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EP1883949B1 - Method for preparing nanocrystalline silicon in sio2 and freestanding silicon nanoparticles - Google Patents

Method for preparing nanocrystalline silicon in sio2 and freestanding silicon nanoparticles Download PDF

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EP1883949B1
EP1883949B1 EP06741561.2A EP06741561A EP1883949B1 EP 1883949 B1 EP1883949 B1 EP 1883949B1 EP 06741561 A EP06741561 A EP 06741561A EP 1883949 B1 EP1883949 B1 EP 1883949B1
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hsq
sio
nanocrystalline
film
composite
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EP1883949A1 (en
EP1883949A4 (en
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Jonathan Gordon Conn Veinot
Colin Michael Hessel
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University of Alberta
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    • B82B3/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures by manipulation of individual atoms or molecules, or limited collections of atoms or molecules as discrete units
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
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    • C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
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    • H01L21/02109—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates
    • H01L21/02112—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer
    • H01L21/02123—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing silicon
    • H01L21/02126—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing silicon the material containing Si, O, and at least one of H, N, C, F, or other non-metal elements, e.g. SiOC, SiOC:H or SiONC
    • H01L21/02134—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing silicon the material containing Si, O, and at least one of H, N, C, F, or other non-metal elements, e.g. SiOC, SiOC:H or SiONC the material comprising hydrogen silsesquioxane, e.g. HSQ
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    • H01L21/0226—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process
    • H01L21/02282—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process liquid deposition, e.g. spin-coating, sol-gel techniques, spray coating
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    • H01L21/02318—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment
    • H01L21/02337—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment treatment by exposure to a gas or vapour
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    • H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
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    • H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
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    • H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
    • H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
    • H01L21/31—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to form insulating layers thereon, e.g. for masking or by using photolithographic techniques; After treatment of these layers; Selection of materials for these layers
    • H01L21/312—Organic layers, e.g. photoresist
    • H01L21/3121—Layers comprising organo-silicon compounds
    • H01L21/3122—Layers comprising organo-silicon compounds layers comprising polysiloxane compounds
    • H01L21/3124—Layers comprising organo-silicon compounds layers comprising polysiloxane compounds layers comprising hydrogen silsesquioxane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24372—Particulate matter
    • Y10T428/24421—Silicon containing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31652—Of asbestos
    • Y10T428/31663—As siloxane, silicone or silane

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to methods of preparing nanocrystalline silicon embedded in SiO 2 , in particular from a silsesquioxane precursor via reductive thermal curing. Further the present invention relates to the preparation of freestanding silicon nanoparticles by acid etching said nanocrystalline silicon embedded in SiO 2 .
  • Silicon nanostructures including porous silicon (p-Si), 1 silicon rich oxides (SROs), 2 and freestanding Si nanoparticles have been the focus of intense research because of their unique chemical and optical characteristics.
  • the electronic structure of bulk silicon provides an indirect bandgap of 1.12 eV with the lowest point of the conduction band and the highest point in the valence band occurring at different coordinates in reciprocal space. These restraints make the bandgap optical transition dipole-forbidden, limiting practical optoelectronic application of the bulk crystal due to the low photoluminescence intensity and slow carrier dynamics (i.e., long lived excited states).
  • Si nanoparticle optical and chemical response straightforward, cost-effective, scaleable methods for preparing materials of controlled size, crystal structure, and surface chemistry are necessary.
  • Well-established physical techniques for preparing Si nanostructures such as porous silicon ( p -Si) and silicon rich oxides (SRO) often employ highly corrosive reagents (e.g., hydrofluoric acid), costly procedures (e.g., ion implantation, 23,24 vacuum evaporation, 25 sputtering, 26 and laser ablution 27 ) and provide only partial tailoring of film chemical composition.
  • highly corrosive reagents e.g., hydrofluoric acid
  • costly procedures e.g., ion implantation, 23,24 vacuum evaporation, 25 sputtering, 26 and laser ablution 27
  • many of these methods are not easily scalable and are impractical for preparing macroscopic quantities (ca. > 500 mg) of material.
  • SROs are a promising class of nanostructured materials made up of luminescent, crystalline Si nanoparticles embedded in environmentally inert SiO 2 -like matrices.
  • a common method for preparing SROs employs a multistep process; the first stage involves deposition of thin "SiO" precursor films using physical methods such as vapor deposition, physical sputtering, or e-beam evaporation to deposit films onto flat substrates. 2
  • These recipe-based approaches control the Si:O ratio by maintaining a specific oxygen flow rate (i.e., partial pressure) during reactive deposition of "SiO” or by controlling the co-deposition rates of Si, "SiO", and SiO 2 to produce SiO x films (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2).
  • SROs can be used to provide insight into the photonic, electronic, and chemical interactions of nc -Si within solid matrices, it is essential that these same properties be studied and understood for freestanding Si nanoparticles. This is particularly true if research is to move beyond fundamental investigation and efficient applications are to be realized. Studying the chemical reactivity and tunability of freestanding Si nanoparticles, in concert with single particle spectroscopy could lead to a better understanding and optimization of particle photoemission. To this end effective methods for preparing freestanding Si nanoparticles must be established.
  • Silsesquioxanes are commercially available, solution processable, discrete, structurally well-defined molecules composed of silicon-oxygen frameworks with empirical formulae (RSiO 1.5 ) where R may be a variety of chemical functionalities (e.g., H, alkyl, silyl, and aromatic). The chemistry of these compounds is well-established and a variety of cage structures are known. 44 Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ), a totally inorganic silsesquioxane (H 8 Si 8 O 12 ), is one of the most widely studied and has been investigated as a model silica surface, 45,46,47,48 luminescent material, 49 and a catalytic support.
  • HSQ Hydrogen silsesquioxane
  • silsesquioxane precursors 50,51 Examples of high purity silica have also been prepared from silsesquioxane precursors. 52 It is generally accepted that upon oxidative thermal curing, the silsesquioxane cage structure of HSQ collapses to release SiH 4 53 and a SiO 2 -like network solid forms whose dielectric, 54 mechanical, and processing characteristics depend on the curing conditions. Dielectric films produced by thermal curing of HSQ currently find application as spin-on, planarizing dielectric interlayers in the microchip industry. 54 Liou H-C et al. "Curing study of hydrogen silsesquioxane under H2/N2 ambient" Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings; PA; US vol. 612, 23 April 2000 relates to the study of thin film properties of hydrogen silsesquioxane cured at different temperatures under N 2 and H 2 /N 2 ambients.
  • HSQ hydrogen silsesquixane
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composite comprising curing a precursor comprising hydrogen silsesquixane (HSQ) under reductive thermal conditions in the presence of a gas containing hydrogen for 30 minutes to 2 hours and at a temperature in the range of 900°C to 1200°C to produce a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composite containing silicon nanoparticles.
