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EP2037080B1 - Methode zur abschätzung der durchlässigkeit eines frakturnetzes mit hilfe einer vernetzungsanalyse - Google Patents

Methode zur abschätzung der durchlässigkeit eines frakturnetzes mit hilfe einer vernetzungsanalyse Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2037080B1
EP2037080B1 EP08290574.6A EP08290574A EP2037080B1 EP 2037080 B1 EP2037080 B1 EP 2037080B1 EP 08290574 A EP08290574 A EP 08290574A EP 2037080 B1 EP2037080 B1 EP 2037080B1
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Prior art keywords
permeability
network
connectivity
unit cells
index
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French (fr)
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EP2037080A1 (de
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Matthieu Delorme
Bernard Bourbiaux
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IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
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IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of optimization of the exploitation of underground deposits, such as hydrocarbon deposits, especially when they include a network of fractures.
  • the method according to the invention is particularly suitable for the study of the hydraulic properties of fractured terrains, and in particular to study hydrocarbon displacements in underground deposits.
  • the invention relates to a method for determining the permeability of a fracture network, so as to predict the flows of fluids that may occur through the deposit. It is then possible to simulate hydrocarbon production according to various production scenarios.
  • the petroleum industry and more specifically the exploration and exploitation of oil deposits, require the acquisition of the best possible knowledge of underground geology to effectively provide a reserve assessment, a production model, or farm management.
  • the determination of the location of a production well or an injection well, the constitution of the drilling mud, the completion characteristics, the parameters necessary for the optimal recovery of the hydrocarbons (such as injection pressure, production flow, ...) require a good knowledge of the deposit.
  • To know the deposit means to know the petrophysical properties of the subsoil in every point of space.
  • Modeling of Oilfields are therefore an essential technical step for any exploration or exploitation of the deposit. These models are intended to provide a description of the deposit.
  • a " fracture” is a plane discontinuity, very thin in relation to its extension, which represents a plane of rupture of a rock in the deposit.
  • the geometry of the fracture network conditions the displacement of the fluids both at the reservoir scale and at the local scale where it determines elementary matrix blocks in which the oil is trapped. Knowing the distribution of fractures, is therefore very useful, also, at a later stage, for the tank engineer who tries to calibrate the models he builds to simulate the deposits in order to reproduce or predict past production curves. or future.
  • the engineers in charge of the exploitation of fractured reservoirs therefore, need to estimate the large-scale permeability (that of the drainage radius of a well or inter-well space for example) of fracture networks, and to predict the hydrodynamic behavior (flow, pressure, ..) of these networks, in response to external demands imposed via wells.
  • geoscientists proceed in the first place to characterize the fracture network, in the form of a set of families of fractures characterized by geometric attributes.
  • a numerical model is most often used. This model is applied to a discretized representation of the deposit, that is to say that the deposit is cut into a set of meshes.
  • the application of the numerical model requires knowledge of the flow properties of the fracture network at meshes scale, usually of hectometres. In particular, the permeabilities of the fracture network must be determined.
  • An " analytical method" is one or more equations for accurately determining, without approximation or recourse to numerical techniques (iterative, etc.) the unknowns of a problem according to the data.
  • An example of an analytical method is described for example in the following document: M.Chen, M. Bai, and JC Roegiers, Permeability Tensors of Anisotropic Fracture Networks, Mathematical Geology, Vol.31, No. 4, 1999
  • LAETITIA MACÉ, LAURENT SOUCHE AND JEAN-LAURENT MALLET "3D fracture modeling integrating geomechanics and geology data.”
  • AAPG INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE October 24, 2004, - October 27, 2004, pages 1-6
  • Canc a “describes a method in which the connectivity of fractures is determined directly from a stochastic realization of the network, by means of a processing method applied to the geometry of the network.
  • the selection of the method is then performed by defining two connectivity thresholds corresponding to two connectivity index values defining three connectivity index intervals. A different method is then selected for each of the intervals, so as to optimize the estimation of the permeability in each cell. We will choose the simplest method preserving the precision of the results.
