EP1801188A2 - Fuel oils with improved lubrication effect, containing compounds of fatty acids with paraffin dispersing agents and an improved lubricant additive - Google Patents
Fuel oils with improved lubrication effect, containing compounds of fatty acids with paraffin dispersing agents and an improved lubricant additive Download PDFInfo
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- EP1801188A2 EP1801188A2 EP07005871A EP07005871A EP1801188A2 EP 1801188 A2 EP1801188 A2 EP 1801188A2 EP 07005871 A EP07005871 A EP 07005871A EP 07005871 A EP07005871 A EP 07005871A EP 1801188 A2 EP1801188 A2 EP 1801188A2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
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- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
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- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/14—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving low temperature properties
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1616—Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
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- C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
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- C10L1/1883—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom polycarboxylic acid
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- C10L1/1885—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof resin acid
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- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
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- C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
- C10L1/1888—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof tall oil
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- C10L1/1966—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof poly-carboxylic
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- C10L1/2387—Polyoxyalkyleneamines (poly)oxyalkylene amines and derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
Definitions
- the present invention relates to mixtures of fatty acids and paraffin dispersants having improved low-temperature stability, and to their use for improving the lubricity of middle distillate fuel oils.
- Mineral oils and mineral oil distillates used as fuel oils generally contain 0.5% by weight and more sulfur which causes the formation of sulfur dioxide upon combustion. In order to reduce the resulting environmental impact, the sulfur content of fuel oils is lowered further and further.
- the standard EN 590 relating to diesel fuels currently prescribes a maximum sulfur content of 350 ppm in Germany. In Scandinavia fuel oils of less than 50 ppm and in exceptional cases less than 10 ppm of sulfur are used. These fuel oils are usually prepared by hydrogenating the fractions obtained from the petroleum by distillation. In the desulfurization but other substances are removed, which give the fuel oils a natural lubricating effect. These substances include polyaromatic and polar compounds.
- EP-A-0 798 364 discloses salts and amides of mono- to tetracarboxylic acids having 2 to 50 carbon atoms and aliphatic mono- / polyamines having 2 to 50 carbon atoms and 1 to 10 N atoms as lubricity additives for low-sulfur diesel fuel.
- Preferred amines have 8-20 C-atoms, such as coco fatty amine, tallow fatty amine and oleylamine.
- WO 95/33805 discloses the use of cold flow improvers to improve the lubricity of low sulfur middle distillates.
- polar nitrogen-containing compounds which contain a group NR 13 , where R 13 is a hydrocarbon radical having 8 to 40 C atoms and may be present in the form of a cation.
- WO-A-96/18706 disclosed in analogy to WO 95/33805 the use of the nitrogen-containing compounds mentioned therein in combination with lubricity additives.
- WO-A-96/23855 disclosed in analogy to WO 95/33805 the use of the nitrogen-containing compounds mentioned therein in combination with detergent additives.
- the fatty acids used in the prior art have the disadvantage that they solidify when stored at low temperatures, ie often at room temperature, usually at temperatures of 0 ° C at -5 ° C at the latest, or that deposit crystalline particles and problems prepare handling. This problem can only be partially solved by dilution with organic solvents, since components also crystallize out of these solutions or the solution gels and solidifies. For use as lubricity additives, they therefore have to be diluted considerably, or kept in heated storage containers and metered via heated lines.
- the object underlying the present invention was to find lubricity additives which improve the lubricating effect of middle distillates at reduced metering rates, but remain homogeneous, clear and, in particular, free-flowing even in the cold.
- Another object of the invention are cold-stabilized solutions of the additives of the invention in organic solvents, wherein the solutions contain 1 to 90 wt .-% of solvent.
- Suitable solvents are aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures.
- the additives according to the invention preferably contain 1 to 80%, especially 10 to 70%, in particular 25 to 60%, of solvent.
- the cold-stabilized solutions according to the invention have an own pour point of below -40 ° C, preferably -45 ° C, especially -50 ° C.