  • HSQ hydrogen silsesquixane
  • the precursor comprising hydrogen silsesquixane (HSQ) is a film. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to a method for preparing a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composite film comprising:
  • the invention also includes nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composites prepared using the methods of the present invention as well as the use of such composites for the preparation of, for example, optoelectronic films and patterned films for incorporation into a variety of device structures, including, but not limited to, chemical sensors, optical amplifiers and waveguides.
  • the invention also includes a method for preparing photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles comprising acid etching the nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composites prepared using the method described above under conditions effective to produce photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles.
  • the composites may be formed from HSQ films or bulk samples.
  • Thermal gravimetric analysis indicates that sample heating rate and processing atmosphere influence the weight loss arising from SiH 4 evolution.
  • TEM, selected area electron diffraction, and X-ray powder diffraction confirm the presence of nc -Si likely produced from thermal decomposition of SiH 4 evolved during the rapid thermal processing of HSQ.
  • the well-defined molecular structure of HSQ offers excellent control and understanding of reaction conditions while also affording a straightforward method for producing macroscopic quantities of freestanding hydride terminated silicon nanocrystals.
  • silsesquioxanes will facilitate the preparation of patterned optoelectronic films with tailored chemical response for incorporation into a variety of device structures including, chemical sensors, optical amplifiers, and waveguides.
  • the present invention relates to a method for preparing a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composite comprising curing a precursor comprising hydrogen silsesquixane (HSQ) under reductive thermal conditions for a time and at a temperature sufficient to produce a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composite containing silicon nanoparticles.
  • HSQ hydrogen silsesquixane
  • reductive thermal conditions means in the presence of a gas comprising hydrogen, and suitably an inert gas such as helium, argon or nitrogen, or a mixture thereof.
  • the gas comprises 2% to 6% hydrogen and 94% to 98% nitrogen, suitably 4% hydrogen and 96% nitrogen.
  • the time and temperatures sufficient to produce a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composite may be determined by a person skilled in the art by varying the curing time and temperature until optimal production of a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composite is observed.
  • the observation of nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 may be made using techniques known in the art, such as, for example, transition electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence spectroscopy.
  • TEM transition electron microscopy
  • SAED selected area electron diffraction
  • XRD X-ray diffraction
  • the photoluminescence maximum changes as the curing temperature changes.
  • the reductive curing is carried out at temperatures in the range of 900°C to 1200°C, suitably at 1100°C, for 30 minutes to 2 hours, suitably for 1 hour.
  • the precursor comprising HSQ may be in the form of a HSQ solution or in the form of a solid. When a solution is utilized, it is desirable that that HSQ solution be applied onto a substrate to form a film comprising HSQ. When the precursor is in the form of a solid, bulk nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composites are prepared.
  • the solid HSQ may be obtained, for example, by removing the solvent from a stock solution comprising HSQ.
  • the HSQ solution may be any suitable solution comprising HSQ and a carrier solvent. Such solutions are available, for example, from Dow Coming. 55 In an embodiment of the invention the solution comprises 5% to 20%, suitably 10% HSQ, in a suitable solvent, such as methyl isobutyl ketone.
  • nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composite is prepared as a film. Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method for preparing a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composite film comprising:
  • the HSQ film may be formed on a substrate using any known method, for example by spin coating a solution comprising HSQ onto the substrate.
  • Spin coating the HSQ solution provides a film of uniform thickness on the substrate and allows the thickness of the film to be controlled by varying the spin rate.
  • 0.1 ml to 1.0 ml, suitably 0.5 ml, of the HSQ solution is deposited onto the substrate and the substrate is spun from 0 to 7500 rpm, suitably from 0 to 5800 rpm, in 3 seconds to 10 seconds, suitably in 5 seconds, followed by an additional spinning time of 5 to 60 seconds, suitably 30 seconds, at 4000 rpm to 7000 rpm, suitably at 6000 rpm.
  • the substrate may be any inert substrate suitable for use in the methods of the invention.
  • the substrate is optical grade silica.
  • the film is formed on the substrate in an inert environment.
  • the invention also includes nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composites prepared using a method of the present invention as well as the use of such composites for the preparation of, for example, optoelectronic films and patterned films for incorporation into a variety of device structures, including, but not limited to, chemical sensors, optical amplifiers and waveguides.
  • the invention also relates to a method for preparing photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles comprising acid etching the nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composites prepared using a method in accordance with the claimed invention under conditions effective to produce photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles.
  • the acid etching of the nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composites may be carried out using any suitable acid, for example hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid or mixtures thereof.
  • the acid is hydrofluoric acid, suitably dilute HF.
  • Conditions effective to produce photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles include treating the nanocrystalline-Si/ SiO 2 composite films with acid for 2 minutes to 30 minutes, suitably 15-16 minutes, at temperatures in the range of 20°C - 30°C.
  • the photoluminescence from the nanoparticles after etching can be stabilized significantly by chemical oxidization using, for example, HNO 3 .
  • the particles produce stable colloidal dispersions in diols and triols.
  • the present invention also relates to a process for stabilizing photoluminescence of the silicon nanoparticles of the present invention by treating the photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles with an oxidizer under conditions effective to achieve particle surface oxidation.
  • Modification of the nanoparticle surfaces with organic compounds can also further stabilize the photoluminescence and make them dispersable in a wide range of solvents.
  • Surface coating, such as attachment of organic molecules to hydrogen terminated and hydroxyl terminated surfaces of these nanoparticles has been shown to significantly stabilize the photoluminescence of the nanoparticles against degradation.
  • the present invention also relates to a process for stabilizing photoluminescence of the silicon nanoparticles of the present invention that involves treating the photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles under conditions effective to produce photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles having an Si-H terminated surface, and then treating the Si-H surface-terminated nanoparticles under conditions effect to achieve particle surface hydrosilylation.
  • the present invention also relates to a process for stabilizing photoluminescence of the silicon nanoparticles of the present invention that involves treating the photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles under conditions effective to produce photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles having an Si-OH terminated surface, and then treating the Si-OH surface-terminated nanoparticles under conditions effect to achieve particle surface silanization.
  • Nanocrystalline-Si/SiO 2 composites containing silicon nanoparticles of the present invention may be used, for example, in full-colour displays, optical sensors, and fluorescent tags for biological imaging.
  • HSQ was purchased from Dow Corning (tradename FOx-12 ® ) as a 10 weight percent solution in methyl isobutyl ketone. This stock solution was used as received and stored in subdued light and inert atmosphere prior to use.
  • Gold label methanol was purchased from Fisher scientific and freed of oxygen and trace water using a commercial Pure-Solv solvent system.
  • Electronic grade hydrofluoric acid was purchased from J. T. Baker as a 49% aqueous solution and was used as received.
  • Optical grade fused quartz was purchased from Esco Products. Prime-grade one-side-polished single-crystal Si substrates with no oxide back seal were purchased from Silicon Quest International.
