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EP2406861A2 - Lightning conductor having controlled operation - Google Patents

Lightning conductor having controlled operation

Info

Publication number
EP2406861A2
EP2406861A2 EP10805248A EP10805248A EP2406861A2 EP 2406861 A2 EP2406861 A2 EP 2406861A2 EP 10805248 A EP10805248 A EP 10805248A EP 10805248 A EP10805248 A EP 10805248A EP 2406861 A2 EP2406861 A2 EP 2406861A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
lightning rod
spark gap
rod according
lightning
conductive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP10805248A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
André MOTTIN
Michael Troubat
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
France Paratonnerres
Original Assignee
France Paratonnerres
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by France Paratonnerres filed Critical France Paratonnerres
Publication of EP2406861A2 publication Critical patent/EP2406861A2/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
    • H02G13/00—Installations of lightning conductors; Fastening thereof to supporting structure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
    • H02G13/00—Installations of lightning conductors; Fastening thereof to supporting structure
    • H02G13/80—Discharge by conduction or dissipation, e.g. rods, arresters, spark gaps

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a protection device against the direct effects of lightning and more particularly relates to a lightning rod with regulated operation whose breakdown voltage of the spark gap is not influenced by atmospheric conditions, including rain or snow.
  • a so-called Franklin lightning rod is known to consist of a metal rod which is connected to the ground at one end and terminates at its other end with a point. This point, when a storm cloud creates a large electric field nearby, is the seat of a corona effect that generates ionization around its tip. It is also known that a thunderbolt is preceded by the appearance of a descending tracer which jerks from the cloud towards the ground. The corona effect develops and gives rise to an ascending tracer which, when it encounters the descending tracer, generates a conductive channel between the cloud and the ground through which the lightning current flows. This encounter therefore occurs even more closely with the lightning rod that the upward tracer is generated late. This is why various types of lightning rods have been proposed equipped with priming devices intended to generate the ascending tracer earlier.
  • a lightning rod comprising a central rod surrounded by a piece of insulating material, which is connected to the free end of the rod, which is itself surrounded by a conductive electrode leaving a free zone to the insulating material in the vicinity of the rod so that this insulating zone forms a bridge capable of guiding a spark between the electrode and the stem.
  • the present invention aims to propose a lightning rod whose breakdown voltage of its spark gap is independent of atmospheric conditions such as in particular snow or rain.
  • the present invention thus relates to a lightning rod of the controlled operating type comprising a central rod of a conductive material whose lower end is connected to earth, a conductive envelope which is electrically insulated from the latter by a sleeve, characterized in that it comprises an internal spark gap electrically connected to the conductive envelope, whose equivalent capacity is greater than that existing at its outer apex between the conductive envelope and the central rod.
  • the distance between an electrode of the internal spark gap and the central rod is less than the distance existing at its vertex between the conducting envelope and the central rod.
  • the spark gap will comprise a conductive electrode ring which will surround the central rod at a distance therefrom.
  • a dielectric element which may be for example a part of the sleeve or air will be interposed between the electrode of the spark gap element and the central rod.
  • the upper part of the sleeve may be at a level lower than that of the conductive envelope so as to form a bowl around the central rod which, preferably, will communicate with the outside by at least one groove.
  • a choke may be electrically interposed between the internal spark gap and the spherical element.
  • This self may be in particular in the form of a sleeve which will be positioned around the sheath.
  • the inductance of this self will be between 1 mH and 1000 mH and will preferably be close to 10 mH.
  • the equivalent capacitance of the internal spark gap will be between 0.1 pF and 100 pF and will preferably be close to 3 pF.
  • the internal resistance of the circuit formed by the spark gap and the inductor will be less than 1000 ⁇ and preferably of the order of 3 ⁇ .
  • the base of the conductive envelope will end with a cylindrical portion on which will be fixed a removable and insulating ring.
  • the free end of the central rod will be of rounded shape, in particular of hemispherical shape.
  • FIG. 1 is an axial and vertical sectional view of a first embodiment of a lightning rod according to the invention
  • FIGS. 2a and 2b are enlarged detail views of the lightning rod shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIGS. 3a to 4 are views in partial section of two alternative embodiments of the invention,
  • FIG. 5 is a view in axial and vertical section of a second embodiment of a lightning rod according to the invention, using the constitution of an RLC resonant circuit spark gap,
  • FIG. 6 is a view in partial section of an alternative embodiment of the invention in which the free end of the rod of the lightning rod is of rounded shape
  • Figure 7 is a graph showing the dispersion of the breakdown time of the spark gap of a lightning rod according to the invention, the free end of the rod is respectively pointed and rounded form.
  • FIG. 1 shows a lightning rod with a starting device according to the invention. It comprises a central metal rod 1 whose lower end ends with a screw thread 2, intended to ensure its electrical connection with the ground, and the upper free end 3 ends with a tip.
  • the cylindrical sheath 4 is itself partly covered with a conductive envelope preferably formed of a spherical element 5 made of a conductive material of the electric current, in particular stainless steel, whose base 5a of cylindrical shape is surmounted by a spherical portion 5b which covers the sleeve 4 with the exception of the zone 6 near the tip which is ring-shaped.
