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EP2372288B1 - Heat exchanger for air conditioning device with reduced ends - Google Patents

Heat exchanger for air conditioning device with reduced ends Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2372288B1
EP2372288B1 EP11002531A EP11002531A EP2372288B1 EP 2372288 B1 EP2372288 B1 EP 2372288B1 EP 11002531 A EP11002531 A EP 11002531A EP 11002531 A EP11002531 A EP 11002531A EP 2372288 B1 EP2372288 B1 EP 2372288B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fluid
heat exchanger
pipes
ducts
channels
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP11002531A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2372288A1 (en
Inventor
Imed Guitari
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS
Original Assignee
Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
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Priority to PL11002531T priority Critical patent/PL2372288T3/en
Priority to SI201130018T priority patent/SI2372288T1/en
Publication of EP2372288A1 publication Critical patent/EP2372288A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2372288B1 publication Critical patent/EP2372288B1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/02—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/02—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular
    • F28F1/022—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular with multiple channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/02—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular
    • F28F1/025—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular with variable shape, e.g. with modified tube ends, with different geometrical features

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a heat exchanger for an air conditioning loop of an air conditioning device of a vehicle.
  • the invention relates in particular to an exchanger according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Vital exchanger is known from DE 4012046 A1 .
  • An air conditioning device provides a heat treated air in the passenger compartment of a vehicle.
  • the air conditioning device comprises a radiator for heating air and an evaporator for cooling.
  • the evaporator is a component of an air conditioning loop in which there is also a compressor, a gas cooler or condenser and an expansion device.
  • the air conditioning loop also includes an internal heat exchanger to improve the coefficient of performance of the air conditioning loop.
  • the internal heat exchanger provides a heat exchange between the high pressure fluid circulating in the air conditioning loop between the compressor outlet and the expansion device inlet and the low pressure fluid flowing between the outlet of the expansion device and the compressor inlet. This heat exchange between the fluid under two different pressure states results in an improvement in the performance of the loop.
  • an internal heat exchanger allows a heat exchange between a first fluid and a second fluid, the two fluids being identical but in different pressure and temperature conditions, are of different chemical nature, for example carbon and water.
  • An internal heat exchanger has a structure with a plurality of conduits defining a first flow path of a first fluid within the conduits, at least two conduits being spaced apart to form a second flow path of a second fluid.
  • the conduits each include an inlet and an outlet of the first fluid.
  • an internal heat exchanger comprises as many inputs and outputs for the first fluid that includes ducts.
  • This structure implies a large size and especially fluid leakage problems at the connection of the inputs and outputs of the internal heat exchanger to the other elements of the air conditioning loop.
  • the elements are either pipes connecting the internal heat exchanger to the other components such as the condenser / gas cooler or the compressor, or the components themselves, the internal heat exchanger being then integrated in an evaporator, a cooler gas or accumulator.
  • the present invention overcomes these disadvantages of congestion and fluid leakage while improving the manufacturing process of the internal heat exchanger by reducing the cost and simplification of the process.
  • the invention relates to a heat exchanger according to claim 1.
  • connection block limits the number of connections between the heat exchanger and the air conditioning loop. According to the invention, it is no longer necessary to connect each duct to the air conditioning loop independently of the other ducts.
  • the formation of the connection block reduces the size of the heat exchanger at its ends. The arrangement of the heat exchanger ducts having a height H, the creation of the connection block reduces the height at the ends of the heat exchanger and reduce it to the sum of the duct heights.
  • connection block also makes it possible to reduce the dimensions of a distribution box connected to this block.
  • This box ensures the fluid connection between the heat exchanger and the air conditioning loop, reducing its size increases the space gain at the ends of the heat exchanger.
  • the distribution box includes a distribution chamber for the second fluid and an adjacent housing for receiving the connection block.
  • the conduits are parallel to each other.
  • the inputs and / or outputs are parallel to each other.
  • the second circulation path comprises a fin forming sub-channels.
  • the ducts are plates provided with sub-ducts.
  • it is wrapped with a sleeve provided with an inlet orifice and an outlet orifice for the second fluid.
  • connection block comprises a distribution box housing the connection block.
  • the figure 1 represents an embodiment of the heat exchanger 1 not in accordance with the invention.
  • the heat exchanger 1 comprises a plurality of ducts 4 forming a beam 2, the plurality of ducts 4 defining a first circulation path PC1 of a first fluid F1.
  • Each duct 4 is hollow to ensure the circulation of the first fluid F1 inside the duct 4.
  • Each duct 4 comprises a fluid inlet 6 and a fluid outlet 8.
  • the ducts 4 are plates in which are formed a plurality of sub-ducts 16 ensuring the circulation of the first fluid F1.
  • the subchannels (16) are circular, rectangular, trapezoidal or triangular in shape with identical or different hydraulic diameters. These plates have a rectangular section.
  • the ducts are tubes of cylindrical section. These plates are metallic, for example aluminum.
  • the fluid inlet 6 of a duct 4 is formed at the end of the latter 4.
  • the fluid outlet 8 of the duct 4 is formed at the other end of the latter 4.
  • the heat exchanger 1 comprises a plurality of ducts 4, at least two ducts 4 being spaced apart so as to form a second circulation path PC2 of a second fluid F2.
  • This second circulation path PC2 is located within beam 2.
  • the space available between two successive conduits 4 forms a channel 10.
  • the heat exchanger 1 comprises more than two ducts 4, the spaces available between successive ducts 4 thus forming a plurality of channels 10.
  • each of the channels 10 is provided with a fin 12.
  • This fin 12 is a folded or corrugated metal strip. The presence of the fin 12 in the channel 10 makes it possible to form subchannels 14 in which the second fluid F2 circulates.
  • the heat exchanger 1 is an internal heat exchanger for a motor vehicle air conditioning loop allowing the exchange of heat between two chemically distinct fluids.
  • the first fluid F1 flowing inside the first circulation path PC1 is the cooling fluid of the air conditioning loop, for example CO 2 or R134a
  • the second fluid F2 flowing inside the second PC2 circulation path is water.
  • the fact that the heat exchanger 1 is provided with sub-ducts 16 and sub-channels 14 provides a large heat exchange surface between the sub-ducts 16 and the sub-channels 14. This improves the exchange of heat between the two fluids.