- Another object of the invention is the use of said mixtures of the components A and B to improve the lubricating properties of low-sulfur middle distillates with up to 0.05 wt .-% sulfur content.
- Preferred fatty acids are those having 8-40 C atoms, in particular 12-22 C atoms.
- the alkyl radicals of the fatty acids consist essentially of carbon and hydrogen. However, they may carry other substituents such as hydroxy, halogen, amino or nitro groups, if these do not affect the predominant hydrocarbon character.
- Component A2) may contain one or more double bonds and be of natural or synthetic origin. In the case of polyunsaturated carboxylic acids, their double bonds may be isolated or else conjugated.
- the proportion of saturated fatty acids A1) in the mixture of A1) and A2) is preferably below 20% by weight, in particular below 10% by weight, especially below 5% by weight.
- preferred fatty acid mixtures which is understood here to mean the combination of A1) and A2), at least 50% by weight, in particular at least 75% by weight, especially at least 90% by weight, of the constituents contain one or more double bonds.
- These preferred fatty acid (mixtures) have iodine numbers of at least 40 g l / 100 g, preferably at least 80 g l / 100 g, in particular at least 125 g l / 100 g.
- Suitable fatty acids are, for example, lauric, tridecane, myristic, pentadecane, palmitic, margarine, stearic, isostearic, arachic and behenic acid, oleic and erucic acid, palmitoleic, myristoleic, linoleic, linolenic, elaeosterol - And arachidonic acid, ricinoleic acid and derived from natural fats and oils fatty acid mixtures, such as Coconut oil, peanut oil, fish, linseed oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, ricinine, castor oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil and tall oil fatty acid.
- dicarboxylic acids such as dimer fatty acids and alkyl- and alkenylsuccinic acids with C 8 -C 50 -alk (en) yl radicals, preferably with C 8 -C 40 -, in particular with C 12 -C 22 -alkyl radicals.
- the alkyl radicals can be linear or branched (oligomerized alkenes, PIB).
- the fatty acids may further contain 1-40, especially 1-25% by weight of resin acids, based on the weight of A1) and A2) together.
- the additives according to the invention contain as component B at least one polar nitrogen-containing compound which is effective as paraffin dispersant in middle distillates.
- Paraffin dispersants reduce the size of the paraffin crystals precipitated in the cold and cause the paraffin particles not to settle, but instead colloidally with significantly reduced tendency to sediment, remain dispersed.
- Suitable paraffin dispersants are oil-soluble polar compounds having ionic or polar groups, eg amine salts and / or amides, which are prepared by reaction of aliphatic or aromatic amines, preferably long-chain aliphatic amines, with aliphatic or aromatic mono-, di-, tri- or tetracarboxylic acids or their Anhydrides are obtained.
- paraffin dispersants contain reaction products of secondary fatty amines having 8 to 36 carbon atoms, in particular dicoco fatty amine, ditallow fatty amine and distearylamine.
- Other paraffin dispersants are copolymers of maleic anhydride and ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated compounds which can optionally be reacted with primary monoalkylamines and / or aliphatic alcohols, the reaction products of alkenyl spiro-bis-lactones with amines and reaction products of terpolymers based on ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower unsaturated alcohols.
- Alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins are also suitable as paraffin dispersants. In the following, some suitable paraffin dispersants are listed.
- the mixing ratio between A and B can vary within wide limits. Even small amounts B of 100 ppm to 50,000 ppm, preferably 1,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm, in fatty acid solutions act as a cold additive for A. They are able to prevent the self-crystallization of the fatty acid, which leads to a lowering of the cloud point, or sedimentation Prevent formed crystals and thus allow easy handling at reduced temperatures. However, for specific problem solutions, from 5% up to 50%, in special cases up to 90% of constituent B, based on the amount of constituent A, may also be present. In particular, the self-sticking point of the additive is lowered and the lubricity of the additized oil is improved. Accordingly, the preferred mixing ratio of A: B is between 1:10 and 1: 0.0001, more preferably between 1: 4 and 1: 0.0005, especially between 1: 1 and 1: 0.001.
