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EP2103818B1 - Reibminderungsfläche und eine stoffaustausch und wärmeübertragung verbessernde fläche - Google Patents

Reibminderungsfläche und eine stoffaustausch und wärmeübertragung verbessernde fläche Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2103818B1
EP2103818B1 EP06847404.8A EP06847404A EP2103818B1 EP 2103818 B1 EP2103818 B1 EP 2103818B1 EP 06847404 A EP06847404 A EP 06847404A EP 2103818 B1 EP2103818 B1 EP 2103818B1
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Prior art keywords
dimples
dimple
flow
concave
pipe
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2103818A4 (de
EP2103818A1 (de
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Gennady Iraklievich Kiknadze
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/02—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by influencing fluid boundary
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15D—FLUID DYNAMICS, i.e. METHODS OR MEANS FOR INFLUENCING THE FLOW OF GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F15D1/00—Influencing flow of fluids
    • F15D1/002—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer
    • F15D1/0025—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer using passive means, i.e. without external energy supply
    • F15D1/003—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer using passive means, i.e. without external energy supply comprising surface features, e.g. indentations or protrusions
    • F15D1/005—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer using passive means, i.e. without external energy supply comprising surface features, e.g. indentations or protrusions in the form of dimples
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15D—FLUID DYNAMICS, i.e. METHODS OR MEANS FOR INFLUENCING THE FLOW OF GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F15D1/00—Influencing flow of fluids
    • F15D1/02—Influencing flow of fluids in pipes or conduits
    • F15D1/06—Influencing flow of fluids in pipes or conduits by influencing the boundary layer
    • F15D1/065—Whereby an element is dispersed in a pipe over the whole length or whereby several elements are regularly distributed in a pipe
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15D—FLUID DYNAMICS, i.e. METHODS OR MEANS FOR INFLUENCING THE FLOW OF GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F15D1/00—Influencing flow of fluids
    • F15D1/10—Influencing flow of fluids around bodies of solid material
    • F15D1/12—Influencing flow of fluids around bodies of solid material by influencing the boundary layer

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to aerohydrodynamics, power generation, and technologies involving flows of various media, to problems associated with raising the efficiency of transport, to medicine and other spheres of scientific-and-technical activities and engineering practice, in which the success of development and realization of continuous-production processes and equipment and their functional and technical-and-economic performance depend on the quality of flows of continuous medium and on the possibility of controlling the process of interaction between flow and surface by and large and, in particular, controlling the boundary layers of flows of gases and liquids and of their two-phase or multicomponent mixtures for the purpose of reducing aerohydrodynamic loss under conditions of relative motion of surface and continuous medium, reducing the cavitation damage to surfaces, and enhancing the exchange processes on these surfaces.
  • the ranges of sizes of the disclosed reliefs are related to the characteristics of boundary layers of flow; in so doing, in accordance with the disclosed solution, the surface subjected to flow contains distributed thereon three-dimensional concave or convex relief elements with rounded transition regions which conjugate these elements with initially smooth surface; any cross section of relief elements, which is parallel to the plane in which three nearest of their peaks lie, has the form of a smooth closed line.
  • the technical result of realization of the surface for reduction of friction and aerohydrodynamic drag of surfaces includes:
  • the technical result of realization of the surface for enhancement of heat and mass transfer includes:
  • the surface for reduction of friction with gaseous and liquid media or their mixtures is characterized in that recesses of double curvature (dimples) are provided on a smooth surface with or without a protective layer, which are formed by second-order convex and concave surfaces conjugate on common tangents; in so doing, the conjugation of dimples with initially smooth surface is accomplished using convex shapes of surfaces forming slopes, for which the initially smooth surface is tangent at points of conjugation; the concave surface, which forms the bottom part of dimple, is made smooth or with a fairing, the ratios of depths h c of dimples to dimensions L 1 of dimples along the direction of flow are found in the range 0.001 ⁇ h c / L 1 ⁇ 0.1 , and the ratio of transverse dimension L 2 of dimple to longitudinal dimension L 1 of dimple is found in the range 0.25 ⁇ L 2 / L 1 ⁇ 1 with the surface density f of dimple
  • the dimples may be made with the longitudinal and/or transverse dimensions varying along the flow.
