EP2421662A2 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zum abfüllen oder abpacken von inhaltsstoffen in behälter - Google Patents
Vorrichtung und verfahren zum abfüllen oder abpacken von inhaltsstoffen in behälterInfo
- Publication number
- EP2421662A2 EP2421662A2 EP10726048A EP10726048A EP2421662A2 EP 2421662 A2 EP2421662 A2 EP 2421662A2 EP 10726048 A EP10726048 A EP 10726048A EP 10726048 A EP10726048 A EP 10726048A EP 2421662 A2 EP2421662 A2 EP 2421662A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- working space
- containers
- profile
- openings
- sterile fluid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
- B65B55/00—Preserving, protecting or purifying packages or package contents in association with packaging
- B65B55/02—Sterilising, e.g. of complete packages
- B65B55/04—Sterilising wrappers or receptacles prior to, or during, packaging
- B65B55/10—Sterilising wrappers or receptacles prior to, or during, packaging by liquids or gases
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
- B65B55/00—Preserving, protecting or purifying packages or package contents in association with packaging
- B65B55/02—Sterilising, e.g. of complete packages
- B65B55/025—Packaging in aseptic tunnels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
- B65B2210/00—Specific aspects of the packaging machine
- B65B2210/06—Sterilising or cleaning machinery or conduits
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device and a method for filling or packaging of ingredients, especially drinks, foods, medicines or the like, in containers. While the containers pass through the device from an inlet to an outlet side, the containers passing through the working space with a sterile fluid, in particular sterile air, are pressurized to prevent germs. Until the containers are sealed within the working space, it is necessary to maintain the sterile atmosphere in the working space.
- a sterile fluid in particular sterile air
- the work space is always after the completion of carrying a large number of containers through the
- EP 0 427 348 A1 discloses a supply device for a cleaning medium arranged in an aseptic working space, which has two tubes extending laterally along the working space for cleaning the aseptic working space, which have a multiplicity of spray openings and can be acted upon by a cleaning medium.
- the cleaning medium is supplied to the two spray tubes under pressure while rotating the spray tubes.
- the emerging under pressure from the spray openings cleaning agent forms a jet circuit.
- DE 33 23 710 A1 discloses a gassing device for containers transported on a conveyor. Following the conveyor and its course following a channel is arranged, in which an apertured distribution pipe is arranged for a sterile gas. Via a arranged below the manifold in the channel porous wall passes the sterile gas supplied from the manifold into the containers. The porous wall concentrates the sterile gas on the area of the container mouth, while the remaining container parts can be exposed to the influence of the ambient air.
- a first object of the invention is to reduce in a working space through which containers are conveyed from an inlet side to an outlet side, the cleaning effort of sterile fluid lines, in particular after the completion of the transport of containers through the working space. An expansion of the reusable line for the sterile fluid should be avoided.
- the inner conduit extends into the outer conduit, the outer conduit preferably surrounding the inner conduit along its entire length.
- the outer conduit has a plurality of openings for the introduction of the sterile fluid, which are preferably distributed in the longitudinal direction and over the circumference thereof.
- a further improvement in the cleaning of the outer conduit for introducing the sterile fluid can be achieved in that the outer and the inner conduit are rotatable relative to each other about their longitudinal axes.
- both the inner and the outer conduit are designed as dimensionally stable tubes.
- At least one profile extending beyond the containers is arranged with openings in the working space below the outer line the distributed from the outer conduit sterile fluid distributed over the container.
- profile types are in particular rectangular profiles or angle profiles into consideration.
- the rectangular profiles have a low height in relation to the width. They are therefore also referred to below as plates.
- the profile is preferably designed as a perforated plate. If the perforated plate is folded, it forms an angle profile. A flat perforated plate forms a rectangular profile.
- the sterile fluid is distributed in two stages, first over the outer, preferably tube-shaped, conduit extending into the working space, having a plurality of apertures for the passage of the sterile fluid, and then extending through the container below the tube
- the profile is designed in particular as a plate or as an angle profile.