  • modelizations are based on a representation of the deposit, in a set of meshes. Each of these meshes represents a given volume of the deposit.
  • the set of meshes constitutes a discrete representation of the deposit.
  • the geosciences specialist carries out a characterization of the geometry of the natural fracture network: he elaborates a geometrical description of the fracture network, in each meshes, by means of relevant geometric attributes.
  • This geometric description requires a set of measurements, made in the field by the geologist. These measurements make it possible to characterize the fracture network, so as to arrive at a description of the network in the form of a set of N families of fractures, characterized by geometric attributes.
  • This geometrical description of the fracture network can also be determined probabilistically.
  • a geometric description of the fracture network is then established by assigning to each family of fractures f a probability law ⁇ ⁇ , f orientations in the plane of the layers with respect to a reference direction, as well as a probability law of lengths ⁇ l , f and a density d f .
  • a geometric description of the fracture network is established by assigning to each family of fractures f a probability law ⁇ ⁇ , f orientations in the plane of the layers with respect to a reference direction, a law of probability of orientations in the plane.
  • vertical ⁇ ⁇ , f a law of probability of lengths ⁇ l , f as well as a law of probability of heights ⁇ H , f , and a density d f .
  • the permeability of the network is null.
  • the permeability is important. Indeed, a fluid has no difficulty crossing the mesh in the latter case.
  • an index representative of the number of intersections between the fractures of the network is calculated according to the invention. Indeed, more the fractures of a network comprise intersections, more they are connected.
  • connection index This index is called “connectivity index” and is noted as I C.
  • the index of connectivity I C is then a parameter function of the number of intersections between the fractures of the network. It is determined in each cell, from the information from the geometric description.
  • the reservoir engineer can optimize in cost (time) and quality (accuracy) the calculation of the fracture permeabilities.
  • the calculation of the permeabilities according to the invention is carried out by first analyzing the value of the connectivity index I C.
  • the threshold value of the connectivity index from which it is considered that it is necessary to calculate the permeability, can be obtained empirically, or by simulations. Those skilled in the art may in particular use a flow simulator, a software well known to specialists, to define this threshold. This threshold is called the percolation threshold. It's noted I VS p .
  • the evaluation of the connectivity of the fracture network in each mesh makes it possible to select the cells of the discretization of the deposit, for which it is necessary to determine the network permeability by an appropriate calculation method.
  • the other meshes have a null value of network permeability.
  • the connectivity index thus calculated can be used more.
  • a permeability curve as a function of the connectivity index, it is possible to define permeability behaviors, making it possible to define the most suitable determination technique.
  • the permeability calculation method is selected by defining connectivity thresholds corresponding to connectivity index values defining connectivity index intervals. A method is selected for each of said intervals.
  • Homogeneous behavior means that, over an interval, the permeability curve obeys the same constitutive law as a function of the connectivity index.
  • the permeability curve as a function of the connectivity index can then be modeled by a single analytical formula (linear law, polynomial, etc.). In other words, over an interval, the network has the same law of flow behavior, ie the same law of permeability (hydraulic behavior) as a function of the connectivity index.
  • the set of meshes of step i can be defined in the following way: having calculated the index of connectivity for all the meshes of the discretization of the deposit, one selects a set of meshes, whose indices are distributed over the range of connectivity indices calculated for all the meshes of the deposit.
  • two connectivity thresholds are defined, defining three connectivity index intervals.
  • the figure 1 illustrates such an approach.
  • This figure represents a network permeability curve, K , as a function of the connectivity index I C.
  • a first threshold corresponds to the percolation threshold I VS p . It is defined on the figure 1 by I VS p ⁇ 1 .
  • I VS l There is a second threshold, noted I VS l , called the linearity threshold. It is defined on the figure 1 by I VS l ⁇ 3 . Beyond this threshold, the curve is a straight line.
  • These two thresholds define three intervals over which the permeability varies according to a homogeneous behavior as a function of the connectivity index: below I VS p , the permeability is constant (zero), above I VS l , the permeability increases linearly. Between the two thresholds, the permeability changes according to the connectivity index in a unique and non-linear relationship.
