EP2522798B1 - Household cooler with a self-closing hinge assembly - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a refrigeration device, in particular a household refrigeration device, comprising a body, a heat-insulated inner container arranged in the body, forming a storage space for refrigerated goods, and at least one door leaf hinged on the body so as to be pivotable about a vertical axis, which is mounted to open and close the storage space by means of a self-closing hinge arrangement which has a cam mechanism which has an engaging member and a cam member which cooperates with the engaging member and which comprises a radial slide track on which the engaging member runs.

The U.S. 3,452,387 A describes a device for closing a door leaf of a refrigerator. The refrigerator has a hinge plate on its body, to which a hinge pin is attached. The door leaf is mounted on the refrigeration device so that it can pivot about the hinge pin. A cam is attached to the hinge pin via a tongue and groove coupling. The cam forms a cam member with a radial slide. A roller rotatably attached to a holder rolls on the radial slide. The holder and thus the roller is supported against the radial sliding track of the cam by means of a spring coil. The holder is slidably guided in the manner of a slide on two projecting runners of one housing half of the device.

The document JP S58 108392 U shows a hinge arrangement of a refrigeration device with a cam member which is pushed onto a hinge pin. The cam element has two recesses in the shape of a segment of a circle, into which a ball of a clamping device engages depending on the open or closed position of the appliance door.

The U.S. 324,444 describes a hinge with a spring-loaded latching device. However, the locking device there does not form a stop. The approach direction of the spring-preloaded pin runs in the longitudinal direction of the spring. The spring-loaded pin carries two end walls, which are arranged at approximately a 45-degree angle to the approach direction.

The U.S. 3,452,387 describes a refrigerator with a door leaf and a self-closing hinge arrangement. A spring preloaded a roller which engages in a circular segment-shaped recess in a sleeve that is attached to a hinge pin.

The DE 30 40 287 A1 describes a door hinge with a closing pressure device and optionally with an open pressure device, consisting of a support arm attached to a piece of furniture, e.g. the body, at the free end of which at least one control member with a control cam is arranged, on which at least one spring-loaded pressure piece rests.

The object of the invention is to create a refrigeration device, in particular a household refrigeration device, with an alternative, in particular simply constructed, hinge arrangement.

A refrigeration device is understood in particular to be a household refrigeration device, i.e. a refrigeration device that is used for housekeeping in households or possibly also in the catering sector, and in particular is used to store food and / or beverages in normal household quantities at certain temperatures, such as a refrigerator, a freezer , a fridge-freezer or a wine storage cabinet.

The object is achieved by a refrigeration device, in particular a household refrigeration device, having a body, a heat-insulated inner container that is arranged in the body and forms a storage space for items to be cooled, and at least one door leaf hinged on the body such that it can pivot about a vertical axis and which is used to open and close the storage space by means of a self-closing door leaf Hinge arrangement is mounted, which has a cam mechanism which has an engaging member and a cam member which cooperates with the engaging member and which comprises a radial slide track on which the engaging member runs, in which the engaging member has a flat counter-stop surface which is rigidly attached to the engaging member and which Cam member has a flat fixed stop surface that delimits the maximum opening angle of the door leaf and on which the counter-stop surface of the engaging member is present at the maximum opening angle of the door leaf, such that the fixed stop surface and the Corresponding counter-stop surfaces meet in a plane perpendicular to their direction of approach when the maximum opening angle of the door leaf is reached.

Since the engaging member has a counter-stop surface rigidly attached to the engaging member and the cam member has a fixed stop surface that limits the maximum opening angle of the door leaf and on which the counter-stop surface of the engaging member rests at the maximum opening angle of the door leaf, a very rigid construction of a stop is created that is also subject to high loads , in particular at high opening speeds of the door leaf provides a stable, in particular durable door hinge. Even under high force loads, the door leaf cannot be swiveled open beyond the maximum permissible opening angle for the door leaf. At the same time as a very stiff stop, the size of the hinge arrangement, in which the stop and a self-closing arrangement are integrated, is very compact, in particular very small.