  • the fixing of these two elements is provided by a circlip 10.
  • the bottom of the bowl 9 is hollowed out with a cylindrical housing 11 in which a metal ring 12, particularly made of stainless steel, is fitted on which the sleeve 4 bears, so as to ensure its maintenance.
  • the ring 12 is electrically connected to the spherical element 5 by a conductive braid 13. As shown in FIGS. 1, 2a, and 2b, the distance e between the internal face 12a of the ring 12 of the outer surface of the rod center 1 is less than the distance E between the spherical element 5 of the latter.
  • the spherical element 5 is provided with potential taps 15 consisting of metal rods, in particular of stainless steel, which are 5 in the embodiment shown, and which are fixed by screwing into the spherical element 5. perpendicular to the longitudinal axis yy 'of the lightning conductor.
  • an internal spark gap is created, which is equivalent to the capacitor Ci of a capacitor, this capacitance being greater than that of the external spark gap Cg.
  • this internal spark gap is the internal spark gap that plays only the role of spark gap.
  • this internal spark gap being inside the lightning rod it is therefore protected from external climatic variations including moisture, rain or snow.
  • the capacitance Ci of the internal spark gap will be at least twice the capacitance C2 of the external spark gap.
  • the present invention thus makes it possible to confer on the lightning conductor an operating stability which is no longer a function of these climatic conditions.
  • the conductive ring 12 which is electrically connected to the spherical element 5 constitutes an electrode which with the central rod 1 forms an internal spark gap.
  • the dielectric separating the internal face 12a of the ring 12 of the rod 1 is air, so that its capacity is of the order of 0.75 pF while the capacitor C2 of " the external spark gap is of the order of 0.25 pF.
  • the breakdown voltage of the external "spark gap” is increased by making a bowl 17 at the top of the lightning rod, as shown in FIG. 3a, so as to reduce its capacitance. C2 and thereby increase its breakdown voltage, which has the effect of favoring the internal spark gap.
  • the upper part G of the spherical element 5 will comprise notches 18 intended to allow evacuation of the water which may accumulate in the latter. in case of rain.
  • the sleeve 4 goes down inside the space between the internal face 12a of the ring 12 and the central rod 1, so that it provides two functions, namely a function of holding the ring 12 and a dielectric function of the internal spark gap.
  • the input D of the choke 20 is electrically connected to the spherical element 5 by a conductor
  • the frequency spectrum of the lightning is between 50 kHz and 10 MHz.
  • the present invention allows by associating the self 20 to the internal spark gap to select a lightning frequency range on which the lightning rod operates. Note that the lightning rod will be more selective as the resistance R will be lower.
  • the capacitance Ci of the capacitor mentioned previously has a value of 2.57 pF
  • the capacity of the self-inductor 20 will have values between 100 ⁇ and 3.95 H to cover the frequency spectrum of lightning. If the capacity Ci of this capacitor is made equal to 0.76 pF then the values of the choke are between 67 mH and 13.43 H.
  • a resistor R of about 3 ⁇ , a capacitance Ci of about 2.57 pF and an inductance L of about 8.6 mH will be adopted.
  • the inductance L will be between 1 mH and 1000 mH, the capacitance will be between 0.1 pF and 100 pF and the resistor R will be less than 1000 ⁇ .
  • FIG. 7 shows the breakdown time Tb as a function of the reference of the shock effected. It is thus found that the breakdown time is much more regular when the free end 3 of the rod of the lightning rod is rounded.
  • the lightning conductor with rounded rod therefore has a more stable response which makes it more reliable over time.

Landscapes

  • Elimination Of Static Electricity (AREA)
  • Non-Insulated Conductors (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a lightning conductor having controlled operation, said conductor comprising: a central conductive material rod, the bottom end of which is connected to the ground; and a conductive shell (5) that is electrically insulated from the rod by means of a cover. Said lightning conductor is characterized in that the conductor comprises an inner spark gap that is electrically connected to the conductive shell (5), the equivalent capacitance C1 of which is greater than that (C2) existing at the outer peak thereof between the conductive shell (5) and the central rod.

Description

PARATONNERRE A FONCTIONNEMENT REGULE  CONTROLLED OPERATING PARATONNERRE
La présente invention concerne un dispositif de protection contre les effets directs de la foudre et concerne plus particulièrement un paratonnerre à fonctionnement régulé dont la tension de claquage de l'éclateur n'est pas influencée par les conditions atmosphérique, notamment la pluie ou la neige. The present invention relates to a protection device against the direct effects of lightning and more particularly relates to a lightning rod with regulated operation whose breakdown voltage of the spark gap is not influenced by atmospheric conditions, including rain or snow.