  • the dimples may be made either mechanically, or electrochemically, or by applying a protective layer to the surface with subsequent polymerization of this layer, or by laser processing of the surface, or by employing combinations of these methods.
  • the slopes may be formed by a toroidal surface.
  • the slopes may be formed by a hyperbolic surface.
  • the slopes may be formed by an elliptic surface.
  • the surface for enhancement of convective heat and mass transfer with gaseous and liquid media or their mixtures is characterized in that recesses (dimples) are provided on a smooth surface, which are formed by second-order convex and concave surfaces conjugate on common tangents; in so doing, the conjugation of dimples with initially smooth surface is accomplished using convex surfaces forming slopes for which the initially smooth surface is tangent at points of conjugation; the concave surface, which forms the bottom part of dimple, is made smooth or with a fairing, the ratio of depth h c of dimple to dimension L 1 of dimples along the direction of flow is found in the range 0.05 ⁇ h c / L 1 ⁇ 0.5 , and the ratio of transverse dimension L 2 of dimple to its longitudinal dimension L 1 is found in the range 0.25 ⁇ L 2 / L 1 ⁇ 1 , with the surface density f of dimples found in the range 0.1 ⁇ f
  • the dimples may be made with the longitudinal and/or transverse dimensions varying along the flow.
  • the dimples may be made either mechanically, or electrochemically, or by laser processing of the surface, or by shaping and polymerization of a surface protective layer, or by employing various combinations of these methods.
  • the slopes may be formed by a toroidal surface.
  • the slopes may be formed by a hyperbolic surface.
  • the slopes may be formed by an elliptic surface.
  • the dimples on the surface of a heat-transfer plate may be arranged in the staggered or in-line order, and the size of dimples and their depth may be increased or reduced in the direction of flow along the plate.
  • Dimples of smaller longitudinal and transverse dimensions and smaller depth may be located around the main dimples.
  • Projections reciprocal to recesses are provided on the other side of the surface.
  • Ribs oriented along the plate in the direction of flow are provided on the other side of the plate surface.
  • Dimples may be arranged on the other side of the plate symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the dimples on the main side of the plate.
  • the additional surface of the plate which contains dimples, is located relative to the main surface with the formation of a heat-transfer channel; in so doing, the surfaces of the main and additional plates with dimples are facing each other and are located in parallel owing to spacer elements in the form of projections of spherical, conical, cylindrical, or other shapes.
  • the size of dimples and their depth are increased or reduced in the direction of flow along or across the pipe.
  • Projections with second-order surfaces are located on the inner surface of the pipe.
  • Dimples may be located on the outer surface of the pipe, and projections may be located on its inner surface.
  • Longitudinal ribs with dimples may be located on the inner surface of the pipe.
  • Transverse ribs with dimples may be located on the inner surface of the pipe.
  • a curved twisted tape with dimples may be located within the pipe.
  • Dimples may be located on the inner surface of the pipe symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the dimples on the outer surface.
  • the longitudinal and transverse dimensions and the depth of dimples made on the inner surface of the pipe are increased or reduced in the direction of flow.
  • Dimples are located on the inner surface of the pipe, and a curved twisted tape with dimples is placed within the pipe.
  • the inner surface of the pipe is made without dimples, and a twisted tape with dimples is placed within the pipe.
  • TLJS-DR flow intended for reduction of friction drag
  • TLJS-HMT heat and mass transfer
  • TLJS-DR Tropo-Like Jet Surface-Drag Reduction
  • TLJS-HMT Tropo-Like Jet Surface-Heat and Mass Transfer
  • the convex part of whose elements is a segment of a torus of circular cross section, and the concave part - a segment of any second-order surface, for example, spherical.
