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EP2052548B1 - Kodierer, dekodierer und verfahren zur kodierung und dekodierung von datensegmenten zur darstellung eines zeitdomänen-datenstroms - Google Patents

Kodierer, dekodierer und verfahren zur kodierung und dekodierung von datensegmenten zur darstellung eines zeitdomänen-datenstroms Download PDF

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EP2052548B1
EP2052548B1 EP07856467A EP07856467A EP2052548B1 EP 2052548 B1 EP2052548 B1 EP 2052548B1 EP 07856467 A EP07856467 A EP 07856467A EP 07856467 A EP07856467 A EP 07856467A EP 2052548 B1 EP2052548 B1 EP 2052548B1
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EP2052548A2 (de
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Ralf Geiger
Max Neuendorf
Yoshikazu Yokotani
Nikolaus Rettelbach
Juergen Herre
Stefan Geyersberger
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
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    • G06F16/783—Retrieval characterised by using metadata, e.g. metadata not derived from the content or metadata generated manually using metadata automatically derived from the content
    • G06F16/7847—Retrieval characterised by using metadata, e.g. metadata not derived from the content or metadata generated manually using metadata automatically derived from the content using low-level visual features of the video content
    • G06F16/7864—Retrieval characterised by using metadata, e.g. metadata not derived from the content or metadata generated manually using metadata automatically derived from the content using low-level visual features of the video content using domain-transform features, e.g. DCT or wavelet transform coefficients
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    • G10L19/02—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using spectral analysis, e.g. transform vocoders or subband vocoders
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    • H04N21/4382—Demodulation or channel decoding, e.g. QPSK demodulation

Definitions

  • the present invention is in the field of coding, where different characteristics of data to be encoded are utilized for coding rates, as for example in video and audio coding.
  • coding strategies can make use of characteristics of a data stream to be encoded.
  • perception models are used in order to compress source data almost without decreasing the noticeable quality and degradation when replayed.
  • MDCT Modified Discrete Cosine Transform
  • perceptional audio coders do not achieve the level of performance offered by speech coders for speech signals coded at low bit rates, and using speech coders to represent general audio signals/music results in significant quality impairments.
  • Conventional concepts provide a layered combination in which always all partial coders are active, i.e. time-domain and frequency-domain encoders, and the final output signal is calculated by combining the contributions of the partial coders for a given processed time frame.
  • a popular example of layered coding are MPEG-4 scalable speech/audio coding with a speech coder as the base layer and a filterbank-based enhancement layer, cf. Bernhard Grill, Karlheinz Brandenburg, "A Two-or Three-Stage Bit-Rate Scalable Audio Coding System", Preprint Number 4132, 99th Convention of the AES (September 1995 ).
  • the MDCT has become a dominant filterbank for conventional perceptual audio coders because of its advantageous properties. For example, it can provide a smooth cross-fade between processing blocks. Even if a signal in each processing block is altered differently, for example due to quantization of spectral coefficients, no blocking artifacts due to abrupt transitions from block to block occur because of the windowed overlap/add operations.
  • the MDCT uses the concept of time-domain aliasing cancellation (TDAC).
  • the MDCT is a Fourier-related transform based on the type-IV discrete cosine transform, with the additional property of being lapped. It is designed to be performed in consecutive blocks of a larger data set, where subsequent blocks are overlapped so that the last half of one block coincides with the first half of the next block. This overlapping, in addition to an energy-compaction quality of the DCT, makes the MDCT especially attractive for signal compression applications, since it helps to avoid said artifacts steming from the block boundaries.
  • the MDCT is a bit unusual compared to other Fourier-related transforms in that it has half as many outputs as inputs, instead of the same number. In particular, 2N real numbers are transformed into N real numbers, where N is a positive integer.
  • the inverse MDCT is also known as IMDCT. Because there are different numbers of inputs and outputs, at first glance it might seem that the MDCT should not be invertible. However, perfect invertibility is achieved by adding the overlap IDMCTs of subsequent overlapping blocks, causing the errors to cancel and the original data to be retrieved, i.e. achieving TDAC.
  • the number of spectral values at the output of a filterbank is equal to the number of time-domain input values at its input which is also referred to as critical sampling.
  • An MDCT filterbank provides a high-frequency selectivity and enables a high coding gain.
  • the properties of overlapping of blocks and critical sampling can be achieved by utilizing the technique of time-domain aliasing cancellation, cf. J. Princen, A. Bradley, "Analysis/Synthesis Filter Bank Design Based on Time Domain Aliasing Cancellation", IEEE Trans. ASSP, ASSP-34(5):1153-1161, 1986 .
  • Fig. 4 illustrates these effects of an MDCT.
  • Fig. 4 shows an MDCT input signal, in terms of an impulse along a time axis 400 at the top.
  • the input signal 400 is then transformed by two consecutive windowing and MDCT blocks, where the windows 410 are illustrated underneath the input signal 400 in Fig. 4 .
  • the back transformed individual windowed signals are displayed in Fig. 4 by the time lines 420 and 425.
  • the first block produces an aliasing component with positive sign 420
  • the second block produces an aliasing component with the same magnitude and a negative sign 425.
  • the aliasing components cancel each other after addition of the two output signals 420 and 425 as shown in the final output 430 at the bottom of Fig. 4 .
  • AMR-WB+ Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate - Wideband
  • TCX Transform coded Excitation
  • the encoder decides, either in an open loop or a closed loop mode which encoding model, i.e. ACELP or TCX, is best.
  • the ACELP model is a time-domain, predictive encoder, best suited for speech and transient signals.
  • the AMR-WB encoder is used in ACELP modes.
  • the TCX model is a transform based encoder, and is more appropriate for typical music samples.
  • the AMR-WB+ uses a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) for the transform coding mode TCX.
  • DFT discrete Fourier transform
  • TCX/ACELP coding modes
  • the DFT together with the windowing and overlap represents a filterbank that is not critically sampled.