The fixed stop surface and the corresponding counterstop surface are accordingly flat and meet in a plane perpendicular to their approach direction when the maximum opening angle of the door leaf is reached. Due to the flat design of the fixed stop surface and the corresponding counter-stop surface in combination with an alignment of the plane of the fixed stop surface and the counter-stop surface perpendicular to their approach direction, a stop force is always applied perpendicular to the stop surface so that no transverse forces can result. By avoiding transverse forces, undesired stresses in the hinge arrangement can be prevented or at least be reduced. In this way, the hinge arrangement can be made smaller and / or lighter, and unnecessary material reinforcements can be dispensed with.

The fixed stop surface can be formed on a hinge pin having the cam member. Since the fixed stop surface is formed directly on the cam member and thus directly on the hinge pin, a particularly rigid design results. In this case, high forces can be transmitted without having to provide connection points which have fastening means and which would have to be of correspondingly large dimensions in order to transmit these high forces.

The hinge pin having the fixed stop surface can be rigidly connected to the body and the engagement member having the counter stop surface can be designed as a slide mounted on the door leaf or in the door leaf. The slide is consequently mounted displaceably with respect to the door leaf. The slide can be spring-biased to implement a self-closing device. The slide can in particular be integrated into the hinge arrangement which is formed on the door leaf or in the door leaf.

The slide can have a front end wall from which a projection protrudes, on the side wall of which the counter-stop surface is formed. The slide can in this respect have a shoulder, on the protruding side wall of which the counter-stop surface is formed. The slide can consequently have a longitudinal extension which is oriented perpendicular or tangential to the pivoting movement of the door leaf, in particular also perpendicular to the direction of the stop force. The slide can in particular be displaceable perpendicularly or tangentially to the pivoting movement of the door leaf, in particular also perpendicularly to the direction of the stop force. The slide can be spring-biased to implement a self-closing device.

The cam member, in particular the hinge pin, can be connected to a fixed hinge part attached to the body, and the engagement member, in particular the slide, can be connected to a movable hinge part attached to the door leaf. This means that the function of the fixed stop in the hinge arrangement for pivoting the door leaf on Body, can be integrated. The fixed stop surface and the counter-stop surface form the essential components of the fixed stop. The fixed stop surface can be formed on the cam member, in particular on the hinge pin of that hinge part that is connected to the body. In addition, the counter-stop surface, in particular the slide, can be formed on that hinge part that is connected to the door leaf. The hinge part connected to the body can serve as a fixed hinge part. The hinge part connected to the door leaf can serve as a movable hinge part.

The movable hinge part can have at least two guide walls which are arranged at a distance from one another and run in parallel, between which the slide is mounted so as to be linearly displaceable. The two guide walls that are arranged at a distance from one another and run parallel can form a channel that represents a linear bearing for the slide. The distance between the two guide walls corresponds to the width of the slide, taking into account a necessary clearance of fit for the sliding mounting of the slide.

The guide walls can be provided on an inner jacket wall of a cylindrical blind hole of the movable hinge part, in particular a blind hole with a circular, rectangular or square cross section. Such a blind hole, which can also be designed as a bore, can be introduced or molded into a housing component of the hinge part. The hinge part or the housing component can be designed, for example, as a cast part, in particular as a plastic injection-molded part, or as a metal cast part, such as an aluminum die-cast part.

The engagement member can be spring-preloaded to generate a torque that pivots the door leaf into a closed position, in particular by a spring, in particular a spring coil, engaging the rear end wall of the slider in the movable hinge part. The engagement member or the slide can in this respect form a piston guided within the jacket wall, which piston is pressed against the hinge pin by the spring. On the hinge pin, a cam member can have a shape or sliding surface shape, which both through the fixed stop surface Forms stop, and forms a self-closing device for the door leaf by the spring preload of the engagement member or the slide.

To form a self-closing device, the radial sliding path of the cam member, in particular of the hinge pin, can be designed to generate a torque that pivots the door leaf into a closed position only up to an opening angle of the door leaf of at most 90 degrees, in particular at most 45 degrees.

The door leaf can be attached to the body in a region of one of its vertical side edges by at least two hinges arranged at a vertical distance from one another so that it can pivot about the vertical axis and at least one of the hinges can have the self-closing hinge arrangement. In particular, a self-closing hinge arrangement arranged at the lower end and / or upper end of the door leaf can be provided.

The cam mechanism can generally have a cam member and an engagement member which contact one another in a cam joint. The cam member and the engagement member can be designed, for example, as a cam and a cam follower.