- the additives according to the invention are added to oils in amounts of from 0.001 to 0.5% by weight, preferably from 0.001 to 0.1% by weight. They may be used as such or dissolved in solvents, such as aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures such as toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, decane, pentadecane, gasoline fractions, kerosene or commercial solvent mixtures such as Solvent Naphtha, ® Shellsol AB, ® Solvesso 150 , ® Solvesso 200, ® Exxsol, ® Isopar and ® Shellsol D types are used.
- solvents such as aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures such as toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, decane, pentadecane, gasoline fractions, kerosene or commercial solvent mixtures such as Solvent Naphtha, ® Shell
- the additives according to the invention preferably contain 1 to 80%, especially 10 to 70%, in particular 25 to 60%, of solvent.
- the additives which can be used without problems even at low temperatures of, for example, -40 ° C and lower, improve the lubricity of the additized oils and their cold and corrosion protection properties.
- the additives according to the invention can also be used together with one or more oil-soluble co-additives, which in themselves improve the cold flow properties and / or lubricity of crude oils, lubricating oils or fuel oils.
- oil-soluble co-additives are vinyl acetate-containing copolymers or terpolymers of ethylene, comb polymers, alkylphenol-aldehyde resins and oil-soluble amphiphiles.
- the additives according to the invention are used in admixture with ethylene / vinyl acetate / vinyl neononanoate terpolymers or ethylene / vinyl acetate / vinyl neodecanoate terpolymers to improve the flowability of mineral oils or mineral oil distillates.
- the terpolymers of vinyl neononanoate or vinyl neodecanoate contain, in addition to ethylene, 10 to 35% by weight of vinyl acetate and 1 to 25% by weight of the respective neo compound.
- copolymers contain, in addition to ethylene and from 10 to 35% by weight of vinyl esters, from 0.5 to 20% by weight of olefin, such as diisobutylene, 4-methylpentene or norbornene.
- olefin such as diisobutylene, 4-methylpentene or norbornene.
- the mixing ratio of the additives according to the invention with the ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymers described above or the terpolymers of ethylene, vinyl acetate and the vinyl esters of neononanic or neodecanoic acid is (in parts by weight) 20: 1 to 1:20, preferably 10: 1 to 1:10.
- these alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins are those of the formula wherein R 50 is C 4 -C 50 alkyl or alkenyl, R 51 is ethoxy and / or propoxy, n is a number from 5 to 100 and p is a number from 0 to 50.
- the additives according to the invention are used together with comb polymers.
- This term refers to polymers in which hydrocarbon radicals having at least 8, in particular at least 10, carbon atoms are bonded to a polymer backbone.
- they are homopolymers whose alkyl side chains contain at least 8 and in particular at least 10 carbon atoms.
- at least 20%, preferably at least 30% of the monomers have side chains (cf. Comb-like Polymers-Structure and Properties; NA Platé and VP Shibaev, J. Polym. Sci. Macromolecular Revs. 1974, 8, 117 ff ).
- Suitable comb polymers are, for example, fumarate / vinyl acetate copolymers (cf. EP 0 153 176 A1 ), Copolymers of a C 6 -C 24 - ⁇ -olefin and a NC 6 -C 22 -alkylmaleimide (cf. EP 0 320 766 Further, esterified olefin / maleic anhydride copolymers, polymers and copolymers of ⁇ -olefins and esterified copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride.
- the additives according to the invention are suitable for improving the lubricating properties of animal, vegetable, mineral or synthetic fuel oils with only low dosing rates. Due to their improved cold properties can be dispensed with storage and application to a warming and / or dilution. In addition, they simultaneously improve the cold and corrosion protection properties of the additized oils. The emulsifying properties of the additized oils are less affected than is the case with the lubricating additives of the prior art.
- the additives of the invention are particularly well suited for use in middle distillates. As middle distillates are in particular those mineral oils which are obtained by distillation of crude oil and boil in the range of 120 to 450 ° C, for example kerosene, jet fuel, diesel and fuel oil.