  • Each TCX frame utilizes an overlap of 1/8 of the frame length which equals the number of new input samples. Consequently, the corresponding length of the DFT is 9/8 of the frame length.
  • AAC Advanced Audio Coding
  • the Dolby E codec is described in Fielder, Louis D.; Todd, Craig C., "The Design of a Video Friendly Audio Coding System for Distributing Applications", Paper Number 17-008, The AES 17th International Conference: High-Quality Audio Coding (March 1999 ) and Fielder, Louis D.; Davidson, Grant A., "Audio Coding Tools for Digital Television Distribution", Preprint Nubmer 5104, 108th Convention of the AES (January 2000 ).
  • the Dolby E codec utilizes the MDCT filterbank. In the design of this coding, special focus was put on the possibility to perform editing in the coding domain. To achieve this, special alias-free windows are used. At the boundaries of these windows a smooth-cross fade or splicing of different signal portions is possible.
  • EP 1 396 844 A1 describes a unified lossy and lossless audio compression.
  • the unified lossy and lossless audio compression scheme combines lossy and lossless audio compression within a same audio signal.
  • the approach employs mixed lossless coding of a transition frame between lossy and lossless coding frames to produce seamless transitions.
  • the mixed lossless coding performs a lapped transform and inverse lapped transform to produce an appropriately windowed and folded pseudo-time domain frame, which can then be losslessly coded.
  • the mixed lossless coding can also be applied for frames that exhibit poor lossy compression performance.
  • the object is achieved inter alia by an apparatus for decoding according to claim 1, a method for decoding according to claim 25, an apparatus for generating an encoded data stream according to claim 27 and a method for generating an encoded data stream according to claim 40.
  • the present invention is based on the finding that a more efficient encoding and decoding concept can be utilized by using combined time-domain and frequency-domain encoders, respectively decoders.
  • the problem of time aliasing can be efficiently combat by transforming time-domain data to the frequency-domain in the decoder and by combining the resulting transformed frequency-domain data with the decoded frequency-domain data received.
  • Overheads can be reduced by adapting overlapping regions of overlap windows being applied to data segments to coding domain changes. Using windows with smaller overlapping regions can be beneficial when using time-domain encoding, respectively when switching from or to time-domain encoding.
  • Embodiments can provide a universal audio encoding and decoding concept that achieves improved performance for both types of input signals, such as speech signals and music signals.
  • Embodiments can take advantage by combining multiple coding approaches, e.g. time-domain and frequency-domain coding concepts.
  • Embodiments can efficiently combine filterbank based and time-domain based coding concepts into a single scheme.
  • Embodiments may result in a combined codec which can, for example, be able to switch between an audio codec for music-like audio content and a speech codec for speech-like content. Embodiments may utilize this switching frequently, especially for mixed content.
  • Embodiments of the present invention may provide the advantage that no switching artifacts occur.
  • the amount of additional transmit data, or additionally coded samples, for a switching process can be minimized in order to avoid a reduced efficiency during this phase of operation.
  • the concept of switched combination of partial coders is different from that of the layered combination in which always all partial coders are active.
  • Fig. 1a shows an apparatus 100 for decoding data segments representing a time-domain data stream, a data segment being encoded in a time domain or in a frequency domain, a data segment being encoded in the frequency domain having successive blocks of data representing successive and overlapping blocks of time-domain data samples.
  • This data stream could, for example, correspond to an audio stream, wherein some of the data blocks are encoded in the time domain and other ones are encoded in the frequency domain.
  • Data blocks or segments which have been encoded in the frequency domain may represent time-domain data samples of overlapping data blocks.
  • the apparatus 100 comprises a time-domain decoder 110 for decoding a data segment being encoded in the time domain. Furthermore, the apparatus 100 comprises a processor 120 for processing the data segment being encoded in the frequency domain and output data of the time-domain decoder 110 to obtain overlapping time-domain data blocks. Moreover, the apparatus 100 comprises an overlap/add-combiner 130 for combining the overlapping time-domain data blocks to obtain the decoded data segments of the time-domain data stream.
  • Fig. 1b shows another embodiment of the apparatus 100.
  • the processor 120 may comprise a frequency-domain decoder 122 for decoding data segments being encoded in the frequency domain to obtain frequency-domain data segments.
  • the processor 120 may comprise a time-domain to frequency-domain converter 124 for converting the output data of the time-domain decoder 110 to obtain converted frequency-domain data segments.
  • the processor 120 may comprise a frequency-domain combiner 126 for combining the frequency-domain segments and the converted frequency-domain data segments to obtain a frequency-domain data stream.
  • the processor 120 may further comprise a frequency-domain to time-domain converter 128 for converting the frequency-domain data stream to overlapping time-domain data blocks which can then be combined by the overlap/add-combiner 130.
  • Embodiments may utilize an MDCT filterbank, as for example, used in MPEG-4 AAC, without any modifications, especially without giving up the property of critical sampling. Embodiments may provide optimum coding efficiency. Embodiments may achieve a smooth transition to a time-domain codec compatible with the established MDCT windows while introducing no additional switching artifacts and only a minimal overhead.
  • Embodiments may keep the time-domain aliasing in the filterbank and intentionally introduce a corresponding time-domain aliasing into the signal portions coded by the time-domain codec.
  • resulting components of the time-domain aliasing can cancel each other out in the same way as they do for two consecutive frames of the MDCT spectra.
  • Fig. 1c illustrates another embodiment of an apparatus 100.
  • the frequency-domain decoder 122 can comprise a re-quantization stage 122a.
  • the time-domain to frequency-domain converter 124 can comprise a cosine modulated filterbank, an extended lapped transform, a low delay filterbank or a polyphase filterbank.
  • the embodiment shown in Fig. 1c illustrates that the time-domain to frequency-domain converter 124 can comprise an MDCT 124a.
  • Fig. 1c depicts that the frequency-domain combiner 126 may comprise an adder 126a.
  • the frequency-domain to time-domain converter 128 can comprise a cosine modulated filterbank, respectively an inverse MDCT 128a.