- the angle profile channels the fluid passing through the openings of the angle profile and favors its extraction via a suction device arranged near the floor in the working space.
- each profile rotatably disposed about an axis about which the profile is rotatable between a first position in which containers are located in the working space and a second position in which there are no containers in the working space. In the second position of the profile, the cleaning agent is applied.
- a further object of the invention is to reduce the cleaning effort in a working space through which containers are conveyed from an inlet side to an outlet side from a profile which extends over the containers and has openings.
- the profile is used in particular for the distribution of sterile fluid in the working space.
- the device With a arranged in the working space supply means for a cleaning medium, the device can be cleaned automatically.
- the feeder acts on the profile in a position occupied by the profile when there are no containers in the working space.
- the invention In order to evenly distribute a sterile fluid, in particular sterile air, in the working space of the device above the containers, it is proposed in one embodiment of the invention that at least one tube with a plurality of openings for the introduction of a sterile fluid through the working space above each profile Workspace extends.
- the distribution of the sterile fluid takes place in a position occupied by the profile when there are containers in the working space.
- the invention relates to filling machines for filling liquid foods into packing containers, with a working space through which the packing containers with at least one transporting means can be moved from the inlet side to the outlet side along at least one conveying path.
- the inner conduit for introducing the cleaning medium is designed in particular as a spray tube extending along the conveyor path in the interior of the working space, which is rotatable about its longitudinal axis, has a multiplicity of spray openings and means for supplying the cleaning medium to the interior of the spray tube.
- Each spray tube extends into the outer, as
- Gas distribution tube configured line for uniform distribution of the gaseous sterile fluid in order to create a clean room atmosphere in the working space, wherein the gas distribution tube surrounds the spray tube preferably along its entire length, the gas distribution tube having a plurality of gas openings which are distributed in the longitudinal direction and over the circumference are arranged and the gas distribution pipe comprises means for supplying the gaseous fluid to the annular gap between the spray pipe and the gas distribution pipe.
- the concentrically surrounding the spray tube over its entire length gas distribution tube is automatically cleaned after completion of filling when cleaning the working space when the exiting under pressure from the spray holes of the rotating spray tube cleaning agent first meets the inner surface of the gas distribution pipe and then exits through the gas holes.
- the spray medium impinged with the cleaning medium is at least once 360 degrees about its axis of rotation within the stationary Rotated gas supply pipe or the optional independently of the spray tube rotatable gas supply tube counter-rotated to wet the entire inner surface of the gas supply pipe with cleaning medium.
- the gaseous fluid in particular the sterile air
- the gaseous fluid is supplied from the end face of the two concentric tubes via the annular gap between the inner spray tube and the outer gas distribution tube during the filling of the packing containers.
- the gas openings in the gas distribution pipe are arranged uniformly not only over its entire length, but also over its circumference in particular, the sterile air passes evenly and space filling in the working space.
- the concentric tubes preferably extend from the inlet to the outlet side of the working space.
- the working space is bounded above by a planar space cover and arranged each gas distribution pipe as close to the space cover above a defined by the edges of the open, the working space continuous packing container filling level.
- each gas distribution pipe is preferably arranged next to a conveyor track or between two spaced apart and parallel conveyor tracks. The distance is chosen so that at least one gas distribution pipe between the conveyor tracks fits.
- the spray openings are arranged on a running in the longitudinal direction of the spray tube straight or helical line on the jacket.
- a further improvement in the distribution of the cleaning medium is achieved when the spray tube comprises a plurality of spray nozzles having jet nozzles, in particular fan jet nozzles, wherein the jet edges of the beams of adjacent jet nozzles overlap and thus spray the cleaning medium gapless.