- the oils may also contain or consist of alcohols such as methanol and / or ethanol.
- the additives according to the invention are used in middle distillates containing 0.05% by weight of sulfur and less, more preferably less than 350 ppm of sulfur, in particular less than 200 ppm of sulfur and in special cases less than 50 ppm of sulfur. These are generally those middle distillates that have been subjected to a hydrogenating refining, and therefore contain only small amounts of polyaromatic and polar compounds that give them a natural lubricating effect.
- the additives according to the invention are furthermore preferably used in middle distillates which have 95% distillation points below 370.degree. C., in particular 350.degree. C. and in special cases below 330.degree. They can also be used as components in lubricating oils.
- the mixtures can be used alone or together with other additives, e.g. with other pour point depressants or dewaxing aids, with corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, sludge inhibitors, dehazers, conductivity improvers, lubricity additives, and cloud point depressant additives. Furthermore, they are successfully used in conjunction with additive packages, which i.a. known ashless dispersing additives, detergents, defoamers and corrosion inhibitors.
- Table 1 Own point (pour point) of the additives of the invention Composition (parts by weight) Pour point example A1 A2 B1 B2 B3 B4 1 80 20 -9 2 50 50 -24 3 20 80 0 4 80 20 -9 5 50 50 -24 6 20 80 -6 7 80 20 0 8th 50 50 -15 9 20 80 -48 10 80 20 -9 11 50 50 -18 12 20 80 -15 13 80 20 -27 14 50 50 -27 15 20 80 -6 16 80 20 -27 17 50 50 -54 18 20 80 -45 19 80 20 -21 20 50 50 -30 21 20 80 -21 22 80 20 -21 23 50 50 -21 24 20 80 -9 25 * 99.95 0.05 -36 26 * 99.95 0.05 -36 27 99.95 0.05 -15 V1 100 -9 V2 100 6 V3 100 9 V4 100 -12 V5 100 0 V6 100 -6 V7 * 100 -36 * These examples are obtained with a 50% by weight adjustment of the fatty acid in solvent naphtha.
- Composition (parts by weight) Cloud point example A1 A2 B1 B2 B3 B4 V8 * 100 -27.0 28 * 99.9995 0.0005 -33.0 29 * 99.9995 0.0005 -30.5 30 * 99,998 0,002 -33.5 31 * 99,998 0,002 -33.5 32 * 99.995 0.005 -31.0 33 * 99.995 0.005 -32.2 34 ** (B5) 99,998 0,002 -29.0 35 ** (B6) 99,998 0,002 -31.0 36 ** (B7) 99,998 0,002 -35.5 37 ** (B8) 99,998 0,002 -37.0 * These examples were obtained with a 50% by weight adjustment of the fatty acid in solvent naphtha.
- MS is a mixture of a number of aliphatic and cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbons.
- the main components of MS can be found in the following table: Table 6: Components of MS component Concentration range (wt%) Di-2-ethylhexyl 10 - 25 2-ethylhexyl acid-2-ethylhexyl 10 - 25 C 16 lactones 4 - 20 2-Ethylhexylbutyrat 3 - 10 2-ethylhexanediol- (1,3) glycol mono-n-butyrate 5 - 15 2-ethylhexanol 4 - 10 C 4 to C 8 acetates 2 - 10 2-ethylhexanediol- (1,3) 2 - 5 Ethers and esters ⁇ C 20 0 - 20
- the lubricating effect of the additives was carried out using an HFRR instrument from PCS Instruments on additized oils at 60 ° C.
- the High Frequency Reciprocating Rig Test (HFRR) is described in D. Wei, H. Spikes, Wear, Vol. 111, No.2, p.217, 1986 , The results are given as coefficient of friction and Wear Scar (WS1.4). A low coefficient of friction and a low Wear Scar show a good lubricating effect.