  • a curvilinear relief is applied onto the surface subjected to flow ( Fig. 1 ) in the form of individual dimples 1 of double curvature, each dimple consisting of a concave part 2 of the inner curvilinear surface of dimple, which has a selected curvilinear shape in the form of a second-order surface without acute angles thereon including, for example, a spherical shape with curvature radius R (-) or an elliptic shape with curvature radii R min(-) and R max(-) , conjugated with an initially smooth surface 3 by convex curvilinear slopes of toroidal shape of round, elliptic, parabolic, or hyperbolic cross sections with curvature radii for which the initially smooth surface is tangent at points of conjugation, and the surfaces of concave and convex shapes have common tangents at points of conjugation.
  • R min(-) , R max(-) , R min(+) , and R max(+) are determined, as is described above, from relations (Q) : 10 - 6 ⁇ R + / R - ⁇ 1 ; 10 - 6 ⁇ R max + / R - ⁇ 1 ; 10 - 6 ⁇ R min + / R - ; 10 - 6 ⁇ R min + / R min - ⁇ 1 ; 10 - 6 ⁇ R max + / R min - ⁇ 1 ; 10 - 6 ⁇ R max + / R min - ⁇ 1 ; 10 - 6 ⁇ R max + / R max - ⁇ 1 ; 10 - 6 ⁇ R min + / R max - .
  • the surface for reduction of friction with gaseous and liquid media or their mixtures is characterized in that recesses (dimples) 1 are provided on a smooth surface with a protective layer in the form of polymer material applied onto this surface or without such layer; said dimples are formed by second-order convex 4 and concave 2 surfaces conjugate on common tangents; in so doing, the conjugation of dimples with an initially smooth surface 3 is accomplished using convex surfaces forming slopes, for which the initially smooth surface is tangent at points of conjugation; the concave surface, which forms the bottom part of dimple, is made smooth or with a fairing 5, the ratio of depth h c of dimple to dimension L 1 of dimple along the direction of flow is found in the range: 0.001 ⁇ h c / L 1 ⁇ 0.1 , and the ratio of transverse dimension L 2 of dimple to longitudinal dimension L 1 of dimple is found in the range 0.25 ⁇ L 2 / L 1 ⁇ 1 , with the surface density f of
  • the dimples on the surface may be made with their longitudinal and transverse dimensions varying along the flow.
  • the dimples may be made either mechanically, or electrochemically, or by shaping and polymerization of a protective layer, or by laser processing of the surface, or by employing combinations of these methods.
  • the slopes may be formed either by a toroidal hyperbolic surface, or by a toroidal parabolic surface, or by a toroidal elliptic surface, or by a toroidal spherical surface.
  • the slope cross section is a circle bounding the dimple and the concave spherical part of this dimple has the curvature 1/R (-)
  • the fairings may be made in the form of dimples, double dimples, or dimples located on the surface of the main dimple ( Figs. 2-4 ).
  • the surface for enhancement of convective heat and mass transfer with gaseous and liquid media or their mixtures is characterized in that recesses (dimples) 1 are provided on a smooth surface; said dimples are formed by second-order convex 4 and concave 2 surfaces conjugate on common tangents; in so doing, the conjugation of dimples with an initially smooth surface 3 is accomplished using convex surfaces forming slopes, for which the initially smooth surface is tangent at points of conjugation; the concave surface, which forms the bottom part of dimple, is made smooth or with a fairing 5 , and the ratio of depth h c of dimple to dimension L 1 of dimple along the direction of flow is found in the range: 0.1 ⁇ h c / L 1 ⁇ 0.5 , and the ratio of transverse dimension of dimple to longitudinal dimension of dimple is found in the range 0.25 ⁇ L 2 / L 1 ⁇ 1 , with the surface density f of dimples being found in the range 0.1 ⁇ f
  • the dimples on the surface may be made with the longitudinal and/or transverse dimensions varying along the flow.
  • the dimples may be made either mechanically, or electrochemically, or by shaping and polymerization of a protective layer, or by laser processing of the surface, or by employing combinations of these methods.
  • the slopes may be formed either by a toroidal hyperbolic surface, or by a toroidal parabolic surface, or by a toroidal elliptic surface, or by a toroidal spherical surface.
  • the dimples 1 on the surface of heat-transfer plate 6 may be arranged in the staggered or in-line order.
  • the size of dimples and their depth may be increased or decreased in the direction of flow along the plate.