  • an alternative to the numerical method can be adopted in order to increase the speed of permeability calculations. It consists in using an approximation, such as an analytical formula giving the evolution of the permeability as a function of the connectivity index.
  • the evaluation of the connectivity of the fracture network in each mesh allows to select a method of determination of the permeability adapted to the need required for each mesh (ie a reliable method on the one hand, fast and inexpensive in computing time on the other hand).
  • the reservoir engineer has a discretized representation (set of meshes) of the hydrocarbon deposit, from which he wishes to extract the hydrocarbons.
  • This representation is indicated fracture network permeability, that is to say that each cell is associated with a permeability value.
  • the reservoir engineer chooses a production process, for example the water injection recovery process, the optimal implementation scenario for the field in question.
  • the definition of an optimal water injection scenario will consist, for example, in determining the number and location (position and spacing) of injection and production wells in order to best take into account the impact of fractures on the progression of fluids within the tank.
  • a hydrocarbon deposit is discretized with a network of fractures.
  • the figure 2 illustrates the result of this mesh in two dimensions.
  • a geometric description of the fracture network is developed in each of the meshes, using information from geological measurements and analyzes.
  • This index defines the average intersection number between fractures, within each mesh.
  • the figure 2 illustrates, in two dimensions, the meshs of the representation of the deposit for which one does not calculate by the permeability (zone 1 where I VS ⁇ I VS p , in white), the meshes for which the permeability is calculated using a flow simulator (zone 2 where I VS p ⁇ I VS ⁇ I VS l , in gray), and the meshes for which the permeability is calculated using a linear formula (zone 2 where I VS ⁇ I VS l , in gray).
  • Zone 1 does not calculate permeability. We therefore gain valuable computing time. In zone 3, we perform a linear calculation that gives us the same precision as a numerical simulation. On zone 2, to obtain an important precision, one uses a flow simulator.
  • a production process is then selected, for example water injection.
  • the mode of implementation of this method for the field considered however remains to be specified, and more particularly if this field proves to be fractured.
  • Different implementation scenarios differing from each other by the position of the wells, for example, are then defined and compared on the basis of quantitative criteria of production / recovery of the fluids in place.
  • the evaluation (forecasting) of these production criteria requires the use of a field simulator able to reproduce (simulate) each of the scenarios.
  • the permeabilities of the fracture network at the simulator resolution scale constitute basic information essential for performing these simulations, and decisive for guaranteeing the reliability of the production forecasts.
  • the invention makes it possible to estimate the large-scale permeability (scale of the drainage radius of a well or the inter-well space for example) of these fractures, in a fast and precise manner.
  • the engineers in charge of the exploitation of the deposit then have a tool allowing them to quickly evaluate the performance of different production scenarios, and thus, to select the one that optimizes the exploitation with regard to the criteria selected by the operator, such as ensure optimum hydrocarbon production.