  • the data stream comprising time-domain encoded and frequency-domain encoded data segment may be generated by an encoder which will be further detailed below.
  • the switching between frequency-domain encoding and time-domain encoding can be achieved by encoding some portions of the input signal with a frequency-domain encoder and some input signal portions with a time-domain encoder.
  • the embodiment of the apparatus 100 depicted in Fig. 1c illustrates the principle structure of a corresponding apparatus 100 for decoding.
  • the re-quantization 122a and the inverse modified discrete cosine transform 128a can represent a frequency-domain decoder.
  • the time-domain output of the time-domain decoder 110 can be transformed by the forward MDCT 124a.
  • the time-domain decoder may utilize a prediction filter to decode the time-domain encoded data.
  • the embodiment shown in Fig. 1c also comprises an operation mode where both codecs can operate in parallel.
  • the processor 120 can be adapted for processing a data segment being encoded in parallel in the time domain and in the frequency domain. In this way the signal can partially be coded in the frequency domain and partially in the time domain, similar to a layered coding approach. The resulting signals are then added up in the frequency domain, compare the frequency-domain combiner 126a.
  • embodiments may carry out a mode of operation which is to switch exclusively between the two codecs and only have a preferably minimum number of samples where both codecs are active in order to obtain best possible efficiency.
  • Fig. 1d illustrates an embodiment of an apparatus 100 illustrating this approach.
  • the apparatus 100 shown in Fig. 1d illustrates that the processor 120 may comprise a calculator 129 for calculating overlapping time-domain data blocks based on the output data of the time-domain decoder 110.
  • the processor 120 or the calculator 129 can be adapted for reproducing a property respectively an overlapping property of the frequency-domain to time-domain converter 128 based on the output data of the time-domain decoder 110, i.e.
  • the processor 120 or calculator 129 may reproduce an overlapping characteristic of time-domain data blocks similar to an overlapping characteristic produced by the frequency-domain to time-domain converter 128. Moreover, the processor 120 or calculator 129 can be adapted for reproducing time-domain aliasing similar to time-domain aliasing introduced by the frequency-domain to time-domain converter 128 based on the output data of the time-domain decoder 110.
  • the frequency-domain to time-domain converter 128 can then be adapted for converting the frequency-domain data segments provided by the frequency-domain decoder 122 to overlapping time-domain data blocks.
  • the overlap/add-combiner 130 can be adapted for combining data blocks provided by the frequency-domain to time-domain converter 128 and the calculator 129 to obtain the decoded data segments of the time-domain data stream.
  • the calculator 129 may comprise a time-domain aliasing stage 129a as it is illustrated in the embodiment shown in Fig. 1e .
  • the time-domain aliasing stage 129a can be adapted for time-aliasing output data of the time-domain decoder to obtain the overlapping time-domain data blocks.
  • a combination of the MDCT and the IMDCT can make the process in embodiments much simpler in both structure and computational complexity as only the process of time-domain aliasing (TDA) remains in embodiments.
  • TDA time-domain aliasing
  • This efficient process can be based on a number of observations.
  • the windowed MDCT of the input segments of 2N samples can be decomposed into three steps.
  • the input signal is multiplied by an analysis window.
  • the result is then folded down from 2N samples to N samples.
  • this process implies that the first quarter of the samples is combined, i.e. substracted, in time-reversed order with the second quarter of the samples, and that the fourth quarter of the samples is combined, i.e. added, with the third quarter of the samples in time-reversed order.
  • the result is the time-aliased, down-sampled signal in the modified second and third quarter of the signal, comprising N samples.
  • the down-sampled signal is then transformed using an orthogonal DCT-like transform mapping N input to N output samples to form the final MDCT output.
  • the windowed IMDCT reconstruction of an input sequence of N spectral samples can likewise be decomposed into three steps.
  • the input sequence of N spectral samples is transformed using an orthogonal inverse DCT-like transform mapping N input to N output samples.
  • the results unfolded from N to 2N samples by writing the inverse DCT transformed values into the second and third quarter of a 2N samples output buffer, filling the first quarter with the time-reversed and inverted version of the second quarter, and the fourth quarter with a time-reverse version of the third quarter, respectively.
  • the resulting 2N samples are multiplied with the synthesis window to form the windowed IMDCT output.
  • a concatenation of the windowed MDCT and the windowed IMDCT may be efficiently carried out in embodiments by the sequence of the first and second steps of the windowed MDCT and the second and third steps of the windowed IMDCT.
  • the third step of the MDCT and the first step of the IMDCT can be omitted entirely in embodiments because they are inverse operations with respect to each other and thus cancel out.
  • the remaining steps can be carried out in the time domain only, and thus embodiments using this approach can be substantially low in computational complexity.
  • the second and third step of the MDCT and the second and third step of the IMDCT can be written as a multiplication with the following sparse 2Nx2N matrix.
  • the calculator 129 can be adapted for segmenting the output of the time-domain decoder 110 in calculator segments comprising 2N sequential samples, applying weights to the 2N samples according to an analysis windowing function, subtracting the first N/2 samples in reversed order from the second N/2 samples, and the last N/2 samples in reversed order to the third N/2 samples, inverting the second and third N/2 samples, replacing the first N/2 samples with the time-reversed and inverted version of the second N/2 samples, replacing the fourth N/2 samples with the time reversed version of the third N/2 samples, and applying weights to the 2N samples according to a synthesis windowing function.
  • the overlap/add-combiner 130 can be adapted for applying weights according to a synthesis windowing function to overlapping time-domain data blocks provided by the frequency-domain to time-domain converter 128. Furthermore, the overlap/add-combiner 130 can be adapted for applying weights according to a synthesis windowing function being adapted to the size of an overlapping region of consecutive overlapping time-domain data blocks.
  • the calculator 129 may be adapted for applying weights to the 2N samples according to an analysis windowing function being adapted to the size of an overlapping region of consecutive overlapping time-domain data blocks and the calculator may be further adapted for applying weigths to the 2N samples according to a synthesis window function being adapted to the size of the overlapping region.