  • the ducts 4 and the channels 10 are parallel to each other.
  • the ducts 4 and the channels 10 are rectilinear with each other.
  • the ducts 4 and channels 10 inside the beam 2 are perpendicular to a transverse median plane P of the beam 2.
  • the sub-ducts 16 and the subchannels 14 are rectilinear and parallel to each other.
  • the ducts 4 and the channels 10 extend along the length L of the beam 2.
  • the plane P is located in the middle of the length L of the beam 2.
  • each duct 4 is located at one end of the bundle 2.
  • each fluid inlet 6 is projecting with respect to the bundle 2.
  • the ducts are of length L1 greater than the length L of beam 2.
  • the fluid inlets 6 of the ducts 4 are joined together to form a connection block 18.
  • the ducts 4 are separated from each other so as to form, between two successive ducts, a channel 10.
  • This separation between the ducts 4 of the beam 2 implies a space 20 of the ducts greater than a bulk 22 of the fluid inlets, that is to say to the bulk of the connection block 18.
  • the size of the ducts is of height H and the connection block 18 is of height h, this height h being less than the height of the space 20.
  • the fluid inlets 6 are contiguous to each other by gluing or brazing.
  • the term “close together” means that the fluid inlets 6 are in contact with each other.
  • some ducts 4 are curved in part. More specifically, the portion of the ducts 4 situated between the bundle 2 and the connection block 18 is curved so as to be able to join all the fluid inlets 6 between them and to join them.
  • the fluid inlets 6 are parallel to each other. In addition, the fluid inlets 6 are perpendicular to the plane P.
  • each conduit 4 is located at one end of the bundle 2.
  • the fluid outlets 8 are disposed at the end of the bundle 2 opposite that at which the fluid inlets 6 are located. 8 are projecting with respect to the beam 2.
  • the fluid outlets 8 are joined together to form a connection block 24.
  • the connection block 24 formed by the fluid outlets 8 has a height h, identical to that of the connection block 18 formed by the fluid inlets 6.
  • the fluid outlets 8 are also perpendicular to the plane P.
  • the heat exchanger 1 is connected to a distribution box 26 comprising a not shown outlet opening, the distribution box 26 can channel the first fluid F1 evacuating fluid outlets 8 to a single outlet opening, this the latter being fluidly connected to the air conditioning loop not shown.
  • the connection block 24 of the fluid outlets 8 is inserted into the distribution box 26.
  • a distribution chamber is formed inside the distribution box 26. Inside this distribution chamber, the connection block allows the first fluid F1 to flow towards the outlet opening.
  • the figure 2 represents the heat exchanger of the figure 1 equipped with two distribution boxes 26, 28, one 26 connected to the connection block 24 as seen previously and the other 28 connected to the connection block 18 of the fluid inlets 6.
  • the distribution box 28 comprises an opening of fluid inlet 30 through which the first fluid F1 enters.
  • the heat exchanger 1 is housed inside a sleeve 32.
  • An inlet orifice 34 and an outlet orifice 36 are formed on the sleeve 32.
  • the inlet orifice 34 allows the second fluid F2 to penetrate inside the heat exchanger to reach the channels 10. After passing through the channels 10, the second fluid F2 reaches the outlet orifice 36 through which it evacuates.
  • the sleeve 32 envelopes the bundle 2 of the heat exchanger 1 so that the channels 10 are completely delimited in combination with the conduits 4.
  • the sleeve 32 also comprises two unrepresented windows allowing the two connection blocks 26, 28 to protrude from the sleeve 32 and to connect to the associated distribution boxes.
  • the figure 3 illustrates an embodiment according to the invention wherein the heat exchanger 1 is an internal heat exchanger.
  • internal heat exchanger means a heat exchanger in which the same fluid flows, in a state of high pressure according to the first circulation path PC1 1 and a low pressure state according to the second circulation path PC2.
  • the first fluid F1 is a refrigerant, for example CO 2 or R134a, at high pressure and the second fluid F2 is the same refrigerant fluid at low pressure.
  • the second circulation path PC2 is then formed inside the beam 2 by ducts 38 located inside the space between two successive ducts 4. These ducts 38 are hollow metal plates of identical length to the length L of the beam 2.
  • the ducts 4 and the connection blocks 18, 24 are identical to those of the first embodiment.
  • the distribution boxes 26, 28 are identical to those of the first embodiment with the exception of a secondary fluid inlet opening 40 and a secondary fluid outlet opening not shown.
  • the secondary fluid inlet opening 40 is formed on the dispensing box 26 including the fluid outlet opening and the secondary fluid outlet opening is formed on the dispensing box 28 including the inlet opening. fluid inlet 30.
  • the fluid inlet opening 30 and the fluid outlet opening are associated with the first circulation path PC1 for the first fluid F1 and the secondary fluid inlet opening 40 and the secondary fluid outlet opening. are associated with the second PC2 circulation path for the second fluid F2.
  • the figure 4 is a cross sectional view of the beam 2 according to the embodiment according to the invention.
  • the pipes 38 comprise a plurality of passages 42 for the circulation of the second fluid F2 with shapes and hydraulic diameters identical or different from those of the ducts 4 of the first embodiment.
  • the ducts 4 in turn, comprise sub-ducts 16 identical to those of the first embodiment.
  • the plurality of subchannels 16 and passages 42 ensures better heat exchange between the high-pressure refrigerant and the low-pressure refrigerant.
  • the figure 5 illustrates a longitudinal sectional view of the manifold 26 and the associated connection block 24.
  • the manifold 26 comprises a distribution chamber 44 for the distribution of the second fluid F2 to the second circulation path PC2.
  • This distribution chamber 44 is adjacent to a housing 46 receiving the connection block 24.
  • the distribution box 26 is mounted on the heat exchanger 1
  • the distribution chamber 44 is traversed by the conduits 4 and the connection block. 24 is received inside the housing 46.
  • the latter 46 ends with a fluid outlet opening for the evacuation of the first fluid F1.
  • the ducts 4 are fluidly independent of the distribution chamber 44 and the housing 46 is isolated from the distribution chamber 44 by the connection block 24.
  • channels 48 for circulation of the second fluid F2 are formed inside the chamber 44.
  • These channels 48 are rectilinear and parallel to each other.
  • these channels are arranged perpendicular to the ducts 4 and channels 10 of the beam 2.
  • these channels 48 are parallel to the plane P.
  • These channels 48 fluidly connect the second circulation path PC2 to the inlet opening of secondary fluid 40.
  • the dispensing box 26 described in FIG. figure 5 is identical to the distribution box 28.
  • the distribution box 26 described in figure 5 is identical in the two embodiments described above.
  • the heat exchanger 1 allows the exchange of heat between a refrigerant and air.
  • the third embodiment differs from the first of the figure 1 in that the fins 12 are arranged so as to orient the channels 14 parallel to the plane P.
  • the sleeve 32 no longer exists.
  • a heat exchanger can be introduced inside an air conditioning device as a radiator.
  • the air exchanging heat with the refrigerant fluid here is the second fluid F2 and passes through the beam 2 in a direction parallel to the plane P.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Description

