of five draw godets 11.1 to 11.5 are shown.
- the draw godets 11.1 and 11.2 and the draw godets 11.2 and 11.3 are preferably operated as a pair of godets with oppositely driven godets to to completely stretch the filament bundle between the draw godets 11.2 and 11.3 in one step.
- the draw godets 11.1 and 11.2 are driven in opposite directions in the duo and are looped by the thread S-shaped. In that regard, the draw godets 11.1 and 11.2 are driven at substantially identical peripheral speeds. Accordingly, the draw godets 11.3 and 11.4 are also driven in opposite directions to allow an S-shaped yarn path.
- a last draw godet 11.5 of the draw field 10 is arranged laterally offset from the draw godets 11.1 to 11.4 in such a way that the draw godet 11.5 touches the perpendicular bisectors of the adjacent spinnerets in this case the spinneret 4.2. Due to the draw godet 11.5, the filament bundle 5.2 can thus additionally be drawn off from the spinneret 4.2.
- the yarns 15 and 16, which are jointly guided by the draw godet, are then guided jointly through a swirling device 17, in which the two multifilament yarns 15 and 16 are swirled by compressed air in such a way that interlacing nodes form at regular intervals.
- the turbulator 17 is arranged for this purpose between the draw godet 11.5 and a subsequent deflection godet 13.
- the Umlenkgalette 13 is arranged on the front side of a take-up device 19.
- the axis of Umlenkgalette 13 is arranged substantially transversely to the arranged in the winding device 19 winding spindles 21.1 and 21.2, so that the composite yarn is guided over a horizontal distribution in the winding position substantially.
- the spinning devices 1.1 and 1.2 have a total of five juxtaposed spinnerets in order to simultaneously produce five composite threads.
- the winding device 19 has five winding points 20.1 to 20.5, in which the composite threads 18 are each wound into a coil 23.
- the winding stations 20.1 to 20.5 are of identical design and each have a deflection roller 24 and a traversing unit 25.
- the bobbins 23 are simultaneously locked on a winding spindle 21.1 or 21.2.
- disgusting which are cantilevered on a Spulrevolver 22 and are alternately guided in an operating area and a change area.
- a pressure roller 26 is provided, which rests on the circumference of the coils 23.
- the winding turret 22 and the pressure roller 26 are movably held in a machine frame 27.
- the preparation device 14.1 is arranged in a threadline between the draw godets 11.5 and 11.4.
- the preparation device 14.2 is assigned directly to the outlet of the cooling shaft 9.2.
- a fully drawn yarn (FDY) 16 is produced via the spinning device 1.1 and the following drafting field 10.
- the filament bundle 5.1 is extruded through the spinneret 4.1 from a polymer melt, for example a polyester.
- the spinning speed or the withdrawal speed of the withdrawal godet 12 could be in the range of 500 to 1,000 m / min. lie.
- the filament bundle 5.1 is guided over the draw godets 11.1 to 11.5, which each have a heated belt jacket.
- a speed difference is set between the draw godets, so that the last draw godet 11.5 is operated at a peripheral speed in the range of 3,000 to 4,000 m / min. could lie.
- the filament bundle 5.1 is brought together to the fully stretched thread 16.
- the draw godet 11.5 has a non-stepped pallet casing, so that the same circumferential speed acts in each circumferential region of the godet casing.
- the filament bundle is 5.2 with a take-off speed in the range of 3,000 to 4,000 m / min.
- the filament bundle is brought together by the preparation device 14.2 to the partially drawn thread 15.
- the preparation device 14.2 After Run from the draw godet 11.5
- Vollver stretched thread 16 and the partially drawn thread 15 is performed together by a swirling channel of a swirling device 17 and connected by compressed air to form a composite thread 18.
- the composite thread 18 is then wound to the coil 23.
- a polymer melt for example a polyester or a polyamide, which is guided through the spinning pumps 2.1 and 2.2 to the spinnerets 4.1 and 4.2, is provided via a melt source not shown here.
- the spinning pumps 2.1 and 2.2 are tuned in their flow rates to the respectively selected spinning speed or take-off speed.
- the spinning station for the production of the FDY thread and the spinning position of the POY thread can each be carried out with individual settings of the delivery rates on the spinning pumps.