- test oils having the following characteristics were used: Test oil 1 Test oil 2 boiling range: 170 - 344 ° C 182-304 ° C density 0.830 g / cm 3 0.821 g / cm 3 Cloud point -9 ° C -33 ° C sulfur content 45 ppm 6 ppm
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Abstract
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft Mischungen aus Fettsäuren und Paraffindispergatoren mit verbesserter Kältestabilität, sowie deren Verwendung zur Verbesserung der Schmierwirkung von Mitteldestillat-Brennstoffölen.The present invention relates to mixtures of fatty acids and paraffin dispersants having improved low-temperature stability, and to their use for improving the lubricity of middle distillate fuel oils.
Mineralöle und Mineralöldestillate, die als Brennstofföle verwendet werden, enthalten im allgemeinen 0,5 Gew.-% und mehr Schwefel, der bei der Verbrennung die Bildung von Schwefeldioxid verursacht. Um die daraus resultierenden Umweltbelastungen zu vermindern, wird der Schwefelgehalt von Brennstoffölen immer weiter abgesenkt. Die Dieseltreibstoffe betreffende Norm EN 590 schreibt in Deutschland zur Zeit einen maximalen Schwefelgehalt von 350 ppm vor. In Skandinavien kommen bereits Brennstofföle mit weniger als 50 ppm und in Ausnahmefällen mit weniger als 10 ppm Schwefel zur Anwendung. Diese Brennstofföle werden in der Regel dadurch hergestellt, dass man die aus dem Erdöl durch Destillation erhaltenen Fraktionen hydrierend raffiniert. Bei der Entschwefelung werden aber auch andere Substanzen entfernt, die den Brennstoffölen eine natürliche Schmierwirkung verleihen. Zu diesen Substanzen zählen unter anderem polyaromatische und polare Verbindungen.Mineral oils and mineral oil distillates used as fuel oils generally contain 0.5% by weight and more sulfur which causes the formation of sulfur dioxide upon combustion. In order to reduce the resulting environmental impact, the sulfur content of fuel oils is lowered further and further. The standard EN 590 relating to diesel fuels currently prescribes a maximum sulfur content of 350 ppm in Germany. In Scandinavia fuel oils of less than 50 ppm and in exceptional cases less than 10 ppm of sulfur are used. These fuel oils are usually prepared by hydrogenating the fractions obtained from the petroleum by distillation. In the desulfurization but other substances are removed, which give the fuel oils a natural lubricating effect. These substances include polyaromatic and polar compounds.
Es hat sich nun aber gezeigt, dass die reibungs- und verschleißmindernden Eigenschaften von Brennstoffölen mit zunehmendem Entschwefelungsgrad schlechter werden. Oftmals sind diese Eigenschaften so mangelhaft, dass an den vom Kraftstoff geschmierten Materialien, wie z.B. den Verteiler-Einspritzpumpen von Dieselmotoren schon nach kurzer Zeit mit Fraßerscheinungen gerechnet werden muss. Der gemäß EN 590 seit dem Jahr 2000 festgesetzte Maximalwert für den 95%-Destillationspunkt von maximal 360°C und die mittlerweile in Skandinavien vorgenommene weitere Absenkung des 95%-Destillationspunkts auf unter 350°C und teilweise unter 330°C verschärft diese Problematik weiter.However, it has now been shown that the friction and wear-reducing properties of fuel oils deteriorate with increasing degree of desulfurization. Often, these properties are so poor that on the lubricated by the fuel materials, such as the distributor injection pumps of diesel engines after a short time must be expected with feeding phenomena. The maximum value set for the 95% distillation point of maximum 360 ° C according to EN 590 since 2000 and the further lowering of the 95% distillation point to below 350 ° C, which has meanwhile been carried out in Scandinavia and sometimes below 330 ° C further aggravates this problem.
Im Stand der Technik sind daher Ansätze beschrieben, die eine Lösung dieses Problems darstellen sollen (sogenannte Lubricity-Additive).The prior art therefore describes approaches which are intended to provide a solution to this problem (so-called lubricity additives).