La présente invention se rapporte à un échangeur de chaleur pour une boucle de climatisation d'un dispositif de climatisation d'un véhicule. L'invention se rapporte en particulier à un échangeur conforme au préamble de la revendication 1. Vital échangeur est connu de DE 4012046 A1 .The present invention relates to a heat exchanger for an air conditioning loop of an air conditioning device of a vehicle. The invention relates in particular to an exchanger according to the preamble of claim 1. Vital exchanger is known from DE 4012046 A1 .

Un dispositif de climatisation permet de fournir un air traité thermiquement dans l'habitacle d'un véhicule. Pour se faire, le dispositif de climatisation comprend un radiateur permettant de chauffer de l'air et un évaporateur permettant de le refroidir. L'évaporateur est un composant d'une boucle de climatisation dans laquelle on trouve également un compresseur, un refroidisseur de gaz ou condenseur et un dispositif de détente. La boucle de climatisation comprend également un échangeur de chaleur interne permettant d'améliorer le coefficient de performance de la boucle de climatisation. L'échangeur de chaleur interne assure un échange de chaleur entre le fluide sous haute pression circulant dans la boucle de climatisation entre la sortie du compresseur et l'entrée du dispositif de détente et le fluide sous basse pression circulant entre la sortie du dispositif de détente et l'entrée du compresseur. Cet échange de chaleur entre le fluide sous deux états de pression différents engendre une amélioration des performances de la boucle.An air conditioning device provides a heat treated air in the passenger compartment of a vehicle. To do this, the air conditioning device comprises a radiator for heating air and an evaporator for cooling. The evaporator is a component of an air conditioning loop in which there is also a compressor, a gas cooler or condenser and an expansion device. The air conditioning loop also includes an internal heat exchanger to improve the coefficient of performance of the air conditioning loop. The internal heat exchanger provides a heat exchange between the high pressure fluid circulating in the air conditioning loop between the compressor outlet and the expansion device inlet and the low pressure fluid flowing between the outlet of the expansion device and the compressor inlet. This heat exchange between the fluid under two different pressure states results in an improvement in the performance of the loop.

Plus généralement, un échangeur de chaleur interne permet un échange de chaleur entre un premier fluide et un deuxième fluide, les deux fluides étant soient identiques mais dans des états de pression et de température différents, soient de nature chimique différente, par exemple le dioxyde de carbone et l'eau.More generally, an internal heat exchanger allows a heat exchange between a first fluid and a second fluid, the two fluids being identical but in different pressure and temperature conditions, are of different chemical nature, for example carbon and water.

Un échangeur de chaleur interne présente un structure avec une pluralité de conduits définissant un premier parcours de circulation d'un premier fluide à l'intérieur des conduits, au moins deux conduits étant espacés de sorte à former un deuxième parcours de circulation d'un deuxième fluide. Les conduits comprennent chacun une entrée et une sortie du premier fluide. Ainsi, un échangeur de chaleur interne comprend autant d'entrées et de sorties pour le premier fluide qu'il comprend de conduits.An internal heat exchanger has a structure with a plurality of conduits defining a first flow path of a first fluid within the conduits, at least two conduits being spaced apart to form a second flow path of a second fluid. The conduits each include an inlet and an outlet of the first fluid. Thus, an internal heat exchanger comprises as many inputs and outputs for the first fluid that includes ducts.

Cette structure implique un encombrement important et surtout des problèmes de fuite de fluide au niveau du raccordement des entrées et sorties de l'échangeur de chaleur interne aux autres éléments de la boucle de climatisation. Les éléments sont soit des tuyaux raccordant l'échangeur de chaleur interne aux autres composants tels que le condenseur/refroidisseur de gaz ou le compresseur, soit les composants eux-mêmes, l'échangeur de chaleur interne étant alors intégrés dans un évaporateur, un refroidisseur de gaz ou un accumulateur.This structure implies a large size and especially fluid leakage problems at the connection of the inputs and outputs of the internal heat exchanger to the other elements of the air conditioning loop. The elements are either pipes connecting the internal heat exchanger to the other components such as the condenser / gas cooler or the compressor, or the components themselves, the internal heat exchanger being then integrated in an evaporator, a cooler gas or accumulator.

La présente invention vient palier ces inconvénients d'encombrement et de fuite de fluide tout en améliorant le processus de fabrication de l'échangeur de chaleur interne par un réduction du coût et une simplification du processus.The present invention overcomes these disadvantages of congestion and fluid leakage while improving the manufacturing process of the internal heat exchanger by reducing the cost and simplification of the process.

L'invention porte sur un échangeur de chaleur conforme à la revendication 1.The invention relates to a heat exchanger according to claim 1.