  • HSQ films were deposited onto substrates (for example optical grade silica from Esco Products, Si(111) and Si(100)) using a Laurell Technologies WS-400B-6NPP/LITE programmable spincoater in a nitrogen filled glovebox ( ⁇ 0.1 ppm H 2 O; 0.6 ppm O 2 ). Colourless, uniform films were formed by dropping 0.5 ml of stock solution onto the substrate followed by spinning at 0-5800 rpm in 5 seconds, followed by an additional 30 seconds at 5800 rpm. Varying the maximum spin rate allows for straightforward thickness control of and precursor films. HSQ films were transferred in inert atmosphere to a high temperature furnace and annealed for one hour in 4% H 2 and 96% N 2 .
  • Thermogravametric analysis was performed using a Perkin Elmer Pyris 1 TGA equipped with Pyris Thermal Analysis 7.0 software. Samples were placed in a Pt pan and heated in N 2 or 4% H 2 : 96% N 2 atmospheres from room temperature to 1100 °C at 10, 20, 50, 100 °C/min.
  • Optical absorption spectra of annealed films were measured using a Cary 6000i dual beam UV-vis-NIR spectrometer.
  • Photoluminescence (PL) spectra were evaluated at room temperature using the 325 nm line of a He-Cd laser excitation source and emission was detected with a fiber-optic digital charge coupled device (CCD) spectrometer whose spectral response was normalized using a standard black-body radiator.
  • FTIR Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
  • TEM Transmission electron microscopy
  • EDX electron dispersive x-ray
  • Thin TEM samples were prepared by lifting off a piece of film with a razor blade and mounting it onto a copper grid with a 400 ⁇ m diameter hole. Samples were subsequently ion milled to perforation and images were obtained from the edge of the milled hole.
  • TEM samples of the liberated, freestanding Si nanoparticles were dropcoated from a methanol suspension onto carbon coated copper grids. Bulk crystallinity of nc -Si/SiO 2 composites was evaluated using an INEL XRG 3000 x-ray diffractometer equipped with a Cu K ⁇ radiation source.
  • Example 1 Thin film and bulk nc-Si / SiO 2 composite preparation
  • Hydrogen silsesquioxane was spincoated from a commercially available FOx-12 ® as a conformal, clear, colourless film that, upon reductive thermal processing in a 4% H 2 : 96%N 2 atmosphere, maintains its transparency, appears faint orange, is adherent (Scotch tape test) and resistant to abrasion ( Figure 1 , Figure 2 ).
  • Reductive annealing of bulk quantities of white, crystalline HSQ using the aforementioned conditions for thin film thermal processing yields dark amber, glassy products that upon mechanical grinding yield orange/brown powders in near quantitative yield ( Figure 2B,C ).
  • TEM, SAED, XRD, and photoluminescence spectroscopy confirm thermal processing of thin film and bulk HSQ samples yield luminescent, diamond lattice, elemental silicon nanocrystallites encapsulated in a SiO 2 -like matrix ( vide infra ). Embedded Si nanoparticles are readily liberated upon exposure of the nanocomposite to hydrofluoric acid which preferentially etches away the silicon oxide matrix leaving freestanding highly luminescent nc -Si. 56 ( Figure 3 ).
  • Thermal processing of neat HSQ samples was evaluated using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA).
  • TGA thermal gravimetric analysis
  • thermal traces of HSQ obtained at a heating rate of 10°C/min show four distinct regions of weight loss (ca. 50-225 °C ; 1.8%, 225-375 °C ; 2.1%, ca. 375-425°C ; 0.8%, ca. 507°C ; 43%).
  • Heating rate i.e., 10, 20, 50, 100 °C/min
  • Figure 4 in the observed weight loss at 507°C (i.e., 10 °C/min, 43% vs. 100°C/min, 5%) was noted.
  • TGA analysis of HSQ in 4%H 2 : 96%N 2 shows ca. 5% weight loss regardless of heating rate.
  • Example 3 FT-IR Spectroscopy.
  • FT-IR spectroscopy of NEAT HSQ shows a characteristic absorption at 2251 cm -1 that is readily assigned to Si-H stretching ( Figure 6A ). Absorptions are also noted in the range ca. 1300 to 800 cm -1 and have previously been assigned to internal vibrations of the Si-O-Si cage framework. 59 Following reductive annealing ( Figure 6B ) the absorption assigned to Si-H stretching disappears suggesting the HSQ molecules are crosslinked and the cage structure has collapsed. The replacement of broad HSQ Si-O-Si vibrations with a broad featureless absorption centered at ca. 1096 cm -1 , that was assigned to Si-O-Si bending in an SiO 2 -like network, was also observed.
  • Figure 6C shows a typical FT-IR spectrum of partially etched nc -Si/SiO 2 powder following etching in 1:1:1 49% HF : H 2 O : ethanol for 120 minutes. Characteristic Si-H x stretching at 2100 cm -1 confirms particle hydride termination. In addition, a marked decrease in intensity of absorptions attributed to Si-O-Si vibrations at ⁇ 1400 cm -1 was noted with increased etching time. These vibrations are completely absent from the spectra of fully etched samples ( Figure 6D ). Etching times to achieve complete removal of the SiO 2 -like matrix depend on grinding efficiency of the composite material and the corresponding composite particle size.
  • Example 4 Absorption and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy.
  • the UV-vis-NIR spectra of HSQ, a typical annealed HSQ film, and liberated Si nanoparticles provide limited information regarding the presence of nc-Si.
  • the HSQ spectrum is featureless.
  • the spectra of a typical annealed thin film and suspended nc -Si/SiO 2 powder exhibit a low energy absorption onset at ca. 350 nm.
  • Silicon nanocrystals typically have an absorption onset in the UV or blue, depending on the particle size. 2 Following etching, the UV-vis-NIR absorption spectrum of freestanding Si nanocrystals shows a low energy absorption onset at 350 nm.
  • HSQ precursor films show no detectable photoluminescence.
  • the influence of annealing temperature on the photoluminescent response of thermally processed HSQ films is significant ( Figure 7 ).
  • Films processed at or below 700 °C in a 4% hydrogen atmosphere show no detectable visible photoluminescence at the limits of the instrumentation.
  • a weak PL emission emerges that is peaked at ⁇ 700 nm.
  • the annealing temperature was increased up to 1100 °C, a trend toward lower energy emission was observed.
  • Annealing at a maximum temperature of 1100 °C results in an intense PL emission centered at 810 nm that is characteristic of silicon nanocrystal films.
  • any SiH 4 evolved during slow heating escapes the oxide network and does not thermally decompose to produce nc-Si as seen in TGA heating profiles (i.e., 20, 50 °C/min) and the PL characterization of thin film samples that are processed at or below 700 °C.
  • TGA heating profiles i.e., 20, 50 °C/min
  • PL characterization of thin film samples that are processed at or below 700 °C.
  • the sample temperature increases more rapidly in the furnace hot zone and less SiH 4 escapes prior to decomposing; this is manifested in less weight loss and the appearance of visible photoluminesence.
  • Example 5 Transmission Electron Microscopy, EDX and SAED.
  • Example 6 X-ray powder diffraction.