- FIG. 1 The illustrated in Fig. 1 embodiment of the device according to the invention can be realized with particular small machine use in particular in the drafting field. So is possible by the thread guide with simple wraps only to run very short galette coats. Even with a larger number of simultaneously produced threads long-protruding godets coats can be avoided.
- Another significant advantage of the device according to the invention according to the embodiment of FIG. 1 is that the embodiment can be operated such that only the spinning device 1.1 is activated. In this case, a fully stretched thread would witnesses and wound into a spool. The spinning device 1.2 could be switched off without further modifications.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows a further exemplary embodiment of the device according to the invention for carrying out the method according to the invention.
- the embodiment of FIG. 2 is substantially identical to the embodiment of FIG. 1, so that at this point only the differences will be explained and otherwise reference is made to the above description.
- the cooling devices 6.1 and 6.2 are designed differently in order to obtain different cooling effects for forming the molecular structure on the filaments 5.1 and 5.2.
- the cooling device 6.2 on the outlet side, a cooling tube 30, which connects directly to the bottom of the cooling cylinder 7.2.
- the cooling pipe 30 is funnel-shaped on the inlet side with a narrowest cross-section to accelerate the cooling air flow.
- This type of cooling is particularly suitable for obtaining as stress-free cooling of the filament bundle as possible to form a partially drawn thread.
- This effect in particular allows higher take-off speeds of above 4,000 m / min. to, which would otherwise be inadmissible for the formation of the partially drawn thread 15.
- the teilver stretched thread 15 for example, at a speed in the range of 4,500 m / min. subtracted from.
- the adjacent spinning device 1.1 for producing the FDY thread is designed identically to the aforementioned exemplary embodiments, the preparation device 14.1 being arranged in this case in the drafting field 10.
- the drafting field 10 is formed in this embodiment by a plurality of draw godets 11.1 to 11.5, which form two godet duo to allow a Mehrfachumschlingung of the yarn 16.
- the two threads 15 are then and 16 via the draw godet 11.5 jointly led and introduced into the swirling device 17.
- FIG. 2 would thus be suitable for obtaining higher speeds during stretching of the fully drawn thread 16.
- each spinning device 1.1 and 1.2 is connected to a separate melt source independently of each other.
- different polymers or polymer compositions can be used to produce a partially drawn yarn and a fully drawn yarn.
- FIG. 3 schematically shows a further exemplary embodiment of the device according to the invention for carrying out the method according to the invention.
- the embodiment of FIG. 3 is substantially identical to the embodiment of FIG. 1, so that only the differences are explained at this point and otherwise reference is made to the above description.
- the drafting field 10 arranged below the spinning device 1.1 is used to pull both threads 15 and 16 out of the juxtaposed spinning devices 1.1 and 1.2.
- the pair of stretch godets 11.3 and 11.4 is offset from the upstream godet pair 11.1 and 11.2 so that the draw godet 11.3 at the same time picks up the yarn 15 drawn from the spinning device 1.2 and guides it in parallel with the yarn 16 over the following godets 11.4 and 11.5 and 13.
- the thread 16 is withdrawn via the godets 13, 11.1 and 11.2 and then stretched between the godets 11.2 and 11.3.
- both threads 15 and 16 are wetted in parallel between the draw godet 11.4 and the godet 11.5 by a preparation device 14.1 with a fluid and then connected in a thread piece between the godet 11.5 and the godet 13 to form a composite thread 18.
- the threads 15 and 16 are brought together in a swirling device 17 for this purpose.