The cam member and the engagement member thus touch along the radial slide. The shape, shape and / or contour of the cam member and / or the engagement member define in which pivot angle range of the door leaf that is pivoted open or closed a door closing moment is generated.

The self-closing hinge arrangement can have a hinge pin carrying the cam member and a slide carrying the engagement member. The engagement member or the slide can penetrate into a cavity of the door leaf-side housing component in that the hinge pin rotates relative to the door leaf. In this respect, the radial sliding path is formed by an outwardly facing jacket wall of the hinge pin. The cam member, in particular the hinge pin, can have a radial slide track pointing radially outward, and the engagement member, in particular the slide, can have a projection pointing radially into the cavity. The cam link and the engaging member may be formed as a cam and a cam follower so far.

The radial slideway of the cam member and / or the engagement member, in particular the slide or the projection, can be designed to generate a torque pivoting the door leaf into a closed position only up to an opening angle of the door leaf of at most 90 degrees, in particular of at most 45 degrees. A section of the radial sliding path along which the engagement member, in particular the projection, runs up to an opening angle of the door leaf of at most 90 degrees, in particular of at most 45 degrees, for generating the torque from a radial force that can be generated by the spring can be used , have a sloping flank. Alternatively or additionally, a section of the radial sliding path along which the engagement member, in particular the projection, runs from an opening angle of the door leaf of more than 90 degrees without generating the torque from the radial force, can describe an arc of a circle.

It can thereby be ensured that the door leaf can remain in an open position when required by the user of the refrigeration device, in particular the domestic refrigeration device, without the door leaf automatically pivoting back into its closed position. If a torque is generated only at an opening angle of the door leaf of at most 90 degrees, the user can enable the door leaf to remain open all the time by pivoting the door leaf open by more than 90 degrees, in particular by more than 45 degrees. There is then no longer any self-closing effect. If the cam member and the engagement member are designed as a cam and a cam follower, the cam would be located in the area of the radial sliding path of the cam follower, which has an arcuate contour in cross section. If the door leaf is to close automatically, the user only has to bring the door leaf into an open position with an opening angle of less than 90 degrees, in particular less than 45 degrees, so that now, for example, the engagement member, in particular the projection on an inclined flank of the cam member , in particular the slide is pending, so that due to the radial force from the spring preload, the engagement member presses against the cam member and as a result a torque acts on the door leaf, which allows the door leaf to close automatically.

An axial bearing can be provided in order to ensure that the door leaf is clearly seated at a defined height. The axial bearing can in particular be formed by a pairing of an axial seat surface and an axial counter-seat surface. The axial seating surface and the axial opposing seating surface ensure that the door leaf does not move in height. The movable hinge part can thus have a horizontally extending, planar axial seat surface in all designs, which interacts with an associated, horizontally extending, planar counter-axial seat surface of the stationary hinge part to hold the door leaf in a fixed height position.

In summary and with differently presented, the invention can result, among other things, in a self-closing hinge arrangement in which a stop for limiting a maximum opening angle of the door leaf is integrated into a bearing pin of a hinge arrangement for pivotably mounting the door leaf on a body of the household refrigerator. The function of the self-closing mechanism and the swivel stop can be installed in a hinge arrangement of the door leaf in an optically concealed manner. In particular, the door closing function and the stop function can be performed on the same bearing pin.

Further features and advantages of the invention emerge from the following description of an exemplary embodiment with reference to the accompanying figures. Specific features of this exemplary embodiment can represent general features of the invention.

Fig. 1

eine perspektivische Ansicht eines Haushaltskältegerätes mit zwei schwenkbar am Korpus angeschlagenen Türblättern, von denen jedes mit einer erfindungsgemäßen selbstschließenden Scharnieranordnung ausgestattet ist;

Fig. 2

eine perspektivische Teilansicht einer selbstschließenden Scharnieranordnung an einer unteren Stirnseite eines der Türblätter gemäß Fig. 1 in einer explodierten Darstellung;

Fig. 3

eine Teilschnittansicht durch die selbstschließende Scharnieranordnung gemäß Fig. 2 in einer Schließstellung des Türblatts;

Fig. 4

eine Teilschnittansicht durch die selbstschließende Scharnieranordnung gemäß Fig. 2 in einer teilweise geöffneten Stellung des Türblatts, in der eine Selbstschließung aktiv ist;

Fig. 5

eine Teilschnittansicht durch die selbstschließende Scharnieranordnung gemäß Fig. 2 in einer teilweise geöffneten Stellung des Türblatts, in der eine Selbstschließung nicht aktiv ist;

Fig. 6

eine Teilschnittansicht durch die selbstschließende Scharnieranordnung gemäß Fig. 2 in einer maximalen Offenstellung des Türblatts, in der das Türblatt an einer erfindungsgemäßen Anschlagsfläche ansteht.