  • the crystallinity of the SiO 2 -embedded Si nanoparticles was evaluated by x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) using Cu K ⁇ radiation source ( Figure 11 ). The positions and intensities of all broadened reflections agree with selected area electron diffraction noted for the abovementioned thin film analogues and are consistent with a diamond lattice Si.

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Description

  • The present invention relates to methods of preparing nanocrystalline silicon embedded in SiO2, in particular from a silsesquioxane precursor via reductive thermal curing. Further the present invention relates to the preparation of freestanding silicon nanoparticles by acid etching said nanocrystalline silicon embedded in SiO2.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Silicon nanostructures including porous silicon (p-Si),1 silicon rich oxides (SROs),2 and freestanding Si nanoparticles have been the focus of intense research because of their unique chemical and optical characteristics. The electronic structure of bulk silicon provides an indirect bandgap of 1.12 eV with the lowest point of the conduction band and the highest point in the valence band occurring at different coordinates in reciprocal space. These restraints make the bandgap optical transition dipole-forbidden, limiting practical optoelectronic application of the bulk crystal due to the low photoluminescence intensity and slow carrier dynamics (i.e., long lived excited states). As the dimensions of a semiconductor particle decrease into the "nano" size regime, the bandgap energy increases and pseudo-continuous bands become discrete energy levels that are populated according to quantum mechanical selection rules. When the particle dimension nears the Bohr exciton radius (ca. 5 nm for silicon), quantum confinement effects emerge and photoluminescence (PL) shifts into the visible spectrum and becomes more intense. Some researchers suggest that the PL observed from photoexcited Si nanoparticles arises because the bandgap transition becomes weakly dipole allowed in this size regime.3 Others claim that the photoemission originates from the passivation of surface traps present in bulk Si.4 Regardless of the explanation, a characteristic photoemission maximum at approximately 1.7 eV is seen for Si-based nanostructures; including the "Si quantum wires" reported by Canham et al., 5 nanocrystalline nc-Si/SiO2 composites,2 and freestanding Si nanoparticles prepared via solution,6,7,8 precursor pyrolysis,9,10 and physical techniques.11,12,13 The unique optical properties and electrochemical stability14 of nanoscale elemental Si offer significant potential for a variety of light emission applications. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of Si and SiO2 makes these materials potentially useful in sensing applications where toxic, electrochemically active compound semiconductor nanoparticles are impractical.
  • Measuring the direct effect of Si nanocrystal size on the PL spectrum of Si/SiO2 nanocomposites and freestanding Si nanocrystals9,10,13 appears complicated, with interface effects and particle interactions15 playing key roles. Consequently, the size effects and the influence of the indirect bandgap of bulk Si on PL behavior of Si nanocrystals remain poorly understood. Methods for relating PL energy maximum to particle size are diverse and a variety of models have been proposed including: the effective mass approximation, 16 empirical tight binding band theory, 17,18 empirical pseudopotential approximation, 19,20 and ab-initio local density approximation.21,22 To facilitate better understanding of Si nanoparticle optical and chemical response, straightforward, cost-effective, scaleable methods for preparing materials of controlled size, crystal structure, and surface chemistry are necessary. Well-established physical techniques for preparing Si nanostructures such as porous silicon (p-Si) and silicon rich oxides (SRO) often employ highly corrosive reagents (e.g., hydrofluoric acid), costly procedures (e.g., ion implantation,23,24 vacuum evaporation,25 sputtering,26 and laser ablution27) and provide only partial tailoring of film chemical composition. Furthermore, many of these methods are not easily scalable and are impractical for preparing macroscopic quantities (ca. > 500 mg) of material.
  • SROs are a promising class of nanostructured materials made up of luminescent, crystalline Si nanoparticles embedded in environmentally inert SiO2-like matrices. A common method for preparing SROs employs a multistep process; the first stage involves deposition of thin "SiO" precursor films using physical methods such as vapor deposition, physical sputtering, or e-beam evaporation to deposit films onto flat substrates.2 These recipe-based approaches control the Si:O ratio by maintaining a specific oxygen flow rate (i.e., partial pressure) during reactive deposition of "SiO" or by controlling the co-deposition rates of Si, "SiO", and SiO2 to produce SiOx films (0 ≤ x ≤ 2).28 Films are subsequently annealed at high temperature in a reducing atmosphere (typically 4% H2, 96% inert gas) to promote formation of Si nanocrystals.29 Iterative variation of experimental parameters and post deposition micro-probe analyses have previously shown that films with composition ratios close to Si1.0:O1.5 that are annealed at ca. 1100°C produce the strongest PL. Still, fundamental questions remain regarding the mechanism for nanoparticle formation, the relationship between Si particle size and peak PL energy, among others.2 Unfortunately, the exact composition, structure, and purity of "SiO" is subject of a longstanding controversy 30,31,32 and is strongly dependent upon processing conditions.30 Further, the exact chemical structure of "SiOx" remains largely ill-defined.33 These uncertainties potentially hinder rational study of chemical composition and its influence on the material properties of SRO nanoparticle composites. Other practical limitations of the abovementioned physical "SiOx" deposition techniques are nontrivial control of chemical composition (e.g., straightforward introduction of dopants), and conformal coverage of textured and "non-flat" substrates (e.g., fiber optic cables) is somewhat limited by these line-of-sight techniques.
  • Although SROs can be used to provide insight into the photonic, electronic, and chemical interactions of nc-Si within solid matrices, it is essential that these same properties be studied and understood for freestanding Si nanoparticles. This is particularly true if research is to move beyond fundamental investigation and efficient applications are to be realized. Studying the chemical reactivity and tunability of freestanding Si nanoparticles, in concert with single particle spectroscopy could lead to a better understanding and optimization of particle photoemission. To this end effective methods for preparing freestanding Si nanoparticles must be established. While freestanding particles have been dislodged from p-Si surfaces, 34 published data suggests individual Si nanoparticles remain trapped in larger (i.e., ≥ 1µm) pieces of the p-Si structure. 11,12,13 Similar liberation and bulk preparation of Si nanoparticles from SRO matrices is impractical given extremely small sample sizes.35 Laser induced precursor pyrolysis has recently been reported as an efficient method for preparing large quantities of Si nanoparticles from silane at rates of 20-200 mg/hour; this approach however relies on expensive laser equipment and custom designed reactors not available in most synthetic laboratories.9,10 Solution-based procedures, 8, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 provide some post synthesis material processability but are often plagued by material purity, ill-defined particle surface chemistry, and limited ambient stability - all criteria crucial to the eventual application of these materials in optoelectronic devices.