- the packing containers then enter the drying zone, where the packing containers are rinsed with hot air. Subsequently, in the filling zone, the actual filling of the liquid food in the thus pretreated packing container. Finally, the filled packing container reaches the closing zone, in which the hitherto open packing containers are mechanically closed; This happens, for example, by folding in the head flaps, which are then heated and pressed in the region of the packing gable by means of sealing tools.
- the partitioning between the individual zones takes place, in particular, with bulkhead plates extending transversely to the conveying path, which at least passages for the conveyed along by the transport along the conveyor track
- Packing container and the gas distribution pipes have. Likewise, the inlet and outlet sides are sealed off from the space in which the filling machine is located.
- the preheating zone, the sterilization zone and the drying zone are assigned at least one suction device.
- the suction device preferably comprises a plurality of suction tubes, which between two
- Conveyor tracks or next to a conveyor track are arranged below the fill level and have a plurality of suction openings.
- the distribution of the sterile air in the different zones of the working space can be improved by arranging at least one profile with a plurality of gas passage openings extending over the packaging containers between the at least one gas distribution tube and the filling plane.
- the profiles in particular perforated plates, preferably extend across the entire working space to the tubular feed elements. The perforated plates ensure that the sterile air is evenly distributed in the individual zones and reaches the inner and outer surfaces of the open packing containers.
- the profiles, in particular perforated plates about an axis from an operating position to a cleaning position and vice versa are pivotal, they need not be removed for the cleaning of the working space, but may remain in the filling machine.
- the perforated plates are pivoted into the cleaning position, in which they do not affect the cleaning effect of the spray tube.
- the perforated plates are pivotable by at least 360 degrees about its pivot axis by means of a manual or motor drive. The possible full rotation of the perforated plates during the cleaning process by means of the spray tube ensures that the perforated plates can be completely cleaned on all sides, largely independent of the profiling of the perforated plate.
- Figure 1 is a schematic longitudinal section through a filling machine according to the invention.
- Figure 2 is a schematic plan view of a filling machine according to Figure 1 with removed
- Figure 3 shows a cross section through the filling machine along the line 3-3 of Figure 2;
- Figure 4 shows a cross section through the filling machine along the line 4-4 of Figure 2 and
- FIGS. 5 to 7 show cross sections through a gas distribution pipe of a filling machine according to the invention arranged concentrically to a spray pipe in different operating positions.
- the filling machine (1) comprises a germ-free working space (2) which has the shape of a hollow, right-angled parallelepiped on an inlet side (7) through a front wall (3), on an outlet side (8) through a rear wall (4) and the front and rear walls (3,4) interconnecting side walls (5a, 5b) and at the top by a space cover (6) is limited.
- a bottom surface not shown in the figures, complete the working space (2).
- the side walls (5a, 5b) rest on a flat foundation that closes the working space down.
- Packing containers (9) for receiving drinks are conveyed in four parallel conveyor tracks (11 a-d) by means of a circulating conveyor from the inlet side (7) to the outlet side (8) of the filling machine (1). At the conveyor are upwardly flared bag-shaped
- the filling machine (1) along the mutually parallel conveyor tracks (11 ad) in a preheating zone (13), a sterilization zone (14), a drying zone (15), a filling zone (16) and a Closing zone (17) divided.
- the different zones (13-17) are separated by partition plates (18).
- the preheating zone (13), the degermination zone (14) and the drying zone (15) eight open packing containers (9) can be simultaneously or simultaneously charged with hot air and hydrogen peroxide by the supply elements (19, 22, 23, 25) per working cycle of the transport means be filled with drinks.
- the beverage in the conveying direction (26) in front of the feed elements (25) for filling, the beverage is further feed elements (27) for a process gas for preventing oxidation provided, for example, nitrogen oxide (NO 2 ).
- a process gas for preventing oxidation provided, for example, nitrogen oxide (NO 2 ).
- NO 2 nitrogen oxide
- Such process gases are used in particular in the filling of oxidation-sensitive beverages, such as fruit juices.