D'une part, en rassemblant les entrées ou les sorties des tubes pour former un bloc de connexion, il n'est plus nécessaire de garantir une étanchéité au niveau de chaque entrée ou de chaque sortie de chaque conduit. En effet, la constitution d'un bloc de connexion permet de limiter le nombre de raccordement entre l'échangeur de chaleur et la boucle de climatisation. Selon l'invention, il n'est plus nécessaire de raccorder chaque conduit à la boucle de climatisation indépendamment des autres conduits. D'autre part, la formation du bloc de connexion permet de réduire l'encombrement de l'échangeur de chaleur à ses extrémités. La disposition des conduits de l'échangeur de chaleur présentant une hauteur H, la création du bloc de connexion permet de réduire cette hauteur aux extrémités de l'échangeur de chaleur et de la ramener à la somme des hauteurs des conduits. La réduction de l'encombrement du bloc de connexion permet également de réduire les dimensions d'une boîte de distribution connectée à ce bloc. Cette boîte assurant le raccord de fluide entre l'échangeur de chaleur et la boucle de climatisation, la diminution de son encombrement permet d'augmenter le gain d'espace au niveau des extrémités de l'échangeur de chaleur. De plus, la boîte de distribution comprend une chambre de distribution pour le deuxième fluide et un logement adjacent pour recevoir le bloc de connection. Avantageusement, les conduits sont parallèles entre eux.On the one hand, by gathering the inputs or outputs of the tubes to form a connection block, it is no longer necessary to guarantee a seal at each inlet or outlet of each conduit. Indeed, the constitution of a connection block limits the number of connections between the heat exchanger and the air conditioning loop. According to the invention, it is no longer necessary to connect each duct to the air conditioning loop independently of the other ducts. On the other hand, the formation of the connection block reduces the size of the heat exchanger at its ends. The arrangement of the heat exchanger ducts having a height H, the creation of the connection block reduces the height at the ends of the heat exchanger and reduce it to the sum of the duct heights. The reduction in the size of the connection block also makes it possible to reduce the dimensions of a distribution box connected to this block. This box ensures the fluid connection between the heat exchanger and the air conditioning loop, reducing its size increases the space gain at the ends of the heat exchanger. In addition, the distribution box includes a distribution chamber for the second fluid and an adjacent housing for receiving the connection block. Advantageously, the conduits are parallel to each other.

Avantageusement, les entrées et/ou les sorties sont parallèles entre elles.Advantageously, the inputs and / or outputs are parallel to each other.

Avantageusement, le deuxième parcours de circulation comprend une ailette formant des sous-canaux.Advantageously, the second circulation path comprises a fin forming sub-channels.

Avantageusement, les conduits sont des plaques munies de sous-conduits.Advantageously, the ducts are plates provided with sub-ducts.

Avantageusement, il est enveloppé d'un manchon pourvu d'un orifice d'entrée et d'un orifice de sortie pour le deuxième fluide.Advantageously, it is wrapped with a sleeve provided with an inlet orifice and an outlet orifice for the second fluid.

Avantageusement, il comprend une boîte de distribution logeant le bloc de connexion.Advantageously, it comprises a distribution box housing the connection block.

D'autres caractéristiques, détails et avantages de l'invention ressortiront plus clairement à la lecture de la description donnée ci-après à titre indicatif en relation avec des dessins dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est une vue en perspective d'un mode de réalisation non conforme à l'invention
  • la figure 2 est une vue en perspective de ce mode de réalisation de l'échangeur de chaleur muni d'un manchon.
  • La figure 3 est une vue en perspective du mode de réalisation conforme à l'invention
  • La figure 4 est une vue en coupe transversale du faisceau de l'échangeur de chaleur selon la figure 3
  • La figure 5 est une vue en coupe longitudinale de la boîte de distribution.
Other characteristics, details and advantages of the invention will emerge more clearly on reading the description given below as an indication in relation to drawings in which:
  • the figure 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment not in accordance with the invention
  • the figure 2 is a perspective view of this embodiment of the heat exchanger provided with a sleeve.
  • The figure 3 is a perspective view of the embodiment according to the invention
  • The figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of the beam of the heat exchanger according to the figure 3
  • The figure 5 is a longitudinal sectional view of the distribution box.

La figure 1 représente un mode de réalisation de l'échangeur de chaleur 1 non conforme à l'invention. L'échangeur de chaleur 1 comprend une pluralité de conduits 4 formant un faisceau 2, la pluralité de conduits 4 définissant un premier parcours de circulation PC1 d'un premier fluide F1.The figure 1 represents an embodiment of the heat exchanger 1 not in accordance with the invention. The heat exchanger 1 comprises a plurality of ducts 4 forming a beam 2, the plurality of ducts 4 defining a first circulation path PC1 of a first fluid F1.

Chaque conduit 4 est creux pour assurer la circulation du premier fluide F1 à l'intérieur du conduit 4. Chaque conduit 4 comprend une entrée de fluide 6 et une sortie de fluide 8. Selon ce mode de réalisation, les conduits 4 sont des plaques dans lesquelles sont formées une pluralité de sous-conduits 16 assurant la circulation du premier fluide F1. Les sous-conduits (16) sont de forme circulaire, rectangulaire, trapézoïde ou triangulaire avec des diamètres hydrauliques identiques ou différents entre eux. Ces plaques ont une section rectangulaire. En variante non représentée, les conduits sont des tubes de section cylindrique. Ces plaques sont métalliques, par exemple en aluminium. L'entrée de fluide 6 d'un conduit 4 est formée à l'extrémité de ce dernier 4. De même, la sortie de fluide 8 du conduit 4 est formée à l'autre extrémité de ce dernier 4.Each duct 4 is hollow to ensure the circulation of the first fluid F1 inside the duct 4. Each duct 4 comprises a fluid inlet 6 and a fluid outlet 8. According to this embodiment, the ducts 4 are plates in which are formed a plurality of sub-ducts 16 ensuring the circulation of the first fluid F1. The subchannels (16) are circular, rectangular, trapezoidal or triangular in shape with identical or different hydraulic diameters. These plates have a rectangular section. In variant not shown, the ducts are tubes of cylindrical section. These plates are metallic, for example aluminum. The fluid inlet 6 of a duct 4 is formed at the end of the latter 4. Similarly, the fluid outlet 8 of the duct 4 is formed at the other end of the latter 4.