On sait qu'un paratonnerre de type dit de Franklin est constitué d'une tige métallique qui est reliée au sol par une extrémité et qui se termine à son autre extrémité par une pointe. Cette pointe, lorsqu'un nuage d'orage crée à proximité un champ électrique important, est le siège d'un effet couronne qui génère autour de sa pointe une ionisation. On sait par ailleurs qu'un coup de foudre est précédé par l'apparition d'un traceur descendant qui se dirige par saccades du nuage vers le sol. L'effet couronne se développe et donne naissance à un traceur ascendant qui, lorsqu'il rencontre le traceur descendant génère un canal conducteur entre le nuage et le sol par lequel s'écoule le courant de foudre. Cette rencontre se produit donc d'autant plus près du paratonnerre que le traceur ascendant est généré tardivement. C'est pourquoi on a proposé divers type de paratonnerre équipé de dispositifs d'amorçage destinés à générer plus tôt le traceur ascendant.  A so-called Franklin lightning rod is known to consist of a metal rod which is connected to the ground at one end and terminates at its other end with a point. This point, when a storm cloud creates a large electric field nearby, is the seat of a corona effect that generates ionization around its tip. It is also known that a thunderbolt is preceded by the appearance of a descending tracer which jerks from the cloud towards the ground. The corona effect develops and gives rise to an ascending tracer which, when it encounters the descending tracer, generates a conductive channel between the cloud and the ground through which the lightning current flows. This encounter therefore occurs even more closely with the lightning rod that the upward tracer is generated late. This is why various types of lightning rods have been proposed equipped with priming devices intended to generate the ascending tracer earlier.
On connaît ainsi notamment par les brevets US 2005/0146832, EP-0977336 et EP-0228984, des paratonnerres comportant un éclateur externe qui est formé par une tige centrale réalisée en un matériau conducteur dont l'extrémité inférieure est reliée à la terre et qui est entourée d'une enveloppe conductrice isolée de la tige.  US Pat. Nos. 2005/0146832, EP-0977336 and EP-0228984 disclose lightning conductors comprising an external spark gap which is formed by a central rod made of a conducting material whose lower end is connected to the ground and which is surrounded by a conductive envelope isolated from the stem.
On connaît également par le brevet EP-0596775 un paratonnerre comprenant une tige centrale entourée d'une pièce en matériau isolant, qui vient se raccorder à l'extrémité libre de la tige, et qui est elle-même entourée par une électrode conductrice laissant une zone libre au matériau isolant au voisinage de la tige de façon que cette zone isolante forme un pont apte à guider une étincelle entre l'électrode et la tige. Also known from EP-0596775 a lightning rod comprising a central rod surrounded by a piece of insulating material, which is connected to the free end of the rod, which is itself surrounded by a conductive electrode leaving a free zone to the insulating material in the vicinity of the rod so that this insulating zone forms a bridge capable of guiding a spark between the electrode and the stem.
Ces divers type de paratonnerre à éclateur externe ne donnent pas satisfaction dans la mesure où, par temps humide, et notamment par temps de pluie ou de neige, la tension de claquage de leur éclateur varie de façon importante ce qui rend leur efficacité aléatoire.  These various types of lightning rod with external spark gap are not satisfactory insofar as, in wet weather, and especially in rain or snow, the breakdown voltage of their spark gap varies significantly, which makes their effectiveness random.
La présente invention a pour but de proposer un paratonnerre dont la tension de claquage de son éclateur soit indépendante des conditions atmosphériques telles que notamment la neige ou la pluie.  The present invention aims to propose a lightning rod whose breakdown voltage of its spark gap is independent of atmospheric conditions such as in particular snow or rain.
La présente invention a ainsi pour objet un paratonnerre de type à fonctionnement régulé comportant une tige centrale en un matériau conducteur dont l'extrémité inférieure est reliée à la terre, une enveloppe conductrice qui est isolée électriquement de celle-ci par un fourreau, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte un éclateur interne relié électriquement à l'enveloppe conductrice, dont la capacité équivalente est supérieure à celle existant à son sommet externe entre l'enveloppe conductrice et la tige centrale.  The present invention thus relates to a lightning rod of the controlled operating type comprising a central rod of a conductive material whose lower end is connected to earth, a conductive envelope which is electrically insulated from the latter by a sleeve, characterized in that it comprises an internal spark gap electrically connected to the conductive envelope, whose equivalent capacity is greater than that existing at its outer apex between the conductive envelope and the central rod.
Préférentiellement la distance entre une électrode de l'éclateur interne et la tige centrale est inférieure à la distance existant à son sommet entre l'enveloppe conductrice et la tige centrale.  Preferably, the distance between an electrode of the internal spark gap and the central rod is less than the distance existing at its vertex between the conducting envelope and the central rod.
Dans un mode de mise en oeuvre de l'invention l'éclateur comprendra une bague conductrice formant électrode qui entourera la tige centrale à une distance de celle-ci.  In one embodiment of the invention, the spark gap will comprise a conductive electrode ring which will surround the central rod at a distance therefrom.
Un élément diélectrique qui peut être par exemple une partie du fourreau ou de l'air sera interposé entre l'électrode de l'élément éclateur et la tige centrale. Avantageusement la partie supérieure du fourreau pourra se situer à un niveau inférieur à celui de l'enveloppe conductrice de façon à former une cuvette autour de la tige centrale qui, préférentiellement, communiquera avec l'extérieur par au moins une rainure. A dielectric element which may be for example a part of the sleeve or air will be interposed between the electrode of the spark gap element and the central rod. Advantageously, the upper part of the sleeve may be at a level lower than that of the conductive envelope so as to form a bowl around the central rod which, preferably, will communicate with the outside by at least one groove.