  • the size of an overlapping region of two consecutive time-domain data blocks which are encoded in the frequency-domain can be larger than the size of an overlapping of two consecutive time-domain data blocks of which one being encoded in the frequency domain and one being encoded in the time domain.
  • the size of the data segments can be adapted to the size of the overlapping regions.
  • Embodiments may have an efficient implementation of a combined MDCT/IMDCT processing, i.e. a block TDA comprising the operations of analysis windowing, folding and unfolding, and synthesis windowing. Moreover, in embodiments some of these steps may be partially or fully combined in an actual implementation.
  • an apparatus 100 may further comprise a bypass 140 for the processor 120 and the overlay/add-combiner 130 being adapted for bypassing the processor 120 and the overlay/add-combiner 130 when non-overlapping consecutive time-domain data blocks occur in data segments, which are encoded in the time domain. If multiple data segments are encoded in the time domain, i.e. no conversion to the frequency domain may be necessary for decoding consecutive data segments, they may be transmitted without any overlapping. For these cases the embodiments as shown in Fig. if may bypass the processor 120 and the overlap/add-combiner 130. In embodiments the overlapping of blocks can be determined according to the AAC-specifications.
  • Fig. 2a shows an embodiment of an apparatus 200 for generating an encoded data stream based on a time-domain data stream, the time-domain data stream having samples of a signal.
  • the time-domain data stream could, for example, correspond to an audio signal, comprising speech sections and music sections or both at the same time.
  • the apparatus 200 comprises a segment processor 210 for providing data segments from the data stream, two consecutive data segments having a first or a second overlapping region, the second overlapping region being smaller than the first overlapping region.
  • the apparatus 200 further comprises a time-domain encoder 220 for encoding a data segment in the time domain and a frequency-domain encoder 230 for applying weights to samples of the time-domain data stream according to a first or a second windowing function to obtain a windowed data segment, the first and second windowing functions being adapted to the first and second overlapping regions and for encoding the windowed data segment in the frequency domain.
  • the apparatus 200 comprises a time-domain data analyzer 240 for determining a transmission indication associated with a data segment and a controller 250 for controlling the apparatus such that for data segments having a first transition indication, output data of the time-domain encoder 220 is included in the encoded data stream and for data segments having a second transition indication, output data of the frequency-domain encoder 230 is included in the encoded data stream.
  • the time-domain data analyzer 240 may be adapted for determining the transition indication from the time-domain data stream or from data segments provided by the segment processor 210. These embodiments are indicated in Fig. 2b . In Fig. 2b it is illustrated that the time-domain data analyzer 240 may be coupled to the input of the segment processor 210 in order to determine the transition indication from the time-domain data stream. In another embodiment the time-domain data analyzer 240 may be coupled to the output of the segment processor 210 in order to determine the transition indication from the data segments. In embodiments the time-domain data analyzer 240 can be coupled directly to the segment processor 210 in order to determine the transition indication from data provided directly by the segment processor. These embodiments are indicated by the dotted lines in Fig. 2b .
  • the time-domain data analyzer 240 can be adapted for determining a transition measure, the transition measure being based on a level of transience in the time-domain data stream or the data segments wherein the transition indicator may indicate whether the level of transience exceeds a predetermined threshold.
  • Fig. 2c shows another embodiment of the apparatus 200.
  • the segment processor 210 can be adapted for providing data segments with the first and the second overlapping regions
  • the time-domain encoder 220 can be adapted for encoding all data segments
  • the frequency-domain encoder 230 may be adapted for encoding all windowed data segments
  • the controller 250 can be adapted for controlling the time-domain encoder 220 and the frequency-domain encoder 220 and the frequency-domain encoder 230 such that for data segments having a first transition indication, output data of the time-domain encoder 220 is included in the encoded data stream and for data segments having a second transition indication, output data of the frequency-domain encoder 230 is included in the encoded data stream.
  • both output data of the time-domain encoder 220 and the frequency-domain encoder 230 may be included in the encoded data stream.
  • the transition indicator may be indicating whether a data segment is rather associated or correlated with a speech signal or with a music signal.
  • the frequency-domain encoder 230 may be used for more music-like data segments and the time-domain encoder 220 may be used for more speech-like data segments.
  • parallel encoding may be utilized, e.g. for a speech-like audio signal having background music.
  • controller 250 may control the multiple components within the apparatus 200.
  • the different possibilities are indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 2c .
  • the controller 250 could be coupled to the time-domain encoder 220 and the frequency-domain encoder 230 in order to choose which encoder should produce an encoded output based on the transition indication.
  • the controller 250 may control a switch at the outputs of the time-domain encoder 220 and the frequency-domain encoder 230.
  • both the time-domain encoder 220 and the frequency-domain encoder 230 may encode all data segments and the controller 250 may be adapted for choosing via said switch which is coupled to the outputs of the encoders, which encoded data segment should be included in the encoded data stream, based on coding efficiency, respectively the transition indication.
  • the controller 250 can be adapted for controlling the segment processor 210 for providing the data segments either to the time-domain encoder 220 or the frequency-domain encoder 230.
  • the controller 250 may also control the segment processor 210 in order to set overlapping regions for a data segment.
  • the controller 250 may be adapted for controlling a switch between the segment processor 210 and the time-domain encoder 220, respectively the frequency-domain encoder 230.
  • the controller 250 could then influence the switch so to direct data segments to either one of the encoders, respectively to both.
  • the controller 250 can be further adapted to set the windowing functions for the frequency-domain encoder 230 along with the overlapping regions and coding strategies.
  • the frequency-domain encoder 230 can be adapted for applying weights of window functions according to AAC specifications.
  • the frequency-domain encoder 230 can be adapted for converting a windowed data segment to the frequency domain to obtain a frequency-domain data segment.
  • the frequency domain encoder 230 can be adapted for quantizing the frequency-domain data segments and, furthermore, the frequency-domain encoder 230 may be adapted for evaluating the frequency-domain data segments according to a perceptual model.