- the preparation device 14.1 has a plurality of treatment stations, which could be arranged directly below the cooling shafts 9.1 or 9.2.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Spinning Methods And Devices For Manufacturing Artificial Fibers (AREA)
- Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102010026796 | 2010-07-10 | ||
PCT/EP2011/061401 WO2012007333A1 (de) | 2010-07-10 | 2011-07-06 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung eines verbundfadens |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2591153A1 true EP2591153A1 (de) | 2013-05-15 |
EP2591153B1 EP2591153B1 (de) | 2016-09-21 |
Family
ID=44532775
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP11730290.1A Not-in-force EP2591153B1 (de) | 2010-07-10 | 2011-07-06 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung eines verbundfadens |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2591153B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP5822924B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR20130094303A (de) |
CN (1) | CN102985602B (de) |
WO (1) | WO2012007333A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103866414B (zh) * | 2012-12-11 | 2017-06-23 | 日本Tmt机械株式会社 | 纺丝牵引装置 |
CN105658854B (zh) * | 2013-10-02 | 2019-11-22 | 欧瑞康纺织有限及两合公司 | 丝束牵伸和卷绕装置 |
CN104073893A (zh) * | 2014-06-30 | 2014-10-01 | 苏州大学 | 用于超高速一步法制备聚酰胺6poy/fdy复合纤维的纺丝设备 |
CN104153023A (zh) * | 2014-08-29 | 2014-11-19 | 苏州龙杰特种纤维股份有限公司 | 一步法复合丝生产设备 |
JP6671110B2 (ja) * | 2015-05-19 | 2020-03-25 | Tmtマシナリー株式会社 | 混繊糸製造装置 |
CN105177783A (zh) * | 2015-08-10 | 2015-12-23 | 桐昆集团浙江恒盛化纤有限公司 | 低缩率涤纶复合纤维的生产方法 |
CN106958062B (zh) * | 2016-01-11 | 2021-11-30 | 欧瑞康纺织有限及两合公司 | 用于在纺织机中引导多根纱线的方法及纺织机 |
JP7613888B2 (ja) * | 2019-12-24 | 2025-01-15 | Tmtマシナリー株式会社 | 混繊糸製造装置 |
KR102639264B1 (ko) * | 2020-10-08 | 2024-02-22 | 이해주 | 가발용 압축형 텍스처드 스트랜드 및 이의 제조방법 |
CN115522267A (zh) * | 2022-10-11 | 2022-12-27 | 江苏中鲈科技发展股份有限公司 | 一种具有高绒感和弹性的复合纤维及其制备方法和应用 |
CN118880515B (zh) * | 2024-09-25 | 2024-11-29 | 桐昆集团股份有限公司 | 一种直纺三合一生产设备及其应用 |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5691057A (en) * | 1986-01-30 | 1997-11-25 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Polyester mixed yarns with fine filaments |
JP2760990B2 (ja) * | 1988-02-27 | 1998-06-04 | 鐘紡株式会社 | 異収縮混繊糸の製法 |
US5858290A (en) | 1996-03-23 | 1999-01-12 | Sunkyong Industries Limited | Different shrinkage mixed yarn and method of producing such |
WO2006094538A1 (en) | 2005-03-09 | 2006-09-14 | Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg | Melt spinning method for producing a composite yarn as well as a composite yarn |
KR20070113311A (ko) * | 2005-03-19 | 2007-11-28 | 엘리콘 텍스타일 게엠베하 운트 코. 카게 | 다수의 합성사를 용융 방사하기 위한 장치 |
CN1888157A (zh) * | 2006-07-26 | 2007-01-03 | 青岛高合有限公司 | 一种聚酯熔体poy、fdy复合丝纺丝方法 |
CN101265627B (zh) * | 2007-05-16 | 2011-05-11 | 桐昆集团股份有限公司 | 涤纶中速混纺型fdy和poy混纺纤维的混纺方法及其装置 |
CN101200826B (zh) * | 2007-12-25 | 2013-02-13 | 吴江赴东纺织集团有限公司 | 一步法制造全牵伸丝/预取向丝合股复合丝的方法及装置 |
DE102009038496A1 (de) * | 2008-09-05 | 2010-03-11 | Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg | Vorrichtung zum Schmelzspinnen und Aufwickeln mehrerer synthetischer Fäden |
CN201381392Y (zh) * | 2009-01-20 | 2010-01-13 | 江苏新民纺织科技股份有限公司 | 涤纶fdy+poy复合丝生产设备 |
-
2011
- 2011-07-06 CN CN201180034119.5A patent/CN102985602B/zh active Active
- 2011-07-06 JP JP2013519030A patent/JP5822924B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-07-06 EP EP11730290.1A patent/EP2591153B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2011-07-06 KR KR1020137003495A patent/KR20130094303A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-07-06 WO PCT/EP2011/061401 patent/WO2012007333A1/de active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2012007333A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN102985602A (zh) | 2013-03-20 |
EP2591153B1 (de) | 2016-09-21 |
CN102985602B (zh) | 2015-09-02 |
JP5822924B2 (ja) | 2015-11-25 |
JP2013534572A (ja) | 2013-09-05 |
KR20130094303A (ko) | 2013-08-23 |
WO2012007333A1 (de) | 2012-01-19 |
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