  • Silsesquioxanes are commercially available, solution processable, discrete, structurally well-defined molecules composed of silicon-oxygen frameworks with empirical formulae (RSiO1.5) where R may be a variety of chemical functionalities (e.g., H, alkyl, silyl, and aromatic). The chemistry of these compounds is well-established and a variety of cage structures are known.44 Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ), a totally inorganic silsesquioxane (H8Si8O12), is one of the most widely studied and has been investigated as a model silica surface, 45,46,47,48 luminescent material, 49 and a catalytic support.50,51 Examples of high purity silica have also been prepared from silsesquioxane precursors.52 It is generally accepted that upon oxidative thermal curing, the silsesquioxane cage structure of HSQ collapses to release SiH4 53 and a SiO2-like network solid forms whose dielectric,54 mechanical, and processing characteristics depend on the curing conditions. Dielectric films produced by thermal curing of HSQ currently find application as spin-on, planarizing dielectric interlayers in the microchip industry.54 Liou H-C et al. "Curing study of hydrogen silsesquioxane under H2/N2 ambient" Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings; PA; US vol. 612, 23 April 2000 relates to the study of thin film properties of hydrogen silsesquioxane cured at different temperatures under N2 and H2/N2 ambients.
  • To date, no Si nanoparticle preparation employing silsesquioxanes has been reported.
  • There remains a need for a method for preparing large quantities of Si nanoparticles that, ideally, is uncomplicated, cost-effective and reproducible.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • Herein, the first application of hydrogen silsesquixane (HSQ) as a precursor to adherent, conformal, planarizing, photoluminescent nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 (nc-Si/SiO2) composites via straightforward reductive thermal annealing is reported. Further photoluminescent, freestanding silicon nanocrystals were readily liberated from the nc-Si/SiO2 composites upon etching.
  • Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite comprising curing a precursor comprising hydrogen silsesquixane (HSQ) under reductive thermal conditions in the presence of a gas containing hydrogen for 30 minutes to 2 hours and at a temperature in the range of 900°C to 1200°C to produce a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite containing silicon nanoparticles.
  • In an embodiment of the present invention, the precursor comprising hydrogen silsesquixane (HSQ) is a film. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to a method for preparing a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite film comprising:
    1. (a) forming a film comprising hydrogen silsesquioxane on a substrate; and
    2. (b) curing the film under reductive thermal conditions in the presence of a gas containing hydrogen for 30 minutes to 2 hours and at a temperature in the range of 900°C to 1200°C to produce a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite film containing silicon nanoparticles.
  • The invention also includes nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composites prepared using the methods of the present invention as well as the use of such composites for the preparation of, for example, optoelectronic films and patterned films for incorporation into a variety of device structures, including, but not limited to, chemical sensors, optical amplifiers and waveguides.
  • The structural tunability of HSQ offers control over film composition and structure previously unattainable with status quo physical deposition methods.
  • The invention also includes a method for preparing photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles comprising acid etching the nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composites prepared using the method described above under conditions effective to produce photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles.
  • Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • The invention will now be described in relation to the drawings in which:
    • Figure 1 is a schematic showing the thermal processing of hydrogen silsesquioxine (HSQ) for preparing silicon nanoparticle/SiO2-like (nc-Si/SiO2) nanocomposites.
    • Figure 2 shows photographs of A. optical grade silica substrate coated with a transparent nc-Si/SiO2 film, B. bulk sample of reductively annealed HSQ, C. mechanically ground B.
    • Figure 3 shows orange/red photoluminescence from hydrofluoric acid liberated silicon nanocrystals upon exposure to a standard handheld ultraviolet light.
    • Figure 4 is a graph showing the heating rate dependence of HSQ weight loss. Solid: nitrogen atmosphere. Dashed: 4% hydrogen : 96%nitrogen atmosphere.
    • Figure 5 shows the stages of HSQ thermal degradation in inert atmosphere.
    • Figure 6 shows infrared spectra of A. neat hydrogen silsesquioxine B. NEAT reductively annealed HSQ. HF etched annealed HSQ showing characteristic Si-H stretching (2100 cm-1) and decreased Si-O-Si bending (1096 cm-1). C. 60 min., D. 120 min.,
    • Figure 7 shows normalized photoluminescence spectra of nc-Si/SiO2 from HSQ processed at different temperatures: A : 9000°C, B: 10000°C, C: 11000°C.
    • Figure 8 shows typical normalized photoluminescence spectrum of nc-Si/SiO2 A. bulk material, B. HF liberated hydride surface terminated nc-Si.
    • Figure 9 shows A. A brightfield transmission electron micrograph of 2.27 ± 0.59 nm nc-Si in SiO2. (inset: Selected area electron diffraction of nc-Si/SiO2 thin film composite showing {111}, {200}, and {311}, reflections characteristics of diamond lattice Si.) B. Size distribution of Si nanocrystals, n = 115.
    • Figure 10 shows A. Transmission electron micrograph of 2.1 ±0.3 nm Si nanocrystals liberated via HF etching from nc-Si/SiO2. B. Size distribution of liberated hydride surface terminated Si nanocrystals, davg = 2.11 , 2σ = 0.82, n = 50 particles.
    • Figure 11 shows an X-ray powder diffraction of mechanically ground, thermally processed HSQ. Noted reflections are consistent with diamond lattice silicon
    (* are reflections arising from the aluminium sample holder). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • A straightforward method for preparing adherent, conformal composites of nc-Si/SiO2 that luminesce in the visible and near-IR regions of the spectrum is described. The composites may be formed from HSQ films or bulk samples. Thermal gravimetric analysis indicates that sample heating rate and processing atmosphere influence the weight loss arising from SiH4 evolution. TEM, selected area electron diffraction, and X-ray powder diffraction confirm the presence of nc-Si likely produced from thermal decomposition of SiH4 evolved during the rapid thermal processing of HSQ. The well-defined molecular structure of HSQ offers excellent control and understanding of reaction conditions while also affording a straightforward method for producing macroscopic quantities of freestanding hydride terminated silicon nanocrystals. In addition, the solution processability, ease of handling, and chemical tunability of silsesquioxanes will facilitate the preparation of patterned optoelectronic films with tailored chemical response for incorporation into a variety of device structures including, chemical sensors, optical amplifiers, and waveguides.
  • Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method for preparing a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite comprising curing a precursor comprising hydrogen silsesquixane (HSQ) under reductive thermal conditions for a time and at a temperature sufficient to produce a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite containing silicon nanoparticles.
  • The term "reductive thermal conditions" as used herein means in the presence of a gas comprising hydrogen, and suitably an inert gas such as helium, argon or nitrogen, or a mixture thereof. In an embodiment of the invention, the gas comprises 2% to 6% hydrogen and 94% to 98% nitrogen, suitably 4% hydrogen and 96% nitrogen.
  • The time and temperatures sufficient to produce a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite may be determined by a person skilled in the art by varying the curing time and temperature until optimal production of a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite is observed. The observation of nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 may be made using techniques known in the art, such as, for example, transition electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The photoluminescence maximum changes as the curing temperature changes. In accordance with the invention the reductive curing is carried out at temperatures in the range of 900°C to 1200°C, suitably at 1100°C, for 30 minutes to 2 hours, suitably for 1 hour.