  • the frequency-domain encoder 230 can be adapted for utilizing a cosine modulated filterbank, an extended lapped transform, a low-delay filterbank or a polyphase filterbank to obtain the frequency-domain data segments.
  • the frequency-domain encoder 230 may be adapted for utilizing an MDCT to obtain the frequency data segments.
  • the time-domain encoder 220 can be adapted for using a prediction model for encoding the data segments.
  • an MDCT in the frequency-domain encoder 230 operates in a so-called long block mode, i.e. the regular mode of operation that is used for coding non-transient input signals, compare AAC-specifications, the overhead introduced by the switching process may be high. This can be true for the cases where only one frame, i.e. a length/framing rate of N samples, should be coded using the time-domain encoder 220 instead of the frequency-domain encoder 230.
  • Figs. 3a to 3d illustrate some conceivable overlapping regions of segments, respectively applicable windowing functions.
  • 2N samples may have to be coded with the time-domain encoder 220 in order to replace one block of frequency-domain encoded data.
  • Fig. 3a illustrates an example, where frequency-domain encoded data blocks use a solid line, and time-domain encoded data uses a dotted line. Underneath the windowing functions data segments are depicted which can be encoded in the frequency domain (solid boxes) or in the time domain (dotted boxes). This representation will be referred to in Figs. 3b to 3d as well.
  • Fig. 3a illustrates the case where data is encoded in the frequency domain, interrupted by one data segment which is encoded in the time domain, and the data segment after it is encoded in the frequency domain again.
  • the time-domain encoded data segment in Fig. 3a has a size of 2N, then at its start and at the end it overlaps with the frequency-domain encoded data by N/2 samples.
  • Fig. 3b shows the overlap structure in case of two frames encoded with time-domain encoder 220. 3N samples have to be coded with the time-domain encoder 220 in this case.
  • Fig. 3c illustrates a typical sequence of Long, Start, 8Short and Stop windows, as they are used in AAC. From Fig. 3c it can be seen that the window sizes, the data segment sizes and, consequently, the size of the overlapping regions change with the different windows.
  • the sequence depicted in Fig. 3c is an example for the sequence mentioned above.
  • Embodiments should not be limited to windows of the size of AAC windows, however, embodiments take advantage of windows with different overlapping regions and also of windows of different durations.
  • transitions to and from short windows may utilize a reduced overlap as, for example, disclosed in Bernd Edler, "Cod mich Audiosignalen mit überlappender Transformation und adaptiven Novafunktionen", Frequenz, Vol. 43, No. 9, p. 252-256, September 1989 and Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio: Advanced Audio Coding, International Standard 13818-7, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 Moving Pictures Expert Group, 1997 may be used in embodiments to reduce the overhead for the transitions to and from the time-domain encoded regions, as it is illustrated in Fig. 3d.
  • Fig. 3d illustrates four data segments, of which the first two and the last one are encoded in the frequency domain and the third one is encoded in the time domain.
  • the transition may be based on Start and Stop windows identical to the ones used in AAC.
  • the corresponding windows for the transitions to and from the time-domain encoded regions are windows with only small regions of overlap.
  • the overhead i.e. the number of additional values to be transmitted due to the switching process decreases substantially.
  • the overhead may be N ov1 /2 for each transition with the window overlap of N ov1 samples.
  • Embodiments may utilize a filterbank in the frequency-domain encoder 230 as, for example, the widely used MDCT filterbank, however, other embodiments may also be used with frequency-domain codecs based on other cosine-modulated filterbanks.
  • This may comprise the derivates of the MDCT, such as extended lapped transforms or low-delay filterbanks as well as polyphase filterbanks, such as, for example, the one used in MPEG-1-Layer-1/2/3 audio codecs.
  • efficient implementation of a forward/back-filterbank operation may take into account a specific type of window and folding/unfolding used in the filterbank.
  • the analysis stage may be implemented efficiently by a preprocessing step and a block transform, i.e. DCT-like or DEFT, for the modulation.
  • the corresponding synthesis stage can be implemented using the corresponding inverse transform and a post processing step.
  • Embodiments may only use the pre- and post processing steps for the time-domain encoded signal portions.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide the advantage that a better code efficiency can be achieved, since switching between a time-domain encoder 220 and the frequency-domain encoder 230 can be done introducing very low overhead. In signal sections of subsequent time-domain encoding only, overlap may be omitted completely in embodiments.
  • Embodiments of the apparatus 100 enable the according decoding of the encoded data stream.
  • Embodiments therewith provide the advantage that a lower coding rate can be achieved for the same quality of, for example, an audio signal, respectively a higher quality can be achieved with the same coding rate, as the respective encoders can be adapted to the transience in the audio signal.
  • the inventive methods can be implemented in hardware or in software.
  • the implementation can be performed using a digital storage medium, in particular a disc, DVD or CD having electronically stored control signals stored thereon, which corporate with the programmable computer system such that the inventive methods are performed.
  • the present invention is, therefore, a computer program product having a program code stored on a machine-readable carrier, the program code being operative for performing the inventive methods when the computer program product runs on a computer.
  • the inventive methods are, therefore, a computer program having a program code for performing at least one of the inventive methods when the computer program runs on a computer.