  • Dimples of smaller dimensions and smaller depth may be symmetrically located around dimples of larger size.
  • Projections reciprocal to recesses may be located on the other side of plate 6.
  • Ribs 7 oriented along the plate in the direction of flow may be located on the other side of the plate.
  • Dimples on the other side of the plate may be arranged symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the dimples on the main side.
  • the additional surface of plate 12 may be located relative to the main surface of plate 6 with the formation of a heat-transfer channel; in so doing, the surfaces of the main and additional plates with dimples are facing each other and are located in parallel owing to spacer elements 8 in the form of projections of spherical, conical, cylindrical, or other shapes.
  • the dimples on the surface of pipe 9 may be arranged in the staggered or in-line order along the pipe and across the pipe.
  • the size of dimples and their depth may be increase or reduced in the direction of flow or across the flow.
  • Spherical projections (not shown in the drawing), longitudinal ribs 10 or transverse ribs 11, or a twisted tape 13 with dimples may be located on the inner surface of pipe 9.
  • Dimples on the inner surface of the pipe may be located symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the dimples on the outer surface.
  • Dimples may be located on the inner surface of the pipe, the size and depth of which are increased or reduced in the direction of flow along the pipe.
  • Dimples may be located on the inner surface of the pipe, and a curved twisted tape with dimples is placed within the pipe.
  • the curvature radii of relief, the radii of traces of dimples on the surface being shaped, the depths of relief, and the parameters of fairing in the case where the latter is located in dimples are determined by the foregoing relations and ranges lettered (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (F), (G), (H), (I), (J), (K), and (Q).
  • A lettered
  • B C
  • D D
  • E E
  • F F
  • G H
  • I I
  • J J
  • K K
  • the basic aerohydrodynamic characteristics are determined of flows of gases, liquids, or their two-phase mixtures in the case of formation of disclosed flow with built-in tornado-like jets in channels, or analogous characteristics for a body moving in the above-said media.
  • the ranges are established of possible variation of the thermal properties of working medium, the characteristic dimension is determined which defines the conditions of relative motion of continuous medium and surface, the Reynolds number (Re) is calculated and possible ranges of variation of its values are determined.
  • the results of analysis are used for varying the values of Re for the purpose of fitting possible values of radii (dimensions) of the trace of dimples on the surface being shaped with a view to accommodating their integral-valued amounts along and across the flow and in the direction of motion of the body.
  • the shape of dimples, their curvature radii, and the density of relief f are selected using the ranges of their variation lettered (A), (B), (C), (E), and (Q).
  • f ⁇ r c 2 / t 1 ⁇ t 2 , t 1 and t 2 , i.e., the transverse and longitudinal spacings between dimples on an initially smooth surface, respectively, are fitted such that, given the optimal closeness to the preassigned value of f, the number of dimples along and across the surface being shaped would be integral-valued.
  • h c /r c which is lettered (A) or (H) depending on the problem being solved, is used to calculate the depth h c of the relief being constructed.
  • A lettered
  • H height
  • the surface shaping technology is developed, the appropriate tools are prepared, and channels or supporting surfaces are manufactured.
  • the disclosed invention is based on the phenomenon discovered by the authors approximately 30 years ago, namely, the phenomenon of self-organization of quasi-potential tornado-like jets of gases, liquids, and/or their two-phase mixtures in recesses with second-order boundary surface and of rearrangement of the boundary layer on such surfaces under conditions of flows of said media past surfaces with recesses.
  • This phenomenon was experimentally investigated, theoretically described, visualized, and tested under laboratory and full-scale conditions in a wide range of velocities and pressures, including the ranges of subsonic and supersonic velocities of air flows, and at critical and supercritical parameters of liquid heat-transfer agents.
  • TJ Tornado-Like Jet
  • TLJSOP Tornado-Like Jet Self-Organization
  • the flow of medium or motion of bodies in the medium are characterized by Reynolds number values of Re ⁇ 500 calculated by the size of dimples along the flow or in the directions of motion of the body; the selected shapes and dimensions of curvature of the convex and concave parts of relief initiate the impact, which is made on the flow by the field of forces absent in the case of flow past smooth surfaces, and the restructuring of the boundary layer of flow from shear layer in its initially smooth regions to three-dimensional vortex boundary layer on curvilinear surface consisting of surface vortexes such as Görtler vortexes or their ensembles.