Dans un mode de mise en oeuvre particulièrement intéressant de la présente invention une self pourra être électriquement interposée entre l'éclateur interne et l'élément sphérique. Cette self pourra se présenter notamment sous la forme d'un manchon qui sera positionné autour du fourreau.  In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the present invention, a choke may be electrically interposed between the internal spark gap and the spherical element. This self may be in particular in the form of a sleeve which will be positioned around the sheath.
Préférentiellement l'inductance de cette self sera comprise entre 1 mH et lOOOmH et sera préférentiellement voisine de 10 mH.  Preferably, the inductance of this self will be between 1 mH and 1000 mH and will preferably be close to 10 mH.
Par ailleurs la capacité équivalente de l'éclateur interne sera comprise entre 0,1 pF et 100 pF et sera préférentiellement voisine de 3 pF.  Moreover, the equivalent capacitance of the internal spark gap will be between 0.1 pF and 100 pF and will preferably be close to 3 pF.
D'autre part la résistance interne du circuit formé par l'éclateur et la self sera inférieure à 1000 Ω et préférentiellement de l'ordre de 3 Ω.  On the other hand the internal resistance of the circuit formed by the spark gap and the inductor will be less than 1000 Ω and preferably of the order of 3 Ω.
Suivant l'invention la base de l'enveloppe conductrice se terminera par une portion cylindrique sur laquelle sera fixée une bague amovible et isolante.  According to the invention the base of the conductive envelope will end with a cylindrical portion on which will be fixed a removable and insulating ring.
Préférentiellement l'extrémité libre de la tige centrale sera de forme arrondie, notamment de forme hémisphérique.  Preferably, the free end of the central rod will be of rounded shape, in particular of hemispherical shape.
On décrira ci-après, à titre d'exemple non limitatif, une forme d'exécution de la présente invention, en référence au dessin annexé sur lequel :  An embodiment of the present invention will be described hereinafter by way of nonlimiting example, with reference to the appended drawing in which:
- la figure 1 est une vue en coupe axiale et verticale d' un premier mode de mise en oeuvre d' un paratonnerre suivant l'invention,  - Figure 1 is an axial and vertical sectional view of a first embodiment of a lightning rod according to the invention,
- les figures 2a et 2b sont des vues de détail à plus grande échelle du paratonnerre représenté sur la figure 1, - les figures 3a à 4 sont des vues en coupe partielle de deux variantes de mise en oeuvre de l'invention, FIGS. 2a and 2b are enlarged detail views of the lightning rod shown in FIG. 1; FIGS. 3a to 4 are views in partial section of two alternative embodiments of the invention,
- la figure 5 est une vue en coupe axiale et verticale d'un second mode de mise en oeuvre d'un paratonnerre suivant l'invention faisant appel à la constitution d'un éclateur à circuit résonant RLC,  FIG. 5 is a view in axial and vertical section of a second embodiment of a lightning rod according to the invention, using the constitution of an RLC resonant circuit spark gap,
- la figure 6 est une vue en coupe partielle d'une variante de mise en oeuvre de l'invention dans laquelle l'extrémité libre de la tige du paratonnerre est de forme arrondie,  FIG. 6 is a view in partial section of an alternative embodiment of the invention in which the free end of the rod of the lightning rod is of rounded shape,
la figure 7 est un graphique représentant la dispersion du temps de claquage de l'éclateur d'un paratonnerre suivant l'invention dont l'extrémité libre de la tige est respectivement de forme pointue et de forme arrondie.  Figure 7 is a graph showing the dispersion of the breakdown time of the spark gap of a lightning rod according to the invention, the free end of the rod is respectively pointed and rounded form.
On a représenté sur la figure 1 un paratonnerre à dispositif d'amorçage suivant l'invention. Celui-ci comprend une tige métallique centrale 1 dont l'extrémité inférieure se termine par un pas de vis 2, destiné à assurer sa connexion électrique avec la terre, et l'extrémité libre supérieure 3 se termine par une pointe.  FIG. 1 shows a lightning rod with a starting device according to the invention. It comprises a central metal rod 1 whose lower end ends with a screw thread 2, intended to ensure its electrical connection with the ground, and the upper free end 3 ends with a tip.
Un fourreau cylindrique 4 en un matériau isolant, qui se termine à sa partie supérieure par une zone hémisphérique 6, est enfilé sur la tige 1. Le fourreau cylindrique 4 est lui-même recouvert en partie d'une enveloppe conductrice préférentiellement formée d'un élément sphérique 5 en un matériau conducteur du courant électrique, notamment de l'acier inoxydable, dont la base 5a de forme cylindrique est surmontée par une partie sphérique 5b qui recouvre le manchon 4 à l'exception de la zone 6 à proximité de la pointe qui est de forme annulaire.  A cylindrical sheath 4 made of an insulating material, which ends at its upper part with a hemispherical zone 6, is threaded onto the rod 1. The cylindrical sheath 4 is itself partly covered with a conductive envelope preferably formed of a spherical element 5 made of a conductive material of the electric current, in particular stainless steel, whose base 5a of cylindrical shape is surmounted by a spherical portion 5b which covers the sleeve 4 with the exception of the zone 6 near the tip which is ring-shaped.