- the outlet openings of all feed elements (19, 23, 25, 27) terminate just above the open packing containers (9), which define a filling plane (28) with their edges facing upwards.
- Gas distribution pipes (31) arranged. As can be seen from the plan view in Figure 2, the five gas distribution pipes (31) and spray pipes (29) extend through the entire working space (2) from the front wall (3) to the rear wall (4), each gas distribution pipe (31) and thus also Spray tube (29) above the fill level (28) is arranged. In a vertical projection, the three central gas distribution pipes (31) and the spray pipes (29) enclosed by them are in each case between two conveyor tracks (11 a - d), while the two outer gas distribution pipes (31)
- Gas distribution pipes (31) and the spray pipes (29) enclosed by them in the conveying direction (26) left or right of the conveyor tracks (IIa, lld) are located.
- Each gas distribution pipe (31) has a plurality of
- each spray tube (29) on the jacket (39) On a line parallel to the longitudinal axis of each spray tube (29) on the jacket (39) a plurality of spray openings (34) having fan jet nozzles (35) are arranged.
- the size and contour of the spray openings (34) is approximately the same size and contour of the larger gas openings (33) in the gas distribution tubes (31) match.
- the five gas distribution pipes (31) open into rotary feedthroughs of a manifold (36) extending across the width of the front wall (3) through which the sterile air enters the annular gap (37) between the jacket (39) of each spray pipe (29) and the inner surface (38) is coupled.
- each spray pipe (29) is designed frontally closed.
- the spray pipes (31) open into unillustrated rotary unions of connection fittings via which the cleaning medium is supplied to the interior of the spray pipes (29).
- the gas distribution pipes (31) and the spray pipes (29) are independently rotatable about their longitudinal axes by means of frontal, outside of the working space (2) arranged drives (40), of which only the drive for the gas distribution pipe in Figure 1 is shown.
- Closing and filling zone (16, 17) driving motors (44) are fixed to the rear wall (4) of the working space (2).
- the motors (45) driving the shafts (42a) of the angled perforated plates (43a) in the preheating zone (13), the degermination zone (14) and the drying zone (15) are fixed to the front wall (3) of the working space (2).
- the angled perforated plates (43a) form, as can be seen from the illustration in Figure 3, in their operating position along each conveyor track (11 a-d) in the preheating zone (13), the sterilization zone (14) and the drying zone (15) the packing container at the top encompassing channel.
- the channeling effect causes the hot air, and in particular the hydrogen peroxide, supplied from the feed elements (19, 22, 23) to come into intensive contact with the inner and outer surfaces of the packing containers.
- sterile air is optimally distributed via the holes of the horizontal surfaces of the perforated plates (43a) which are horizontal in the operating position in the filling plane (28) located beneath the perforated plates (43a).
- the axes of rotation of the shafts (42a, 42b) are located in vertical planes, in which the axes of the gas distribution pipes (31) and the spray pipes (29) are located.
- the axes of rotation of the shafts (42a, 42b) are thus either either between two conveyor tracks (lla-d) and left or right next to the conveyor track (lla, lld).
- the perforated plates (43a, 43b) extend over the entire working space (2) over the whole area and extend with their edges up to the feed elements (19,22,23,25,27), zoom in; In the operating position, the perforated plates (43a, 43b) largely cover the upwardly open packing containers (9).
- a cycle time of about 2.6 seconds is available, of which about 0.8 seconds on the further transport of the eight packing containers (9) to the conveying direction (26). needed next zone.
- the eight heated with hot air packing container (9) move into the disinfection zone (14), in which they are charged with hydrogen peroxide via the feed elements (22).
- the eight sterilized packaging containers are fed to the drying zone (15), where the hydrogen peroxide is dried off with hot air.