  • the dimensionless relation (K), which involves the radius vector of surface curvature R (+) or R (-) (hereinafter referred to as radius), the viscosity of the medium v , the velocity vector of unperturbed flow of continuous medium U ⁇ , and the momentum thickness ⁇ 2 (x) in the boundary layer of flow, is the criterion of stability with respect to emergence in the boundary layer of surface vortexes such as Görtler vortexes and points to the possibility of controlling the vortex boundary layer with the aid of the parameters of flow of continuous medium and the curvature radius of the surface subjected to flow.
  • FDMBL Finely Divided Moving Boundary Layer
  • the ensemble of vortexes which make up the FDMBL is formed by the swirling flow proper at the ends of the jet on curvilinear surface and is, figuratively speaking, utilized by tornado-like vortex for rolling on the vortexes of said ensemble over the surface of dimple. This explains the mechanism of reduction of dissipation of energy in self-organizing tornado-like jets.
  • the boundary layer on curvilinear surface is structured into large formations consisting of vortexes in the form of macroscopic "braids" visualized in the photograph of Fig. 11 .
  • the self-organizing vortex jets suck off the boundary layer consisting of such "braids” from the dimple surface and from the smooth part of relief surrounding the dimple and transfer the sucked-off mass to the main flow.
  • Each one of such "braids” significantly exceeds in mass and volume the turbulent moles which define the efficiency of the mechanisms of heat and mass transfer in turbulent flows; this explains the advantages of TLJS compared to other shapes of reliefs which are traditionally employed for enhancement of heat and mass transfer.
  • the tornado-like jets are formed, as was observed above, in dimples on the "surface-moving medium" interface under the effect of forces caused by the shapes of selected relief, including:
  • the values of the above-said forces and the directions of their action on the structure of flow being formed are controlled by the preassigned shapes of dimples of double curvature, by the density of distribution of dimples with respect to the area of initially smooth surface, and by the modes of motion of flow of medium.
  • the "continuous medium-surface subjected to flow" interface is imparted a curvilinear shape in the form of regularly alternating dimples of double curvature which develop force action to provide in the flow the self-organization in these zones of FDBML and secondary swirling jets directed away from said surface zone of flow into the main flow.
  • the arising forces cause an independent force action on the moving medium, which results in the curvature of shapes of lines of flow and, as a consequence, in the self-organization of tornado-like jets.
  • the dimple relief made on surfaces subjected to flow causes the variation of the structure of boundary layer of flow on the boundary surfaces and gives rise to the self-organization of tornado-like jets which suck off a part of continuous medium concentrated in the zone of location of dimples on the surface subjected to flow, thereby affecting the level of dissipation of energy of the flow and intensifying the exchange processes between swirling jet and surface.
  • the choice of curvature radii and dimensions of curvilinear regions of the surface subjected to flow is based on the results of theoretical calculations supported by experimental results, the technology of producing dimples on the surface is developed, and provision is made for the validity of the conditions of self-organization of secondary tornado-like jets built in the flow past the surface.
  • the flow of working continuous medium is directed to the surface shaped with dimples, or a relief of desired shape is made on the surface of bodies moving in a medium of gases, liquids, or their two-phase mixtures to attain the reduction of friction drag on shaped surfaces and enhance the processes of heat and mass transfer between the energy-exchange surface and flows of continuous medium.
  • the disclosed surfaces are employed for reducing aerohydrodynamic drag of pressure channels and various bodies in the state of relative motion with continuous medium and/or for raising the functional efficiency of energy-exchange processes and equipment, including heat-transfer and mass-transfer processes, as well as in all other spheres where, compared to the conventional methods of heat and mass transfer, it is necessary to intensify exchange processes under conditions of restricted rise or reduction of hydraulic drag and reduce the cavitation wear of the surfaces of hydraulic turbines, hydraulic pumps, propellers of marine propulsion units, and other units operating in liquid medium.