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Claims (41)

  1. Eine Vorrichtung zum Decodieren von Datensegmenten, die einen Zeitbereichsdatenstrom darstellen, wobei ein oder mehrere Datensegmente in dem Zeitbereich codiert sind, wobei ein oder mehrere Datensegmente in dem Frequenzbereich codiert sind, der aufeinanderfolgende Blöcke von Daten aufweist, die aufeinanderfolgende und überlappende Blöcke von Zeitbereichsdatenabtastwerten darstellen, wobei die Vorrichtung folgende Merkmale aufweist:
    einen Zeitbereichsdecodierer zum Decodieren eines in dem Zeitbereich codierten Datensegments;
    einen Prozessor zum Verarbeiten der in dem Frequenzbereich codierten Datensegmente und von Ausgangsdaten des Zeitbereichsdecodierers, um Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke zu erhalten, derart, dass Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke, die auf der Basis nachfolgender Datensegmente erhalten werden, die in dem Frequenzbereich codiert sind, einander überlappen, und
    derart, dass aufeinanderfolgende Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke, von denen einer in dem Frequenzbereich codiert ist und von denen einer in dem Zeitbereich codiert ist, einander überlappen; und
    einen Überlappen/Addieren-Kombinierer zum Kombinieren der überlappenden Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke, um die decodierten Datensegmente des Zeitbereichsdatenstroms zu erhalten;
    wobei der Überlappen/Addieren-Kombinierer dazu angepasst ist, Gewichte gemäß Synthesefensterungsfunktionen an überlappende Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke anzulegen,
    wobei die Synthesefensterungsfunktion an eine Größe einer Überlappungsregion aufeinanderfolgender überlappender Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke angepasst ist,
    wobei ein Fenster mit einer verringerten Überlappungsgröße an einen in dem Frequenzbereich codierten Zeitbereichsdatenblock angelegt wird, wenn von dem Frequenzbereich zu dem Zeitbereich umgeschaltet wird;
    wobei eine Größe einer Überlappungsregion zweier aufeinanderfolgender Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke, die in dem Frequenzbereich codiert sind, größer ist als eine Größe einer Überlappungsregion zweier aufeinanderfolgender Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke, von denen einer in dem Frequenzbereich codiert ist und einer in dem Zeitbereich codiert ist.
  2. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, bei der der Prozessor einen Frequenzbereichsdecodierer zum Decodieren von in dem Frequenzbereich codierten Datensegmenten, um Frequenzbereichsdatensegmente zu erhalten, aufweist.
  3. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, bei der der Prozessor zum Verarbeiten eines Datensegments, das parallel in dem Zeitbereich und in dem Frequenzbereich codiert ist, angepasst ist.
  4. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 2, bei der der Prozessor einen Zeitbereichzu-Frequenzbereich-Wandler zum Umwandeln der Ausgangsdaten des Zeitbereichsdecodierers, um umgewandelte Frequenzbereichsdatensegmente zu erhalten, aufweist.
  5. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 4, bei der der Prozessor einen Frequenzbereichskombinierer zum Kombinieren der Frequenzbereichsdatensegmente und der umgewandelten Frequenzbereichsdatensegmente, um einen Frequenzbereichsdatenstrom zu erhalten, aufweist.
  6. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 5, bei der der Prozessor einen Frequenzbereich-zu-Zeitbereich-Wandler zum Umwandeln des Frequenzbereichsdatenstroms in überlappende Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke aufweist.
  7. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 2, bei der der Frequenzbereichsdecodierer ferner eine Requantisierungsstufe aufweist.
  8. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 4, bei der der Zeitbereich-zu-Frequenzbereich-Wandler eine Kosinus-modulierte Filterbank, eine erweiterte überlappte Transformierte, eine Filterbank mit geringer Verzögerung, eine Mehrphasen-Filterbank oder eine modifizierte diskrete Kosinustransformierte aufweist.
  9. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 5, bei der der Frequenzbereichskombinierer einen Addierer aufweist.
  10. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 6, bei der der Frequenzbereich-zu-Zeitbereich-Wandler eine Kosinus-modulierte Filterbank und eine umgekehrte modifizierte diskrete Kosinustransformierte aufweist.
  11. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, bei der der Zeitbereichsdecodierer zum Verwenden eines Prädiktionsfilters, um ein in dem Zeitbereich codiertes Datensegment zu decodieren, angepasst ist.
  12. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, bei der der Prozessor eine Berechnungseinrichtung zum Berechnen überlappender Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke auf der Basis der Ausgangsdaten des Zeitbereichsdecodierers aufweist.
  13. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 12, bei der die Berechnungseinrichtung zum Reproduzieren einer Überlappungseigenschaft des Frequenzbereich-zu-Zeitbereich-Wandlers auf der Basis der Ausgangsdaten des Zeitbereichsdecodierers angepasst ist.
  14. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 13, bei der die Berechnungseinrichtung zum Reproduzieren einer Zeitbereichs-Aliasing-Charakteristik des Frequenzbereich-zu-Zeitbereich-Wandlers auf der Basis der Ausgangsdaten des Zeitbereichsdecodierers angepasst ist.
  15. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 6, bei der der Frequenzbereich-zu-Zeitbereich-Wandler zum Umwandeln der Frequenzbereichsdatensegmente, die durch den Frequenzbereichsdecodierer bereitgestellt werden, in überlappende Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke angepasst ist.
  16. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 15, bei der der Überlappen/Addieren-Kombinierer zum Kombinieren der überlappenden Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke, die durch den Frequenzbereich-zu-Zeitbereich-Wandler und die Berechnungseinrichtung bereitgestellt werden, um decodierte Datensegmente des Zeitbereichsdatenstroms zu erhalten, angepasst ist.
  17. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 8, bei der die Berechnungseinrichtung eine Zeitbereich-Aliasing-Stufe zum zeitlichen Aliasing von Ausgangsdaten des Zeitbereichsdecodierers, um die überlappenden Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke zu erhalten, aufweist.
  18. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 12, bei der die Berechnungseinrichtung zum
    Segmentieren des Ausgangs des Zeitbereichsdecodierers in Berechnungseinrichtungssegmente, die 2N sequentielle Abtastwerte aufweisen,
    Anlegen von Gewichten an die 2N Abtastwerte gemäß einer Analysefensterfunktion, Subtrahieren der ersten N/2 Abtastwerte in umgekehrter Reihenfolge von den zweiten N/2 Abtastwerten,
    Addieren der letzten N/2 Abtastwerte in umgekehrter Reihenfolge zu dritten N/2 Abtastwerten,
    Invertieren der zweiten und der dritten N/2 Abtastwerte
    Ersetzen der ersten N/2 Abtastwerte durch die zeitlich umgekehrte und invertierte Version der zweiten N/2 Abtastwerte,
    Ersetzen der vierten N/2 Abtastwerte durch die zeitlich umgekehrte Version der dritten N/2 Abtastwerte, und
    Anlegen von Gewichten an die 2N Abtastwerte gemäß einer Synthesefensterungsfunktion
    angepasst ist.