L'échangeur de chaleur 1 comprend une pluralité de conduits 4, au moins deux conduits 4 étant espacés de sorte à former un deuxième parcours de circulation PC2 d'un deuxième fluide F2. Ce deuxième parcours de circulation PC2 se situe au sein du faisceau 2. L'espace disponible entre deux conduits 4 successifs forme un canal 10. Comme représenté sur la figure 1, l'échangeur de chaleur 1 comprend plus de deux conduits 4, les espaces disponibles entre des conduits 4 successifs formant ainsi une pluralité de canaux 10. Selon un mode de réalisation, chacun des canaux 10 est pourvu d'une ailette 12. Cette ailette 12 est un feuillard métallique plié ou ondulé. La présence de l'ailette 12 dans le canal 10 permet de former des sous-canaux 14 dans lesquels circule le deuxième fluide F2.The heat exchanger 1 comprises a plurality of ducts 4, at least two ducts 4 being spaced apart so as to form a second circulation path PC2 of a second fluid F2. This second circulation path PC2 is located within beam 2. The space available between two successive conduits 4 forms a channel 10. As shown in FIG. figure 1 , the heat exchanger 1 comprises more than two ducts 4, the spaces available between successive ducts 4 thus forming a plurality of channels 10. According to one embodiment, each of the channels 10 is provided with a fin 12. This fin 12 is a folded or corrugated metal strip. The presence of the fin 12 in the channel 10 makes it possible to form subchannels 14 in which the second fluid F2 circulates.

Selon ce mode de réalisation non conforme à l'invention, l'échangeur de chaleur 1 est un échangeur de chaleur interne pour une boucle de climatisation de véhicule automobile permettant l'échange de chaleur entre deux fluides distincts chimiquement. A l'intérieur de l'échangeur de chaleur 1, le premier fluide F1 circulant à l'intérieur du premier parcours de circulation PC1 est le fluide réfrigérant de la boucle de climatisation, par exemple du CO2 ou du R134a, et le deuxième fluide F2 circulant à l'intérieur du deuxième parcours de circulation PC2 est de l'eau. Le fait que l'échangeur de chaleur 1 soit muni de sous-conduits 16 et de sous-canaux 14 permet d'obtenir une importante surface d'échange de chaleur entre les sous-conduits 16 et les sous-canaux 14. On améliore ainsi l'échange de chaleur entre les deux fluides.According to this embodiment not in accordance with the invention, the heat exchanger 1 is an internal heat exchanger for a motor vehicle air conditioning loop allowing the exchange of heat between two chemically distinct fluids. Inside the heat exchanger 1, the first fluid F1 flowing inside the first circulation path PC1 is the cooling fluid of the air conditioning loop, for example CO 2 or R134a, and the second fluid F2 flowing inside the second PC2 circulation path is water. The fact that the heat exchanger 1 is provided with sub-ducts 16 and sub-channels 14 provides a large heat exchange surface between the sub-ducts 16 and the sub-channels 14. This improves the exchange of heat between the two fluids.

A l'intérieur du faisceau 2, les conduits 4 et les canaux 10 sont parallèles entre eux. En complément, les conduits 4 et les canaux 10 sont rectilignes entre eux. En outre, les conduits 4 et les canaux 10 à l'intérieur du faisceau 2 sont perpendiculaire à un plan médian transversal P du faisceau 2. De même, les sous-conduits 16 et les sous-canaux 14 sont rectilignes et parallèles entre eux. Les conduits 4 et les canaux 10 s'étendent selon la longueur L du faisceau 2. Le plan P se situe au milieu de la longueur L du faisceau 2.Inside the beam 2, the ducts 4 and the channels 10 are parallel to each other. In addition, the ducts 4 and the channels 10 are rectilinear with each other. In addition, the ducts 4 and channels 10 inside the beam 2 are perpendicular to a transverse median plane P of the beam 2. Similarly, the sub-ducts 16 and the subchannels 14 are rectilinear and parallel to each other. The ducts 4 and the channels 10 extend along the length L of the beam 2. The plane P is located in the middle of the length L of the beam 2.

L'entrée de fluide 6 de chaque conduit 4 se situe à une extrémité du faisceau 2. En outre, chaque entrée de fluide 6 est en saillie par rapport au faisceau 2. Ainsi, les conduits sont de longueur L1 supérieure à la longueur L du faisceau 2. Les entrées de fluide 6 des conduits 4 sont accolées entre elles pour former un bloc de connexion 18. À l'intérieur du faisceau 2, les conduits 4 sont séparés les uns des autres de manière à former, entre deux conduits successifs, un canal 10. Cette séparation entre les conduits 4 du faisceau 2 implique un encombrement 20 des conduits supérieur à un encombrement 22 des entrées de fluide, c'est-à-dire à l'encombrement du bloc de connexion 18. Ainsi, l'encombrement 20 des conduits est de hauteur H et le bloc de connexion 18 est de hauteur h, cette hauteur h étant inférieure à la hauteur de l'encombrement 20.The fluid inlet 6 of each duct 4 is located at one end of the bundle 2. In addition, each fluid inlet 6 is projecting with respect to the bundle 2. Thus, the ducts are of length L1 greater than the length L of beam 2. The fluid inlets 6 of the ducts 4 are joined together to form a connection block 18. Inside the bundle 2, the ducts 4 are separated from each other so as to form, between two successive ducts, a channel 10. This separation between the ducts 4 of the beam 2 implies a space 20 of the ducts greater than a bulk 22 of the fluid inlets, that is to say to the bulk of the connection block 18. Thus, the size of the ducts is of height H and the connection block 18 is of height h, this height h being less than the height of the space 20.