  • the present invention finds application in various means of transportation including aircraft, automobiles, high-speed railroad trains, sea-going and river-going vessels; in gas-turbine units with cooled blades, in nuclear-power uranium assemblies, in steam generators, in various heat-exchangers, in recuperators and other energy-exchange apparatuses and devices; in household appliances such as air conditioners, fans, heating equipment and in kitchen appliances such as tea kettles, pots, fiying pans etc.; in sports goods of various kinds including sports cars, motorcycles, bicycles, sportswear for motor sports, bicycle racing, swimming, running etc.; in various biochemical processes involving the motion of gaseous or liquid reagents, as well as in developing apparatuses and prostheses for blood circulation systems, in medical devices for artificial blood supply and for purifying blood from harmful impurities, in artificial respiration equipment, and so on; in other words, in technologies involving flows of various media, in which the process efficiency is defined by the motion of gases, liquids and their two-phase and/or multicomponent mixtures

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Claims (14)

  1. Oberfläche zur Minderung von Reibung mit gasförmigen und flüssigen Medien oder deren Gemischen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Ausnehmungen (Vertiefungen) an einer glatten Oberfläche mit oder ohne Schutzschicht vorgesehen sind, die von zweiter Ordnung konvexen und konkaven, über gemeinsame Tangenten gekoppelten Oberflächen ausgebildet sind; wobei die Koppelung einer Vertiefung mit einer ursprünglich glatten Oberfläche unter Verwendung von konvexen Oberflächen erzielt wird; wobei die konvexen Oberflächen Neigungen bilden, für welche die ursprünglich glatte Oberfläche eine Tangente an den Punkten der Koppelung ist; wobei die konkave Oberfläche, die den unteren Teil der Vertiefung bildet, glatt oder mit einer Verkleidung ausgebildet ist, das Verhältnis der Tiefe hc der Vertiefung zur Abmessung L1 der Vertiefung in der Strömungsrichtung im Bereich von 0,001 ≤ hc/L1 ≤ 0,1 ist, und das Verhältnis der Querabmessung L2 der Vertiefung zur Längsabmessung L1 der Vertiefung im Bereich 0,25 ≤ L2/L1 <1 ist, wobei die Oberflächendichte f der Vertiefungen im Bereich 0,05 ≤ f ≤ 0,5 ist.
  2. Oberfläche nach Anspruch 1, worin die Vertiefungen mit den sich in der Strömungsrichtung abwechselnden Längs- und/oder Querabmessungen hergestellt werden; wobei die Vertiefungen entweder mechanisch oder elektrochemisch oder durch Formgebung und Polymerisation der Schutzschicht oder durch Laserbearbeitung der Oberfläche hergestellt werden; wobei die Neigungen der Vertiefungen von einer toroidalen sphärischen Oberfläche oder von einer hyperbolischen Oberfläche oder von einer elliptischen Oberfläche ausgebildet sind.
  3. Oberfläche nach Anspruch 1, worin der Radius rsp des konkaven sphärischen Teils der Vertiefung, der den Krümmungsradius R(-) aufweist, durch die Beziehung definiert wird r sp = 2 ⁢ h sp ⁢ R - - h sp 2 0.5 ,
    Figure imgb0048
    worin hsp die Tiefe des konkaven sphärischen Teils der Vertiefung bezeichnet; wobei der Krümmungsradius des konvexen Teils in Bezug auf die Tiefe hc der Vertiefung und den Radius rc durch die Beziehung definiert wird R + = r c - r sp 2 + h c - h sp 2 / 2 ⁢ h c - h sp .
    Figure imgb0049
  4. Oberfläche nach Anspruch 1, worin die Vertiefungen mit Verkleidungen in Form von Rotationskörpern mit einer krummlinigen Basis, die an der konkaven Oberfläche der Vertiefung liegt, versehen sind, und der Vorsprung der Verkleidung auf jeder Ebene, in der die Symmetrieachse der Verkleidung und die Tangente zum Schnittpunkt der genannten Symmetrieachse mit der konkaven Oberfläche der Vertiefung liegen, durch die Beziehung definiert wird r i 2 ⁢ h i = konst ,
    Figure imgb0050
    worin ri der Radius der Verkleidung ist und hi seine Größe ist, ausgehend von ihren Werten im Fall des ausgewählten Krümmungsradius R(-) in den Bereichen 10 - 5 ≤ h i / r i ≤ 1.