Show it:

Fig. 1

a perspective view of a household refrigerator with two pivotally hinged door leaves on the body, each of which is equipped with a self-closing hinge arrangement according to the invention;

Fig. 2

a perspective partial view of a self-closing hinge arrangement on a lower end face of one of the door leaves according to FIG Fig. 1 in an exploded representation;

Fig. 3

a partial sectional view through the self-closing hinge arrangement according to Fig. 2 in a closed position of the door leaf;

Fig. 4

a partial sectional view through the self-closing hinge arrangement according to Fig. 2 in a partially open position of the door leaf, in which a self-closing is active;

Fig. 5

a partial sectional view through the self-closing hinge arrangement according to Fig. 2 in a partially open position of the door leaf in which self-closing is not active;

Fig. 6

a partial sectional view through the self-closing hinge arrangement according to Fig. 2 in a maximum open position of the door leaf, in which the door leaf rests against a stop surface according to the invention.

The Fig. 1 shows a household refrigerator 1 in the design of a combination fridge-freezer. The household refrigerator 1 has at least one heat-insulated inner container 2, in the illustrated embodiment two heat-insulated inner containers 2a, 2b. An upper thermally insulated inner container 2a forms a cooling space 3a as a storage space 3 for storing items to be cooled above zero degrees Celsius, in particular between zero degrees and plus eight degrees Celsius. The upper thermally insulated inner container 2a can be closed by a first door leaf 4a. A lower heat-insulated inner container 2b forms a freezer space 3b as a storage space 3 for storing items to be cooled below zero degrees Celsius, in particular at around minus 18 degrees Celsius. The lower thermally insulated inner container 2b can be closed by a second door leaf 4b.

Each of the two door leaves 4a, 4b is attached to a body 7 of the domestic refrigeration appliance 1 by means of an upper hinge 5a, 5b and a lower hinge 6a, 6b, ie, it is pivoted. Due to the hinges 5a, 6a, the door leaf 4a is mounted pivotably about a vertical axis A. In the illustrated embodiment, the lower hinge 6a has a self-closing hinge arrangement 8 according to the invention.

In the Fig. 2 the self-closing hinge arrangement 8 is shown in an enlarged partial view. The self-closing hinge arrangement 8 has a cam mechanism 18 which has an engaging member 16 and a cam member 14 which interacts with the engaging member 16. The cam member 14 carries a radial slide 19 on which the engagement member 16 runs. For this purpose, the engagement member 16 has a projection 30, on the side wall 31 of which a counter-stop surface 32 is formed.

The cam member 14 is attached to a hinge pin 17 in the illustrated embodiment. The hinge pin 17 is connected to a fixed hinge part 21 attached to the body 7. The engagement member 16, which is designed in particular as a slide 16a, is connected to a movable hinge part 22 attached to the door leaf 4a, 4b.

The movable hinge part 22 has two guide walls 33, 34 which are arranged at a distance from one another and run in parallel, between which the slide 16a is mounted so as to be linearly displaceable. In the exemplary embodiment, the guide walls 33, 34 are provided on an inner jacket wall 35 of a cylindrical blind hole 36 of the movable hinge part 22. In the exemplary embodiment, the blind hole 36 has a circular or square cross section.

The engaging member 16 has the counter stop surface 32 rigidly attached to the engaging member 16 and the cam member 14 has a fixed stop surface 37 which limits the maximum opening angle of the door leaf 4a, 4b and on which the counter stop surface 32 of the engaging member 16 rests at the maximum opening angle of the door leaf 4a, 4b. The fixed stop surface 37 and the corresponding counter-stop surface 32 are flat and meet in a plane perpendicular to their approach direction when the maximum opening angle of the door leaf 4a, 4b is reached, as in FIG Fig. 6 shown. The fixed stop surface 37 is formed on the hinge pin 17 having the cam member 14. The hinge pin 17 having the fixed stop surface is rigidly connected to the body 7 and the engaging member 16 having the counter stop surface 32 is designed as a slide 16a mounted on the door leaf 4a, 4b or in the door leaf 4a, 4b.