Une bague 7 réalisée en un matériau isolant, assure le maintien de l'ensemble et, à cet effet, elle est creusée d'une cuvette 9 dans laquelle vient se loger la base 5a de l'élément sphérique 5. Dans le mode de mise en oeuvre de l'invention représentée, la fixation de ces deux éléments est assurée par un circlips 10. A ring 7 made of an insulating material, ensures the maintenance of the assembly and, for this purpose, it is hollowed out of a bowl 9 in which is housed the base 5a of the spherical element 5. In the embodiment of the invention shown, the fixing of these two elements is provided by a circlip 10.
Le fond de la cuvette 9 est creusé d'un logement cylindrique 11 dans lequel vient prendre place une bague métallique 12, notamment en acier inoxydable, sur laquelle le manchon 4 vient en appui, de façon à assurer son maintien. La bague 12 est réunie électriquement à l'élément sphérique 5 par une tresse conductrice 13. Ainsi que représenté sur les figures 1, 2a, et 2b, la distance e séparant la face interne 12a de la bague 12 de la surface externe de la tige centrale 1 est inférieure à la distance E séparant l'élément sphérique 5 de cette dernière.  The bottom of the bowl 9 is hollowed out with a cylindrical housing 11 in which a metal ring 12, particularly made of stainless steel, is fitted on which the sleeve 4 bears, so as to ensure its maintenance. The ring 12 is electrically connected to the spherical element 5 by a conductive braid 13. As shown in FIGS. 1, 2a, and 2b, the distance e between the internal face 12a of the ring 12 of the outer surface of the rod center 1 is less than the distance E between the spherical element 5 of the latter.
Eventuellement l'élément sphérique 5 est pourvu de prises de potentiel 15 constituées de tiges métalliques, notamment en acier inoxydable, qui sont au nombre de 5 dans le mode de mise en oeuvre représenté, et qui sont fixées par vissage dans l'élément sphérique 5 perpendiculairement à l'axe longitudinal yy' du paratonnerre.  Optionally, the spherical element 5 is provided with potential taps 15 consisting of metal rods, in particular of stainless steel, which are 5 in the embodiment shown, and which are fixed by screwing into the spherical element 5. perpendicular to the longitudinal axis yy 'of the lightning conductor.
On remarquera que, suivant l'état antérieur de la technique, une étincelle se forme entre la partie supérieure G de l'élément sphérique 5 et la tige centrale 1, constituant ainsi un éclateur externe. On comprend que, dans ces conditions, la tension de claquage de l'éclateur varie fortement avec la présence d'eau à la partie supérieure du paratonnerre, ce qui rend le fonctionnement de celui-ci fortement tributaire des conditions climatiques .  It will be noted that, according to the prior art, a spark is formed between the upper part G of the spherical element 5 and the central rod 1, thus constituting an external spark gap. It is understood that, under these conditions, the breakdown voltage of the spark gap varies greatly with the presence of water at the upper part of the lightning rod, which makes the operation of it highly dependent on climatic conditions.
Suivant l'invention on fait en sorte de créer un éclateur interne, qui est équivalent à la capacité Ci d'un condensateur, cette capacité étant supérieure à celle de l'éclateur externe Cg. Dans ces conditions c'est l'éclateur interne qui joue seul le rôle d'éclateur. Or cet éclateur interne se trouvant à l'intérieur du paratonnerre il se trouve donc protégé des variations climatiques externes et notamment de l'humidité, de la pluie ou de la neige. Préférentiellement la capacité Ci de l'éclateur interne sera au moins le double de la capacité C2 de l'éclateur externe. According to the invention, an internal spark gap is created, which is equivalent to the capacitor Ci of a capacitor, this capacitance being greater than that of the external spark gap Cg. In these conditions it is the internal spark gap that plays only the role of spark gap. Now this internal spark gap being inside the lightning rod it is therefore protected from external climatic variations including moisture, rain or snow. Preferably, the capacitance Ci of the internal spark gap will be at least twice the capacitance C2 of the external spark gap.
La présente invention permet ainsi de conférer au paratonnerre une stabilité de fonctionnement qui n'est plus fonction de ces conditions climatiques.  The present invention thus makes it possible to confer on the lightning conductor an operating stability which is no longer a function of these climatic conditions.
Ainsi suivant l'invention, la bague conductrice 12 qui est reliée électriquement à l'élément sphérique 5 constitue une électrode qui avec la tige centrale 1 forme un éclateur interne. Dans ce mode de mise en oeuvre le diélectrique séparant la face interne 12a de la bague 12 de la tige 1 est de l'air, si bien que sa capacité est de l'ordre de 0,75 pF alors que la capacité C2 de « l'éclateur » externe est de l'ordre de 0,25 pF.  Thus according to the invention, the conductive ring 12 which is electrically connected to the spherical element 5 constitutes an electrode which with the central rod 1 forms an internal spark gap. In this embodiment, the dielectric separating the internal face 12a of the ring 12 of the rod 1 is air, so that its capacity is of the order of 0.75 pF while the capacitor C2 of " the external spark gap is of the order of 0.25 pF.