    Figure imgb0051
  5. Oberfläche zur Verbesserung der konvektiven Wärme- und Massenübertragung mit gasförmigen und flüssigen Medien oder deren Gemischen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Ausnehmungen (Vertiefungen) an einer glatten Oberfläche vorgesehen sind, die von zweiter Ordnung konvexen und konkaven, über gemeinsame Tangenten gekoppelten Oberflächen ausgebildet sind; wobei die Koppelung der Vertiefungen mit einer ursprünglich glatten Oberfläche unter Verwendung von konvexen Oberflächen erzielt wird; wobei die konvexen Oberflächen Neigungen bilden, für welche die ursprünglich glatte Oberfläche eine Tangente an den Punkten der Koppelung ist; wobei die konkave Oberfläche, die den unteren Teil der Vertiefung bildet, glatt oder mit einer Verkleidung ausgebildet ist, das Verhältnis der Tiefe hc der Vertiefung zur Abmessung L1 der Vertiefungen in der Strömungsrichtung im Bereich von 0,05 ≤ hc/L1 ≤ 0,5 ist, und das Verhältnis der Querabmessung L2 der Vertiefung zur Längsabmessung L1 der Vertiefung im Bereich 0,25 ≤ L2/L1 <1 ist, wobei die Oberflächendichte f von Vertiefungen im Bereich 0,1 ≤ f ≤ 0,8 ist.
  6. Oberfläche nach Anspruch 5, worin die Vertiefungen mit den sich in der Strömungsrichtung abwechselnden Längs- und/oder Querabmessungen hergestellt werden; wobei die Vertiefungen entweder mechanisch oder elektrochemisch oder durch Laserbearbeitung der Oberfläche oder durch Formgebung und Polymerisation der Oberflächenschutzschicht oder durch Verwendung verschiedener Kombinationen der genannten Verfahren hergestellt werden; wobei die Neigungen der Vertiefungen von einer toroidalen Oberfläche oder von einer hyperbolischen Oberfläche oder von einer elliptischen Oberfläche ausgebildet sind.
  7. Oberfläche nach Anspruch 5, worin der Radius rsp des konkaven sphärischen Teils der Vertiefung, der den Krümmungsradius R(-) , hat, durch die Beziehung definiert wird r sp = 2 ⁢ h sp ⁢ R - - h sp 2 0.5 ,
    Figure imgb0052
    worin hsp die Tiefe des konkaven sphärischen Teils der Vertiefung ist; wobei der Krümmungsradius R(+) des konvexen Teils der Vertiefung in Bezug auf die Tiefe hc der Vertiefung und den Radius rc durch die Beziehung definiert wird R + = r c - r sp 2 + h c - h sp 2 / 2 ⁢ h c - h sp .
    Figure imgb0053
  8. Oberfläche nach Anspruch 5, worin die Verkleidungen die Form von Rotationskörpern mit einer krummlinigen Basis in Form eines Teils der konkaven Oberfläche der Vertiefung und den Vorsprung der Verkleidung auf jeder Ebene aufweisen, in der die Symmetrieachse der genannten Verkleidungen und die Tangente zum Schnittpunkt ihrer Symmetrieachse mit der konkaven Oberfläche der Vertiefung liegen, wobei die Form des Vorsprungs duch die Beziehung definiert wird r i 2 ⁢ h i = konst ,
    Figure imgb0054
    worin ri der Radius der Verkleidung ist und hi seine Größe ist, ausgehend von ihren Werten im Fall des ausgewählten Krümmungsradius R(-) in den Bereichen 10 - 5 ≤ h i / r i ≤ 1.
    Figure imgb0055
  9. Oberfläche der Wärmeübertragungsplatte nach Anspruch 5, worin die Vertiefungen in der versetzten oder in-line Reihenfolge angeordnet sind, und die Größe der Vertiefungen und deren Tiefe in der Strömungsrichtung längs der Platte vergrößert oder verringert werden.