  19. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 6, bei der der Überlappen/Addieren-Kombinierer zum Anlegen von Gewichten gemäß einer Synthesefensterungsfunktion an überlappende Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke, die durch den Frequenzbereich-zu-Zeitbereich-Wandler bereitgestellt werden, angepasst ist.
  20. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 19, bei der der Überlappen/Addieren-Kombinierer zum Anlegen von Gewichten gemäß einer Synthesefensterungsfunktion, die an eine Größe einer Überlappungsregion aufeinanderfolgender überlappender Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke angepasst ist, angepasst ist.
  21. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 20, bei der die Berechnungseinrichtung zum Anlegen von Gewichten an die 2N Abtastwerte gemäß einer Analysefensterungsfunktion, die an eine Größe einer Überlappungsregion aufeinanderfolgender überlappender Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke angepasst ist, angepasst ist, und bei der die Berechnungseinrichtung zum Anlegen von Gewichten an die 2N Abtastwerte gemäß einer Synthesefensterungsfunktion, die an die Größe der Überlappungsregion angepasst ist, angepasst ist.
  22. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, bei der eine Größe einer Überlappungsregion zweier aufeinanderfolgender Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke, die in dem Frequenzbereich codiert sind, größer ist als eine Größe einer Überlappungsregion zweier aufeinanderfolgender Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke, von denen einer in dem Frequenzbereich codiert ist und einer in dem Zeitbereich codiert ist.
  23. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, bei der die Überlappung von Datenblöcken gemäß den AAC-Spezifikationen bestimmt wird.
  24. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, die ferner eine Umgehung für den Prozessor und den Überlappen/Addieren-Kombinierer aufweist, wobei die Umgehung zum Umgehen des Prozessors und des Überlappen/Addieren-Kombinierers, wenn nichtüberlappende aufeinanderfolgende Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke in Datensegmenten vorkommen, die in dem Zeitbereich codiert sind, angepasst ist.
  25. Verfahren zum Decodieren von Datensegmenten, die einen Zeitbereichsdatenstrom darstellen, wobei ein oder mehrere Datensegmente in dem Zeitbereich codiert sind, wobei ein oder mehrere Datensegmente, die in dem Frequenzbereich codiert sind, der aufeinanderfolgende Blöcke von Daten aufweist, die aufeinanderfolgende und überlappende Blöcke von Zeitbereichsdatenabtastwerten darstellen, wobei das Verfahren folgende Schritte aufweist:
    Decodieren eines in dem Zeitbereich codierten Datensegments;
    Verarbeiten des in dem Frequenzbereich codierten Datensegments und von Ausgangsdaten des Zeitbereichsdecodierers, um überlappende Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke zu erhalten, derart, dass Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke, die auf der Basis nachfolgender Datensegmente erhalten werden, die in dem Frequenzbereich codiert sind, einander überlappen, und
    derart, dass aufeinanderfolgende Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke, von denen einer in dem Frequenzbereich codiert ist und von denen einer in dem Zeitbereich codiert ist, einander überlappen, und
    Kombinieren der überlappenden Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke, um die decodierten Datensegmente des Zeitbereichsdatenstroms zu erhalten;
    wobei Gewichte gemäß Synthesefensterfunktionen an die überlappenden Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke anlegt werden,
    wobei die Synthesefensterungsfunktion an eine Größe einer Überlappungsregion aufeinanderfolgender überlappender Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke angepasst ist,
    wobei ein Fenster mit einer verringerten Überlappungsgröße an einen in dem Frequenzbereich codierten Zeitbereichsdatenblock angelegt wird, wenn von dem Frequenzbereich zu dem Zeitbereich umgeschaltet wird;
    wobei eine Größe einer Überlappungsregion zweier aufeinanderfolgender Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke, die in dem Frequenzbereich codiert sind, größer ist als eine Größe einer Überlappungsregion zweier aufeinanderfolgender Zeitbereichsdatenblöcke, von denen einer in dem Frequenzbereich codiert ist und einer in dem Zeitbereich codiert ist.
  26. Computerprogramm, das einen Programmcode zum Durchführen des Verfahrens gemäß Anspruch 25 aufweist, wenn der Programmcode auf einem Computer abläuft.
  27. Eine Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen eines codierten Datenstroms auf der Basis eines Zeitbereichsdatenstroms, wobei der Zeitbereichsdatenstrom Abtastwerte eines Signals aufweist, wobei die Vorrichtung folgende Merkmale aufweist:
    einen Segmentprozessor zum Bereitstellen von Datensegmenten aus dem Datenstrom;
    einen Zeitbereichscodierer zum Codieren eines gefensterten Datensegments in dem Zeitbereich;
    einen Frequenzbereichscodierer zum Anlegen von Gewichten an Abtastwerte des Zeitbereichsdatenstroms gemäß einer ersten oder einer zweiten Fensterungsfunktion, um ein gefenstertes Datensegment zu erhalten, wobei die erste und die zweite Fensterungsfunktion an Überlappungsregionen unterschiedlicher Längen angepasst sind, wobei der Frequenzbereichscodierer zum Codieren eines gefensterten Datensegments in dem Frequenzbereich angepasst ist;
    einen Zeitbereichsdatenanalysator zum Bestimmen einer einem Datensegment zugeordneten Übergangsangabe; und
    eine Steuerung zum Steuern der Vorrichtung derart, dass für Datensegmente, die eine erste Übergangsangabe aufweisen, Ausgangsdaten des Zeitbereichscodierers in dem codierten Datenstrom enthalten sind und für Datensegmente, die eine zweite Übergangsangabe aufweisen, Ausgangsdaten des Frequenzbereichscodierers in dem codierten Datenstrom enthalten sind;
    wobei die Steuerung dazu angepasst ist, die Fensterungsfunktionen für den Frequenzbereichscodierer derart einzustellen, dass ein Fenster mit einer verringerten Überlappungsgröße verwendet wird, wenn von dem Frequenzbereich zu dem Zeitbereich umgeschaltet wird.