Dans une variante de mise en oeuvre de la présente invention on augmente la tension de claquage de « l'éclateur » externe en réalisant une cuvette 17 à la partie supérieure du paratonnerre, ainsi que représenté sur la figure 3a, de façon à diminuer sa capacité C2 et augmenter de ce fait sa tension de claquage, ce qui a pour effet de favoriser l'éclateur interne.  In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the breakdown voltage of the external "spark gap" is increased by making a bowl 17 at the top of the lightning rod, as shown in FIG. 3a, so as to reduce its capacitance. C2 and thereby increase its breakdown voltage, which has the effect of favoring the internal spark gap.
Dans une variante de ce mode de mise en oeuvre, représentée sur la figure 3b, la partie supérieure G de l'élément sphérique 5 comportera des encoches 18 destinées à permettre une évacuation de l'eau qui risque de s'accumuler dans celle-ci en cas de pluie.  In a variant of this embodiment, shown in FIG. 3b, the upper part G of the spherical element 5 will comprise notches 18 intended to allow evacuation of the water which may accumulate in the latter. in case of rain.
On peut bien entendu suivant l'invention modifier la constante diélectrique de l'éclateur interne en disposant un matériau isolant entre la face interne 12a de la bague It is of course possible according to the invention to modify the dielectric constant of the internal spark gap by disposing an insulating material between the inner face 12a of the ring.
12 formant électrode et la tige centrale 1. Ce faisant on augmente la capacité de celui-ci et on peut l'ajuster en jouant sur la nature du matériau isolant ainsi que sur son épaisseur e. On a constaté dans une variante particulièrement intéressante de la présente invention qu'il était possible d'optimiser le fonctionnement du paratonnerre en associant une self 20 à l'éclateur de façon à constituer avec la capacité Ci précédemment mentionnée un filtre passe-bande de type RLC. Ainsi que représenté sur la figure 5 cette self 20 se présente sous la forme d'un manchon cylindrique qui prend place autour du fourreau 4 et qui est bloqué entre deux épaulements 22 de celui-ci. Par ailleurs le fourreau 4 descend à l'intérieur de l'espace compris entre la face interne 12a de la bague 12 et la tige centrale 1, si bien qu'il assure deux fonctions, à savoir une fonction de maintien de la bague 12 et une fonction de diélectrique de l'éclateur interne. L'entrée D de la self 20 est réunie électriquement à l'élément sphérique 5 par un conducteur12 forming an electrode and the central rod 1. In doing so increases the capacity thereof and can be adjusted by adjusting the nature of the insulating material and its thickness e. It has been found in a particularly advantageous variant of the present invention that it is possible to optimize the operation of the lightning rod by associating a choke 20 with the spark gap so as to form with the capacitor Ci mentioned above a band-pass filter of the type RLC. As shown in Figure 5 this self is in the form of a cylindrical sleeve which takes place around the sleeve 4 and which is blocked between two shoulders 22 thereof. Moreover, the sleeve 4 goes down inside the space between the internal face 12a of the ring 12 and the central rod 1, so that it provides two functions, namely a function of holding the ring 12 and a dielectric function of the internal spark gap. The input D of the choke 20 is electrically connected to the spherical element 5 by a conductor
13a et sa sortie F est réunie à la bague 12 par un conducteur 13b. 13a and its outlet F is joined to the ring 12 by a conductor 13b.
Par ailleurs, on sait que le spectre fréquentiel de la foudre est compris entre 50 kHz et 10 MHz. La présente invention permet en associant la self 20 à l'éclateur interne de sélectionner une gamme de fréquences foudre sur laquelle fonctionne le paratonnerre. On notera que le paratonnerre sera d'autant plus sélectif que la résistance R sera plus faible.  Moreover, it is known that the frequency spectrum of the lightning is between 50 kHz and 10 MHz. The present invention allows by associating the self 20 to the internal spark gap to select a lightning frequency range on which the lightning rod operates. Note that the lightning rod will be more selective as the resistance R will be lower.
Si l'on fait en sorte que la capacité Ci du condensateur précédemment mentionné ait une valeur de 2,57 pF on constate que la capacité de la self 20 aura des valeurs comprises entre 100 μΗ et 3,95 H pour qu'il couvre le spectre de fréquences de la foudre. Si l'on fait en sorte que la capacité Ci de ce condensateur soit égale à 0,76 pF alors les valeurs de la self se trouvent comprises entre 67mH et 13,43 H. Dans un mode préféré de l'invention on adoptera une résistance R voisine de 3Ω, une valeur de capacité Ci voisine de 2,57 pF et une inductance L voisine de 8,6 mH. If it is made that the capacitance Ci of the capacitor mentioned previously has a value of 2.57 pF, it is found that the capacity of the self-inductor 20 will have values between 100 μΗ and 3.95 H to cover the frequency spectrum of lightning. If the capacity Ci of this capacitor is made equal to 0.76 pF then the values of the choke are between 67 mH and 13.43 H. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a resistor R of about 3Ω, a capacitance Ci of about 2.57 pF and an inductance L of about 8.6 mH will be adopted.
Préférentiellement , suivant l'invention, l'inductance L sera comprise entre lmH et 1000 mH, la capacité sera comprise entre 0,1 pF et 100 pF et la résistance R sera inférieure à 1000 Ω.  Preferably, according to the invention, the inductance L will be between 1 mH and 1000 mH, the capacitance will be between 0.1 pF and 100 pF and the resistor R will be less than 1000 Ω.