The slide 16a has a front end wall 38 from which a projection 30 projects, on the side wall of which the counter-stop surface 32 is formed.

In order to generate a torque D which pivots the door leaf 4a, 4b into a closed position, the engagement member 16 can be spring-pretensioned by means of a spring coil 39 in the illustrated embodiment.

The radial slide 19 of the cam member 14, in particular the hinge pin 17, is designed to generate a torque D pivoting the door leaf 4a, 4b into a closed position exclusively up to an opening angle of the door leaf 4a, 4b in the exemplary embodiment of approximately 45 degrees.

Like in the FIGS. 3 to 6 As shown, the door leaf 4a, like the door leaf 4b, which can be equipped with an identical self-closing hinge arrangement 8, has an outer skin 9 and an inner skin 10. An insulating layer 11 can be introduced between the outer skin 9 and the inner skin 10. The door leaf 4a is, as in Fig. 1 shown, hinged on the body 7 in a region of one of its vertical side edges 12 by at least two hinges 5a, 6a arranged at a vertical distance from one another so as to be pivotable about the vertical axis A. The self-closing hinge assembly 8 can, as in FIG Fig. 2 shown, be integrated into a lower edge termination 13. The lower edge termination 13 can, for example, be a plastic component that is attached to the lower edges of the inner skin 10 and the outer skin 9.

The slide 16a is integrated into the edge closure 13, which is connected to the door leaf 4a. The cam member 14 is formed on the hinge pin 17. The cam member 14 is connected to a fixed hinge part 21 attached to the body 7. The cam member 14 and the engagement member 16 form the cam gear 18.

An axial seating surface 23, as in FIG Fig. 2 shown, interacts with an associated, horizontally extending, planar axial counter-seat surface 24 of the stationary hinge part 21. The door leaf 4a, 4b is held in a fixed height position by the axial seat surface 23 and the axial counter seat surface 24.

The cam member 14 has a radial slide 19. The radial sliding track 19 causes the torque D to be generated from the radial force which is generated by the spring coil 39 when the door leaf 4a, 4b is pivoted. The projection 30 of the slide 16a slides along the radial sliding path 19 of the cam member 14. When the door leaf 4a, 4b is opened, the projection 30 of the slide 16a slides out of a closed position of the door leaf 4a, 4b according to FIG Fig. 3 in a position according to Fig. 4 and then according to Fig. 5 .

As can be seen, the movable hinge part 22, which is formed in particular in the illustrated embodiment by the edge termination 13, the slide 16a. An end face 38 of the slide 16a carries the projection 30. When the door leaf 4a, 4b is moved from a position according to FIG Fig. 3 in a position according to Fig. 4 The projection 30 slides along an inclined flank 40, whereby the spring coil 39 is tensioned by the pushing back of the slide 16a. If the door leaf 4a, 4b is now released, the tensioned spring coil 39 automatically presses the slider 16a against the inclined flank 40 whereby, due to the fixed hinge pin 17 connected to the body 7, the door leaf 4a, 4b is in a closed position according to Fig. 3 is swiveled back automatically. This realizes the automatic hinge arrangement.

If the door leaf is opened via the in Fig. 4 The opening position of the door leaf 4a, 4b shown in the figure is pivoted open, so the projection 30 rests on a first track section 41a of the radial slide 19, which is circular in cross section. The door leaf 4a, 4b has an opening angle of approximately 45 degrees. The slide 16a is spring-pretensioned, but cannot cause any movement of the door leaf 4a, 4b due to the path section 41a of the radial sliding path 19 lying perpendicular to the direction of movement.