  28. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 27, bei der die Steuerung dazu angepasst ist, die Fensterungsfunktionen für den Frequenzbereichscodierer so einzustellen, dass eine Größe einer Überlappungsregion zweier aufeinanderfolgender gefensterter Datensegmente, die in dem Frequenzbereich codiert sind, größer ist als eine Größe einer Überlappungsregion zweier aufeinanderfolgender gefensterter Datensegmente, von denen eines in dem Frequenzbereich codiert ist und eines in dem Zeitbereich codiert ist.
  29. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 27 oder 28, bei der der Zeitbereichsdatenanalysator zum Bestimmen der Übergangsangabe anhand des Zeitbereichsdatenstroms, der Datensegmente oder anhand der direkt seitens des Segmentprozessors bereitgestellten Daten angepasst ist.
  30. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 27 oder 28, bei der der Zeitbereichsdatenanalysator zum Bestimmen eines Übergangsmaßes angepasst ist, wobei das Übergangsmaß auf dem Grad der Vergänglichkeit in dem Zeitbereichsdatenstrom oder dem Datensegment beruht, und bei der der Übergangsindikator angibt, ob ein Vergänglichkeitsmaß eine vorbestimmte Schwelle überschreitet.
  31. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 27 oder 28, bei der der Segmentprozessor zum Versehen von Datensegmenten mit Überlappungsregionen unterschiedlicher Längen angepasst ist,
    der Zeitbereichscodierer zum Codieren der Datensegmente angepasst ist,
    der Frequenzbereichscodierer zum Codieren der gefensterten Datensegmente angepasst ist, und
    die Steuerung zum Steuern des Zeitbereichscodierers und des Frequenzbereichscodierers angepasst ist, derart, dass für Datensegmente, die eine erste Übergangsangabe aufweisen, Ausgangsdaten des Zeitbereichscodierers in dem codierten Datenstrom enthalten sind und für gefensterte Datensegmente, die eine zweite Übergangsangabe aufweisen, Ausgangsdaten des Frequenzbereichscodierers in dem codierten Datenstrom enthalten sind.
  32. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 27 oder 28, bei der die Steuerung zum Steuern des Segmentprozessors zum Liefern der Datensegmente entweder an den Zeitbereichscodierer oder den Frequenzbereichscodierer angepasst ist.
  33. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 27 oder 28, bei der der Frequenzbereichscodierer zum Anlegen von Gewichten von Fensterungsfunktionen gemäß den AAC-Spezifikationen angepasst ist.
  34. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 27 oder 28, bei der der Frequenzbereichscodierer zum Umwandeln eines gefensterten Datensegments in den Frequenzbereich, um ein Frequenzbereichsdatensegment zu erhalten, angepasst ist.
  35. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 34, bei der der Frequenzbereichscodierer zum Quantisieren des Frequenzbereichsdatensegments angepasst ist.
  36. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 35, bei der der Frequenzbereichscodierer zum Auswerten des Frequenzbereichsdatensegments gemäß einem Wahrnehmungsmodell angepasst ist.
  37. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 36, bei der der Frequenzbereichscodierer zum Verwenden einer Kosinus-modulierten Filterbank, einer erweiterten überlappten Transformierten, einer Filterbank mit geringer Verzögerung oder einer Mehrphasen-Filterbank, um die Frequenzbereichsdatensegmente zu erhalten, angepasst ist.
  38. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 34, bei der der Frequenzbereichscodierer zum Verwenden einer modifizierten diskreten Kosinustransformierten, um die Frequenzbereichsdatensegmente zu erhalten, angepasst ist.
  39. Die Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 27 oder 28, bei der der Zeitbereichscodierer zum Verwenden eines Prädiktionsfilters zum Codieren der Datensegmente angepasst ist.
  40. Verfahren zum Erzeugen eines codierten Datenstroms auf der Basis eines Zeitbereichsdatenstroms, wobei der Zeitbereichsdatenstrom Abtastwerte eines Signals aufweist, wobei das Verfahren folgende Schritte aufweist:
    Bereitstellen von Datensegmenten aus dem Datenstrom;
    Bestimmen einer den Datensegmenten zugeordneten Übergangsangabe;
    Codieren eines Datensegments in dem Zeitbereich; und
    Anlegen von Gewichten an Abtastwerte des Zeitbereichsdatenstroms gemäß einer ersten oder einer zweiten Fensterungsfunktion, um ein gefenstertes Datensegment zu erhalten, wobei die erste und die zweite Fensterungsfunktion an Überlappungsregionen unterschiedlicher Längen angepasst sind, und Codieren des gefensterten Datensegments in dem Frequenzbereich und;
    derartiges Steuern, dass für Datensegmente, die eine erste Übergangsangabe aufweisen, Ausgangsdaten, die in dem Zeitbereich codiert sind, in dem codierten Datenstrom enthalten sind, und für Datensegmente, die eine zweite Übergangsangabe aufweisen, Ausgangsdaten, die in dem Frequenzbereich codiert sind, in dem codierten Datenstrom enthalten sind;
    wobei die Fensterungsfunktionen für das Frequenzbereichscodieren derart eingestellt sind, dass ein Fenster mit einer verringerten Überlappungsgröße verwendet wird,
    wenn von dem Frequenzbereich zu dem Zeitbereich oder von dem Zeitbereich zu dem Frequenzbereich umgeschaltet wird.
  41. Computerprogramm, das einen Programmcode zum Durchführen des Verfahrens gemäß Anspruch 40 aufweist, wenn der Programmcode auf einem Computer abläuft.
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