On sait qu'un problème récurent lié à l'utilisation des paratonnerres tient au fait que le temps de claquage d'un éclateur n' est pas constant dans la pratique et est soumis à une dispersion importante ce qui s'avère particulièrement gênant en ce qui concerne la fiabilité qui est attachée à celui-ci .  It is known that a recurring problem related to the use of lightning conductors is due to the fact that the breakdown time of a spark gap is not constant in practice and is subjected to a large dispersion, which proves to be particularly troublesome in this respect. which concerns the reliability attached to it.
On a constaté qu'en terminant l'extrémité libre 3 de la tige centrale 1 par une forme arrondie, notamment hémisphérique, ainsi que représenté sur la figure 6, on diminuait cette dispersion dans une proportion importante.  It was found that by terminating the free end 3 of the central rod 1 by a rounded shape, in particular hemispherical, as shown in FIG. 6, this dispersion was reduced in a significant proportion.
On a ainsi réalisé cinquante chocs avec deux paratonnerres respectivement pourvus d'une tige pointue et d'une tige hémisphérique, et l'on a mesuré le temps de réponse, ou temps de claquage (Tb) , obtenu pour chaque choc. On a représenté sur la figure 7 le temps de claquage Tb en fonction de la référence du choc effectué. On constate ainsi que le temps de claquage est beaucoup plus régulier lorsque l'extrémité libre 3 de la tige du paratonnerre est arrondie.  Fifty shocks were thus made with two lightning rods respectively provided with a pointed rod and a hemispherical rod, and the response time, or breakdown time (Tb), obtained for each shock, was measured. FIG. 7 shows the breakdown time Tb as a function of the reference of the shock effected. It is thus found that the breakdown time is much more regular when the free end 3 of the rod of the lightning rod is rounded.
On a également déterminé d'une part la moyenne des temps de claquage et l'écart type dans les deux configurations, et ces résultats sont consignés dans le tableau ci-après.  The average of the breakdown times and the standard deviation in both configurations were also determined, and these results are recorded in the table below.
Moyenne des Tb (50chocs) Ecart type (50 chocs)Average Tb (50chocs) Standard Deviation (50 shocks)
Tige pointue 100 μβ 16,4 Pointed rod 100 μβ 16.4
Tige Arrondie 99 μ$ 11,6 μβ On constate que l'écart type est meilleur pour l'extrémité arrondie que pour l'extrémité pointue et que l'amélioration obtenue est de l'ordre de 30%. Rounded rod 99 μ $ 11,6 μβ It is found that the standard deviation is better for the rounded end than for the pointed end and that the improvement obtained is of the order of 30%.
Le paratonnerre à tige arrondie présente donc une réponse plus stable ce qui le rend plus fiable dans le temps .  The lightning conductor with rounded rod therefore has a more stable response which makes it more reliable over time.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. - Paratonnerre a fonctionnement régulé comportant une tige centrale (1) en un matériau conducteur dont l'extrémité inférieure est reliée à la terre, une enveloppe conductrice (5), notamment sphérique, qui est isolée électriquement de celle-ci par un fourreau (4), caractérisé en ce qu' il comporte un éclateur interne relié électriquement à l'enveloppe conductrice (5), dont la capacité équivalente (Ci) est supérieure à celle (C2) existant à son sommet externe (G) entre l'enveloppe conductrice (5) et la tige centrale (1) . 1. - Regulated operation lightning rod comprising a central rod (1) made of a conductive material whose lower end is connected to the ground, a conductive envelope (5), in particular spherical, which is electrically insulated from the latter by a sheath (4), characterized in that it comprises an internal spark gap electrically connected to the conductive jacket (5), whose equivalent capacitance (Ci) is greater than that (C 2 ) existing at its outer apex (G) between conductive casing (5) and the central rod (1).
2. - Paratonnerre suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que la distance (e) entre une électrode (12) de l'éclateur interne et la tige centrale (1) est inférieure à la distance (E) existant à son sommet (G) entre l'enveloppe conductrice (5) et la tige centrale (1).  2. - Lightning rod according to claim 1 characterized in that the distance (e) between an electrode (12) of the internal spark gap and the central rod (1) is less than the distance (E) existing at its top (G) between the conductive envelope (5) and the central rod (1).
3. - Paratonnerre suivant l'une des revendications 1 ou 2 caractérisé en ce que l'éclateur comprend une bague conductrice (12) formant électrode qui entoure la tige centrale (1) à une distance (e) de celle-ci.  3. - Lightning rod according to one of claims 1 or 2 characterized in that the spark gap comprises a conductive ring (12) forming an electrode which surrounds the central rod (1) at a distance (e) thereof.
4. - Paratonnerre suivant la revendication 3 caractérisé en ce qu'un élément diélectrique (4) est interposé entre l'électrode (12) de l'élément éclateur et la tige centrale (1) ·  4. - Lightning rod according to claim 3 characterized in that a dielectric element (4) is interposed between the electrode (12) of the spark gap element and the central rod (1) ·
5. - Paratonnerre suivant la revendication 4 caractérisé en ce que l'élément diélectrique est constitué d'une partie du fourreau ( 4 ) .  5. - Lightning rod according to claim 4 characterized in that the dielectric element consists of a portion of the sleeve (4).