  • The precursor comprising HSQ may be in the form of a HSQ solution or in the form of a solid. When a solution is utilized, it is desirable that that HSQ solution be applied onto a substrate to form a film comprising HSQ. When the precursor is in the form of a solid, bulk nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composites are prepared. The solid HSQ may be obtained, for example, by removing the solvent from a stock solution comprising HSQ.
  • The HSQ solution may be any suitable solution comprising HSQ and a carrier solvent. Such solutions are available, for example, from Dow Coming.55 In an embodiment of the invention the solution comprises 5% to 20%, suitably 10% HSQ, in a suitable solvent, such as methyl isobutyl ketone.
  • It is an embodiment of the invention that nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite is prepared as a film. Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method for preparing a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite film comprising:
    1. (a) forming a film comprising hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ); and
    2. (b) curing the film under reductive thermal conditions for a time and at a temperature sufficient to produce a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite film containing silicon nanoparticles.
  • In an embodiment of the invention, the HSQ film may be formed on a substrate using any known method, for example by spin coating a solution comprising HSQ onto the substrate. Spin coating the HSQ solution provides a film of uniform thickness on the substrate and allows the thickness of the film to be controlled by varying the spin rate. In an embodiment of the invention, 0.1 ml to 1.0 ml, suitably 0.5 ml, of the HSQ solution is deposited onto the substrate and the substrate is spun from 0 to 7500 rpm, suitably from 0 to 5800 rpm, in 3 seconds to 10 seconds, suitably in 5 seconds, followed by an additional spinning time of 5 to 60 seconds, suitably 30 seconds, at 4000 rpm to 7000 rpm, suitably at 6000 rpm. The substrate may be any inert substrate suitable for use in the methods of the invention. In an embodiment of the invention, the substrate is optical grade silica. Suitably the film is formed on the substrate in an inert environment.
  • The invention also includes nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composites prepared using a method of the present invention as well as the use of such composites for the preparation of, for example, optoelectronic films and patterned films for incorporation into a variety of device structures, including, but not limited to, chemical sensors, optical amplifiers and waveguides.
  • The invention also relates to a method for preparing photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles comprising acid etching the nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composites prepared using a method in accordance with the claimed invention under conditions effective to produce photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles.
  • The acid etching of the nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composites may be carried out using any suitable acid, for example hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid or mixtures thereof. In an embodiment of the invention, the acid is hydrofluoric acid, suitably dilute HF.
  • Conditions effective to produce photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles include treating the nanocrystalline-Si/ SiO2 composite films with acid for 2 minutes to 30 minutes, suitably 15-16 minutes, at temperatures in the range of 20°C - 30°C. The photoluminescence from the nanoparticles after etching can be stabilized significantly by chemical oxidization using, for example, HNO3. The particles produce stable colloidal dispersions in diols and triols.
  • Thus, the present invention also relates to a process for stabilizing photoluminescence of the silicon nanoparticles of the present invention by treating the photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles with an oxidizer under conditions effective to achieve particle surface oxidation.
  • Modification of the nanoparticle surfaces with organic compounds can also further stabilize the photoluminescence and make them dispersable in a wide range of solvents. Surface coating, such as attachment of organic molecules to hydrogen terminated and hydroxyl terminated surfaces of these nanoparticles has been shown to significantly stabilize the photoluminescence of the nanoparticles against degradation.
  • Thus, the present invention also relates to a process for stabilizing photoluminescence of the silicon nanoparticles of the present invention that involves treating the photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles under conditions effective to produce photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles having an Si-H terminated surface, and then treating the Si-H surface-terminated nanoparticles under conditions effect to achieve particle surface hydrosilylation.
  • The present invention also relates to a process for stabilizing photoluminescence of the silicon nanoparticles of the present invention that involves treating the photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles under conditions effective to produce photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles having an Si-OH terminated surface, and then treating the Si-OH surface-terminated nanoparticles under conditions effect to achieve particle surface silanization.
  • Nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composites containing silicon nanoparticles of the present invention may be used, for example, in full-colour displays, optical sensors, and fluorescent tags for biological imaging.
  • The following non-limiting examples are illustrative of the present invention:
    • EXAMPLES Reagents and Materials.
  • HSQ was purchased from Dow Corning (tradename FOx-12®) as a 10 weight percent solution in methyl isobutyl ketone. This stock solution was used as received and stored in subdued light and inert atmosphere prior to use. Gold label methanol was purchased from Fisher scientific and freed of oxygen and trace water using a commercial Pure-Solv solvent system. Electronic grade hydrofluoric acid was purchased from J. T. Baker as a 49% aqueous solution and was used as received. Optical grade fused quartz was purchased from Esco Products. Prime-grade one-side-polished single-crystal Si substrates with no oxide back seal were purchased from Silicon Quest International.
    • Thin film nc-Si/SiO2 composite fabrication.
  • HSQ films were deposited onto substrates (for example optical grade silica from Esco Products, Si(111) and Si(100)) using a Laurell Technologies WS-400B-6NPP/LITE programmable spincoater in a nitrogen filled glovebox (< 0.1 ppm H2O; 0.6 ppm O2). Colourless, uniform films were formed by dropping 0.5 ml of stock solution onto the substrate followed by spinning at 0-5800 rpm in 5 seconds, followed by an additional 30 seconds at 5800 rpm. Varying the maximum spin rate allows for straightforward thickness control of and precursor films. HSQ films were transferred in inert atmosphere to a high temperature furnace and annealed for one hour in 4% H2 and 96% N2. While in the furnace the samples remained on a cool stage until the desired temperature was reached. The stage was subsequently raised into the furnace "hot zone" where the sample was rapidly heated to peak temperature where it remained for 1 hour. Thicknesses of clear colourless precursor and coherent, light orange, annealed films on all substrates were determined using a Gaertner Multiangle Elispometer and are summarized in Table 1.
    • Bulk nc-Si/SiO 2 composite preparation and nc-Si isolation.
  • Solvent was removed from the HSQ stock solution to yield a white, crystalline solid. The solid was placed in a quartz crucible and transferred in inert atmosphere to a high temperature furnace and annealed for one hour in a 4% H2 and 96% N2 atmosphere. As in the preparation of composite thin films, samples remained on a cool stage until the desired temperature was reached at which time the stage was then raised into the furnace "hot zone" where the sample remained for 1 hour. After cooling to room temperature, the amber solid sample was removed and mechanically ground in a mortar and pestle to yield a fine brown powder which was subsequently etched in 1 :1 :1 49% HF : H2O : ethanol for 2 hours followed by repeated washing/centrifugation cycles in methanol. Yield: 4.8%
    • Thermogravametric Analysis.
  • Thermogravametric analysis (TGA) was performed using a Perkin Elmer Pyris 1 TGA equipped with Pyris Thermal Analysis 7.0 software. Samples were placed in a Pt pan and heated in N2 or 4% H2 : 96% N2 atmospheres from room temperature to 1100 °C at 10, 20, 50, 100 °C/min.
    • Material Characterization and Instrumentation.