Les entrées de fluide 6 sont accolées les unes aux autres par collage ou brasage. On entend par « accoler » le fait que les entrées de fluide 6 sont en contact entre elles. Pour former le bloc de connexion 18 et ainsi réduire l'encombrement de l'échangeur de chaleur 1 au niveau de ses extrémités, certains conduits 4 sont courbés en partie. Plus précisément, la partie des conduits 4 située entre le faisceau 2 et le bloc de connexion 18 est courbée de sorte à pourvoir réunir toutes les entrées de fluide 6 entre elles et les accoler. A l'intérieur du bloc de connexion 18, les entrées de fluide 6 sont parallèles entre elles. En outre, les entrées de fluide 6 sont perpendiculaires au plan P.The fluid inlets 6 are contiguous to each other by gluing or brazing. The term "close together" means that the fluid inlets 6 are in contact with each other. To form the connection block 18 and thus reduce the size of the heat exchanger 1 at its ends, some ducts 4 are curved in part. More specifically, the portion of the ducts 4 situated between the bundle 2 and the connection block 18 is curved so as to be able to join all the fluid inlets 6 between them and to join them. Inside the connection block 18, the fluid inlets 6 are parallel to each other. In addition, the fluid inlets 6 are perpendicular to the plane P.

De manière similaire, la sortie de fluide 8 de chaque conduit 4 se situe à une extrémité du faisceau 2. Les sorties de fluide 8 sont disposées à l'extrémité du faisceau 2 opposée à celle où se situent les entrées de fluide 6. Les sorties de fluide 8 sont en saillie par rapport au faisceau 2. Les sorties de fluide 8 sont accolées entre elles pour former un bloc de connexion 24. Le bloc de connexion 24 formées par les sorties de fluide 8 présente une hauteur h, identique à celle du bloc de connexion 18 formées par les entrées de fluide 6. Les sorties de fluide 8 sont également perpendiculaires au plan P.Similarly, the fluid outlet 8 of each conduit 4 is located at one end of the bundle 2. The fluid outlets 8 are disposed at the end of the bundle 2 opposite that at which the fluid inlets 6 are located. 8 are projecting with respect to the beam 2. The fluid outlets 8 are joined together to form a connection block 24. The connection block 24 formed by the fluid outlets 8 has a height h, identical to that of the connection block 18 formed by the fluid inlets 6. The fluid outlets 8 are also perpendicular to the plane P.

L'échangeur de chaleur 1 est relié à une boîte de distribution 26 comprenant une ouverture de sortie non représentée, la boîte de distribution 26 permet de canaliser le premier fluide F1 s'évacuant des sorties de fluide 8 vers une unique ouverture de sortie, cette dernière étant connectée fluidiquement à la boucle de climatisation non représentée. Le bloc de connexion 24 des sorties de fluide 8 est inséré dans la boîte de distribution 26. Ainsi, une fois la boîte de distribution 26 monté sur le bloc de connexion 24, une chambre de distribution est formée à l'intérieur de la boîte de distribution 26. À l'intérieur de cette chambre de distribution, le bloc de connexion permet au premier fluide F1 de circuler en direction de l'ouverture de sortie.The heat exchanger 1 is connected to a distribution box 26 comprising a not shown outlet opening, the distribution box 26 can channel the first fluid F1 evacuating fluid outlets 8 to a single outlet opening, this the latter being fluidly connected to the air conditioning loop not shown. The connection block 24 of the fluid outlets 8 is inserted into the distribution box 26. Thus, once the distribution box 26 is mounted on the connection block 24, a distribution chamber is formed inside the distribution box 26. Inside this distribution chamber, the connection block allows the first fluid F1 to flow towards the outlet opening.

La figure 2 représente l'échangeur de chaleur de la figure 1 muni de deux boites de distribution 26, 28, l'une 26 reliée au bloc de connexion 24 comme vu précédemment et l'autre 28 reliée au bloc de connexion 18 des entrées de fluide 6. La boîte de distribution 28 comporte une ouverture d'entrée de fluide 30 par laquelle le premier fluide F1 pénètre. L'échangeur de chaleur 1 est logé à l'intérieur d'un manchon 32. Un orifice d'entrée 34 et un orifice de sortie 36 sont formés sur le manchon 32. L'orifice d'entrée 34 permet au deuxième fluide F2 de pénétrer à l'intérieur de l'échangeur de chaleur pour atteindre les canaux 10. Après avoir traversé les canaux 10, le deuxième fluide F2 atteint l'orifice de sortie 36 par laquelle il s'évacue. Le manchon 32 enveloppe le faisceau 2 de l'échangeur de chaleur 1 de sorte à ce que les canaux 10 soient complètement délimités en combinaison avec les conduits 4. Le manchon 32 comporte également deux fenêtres non représentées permettant aux deux blocs de connexion 26, 28 d'être en saillie du manchon 32 et de se connecter aux boîtes de distribution associées.The figure 2 represents the heat exchanger of the figure 1 equipped with two distribution boxes 26, 28, one 26 connected to the connection block 24 as seen previously and the other 28 connected to the connection block 18 of the fluid inlets 6. The distribution box 28 comprises an opening of fluid inlet 30 through which the first fluid F1 enters. The heat exchanger 1 is housed inside a sleeve 32. An inlet orifice 34 and an outlet orifice 36 are formed on the sleeve 32. The inlet orifice 34 allows the second fluid F2 to penetrate inside the heat exchanger to reach the channels 10. After passing through the channels 10, the second fluid F2 reaches the outlet orifice 36 through which it evacuates. The sleeve 32 envelopes the bundle 2 of the heat exchanger 1 so that the channels 10 are completely delimited in combination with the conduits 4. The sleeve 32 also comprises two unrepresented windows allowing the two connection blocks 26, 28 to protrude from the sleeve 32 and to connect to the associated distribution boxes.