- the sterilized packing containers (9) advance into the filling zone (16), where they are filled with drinks from eight feed elements (25), before in the subsequent closing zone (17) the head bottles aligned parallel to the conveying direction (26) mechanically closed by guide profiles (46) and then heated and pressed together with the aid of sealing tools (47).
- the now closed packing containers (9) leave the working space (2) on the rear wall (4) through the passage openings (48) provided there, adapted to the contour of the packing containers.
- Gas distribution pipes (31) supplied sterile air, which flows through the gas openings (32,33) in the working space (2).
- the gas distribution pipes (31) are located in the position shown in Figure 5.
- the larger gas openings (33) point downwards in the direction of the perforated plates (43a, b) which are in the working position, so that the sterile air is guided from top to bottom with largely laminar flow to the packing containers (9).
- each spray tube (29) is acted upon with cleaning medium, which exits through the arranged in grader line fan jet nozzles (35).
- each spray tube (29) rotates about its longitudinal axis in the direction of the arrow (49) shown in Figures 6,7.
- the larger gas openings (33) in the gas distribution tubes (31) are aligned with the spray openings (34) of the fan jet nozzles of the spray tube (29) to ensure an unobstructed exit of the fan beams during the cleaning process.
- each gas distribution pipe (31) rotates this in synchronism with the spray pipe (31) in the direction of the arrow (50), so that the spray openings (34) throughout the cleaning process with the larger Gas openings (33) are aligned. Finally, as shown in Figure 7, the drive of each gas distribution tube (31) is stopped and / or its direction of rotation reversed to allow complete distribution of the cleaning medium exiting the spray openings (34) over the entire inner surface (38) of each gas distribution tube (31) guarantee.
- a cleaning medium water, various foam products on an alkaline or acidic basis and for disinfection a hydrogen peroxide aerosol is supplied via the spray tube (29).
- the above cleaning media can be applied in a controlled sequence in succession with the help of the spray pipes (29) for cleaning purposes in the working space (2).
- the filling machine according to the invention permits fully automatic cleaning not only of the gas distribution pipes (31) but also of any perforated plates (43a, 43b) which can pivot about an axis.
- a space-saving, optimal for the cleaning process position of the spray pipes (29) and the gas distribution pipes (31) are proposed, which are necessary for the maintenance of a clean room atmosphere during the filling process.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Filling Of Jars Or Cans And Processes For Cleaning And Sealing Jars (AREA)
- Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
- Basic Packing Technique (AREA)
- Cleaning In General (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102009025300A DE102009025300A1 (de) | 2009-06-15 | 2009-06-15 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Abfüllen oder Abpacken von Inhaltsstoffen in Behälter |
PCT/EP2010/058087 WO2010145978A2 (de) | 2009-06-15 | 2010-06-09 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum abfüllen oder abpacken von inhaltsstoffen in behälter |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2421662A2 true EP2421662A2 (de) | 2012-02-29 |
EP2421662B1 EP2421662B1 (de) | 2015-05-06 |
Family
ID=42937478
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP20100726048 Active EP2421662B1 (de) | 2009-06-15 | 2010-06-09 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum aseptischen abfüllen oder abpacken von inhaltsstoffen in behälter |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8944079B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2421662B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN102802822B (de) |