  • Optical absorption spectra of annealed films were measured using a Cary 6000i dual beam UV-vis-NIR spectrometer. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra were evaluated at room temperature using the 325 nm line of a He-Cd laser excitation source and emission was detected with a fiber-optic digital charge coupled device (CCD) spectrometer whose spectral response was normalized using a standard black-body radiator. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of thin film samples was performed using a Nicolet Magna 750 IR spectrophotometer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis were performed using a JEOL-2010 (LaB6 filament) electron microscope with an accelerating voltage of 200 keV. Thin TEM samples were prepared by lifting off a piece of film with a razor blade and mounting it onto a copper grid with a 400 µm diameter hole. Samples were subsequently ion milled to perforation and images were obtained from the edge of the milled hole. TEM samples of the liberated, freestanding Si nanoparticles were dropcoated from a methanol suspension onto carbon coated copper grids. Bulk crystallinity of nc-Si/SiO2 composites was evaluated using an INEL XRG 3000 x-ray diffractometer equipped with a Cu Kα radiation source.
    • Example 1: Thin film and bulk nc-Si/SiO2 composite preparation
  • Hydrogen silsesquioxane was spincoated from a commercially available FOx-12® as a conformal, clear, colourless film that, upon reductive thermal processing in a 4% H2 : 96%N2 atmosphere, maintains its transparency, appears faint orange, is adherent (Scotch tape test) and resistant to abrasion ( Figure 1, Figure 2). Reductive annealing of bulk quantities of white, crystalline HSQ using the aforementioned conditions for thin film thermal processing yields dark amber, glassy products that upon mechanical grinding yield orange/brown powders in near quantitative yield (Figure 2B,C). TEM, SAED, XRD, and photoluminescence spectroscopy confirm thermal processing of thin film and bulk HSQ samples yield luminescent, diamond lattice, elemental silicon nanocrystallites encapsulated in a SiO2-like matrix (vide infra). Embedded Si nanoparticles are readily liberated upon exposure of the nanocomposite to hydrofluoric acid which preferentially etches away the silicon oxide matrix leaving freestanding highly luminescent nc-Si.56 (Figure 3).
    • Example 2: Thermal gravimetric analysis.
  • Thermal processing of neat HSQ samples was evaluated using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). In a nitrogen atmosphere, thermal traces of HSQ obtained at a heating rate of 10°C/min show four distinct regions of weight loss (ca. 50-225 °C ; 1.8%, 225-375 °C ; 2.1%, ca. 375-425°C ; 0.8%, ca. 507°C ; 43%). With increased heating rate (i.e., 10, 20, 50, 100 °C/min) a dramatic decrease (Figure 4) in the observed weight loss at 507°C (i.e., 10 °C/min, 43% vs. 100°C/min, 5%) was noted. TGA analysis of HSQ in 4%H2: 96%N2 shows ca. 5% weight loss regardless of heating rate.
  • The accepted stages of HSQ thermal processing in inert atmosphere (i.e., N2 or Ar) are summarized in Figure 5 and have previously been attributed to: i) trace solvent loss (< 200 °C), ii) cage network redistribution with associated loss of SiH4 (ca. 250-350 °C), iii) Si-H thermal dissociation accompanied by loss of SiH4 and H2 (350-450 °C), and iv) collapse of the pore structure (> 450 °C). Detailed literature studies of HSQ thermal properties report on thermal processing of partially crosslinked HSQ gels and thin films, accounting for small differences in the present DSC temperature ranges.57 The structures of low temperature (i.e., 250°C-350 °C) thermally processed HSQ films have been studied spectroscopically, however the identity of any gas byproducts remains unknown. This is not the case for high temperature region of the TGA for which the loss of SiH4 and H2 has been confirmed by mass spectrometry.58 Consistent with our nitrogen atmosphere TGA weight loss observations, Belot et al. noted a decrease in SiH4 evolution and weight loss at 507 °C with increased heating rates and proposed that it might result from the rapid thermal decomposition of SiH4 into silicon and hydrogen.58 Herein, it was confirmed that the observed trend in weight loss at ca. 450 °C with increased heating rate is the result of the thermal decomposition of SiH4 and the formation of Si. Upon rapid heating of HSQ (i.e., ≥ 50 °C/min), thermally liberated SiH4 is unable to escape the rapidly forming silicon oxide matrix prior to thermally decomposing. This process yields SiO2 encapsulated Si nanocrystals (Figure 5E). When thermally processed in a 4% H2: 96% N2 atmosphere, HSQ loses a maximum of 6.3 wt.% for a heating rate of 10°C/min. While not wishing to be limited by theory, one possible explanation of the exact role of hydrogen in this processing atmosphere may be H2-induced modifications to the HSQ decomposition mechanism (Figure 5E). It is conceivable that low concentrations of H2 in the thermal processing atmosphere limit, and may even prevent the dehydrogenation of HSQ thereby increasing the SiH4 available for thermal decomposition.
    • Example 3: FT-IR Spectroscopy.
  • FT-IR spectroscopy of NEAT HSQ shows a characteristic absorption at 2251 cm-1 that is readily assigned to Si-H stretching (Figure 6A). Absorptions are also noted in the range ca. 1300 to 800 cm-1 and have previously been assigned to internal vibrations of the Si-O-Si cage framework.59 Following reductive annealing (Figure 6B) the absorption assigned to Si-H stretching disappears suggesting the HSQ molecules are crosslinked and the cage structure has collapsed. The replacement of broad HSQ Si-O-Si vibrations with a broad featureless absorption centered at ca. 1096 cm-1, that was assigned to Si-O-Si bending in an SiO2-like network, was also observed. Figure 6C shows a typical FT-IR spectrum of partially etched nc-Si/SiO2 powder following etching in 1:1:1 49% HF : H2O : ethanol for 120 minutes. Characteristic Si-Hx stretching at 2100 cm-1 confirms particle hydride termination. In addition, a marked decrease in intensity of absorptions attributed to Si-O-Si vibrations at ≤ 1400 cm-1 was noted with increased etching time. These vibrations are completely absent from the spectra of fully etched samples (Figure 6D). Etching times to achieve complete removal of the SiO2-like matrix depend on grinding efficiency of the composite material and the corresponding composite particle size.
    • Example 4: Absorption and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy.
  • The UV-vis-NIR spectra of HSQ, a typical annealed HSQ film, and liberated Si nanoparticles provide limited information regarding the presence of nc-Si. The HSQ spectrum is featureless. In contrast, the spectra of a typical annealed thin film and suspended nc-Si/SiO2 powder exhibit a low energy absorption onset at ca. 350 nm. Silicon nanocrystals typically have an absorption onset in the UV or blue, depending on the particle size.2 Following etching, the UV-vis-NIR absorption spectrum of freestanding Si nanocrystals shows a low energy absorption onset at 350 nm.