La figure 3 illustre un mode de réalisation conforme à l'invention dans lequel l'échangeur de chaleur 1 est un échangeur de chaleur interne. On entend par « échangeur de chaleur interne » un échangeur de chaleur dans lequel circule le même fluide, à un état de haute pression selon le premier parcours de circulation PC1 1 et à un état de basse pression selon le deuxième parcours de circulation PC2. Ici, le premier fluide F1 est un fluide réfrigérant, par exemple du CO2 ou du R134a, à haute pression et le deuxième fluide F2 est le même fluide réfrigérant à basse pression.The figure 3 illustrates an embodiment according to the invention wherein the heat exchanger 1 is an internal heat exchanger. The term "internal heat exchanger" means a heat exchanger in which the same fluid flows, in a state of high pressure according to the first circulation path PC1 1 and a low pressure state according to the second circulation path PC2. Here, the first fluid F1 is a refrigerant, for example CO 2 or R134a, at high pressure and the second fluid F2 is the same refrigerant fluid at low pressure.

Selon ce mode de réalisation, le manchon 32 et les ailettes 12 n'existent plus. Le deuxième parcours de circulation PC2 est alors formé à l'intérieur du faisceau 2 par des canalisations 38 localisés à l'intérieur de l'espace entre deux conduits 4 successifs. Ces canalisations 38 sont des plaques creuses métalliques de longueur identique à la longueur L du faisceau 2. Les conduits 4 et les blocs de connexion 18, 24 sont identiques à ceux du premier mode de réalisation. Les boîtes de distribution 26, 28 sont identiques à celles du premier mode de réalisation à l'exception d'une ouverture d'entrée de fluide secondaire 40 et d'une ouverture de sortie de fluide secondaire non représentée. L'ouverture d'entrée de fluide secondaire 40 est formée sur la boîte de distribution 26 comprenant l'ouverture de sortie de fluide et l'ouverture de sortie de fluide secondaire est formée sur la boite de distribution 28 comprenant l'ouverture d'entrée de fluide 30. L'ouverture d'entrée de fluide 30 et celle de sortie de fluide sont associées au premier parcours de circulation PC1 pour le premier fluide F1 et l'ouverture d'entrée de fluide secondaire 40 et celle de sortie de fluide secondaire sont associées au deuxième parcours de circulation PC2 pour le deuxième fluide F2.According to this embodiment, the sleeve 32 and the fins 12 no longer exist. The second circulation path PC2 is then formed inside the beam 2 by ducts 38 located inside the space between two successive ducts 4. These ducts 38 are hollow metal plates of identical length to the length L of the beam 2. The ducts 4 and the connection blocks 18, 24 are identical to those of the first embodiment. The distribution boxes 26, 28 are identical to those of the first embodiment with the exception of a secondary fluid inlet opening 40 and a secondary fluid outlet opening not shown. The secondary fluid inlet opening 40 is formed on the dispensing box 26 including the fluid outlet opening and the secondary fluid outlet opening is formed on the dispensing box 28 including the inlet opening. fluid inlet 30. The fluid inlet opening 30 and the fluid outlet opening are associated with the first circulation path PC1 for the first fluid F1 and the secondary fluid inlet opening 40 and the secondary fluid outlet opening. are associated with the second PC2 circulation path for the second fluid F2.

La figure 4 est une vue en coupe transversale du faisceau 2 selon le mode de réalisation conforme à l'invention. Les canalisations 38 comportent une pluralité de passage 42 pour la circulation du deuxième fluide F2 avec des formes et des diamètres hydrauliques identiques ou différents de ceux des conduits 4 du premier mode de réalisation. Les conduits 4, quant à eux comprennent des sous-conduits 16 identiques à ceux du premier mode de réalisation. La pluralité des sous-conduits 16 et des passages 42 assure un meilleur échange de chaleur entre le fluide réfrigérant à haute pression et celui à basse pression.The figure 4 is a cross sectional view of the beam 2 according to the embodiment according to the invention. The pipes 38 comprise a plurality of passages 42 for the circulation of the second fluid F2 with shapes and hydraulic diameters identical or different from those of the ducts 4 of the first embodiment. The ducts 4, in turn, comprise sub-ducts 16 identical to those of the first embodiment. The plurality of subchannels 16 and passages 42 ensures better heat exchange between the high-pressure refrigerant and the low-pressure refrigerant.

La figure 5 illustre une vue en coupe longitudinale de la boîte collectrice 26 et du bloc de connexion associé 24. La boîte collectrice 26 comprend une chambre de distribution 44 pour la distribution du deuxième fluide F2 vers le deuxième parcours de circulation PC2. Cette chambre de distribution 44 est adjacente à un logement 46 recevant le bloc de connexion 24. Une fois la boîte de distribution 26 montée sur l'échangeur de chaleur 1, la chambre de distribution 44 est traversée par les conduits 4 et le bloc de connexion 24 est reçu à l'intérieur du logement 46. Ce dernier 46 se termine par une ouverture de sortie de fluide pour l'évacuation du premier fluide F1. Les conduits 4 sont fluidiquement indépendants de la chambre de distribution 44 et le logement 46 est isolé de la chambre de distribution 44 par le bloc de connexion 24. Du fait que les conduits 24, et en particulier la partie courbée des conduits 4 reliant le faisceau 2 au bloc de connexion 24, traversent la chambre de distribution 44, des voies 48 de circulation du deuxième fluide F2 sont formées à l'intérieur de la chambre 44. Ces voies 48 sont rectilignes et parallèles entre elles. En outre, ces voies sont disposées perpendiculairement aux conduits 4 et des canaux 10 du faisceau 2. Autrement dit, ces voies 48 sont parallèles au plan P. Ces voies 48 raccordent fluidiquement le deuxième parcours de circulation PC2 à l'ouverture d'entrée de fluide secondaire 40. La boîte de distribution 26 décrite à la figure 5 est identique à la boîte de distribution 28. En outre, la boîte de distribution 26 décrite en figure 5 est identique dans les deux modes de réalisation décrits ci-dessus.The figure 5 illustrates a longitudinal sectional view of the manifold 26 and the associated connection block 24. The manifold 26 comprises a distribution chamber 44 for the distribution of the second fluid F2 to the second circulation path PC2. This distribution chamber 44 is adjacent to a housing 46 receiving the connection block 24. Once the distribution box 26 is mounted on the heat exchanger 1, the distribution chamber 44 is traversed by the conduits 4 and the connection block. 24 is received inside the housing 46. The latter 46 ends with a fluid outlet opening for the evacuation of the first fluid F1. The ducts 4 are fluidly independent of the distribution chamber 44 and the housing 46 is isolated from the distribution chamber 44 by the connection block 24. Because the ducts 24, and in particular the curved portion of the ducts 4 connecting the beam 2 to the connection block 24, through the distribution chamber 44, channels 48 for circulation of the second fluid F2 are formed inside the chamber 44. These channels 48 are rectilinear and parallel to each other. In addition, these channels are arranged perpendicular to the ducts 4 and channels 10 of the beam 2. In other words, these channels 48 are parallel to the plane P. These channels 48 fluidly connect the second circulation path PC2 to the inlet opening of secondary fluid 40. The dispensing box 26 described in FIG. figure 5 is identical to the distribution box 28. In addition, the distribution box 26 described in figure 5 is identical in the two embodiments described above.