BR (1) | BRPI1012357B1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102009025300A1 (de) |
RU (1) | RU2537910C2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2010145978A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (16)
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JP6404612B2 (ja) * | 2014-06-23 | 2018-10-10 | 株式会社細川洋行 | 内容物が無菌充填されたスパウト付きパウチの製造方法及び集積物 |
CN107108059B (zh) * | 2014-12-12 | 2019-08-13 | 爱洛帕克公司 | 用于将产品填充到容器中的设备和方法 |
DE102015101751A1 (de) * | 2015-02-06 | 2016-08-11 | Sig Technology Ag | Verfahren zum Füllen von Packungen mit wechselnden Produkten in einer Füllmaschine |
CN105214984B (zh) * | 2015-09-29 | 2018-02-02 | 芜湖宏景电子股份有限公司 | 汽车音响pcb板消毒除尘装置 |
DE102015122876A1 (de) * | 2015-12-28 | 2017-06-29 | Sig Technology Ag | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Sterilisieren bei der Abfüllung vorzugsweise flüssiger Lebensmittel in Packungsbehälter |
CN105664206B (zh) * | 2016-01-28 | 2018-07-06 | 连云港佑源医药设备制造有限公司 | 一种集成压力式在线灭菌生产线 |
DE102016113673A1 (de) | 2016-07-25 | 2018-01-25 | Friedrich Fischer | Dosierspendersystem |
IT201600078604A1 (it) * | 2016-07-27 | 2018-01-27 | I M A Industria Macch Automatiche S P A In Sigla Ima S P A | Gruppo di trasporto per confezioni di contenitori ad uso farmaceutico |
DE102017103040A1 (de) * | 2017-02-15 | 2018-08-16 | Sig Technology Ag | Füllmaschine und Verfahren zum Füllen von Packungen mit einem fließfähigen Produkt |
WO2021063991A1 (en) * | 2019-10-04 | 2021-04-08 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. | A particle removal device for a filling machine |
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NO20210716A1 (en) * | 2021-06-04 | 2022-12-05 | Elopak As | Hot air extraction duct |
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CN117284584A (zh) * | 2023-08-10 | 2023-12-26 | 康美包(苏州)有限公司 | 包装产品的制造设备及其制造方法 |
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DE102005004658B3 (de) | 2004-12-29 | 2006-06-14 | Sig Technology Ag | Vorrichtung zur gleichmäßigen Verteilung eines gasförmigen Fluids |
DE102005047427B3 (de) * | 2005-09-30 | 2006-12-28 | Sig Technology Ag | Vorrichtung zum Sterilisieren kontinuierlich hintereinander transportierter Behälter |
EP1964782B1 (de) * | 2005-12-21 | 2018-02-28 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha, Ltd. | Verfahren zur herstellung eines verpackten produkts |
US20090007522A1 (en) * | 2006-02-28 | 2009-01-08 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha, Ltd | Method of Producing a Drink Contained in a Container |
US8071021B2 (en) * | 2006-05-01 | 2011-12-06 | American Sterilizer Company | Hydrogen peroxide vaporizer |
EP2024236B1 (de) * | 2006-05-05 | 2012-05-16 | Multivac Sepp Haggenmüller GmbH & Co. KG | Verpackungsmaschine |
-
2009
- 2009-06-15 DE DE102009025300A patent/DE102009025300A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2010
- 2010-06-09 BR BRPI1012357A patent/BRPI1012357B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2010-06-09 CN CN201080026430.0A patent/CN102802822B/zh active Active
- 2010-06-09 WO PCT/EP2010/058087 patent/WO2010145978A2/de active Application Filing
- 2010-06-09 US US13/377,996 patent/US8944079B2/en active Active
- 2010-06-09 EP EP20100726048 patent/EP2421662B1/de active Active
- 2010-06-09 RU RU2012100868/13A patent/RU2537910C2/ru active
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2010145978A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BRPI1012357B1 (pt) | 2020-04-14 |
RU2537910C2 (ru) | 2015-01-10 |
CN102802822A (zh) | 2012-11-28 |
EP2421662B1 (de) | 2015-05-06 |
WO2010145978A3 (de) | 2011-05-26 |
CN102802822B (zh) | 2015-01-21 |
US8944079B2 (en) | 2015-02-03 |
US20120085370A1 (en) | 2012-04-12 |
BRPI1012357A8 (pt) | 2017-09-19 |
BRPI1012357A2 (pt) | 2016-03-29 |
RU2012100868A (ru) | 2013-07-27 |
DE102009025300A1 (de) | 2010-12-30 |
WO2010145978A2 (de) | 2010-12-23 |
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