  • HSQ precursor films show no detectable photoluminescence. The influence of annealing temperature on the photoluminescent response of thermally processed HSQ films (thickness = 140 nm) is significant (Figure 7). Films processed at or below 700 °C in a 4% hydrogen atmosphere show no detectable visible photoluminescence at the limits of the instrumentation. When thin films of HSQ are annealed at 900 °C, a weak PL emission emerges that is peaked at ~700 nm. As the annealing temperature was increased up to 1100 °C, a trend toward lower energy emission was observed. Annealing at a maximum temperature of 1100 °C results in an intense PL emission centered at 810 nm that is characteristic of silicon nanocrystal films.
  • While not wishing to be limited by theory, the noted dependence of PL emission maximum on thermal processing temperature may be understood in the context of the known HSQ thermal decomposition processes and present TGA analyses (vide supra). Clearly, any SiH4 evolved during slow heating escapes the oxide network and does not thermally decompose to produce nc-Si as seen in TGA heating profiles (i.e., 20, 50 °C/min) and the PL characterization of thin film samples that are processed at or below 700 °C. With increased processing temperature, the sample temperature increases more rapidly in the furnace hot zone and less SiH4 escapes prior to decomposing; this is manifested in less weight loss and the appearance of visible photoluminesence. While the exact origin of the PL maximum for samples annealed at 900 °C is not completely clear, present TGA analysis suggests that not all evolved SiH4 escapes when samples are heated at moderate rates (ca. 50 °C/min). Previous studies of "SiOx" films show the crystallization of Si nanocrystals occurs between 800 and 900 °C;28 the photoluminesence of HSQ films annealed at 900°C seems consistent with these observations. HSQ samples processed below 900°C yield Si particles whose dimension are below the detection limits of standard TEM and XRD analyses. In this regard, a reasonable explanation for the observed low intensity, high-energy photoluminesence maxima for these films is the photoexcitation/emission of very small Si clusters arising from the thermal decomposition of small quantities of matrix trapped SiH4. The observed shift to lower energy is easily understood in the context of larger particles that form after annealing at higher temperatures.
  • Photoluminescence characterization of methanol suspensions of highly luminescent HF liberated Si nanoparticles (d = 2.1±0.3 nm) with a peak PL emission at 640 nm is shown in Figure 8B. The observed blue shift in PL maximum upon exposure to HF is consistent with previous reports for etched nc-Si/SiO2 nanocomposites.35
    • Example 5: Transmission Electron Microscopy, EDX and SAED.
  • Figure 9A shows a representative bright field TEM image of a thin film annealed at 1100°C, showing irregular nc-Si particles with an average diameter 2.27 nm (2σ = 0.59 nm; n = 115) (Figure 9C). Silicon nanoparticles are clearly uniformly distributed throughout the film (Figure 9A). EDX analysis confirms the presence of only Si and O. Selected area electron diffraction (Figure 9A, inset) shows the particles are crystalline and have the characteristic diamond lattice of silicon. TEM analysis of HF-liberated nc-Si dropcoated from methanol suspensions onto a carbon-coated grid shows discrete Si nanoparticles with diameters of d = 2.11 nm (2σ = 0.82 nm; n = 50) (Figure 10). This apparent decrease in particle size and broadening of the size distribution is likely the result of limited particle etching and size selective precipitation by which large particles are removed and only the smallest particles remain suspended in the solvent throughout the etching process. (Note: the apparent error is more than the difference in the sizes) Selected area electron diffraction confirms particles to be diamond lattice Si with the {111}, {200}, and {311} reflections are visible.
    • Example 6: X-ray powder diffraction.
  • The crystallinity of the SiO2-embedded Si nanoparticles was evaluated by x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) using Cu Kα radiation source (Figure 11). The positions and intensities of all broadened reflections agree with selected area electron diffraction noted for the abovementioned thin film analogues and are consistent with a diamond lattice Si.
  • While the present invention has been described with reference to what are presently considered to be the preferred examples, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed examples. To the contrary, the invention is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the appended claims.
  • Where a term in the present application is found to be defined differently in a document referred to herein, the definition provided herein is to serve as the definition for the term. Table 1.
    Substrate Maximum Spin Rate (RPM) HSQ Thickness (Å)a nc-Si/SiO2 Thickness (Å)a
    Optical grade SiO2 5800 1393 923
    Si(111) 5800 1620 1553
    Si(100) 5800 1617 1524
    a Film thicknesses were determined using ηSi=3.85, ηSiO2=1.46, and ηfilm=1.41.
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Claims (19)

  1. A method for preparing a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite comprising curing a precursor comprising hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) under reductive thermal conditions in the presence of a gas containing hydrogen for 30 minutes to 2 hours and at a temperature in the range of 900°C to 1200°C to produce a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite containing silicon nanoparticles.
  2. The method according to Claim 1, wherein reductive thermal conditions include the presence of an inert gas.
  3. The method according to Claim 2, wherein the inert gas is selected from helium, argon, nitrogen, and mixtures thereof.
  4. The method according to Claim 3, wherein the inert gas is nitrogen.
  5. The method according to Claim 1, wherein the gas comprises 2% to 6% hydrogen and 94% to 98% nitrogen.
  6. The method according to any one of Claims 1-5 wherein the nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite is formed as a film, the method comprising:
    (a) forming a film comprising hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) on a substrate; and
    (b) curing the film under reductive thermal conditions in the presence of a gas containing hydrogen for 30 minutes to 2 hours and at a temperature in the range of 900°C to 1200°C to produce a nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite film containing silicon nanoparticles.
  7. The method according to Claim 6, wherein the HSQ film is formed on the substrate by spin coating a solution comprising HSQ onto the substrate.
  8. The method according to Claim 7 wherein 0.1 ml to 1.0 ml of the HSQ solution is deposited onto the substrate and the substrate is spun at 0 to 7500 rpm, in 3 seconds to 10 seconds.
  9. The method according to Claim 7 or Claim 8, wherein the HSQ solution comprises HSQ and a carrier solvent.
  10. The method according to Claim 9, wherein the solution comprises 5% to 20% HSQ in methyl isobutyl ketone.
  11. The method according to any one of Claims 6 to 10, wherein the substrate is optical grade silica.
  12. The method according to any one of Claims 6 to 11, wherein the film is formed on the substrate in an inert environment.
  13. The method according to any one of Claims 1 to 12, further comprising acid etching the nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite under conditions effective to produce photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles.
  14. The method according to Claim 13, wherein the acid is hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid or mixtures thereof.
  15. The method according to Claim 14, wherein the acid is hydrofluoric acid.
  16. The method according to any one of Claims 13 to 15 wherein the conditions effective to produce photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles include treating the nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composites with acid for 2 minutes to 30 minutes, at temperatures in the range of 20 to 30°C.
  17. A nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 composite prepared using the method according to any one of Claims 1 to 12.
  18. Use of a composite film according to Claim 17 when dependent on any of Claims 6 to 12, for the preparation of optoelectronic films and patterned films.
  19. The use according to Claim 18, wherein the patterned films are incorporated into chemical sensors, optical amplifiers or waveguides.
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