Selon un mode de réalisation non représenté et non conforme à l'invention, l'échangeur de chaleur 1 permet l'échange de chaleur entre un fluide réfrigérant et de l'air. Pour cela, le troisième mode de réalisation diffère du premier de la figure 1 en ce que les ailettes 12 sont disposées de sorte à orienter les canaux 14 parallèlement au plan P. En outre, selon le troisième mode de réalisation, le manchon 32 n'existe plus. Ainsi, un tel échangeur de chaleur peut être introduit à l'intérieur d'un dispositif de climatisation en tant que radiateur. L'air échangeant de la chaleur avec le fluide réfrigérant est ici le deuxième fluide F2 et traverse le faisceau 2 selon une direction parallèle au plan P.According to an embodiment not shown and not according to the invention, the heat exchanger 1 allows the exchange of heat between a refrigerant and air. For this, the third embodiment differs from the first of the figure 1 in that the fins 12 are arranged so as to orient the channels 14 parallel to the plane P. In addition, according to the third embodiment, the sleeve 32 no longer exists. Thus, such a heat exchanger can be introduced inside an air conditioning device as a radiator. The air exchanging heat with the refrigerant fluid here is the second fluid F2 and passes through the beam 2 in a direction parallel to the plane P.

Claims (8)

  1. Heat exchanger (1) for an air conditioning loop of a vehicle comprising a plurality of pipes (4) defining a first circulation path (PC1) of a first fluid (F1) inside the pipes (4), at least two successive pipes (4) being spaced to form a second circulation path (PC2) of a second fluid (F2), the pipes (4) each having an inlet (6) and an outlet (8) for the first fluid (F1), the overall size (20) of the plurality of pipes (4) being of height H and the inlets (6) and/or the outlets (8) of the pipes (4) being disposed side by side to form a connection block (18, 24) of height h less than that of the overall size (20),
    characterized in that it includes a distribution box (26, 28) accommodating the connection blocks (18, 24) including a distribution chamber for the second fluid (F2) and an adjacent housing (46) to receive the connection block.
  2. Heat exchanger (1) according to the preceding claim, wherein the pipes (4) are parallel to each other.
  3. Heat exchanger (1) according to either one of the preceding claims, wherein the inlets (6) and/or the outlets (8) are parallel to each other.
  4. Heat exchanger (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second circulation path (PC2) includes a rib forming sub-channels (14) .
  5. Heat exchanger (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the pipes (4) are plates provided with sub-pipes (16).
  6. Heat exchanger (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wrapped in a sleeve (32) provided with an inlet orifice (34) and an outlet orifice (36) for the second fluid (F2).
  7. Heat exchanger (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the spaces available between successive pipes (4) form a plurality of channels (10) and the plurality of pipes (4) forms a bundle (2) inside which the pipes (4) and the channels (10) are parallel to each other.
  8. Heat exchanger (1) according to Claim 8, wherein the pipes (4) and the channels (10) are rectilinear with respect to each other inside the bundle (2).
EP11002531A 2010-03-31 2011-03-28 Heat exchanger for air conditioning device with reduced ends Active EP2372288B1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL11002531T PL2372288T3 (en) 2010-03-31 2011-03-28 Heat exchanger for air conditioning device with reduced ends
SI201130018T SI2372288T1 (en) 2010-03-31 2011-03-28 Heat exchanger for air conditioning device with reduced ends

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1001329A FR2958384B1 (en) 2010-03-31 2010-03-31 HEAT EXCHANGER FOR AN AIR CONDITIONING DEVICE WITH REDUCED EXTREMITS.

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EP2372288A1 EP2372288A1 (en) 2011-10-05
EP2372288B1 true EP2372288B1 (en) 2012-12-26

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EP (1) EP2372288B1 (en)
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FR (1) FR2958384B1 (en)
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EP3534104B1 (en) * 2018-02-28 2021-06-30 Valeo Autosystemy SP. Z.O.O. A heat exchanger
EP4542162A1 (en) * 2023-10-20 2025-04-23 Carrier Corporation Microchannel heat exchanger and a fluid distributor thereof

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DE4012046A1 (en) * 1990-04-13 1991-10-17 Behr Gmbh & Co Heat exchanger for road vehicle - comprises flat tubes with no heat exchange ribs between end areas
JP2001272184A (en) * 2000-03-27 2001-10-05 Sanden Corp Heat exchanger
WO2003040640A1 (en) * 2001-11-08 2003-05-15 Zexel Valeo Climate Control Corporation Heat exchanger and tube for heat exchanger
JP2003166791A (en) * 2001-11-30 2003-06-13 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd Heat exchanger
WO2004025207A1 (en) * 2002-09-10 2004-03-25 Gac Corporation Heat exchanger and method of producing the same

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EP2372288A1 (en) 2011-10-05
FR2958384B1 (en) 2014-10-17
ES2400086T3 (en) 2013-04-05
FR2958384A1 (en) 2011-10-07
SI2372288T1 (en) 2013-04-30

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