If the door leaf 4a, 4b is swung open further until it reaches the in Fig. 6 position shown, the in Fig. 5 Upper front end wall 38a of slide 16a on first track section 41a of radial slide track 19, which is circular in cross section. After turning the door leaf 4a, 4b further, the in Fig. 6 lower front end wall 38b of slide 16a on a second track section 41b of radial slide track 19, which is circular in cross section. In both cases, the slide 16a is spring-loaded, but due to the perpendicular Path sections 41a and 41b of the radial sliding path 19 lying to the direction of movement do not cause any movement of the door leaf 4a, 4b. As soon as the door leaf is in the in Fig. 6 When the pivot position shown is reached, the counter-stop surface 32 rigidly attached to the engagement member 16, ie on the slide 16a, strikes the fixed stop surface 37 of the hinge pin 17, so that further pivoting of the door leaf 4a, 4b is reliably prevented.

In the in Fig. 6 The stop position of the hinge pin 17 shown in the figure, the projection 30 of the slide 16a dips into a bay 42 located between the first track section 41a and the second track section 41b. During the closing of the door leaf 4a, 4b, that is to say a turning of the door leaf 4a, 4b out of the position shown in FIG Fig. 6 clockwise position shown, the projection 30 of the slide 16a is pushed out of the bay 42 due to a third track section 41c and is completely biased again, so that for a subsequent automatic closing on the inclined flank 40 according to Fig. 4 , the slide 16a can transmit a sufficient closing force.

Claims (9)

1. Refrigeration device, in particular household refrigeration device, having a carcass (7), a heat-insulated inner container (2, 2a, 2b) which is arranged in the carcass (7) and forms a storage area (3) for refrigerated items, and at least one door leaf (4a, 4b) which is attached to the carcass (7), can pivot about a vertical axis (A) and is mounted for opening and closing the storage area (3) by means of a self-closing hinge assembly (8) having a cam mechanism (18) which has an engaging member (16) and a cam member (14) which interacts with the engaging member (16) and which comprises a radial guideway (19) along which the engaging member (16) runs, characterised in that the engaging member (16) has a counter-stop surface (32) which is rigidly fastened to the engaging member (16) and is embodied as flat, and the cam member (14) has a fixed stop surface (37) which limits the maximum opening angle of the door leaf (4a, 4b) and is embodied as flat, and which the counter-stop surface (32) of the engaging member (16) touches at the maximum opening angle of the door leaf (4a, 4b), such that the fixed stop surface (37) and the corresponding counter-stop surface (32) meet in a plane lying perpendicular to their direction of approach when the maximum opening angle of the door leaf (4a, 4b) is reached.
2. Refrigeration device according to claim 1, characterised in that the fixed stop surface (37) is embodied on a hinge pin (17) having the cam member (14).
3. Refrigeration device according to claim 2, characterised in that the hinge pin (17) having the fixed stop surface (37) is rigidly connected to the carcass (7) and in that the engaging member (16) having the counter-stop surface (37) is embodied as a slide (16a) mounted on the door leaf (4a, 4b) or in the door leaf (4a, 4b).
4. Refrigeration device according to claim 3, characterised in that the slide (16a) has a front end wall (38) from which a projection (30) protrudes, on the side wall (31) of which the counter-stop surface (32) is embodied.
5. Refrigeration device according to claim 3 or 4, characterised in that the cam member (14), in particular the hinge pin (17), is connected to a fixed hinge part (21) attached to the carcass (7), and the engaging member (16), in particular the slide (16a), is connected to a movable hinge part (22) attached to the door leaf (4a, 4b).
6. Refrigeration device according to claim 5, characterised in that the movable hinge part (22) has at least two guide walls (33, 34) running parallel and arranged spaced apart from one another, between which the slide (16a) is mounted so as to be linearly displaceable.
7. Refrigeration device according to claim 6, characterised in that the guide walls (33, 34) are provided on an inner jacket wall (35) of a cylindrical blind hole (36) of the movable hinge part (22), in particular a blind hole (36) with a circular, rectangular or square cross-section.
8. Refrigeration device according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the engaging member (16) for generating a torque (D) pivoting the door leaf (4a, 4b) into a closed position is mounted in the movable hinge part (22) in a spring-biased manner, in particular by a spring, in particular a spring coil (39), engaging with the rear end wall of the slide (16a).
9. Refrigeration device according to claim 8, characterised in that the radial guideway (19) of the cam member (14), in particular of the hinge pin (17), is embodied to generate a torque (D) pivoting the door leaf (4a, 4b) into a closed position exclusively up to an opening angle of the door leaf (4a, 4b) of a maximum of 90 degrees, in particular a maximum of 45 degrees.

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