  10. Oberfläche nach Anspruch 9, worin die Vertiefungen geringerer Längs- und Querabmessungen und geringerer Tiefe rund um die Vertiefungen angeordnet sind.
  11. Oberfläche nach Anspruch 9, worin Vorsprünge den Aussparungen entgegengesetzt auf der anderen Seite der genannten Oberfläche vorgesehen sind, oder Rippen längs der Platte in der Strömungsrichtung auf der anderen Seite der genannten Oberfläche vorgesehen sind, oder Vertiefungen auf der anderen Seite symmetrisch oder asymmetrisch in Bezug auf die Vertiefungen auf der Hauptseite angeordnet sind.
  12. Oberfläche nach Anspruch 9, enthaltend eine zusätzliche Oberfläche der Platte mit Vertiefungen, die bezüglich der Hauptoberfläche mit der Bildung eines wärmeübertragenden Kanals angeordnet ist, wobei die Oberflächen der Platten mit Vertiefungen einander zugewandt sind und parallel durch Abstandselemente in Form von Vorsprüngen, die halbkugelige, konische, zylindrische oder andere Formen haben, angeordnet sind.
  13. Oberfläche des Rohres nach Anspruch 5, worin die Vertiefungen längs des Rohres und quer zum Rohr in der versetzten oder in-line Reihenfolge angeordnet sind, und die Größe der Vertiefungen und deren Tiefe in der Strömungsrichtung längs des Rohres oder quer zum Rohr vergrößert oder verringert werden.
  14. Oberfläche nach Anspruch 13, worin Vorsprünge mit von zweiter Ordnung Oberflächen an der inneren Oberfläche des Rohres angeordnet sind; oder Vertiefungen an der inneren Oberfläche des Rohres angeordnet sind, deren Größe und Tiefe in der Strömungsrichtung längs des Rohres oder quer zum Rohr vergrößert oder verringert werden; oder Längsrippen mit Vertiefungen an ihrer Oberfläche an der inneren Oberfläche des Rohres angeordnet sind; oder Querrippen mit Vertiefungen an der inneren Oberfläche des Rohres angeordnet sind; oder ein gekrümmter gewundener Streifen mit Vertiefungen innerhalb des Rohres angeordnet ist; oder Vertiefungen an der inneren Oberfläche des Rohres symmetrisch oder asymmetrisch in Bezug auf die Vertiefungen an der äußeren Oberfläche angeordnet sind.
EP06847404.8A 2006-08-31 2006-08-31 Reibminderungsfläche und eine stoffaustausch und wärmeübertragung verbessernde fläche Not-in-force EP2103818B1 (de)

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RU2823504C1 (ru) * 2023-12-12 2024-07-23 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Казанский национальный исследовательский технический университет им. А.Н. Туполева - КАИ" Диффузор кольцевой
WO2024229486A1 (de) * 2023-05-08 2024-11-14 Peter Adrian Leitl Hocheffiziente riblet-struktur sowie verfahren zur herstellung einer solchen
WO2024229485A1 (de) * 2023-05-08 2024-11-14 Peter Adrian Leitl Riblet-struktur sowie verfahren zur herstellung einer solchen

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US9322690B2 (en) 2013-01-28 2016-04-26 Canada Pipeline Accessories, Co. Ltd Metering tubes for improved fluid flow measurement
US10851817B2 (en) 2016-09-01 2020-12-01 Dimple Ip B.V. Body provided with a superficial area adapted to reduce drag
WO2024229486A1 (de) * 2023-05-08 2024-11-14 Peter Adrian Leitl Hocheffiziente riblet-struktur sowie verfahren zur herstellung einer solchen
WO2024229485A1 (de) * 2023-05-08 2024-11-14 Peter Adrian Leitl Riblet-struktur sowie verfahren zur herstellung einer solchen
RU2823504C1 (ru) * 2023-12-12 2024-07-23 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Казанский национальный исследовательский технический университет им. А.Н. Туполева - КАИ" Диффузор кольцевой

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