  • the invention finds an industrial application in the exploitation of underground deposits, comprising a network of fractures. It may be a hydrocarbon deposit for which it is desired to optimize production, or a gas storage reservoir for example, for which it is desired to optimize the injection or the storage conditions.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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Claims (7)

  1. Verfahren für den Einsatz eines Computers zur Optimierung der Ausbeutung einer Lagerstätte, umfassend ein Netz von Brüchen, in dem die Lagerstätte in eine Gesamtheit von Mascheneinheiten aufgelöst wird, und eine geometrische Beschreibung des Netzes von Brüchen in jeder der Mascheneinheiten ausgearbeitet wird, wobei das Verfahren die folgenden Schritte umfasst:
    - innerhalb jeder Mascheneinheit Bestimmung eines Vernetzungsindex, der zumindest von der Anzahl von Schnittstellen zwischen Brüchen abhängt, mit Hilfe der geometrischen Beschreibung;
    - Schätzen der Durchlässigkeit des Netzes von Maschenbrucheinheiten, deren Vernetzungsindex größer als ein Grenzwert ist, wobei für jede Mascheneinheit ein Verfahren zur Schätzung der Durchlässigkeit des Netzes von Brüchen in Abhängigkeit vom Wert des Vernetzungsindex ausgewählt wird, wobei zwei Vernetzungsgrenzwerte definiert werden, die zwei Werten eines Vernetzungsindex entsprechen, die drei Intervalle eines Vernetzungsindex definieren, und ein unterschiedliches Verfahren für jedes der Intervalle ausgewählt wird, um die Schätzung der Durchlässigkeit an jeder Mascheneinheit zu optimieren;
    - ein festgesetzter Durchlässigkeitswert innerhalb der anderen Mascheneinheiten, deren Vernetzungsindex kleiner als der Grenzwert ist, zugewiesen wird, um die Anzahl von Durchlässigkeitsschätzungen zu begrenzen; und
    - die Ausbeutung der Lagerstätte optimiert wird, wobei Fluidströme in der Lagerstätte in Abhängigkeit von den Durchlässigkeiten des Netzes von Brüchen an jeder Mascheneinheit simuliert werden.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem die Grenzwerte empirisch definiert werden.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem die Grenzwerte definiert werden, wobei die folgenden Schritte durchgeführt werden:
    - Vorhandensein einer Gesamtheit von Mascheneinheiten, umfassend jeweils ein Netz von Brücken, für die eine geometrische Beschreibung vorhanden ist;
    - Bestimmen eines Vernetzungsindex für jede der Mascheneinheiten;
    - Bestimmen einer Durchlässigkeit des Netzes an jeder Mascheneinheit mit Hilfe eines Strömungssimulators;
    - Konstruieren einer Kurve der Durchlässigkeit in Abhängigkeit vom Vernetzungsindex;
    - Definieren der Grenzwerte in Abhängigkeit von der Form der Kurve, so dass die Durchlässigkeit demselben Verhaltensgesetz in Abhängigkeit von dem Vernetzungsindex innerhalb der drei durch die Grenzwerte definierten Intervalle gehorcht.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, bei dem die Gesamtheit von Mascheneinheiten, die jeweils ein Netz von Brüchen umfassen, für die eine geometrische Beschreibung vorhanden ist, bestimmt wird, wobei eine Gesamtheit von Mascheneinheiten ausgewählt wird, die aus der Auflösung der Lagerstätte stammen, deren Indizes auf dem Intervall der Vernetzungsindizes verteilt sind, die für die Gesamtheit der Mascheneinheiten berechnet wurden, die aus der Auflösung der Lagerstätte stammen.
  5. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, bei dem:
    - die Durchlässigkeit des Netzes von Brüchen innerhalb der Mascheneinheiten, deren Vernetzungsindex größer als der zweite Grenzwert ist, mit Hilfe einer analytischen Formel geschätzt wird;
    - die Durchlässigkeit des Netzes innerhalb von Mascheneinheiten, deren Vernetzungsindex zwischen den zwei Grenzwerten liegt, mit Hilfe eines Strömungssimulators geschätzt wird.
  6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, bei dem die Durchlässigkeit in Abhängigkeit vom Wert des Vernetzungsindex geschätzt wird.
  7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, bei dem:
    - die Durchlässigkeit des Netzes von Brüchen innerhalb der Mascheneinheiten, deren Vernetzungsindex größer als der zweite Grenzwert ist, mit Hilfe einer analytischen Formel geschätzt wird, bei der angenommen wird, dass die Durchlässigkeit des Netzes linear in Abhängigkeit vom Vernetzungsindex steigt;
    - die Durchlässigkeit des Netztes innerhalb von Mascheneinheiten, deren Vernetzungsindex zwischen den zwei Grenzwerten liegt, mit Hilfe eines Verfahrens geschätzt wird, bei dem angenommen wird, dass die Durchlässigkeit des Netzes nicht mehr demselben Verhältnis wie über den zweiten Grenzwert hinaus gehorcht.
EP08290574.6A 2007-06-29 2008-06-17 Methode zur abschätzung der durchlässigkeit eines frakturnetzes mit hilfe einer vernetzungsanalyse Active EP2037080B1 (de)

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EP2037080A1 (de) 2009-03-18

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