6. - Paratonnerre suivant l'une des revendications précédentes caractérisé en ce que la partie supérieure du fourreau (4) se situe à un niveau inférieur au sommet (G) de l'enveloppe conductrice (5) de façon à former une cuvette (17) autour de la tige centrale (1). 6. - Lightning rod according to one of the preceding claims characterized in that the upper part of the sleeve (4) is at a lower level than the top (G) of the conductive casing (5) so as to form a bowl (17). ) around the central rod (1).
7. - Paratonnerre suivant la revendication 6 caractérisé en ce que la cuvette (17) communique avec l'extérieur par au moins une rainure (18) . 7. - Lightning rod according to claim 6 characterized in that the bowl (17) communicates with the outside by at least one groove (18).
8. - Paratonnerre suivant l'une des revendications précédentes caractérisé en ce qu'une self (20) est électriquement interposée entre l'éclateur interne et l'enveloppe conductrice (5).  8. - Lightning rod according to one of the preceding claims characterized in that a self (20) is electrically interposed between the inner spark gap and the conductive casing (5).
9. - Paratonnerre suivant la revendication 8 caractérisé en ce que la self (20) se présente sous la forme d'un manchon qui est positionné autour du fourreau (4) .  9. - Lightning rod according to claim 8 characterized in that the inductor (20) is in the form of a sleeve which is positioned around the sleeve (4).
10. - Paratonnerre suivant l'une des revendications 8 ou 9 caractérisé en ce que l'inductance de la self (20) est comprise entre 1 mH et lOOOmH et est préférentiellement voisine de lOmH.  10. - Lightning rod according to one of claims 8 or 9 characterized in that the inductance of the self (20) is between 1 mH and 1000 mH and is preferably close to 10mH.
11.- Paratonnerre suivant l'une des revendications précédentes caractérisé en ce que la capacité équivalente (Ci) de l'éclateur interne est comprise entre 0,1 pF et 100 pF et est préférentiellement voisine de 3 pF.  11. Lightning rod according to one of the preceding claims characterized in that the equivalent capacity (Ci) of the internal spark gap is between 0.1 pF and 100 pF and is preferably close to 3 pF.
12. - Paratonnerre suivant l'une des revendications précédentes caractérisé en ce que la résistance interne du circuit formé par l'éclateur interne et la self (20) est inférieure à 1000 Ω et préférentiellement de l'ordre de 3Ω.  12. - Lightning rod according to one of the preceding claims characterized in that the internal resistance of the circuit formed by the internal spark gap and the inductor (20) is less than 1000 Ω and preferably of the order of 3Ω.
13. - Paratonnerre suivant l'une des revendications précédentes caractérisé en ce que la base de l'enveloppe conductrice (5) se termine par une portion cylindrique (5a) sur laquelle est fixée une baque (7) amovible et isolante.  13. - Lightning rod according to one of the preceding claims characterized in that the base of the conductive envelope (5) terminates in a cylindrical portion (5a) on which is fixed a ring (7) removable and insulating.
14. - Paratonnerre suivant l'une des revendications précédentes caractérisé en ce que l'extrémité libre (3) de la tige centrale (1) est de forme arrondie.  14. - Lightning rod according to one of the preceding claims characterized in that the free end (3) of the central rod (1) is of rounded shape.
15.- Paratonnerre suivant la revendication 14 caractérisé en ce que l'extrémité libre (3) de la tige centrale (1) est de forme hémisphérique.  15. Lightning rod according to claim 14 characterized in that the free end (3) of the central rod (1) is hemispherical.
EP10805248A 2009-11-30 2010-11-29 Lightning conductor having controlled operation Withdrawn EP2406861A2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0905762A FR2953337B1 (en) 2009-11-30 2009-11-30 CONTROLLED OPERATING PARATONNERRE
PCT/FR2010/000793 WO2011067481A2 (en) 2009-11-30 2010-11-29 Lightning conductor having controlled operation

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FR2959617B1 (en) * 2010-04-30 2012-05-11 Abb France PROTECTIVE ENVELOPE FOR A LAPPING DEVICE WITH A STARTING DEVICE
WO2017030430A1 (en) * 2015-08-17 2017-02-23 Daris Inženering Lightning arrester of modular configurable architecture and method of its protection against lightning

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DE3688056T2 (en) * 1985-12-19 1993-07-15 John Richard Gumley LIGHTNING ARRESTER.
FR2697379B1 (en) 1992-10-28 1995-01-13 Helita Sa Lightning rod with electric discharge initiator sliding along a dielectric.
US6320119B1 (en) * 1998-07-27 2001-11-20 Erico International Corporation Lightning air terminals and method of design and application
FR2817085B1 (en) * 2000-11-22 2003-01-17 Alain Rousseau BEARING DEVICE WITH A STARTING DEVICE AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING THE EFFLUVE CURRENT OF SUCH A PARATONNERRE
US7265961B2 (en) * 2003-07-01 2007-09-04 Erico International Corporation Lightning protection device and method

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WO2011067481A3 (en) 2011-07-28

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