Die nach dem Stand der Technik verwendeten Fettsäuren haben den Nachteil, dass sie bei der Lagerung bei niedrigen Temperaturen, d.h. oftmals bei Raumtemperatur, meistens bei Temperaturen von 0°C spätestens bei -5°C erstarren, bzw. dass sich kristalline Anteile abscheiden und Probleme beim Handling bereiten. Dieses Problem ist auch durch Verdünnen mit organischen Lösemitteln nur teilweise zu lösen, da auch aus diesen Lösungen Anteile auskristallisieren bzw. die Lösung geliert und erstarrt. Sie müssen für den Einsatz als Lubricity-Additive also stark verdünnt, oder in beheizten Lagerbehältern vorgehalten und über beheizte Leitungen dosiert werden.The fatty acids used in the prior art have the disadvantage that they solidify when stored at low temperatures, ie often at room temperature, usually at temperatures of 0 ° C at -5 ° C at the latest, or that deposit crystalline particles and problems prepare handling. This problem can only be partially solved by dilution with organic solvents, since components also crystallize out of these solutions or the solution gels and solidifies. For use as lubricity additives, they therefore have to be diluted considerably, or kept in heated storage containers and metered via heated lines.
Die Wirksamkeit von Kaltfließverbesserern als Lubricity-Additive ist alleine nicht ausreichend, so dass entweder sehr hohe Dosierraten oder Synergisten eingesetzt werden müssen.The effectiveness of cold flow improvers as lubricity additives alone is not sufficient, so that either very high dosage rates or synergists must be used.
Die vorliegender Erfindung zugrunde liegende Aufgabe bestand darin, Lubricity-Additive aufzufinden, die die Schmierwirkung von Mitteldestillaten mit verringerten Dosierraten verbessern, aber selbst in der Kälte homogen, klar und insbesondere fließfähig bleiben.The object underlying the present invention was to find lubricity additives which improve the lubricating effect of middle distillates at reduced metering rates, but remain homogeneous, clear and, in particular, free-flowing even in the cold.
Es wurde gefunden, dass Mischungen von Fettsäuren mit als Paraffindispergatoren in Mitteldestillaten wirksamen polaren stickstoffhaltigen Verbindungen auch bei deutlich niedrigeren Temperaturen, teilweise bis unter -20°C, in besonderen Fällen bis unter -30°C und in speziellen Fällen bis unter -40°C über längere Zeit fließfähig und klar bleiben und zudem die Schmierwirkung von Mitteldestillaten effizienter verbessern als reine Fettsäuren des Standes der Technik.It has been found that mixtures of fatty acids with paraffin dispersants in middle distillates effective polar nitrogen-containing compounds even at much lower temperatures, sometimes below -20 ° C, in special cases to below -30 ° C and in special cases to below -40 ° C. remain flowable and clear over a longer period of time and moreover improve the lubricating effect of middle distillates more efficiently than pure fatty acids of the prior art.
Gegenstand der Erfindung sind somit kältestabilisierte Additive für Brennstofföle mit bis zu 0,05 Gew.-% Schwefelgehalt, enthaltend Fettsäuregemische aus
- A1) 1 bis 99 Gew.-% mindestens einer gesättigten Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure mit 6 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen,
- A2) 1 bis 99 Gew.-% mindestens einer ungesättigten Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure mit 6 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen,
sowie - B) mindestens einer als Paraffindispergator in Mitteldestillaten wirksamen polaren stickstoffhaltigen Verbindung in einer Menge von 0,01 bis 90 Gew.-% bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht von A1), A2) und B).
- A1) 1 to 99% by weight of at least one saturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 6 to 50 carbon atoms,
- A2) 1 to 99% by weight of at least one unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 6 to 50 carbon atoms,
such as - B) at least one polar nitrogen-containing compound which acts as a paraffin dispersant in middle distillates in an amount of 0.01 to 90% by weight, based on the total weight of A1), A2) and B).
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung sind kältestabilisierte Lösungen der erfindungsgemäßen Additive in organischen Lösemitteln, wobei die Lösungen 1 bis 90 Gew.-% Lösemittel enthalten. Geeignete Lösemittel sind aliphatische und/oder aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe oder Kohlenwasserstoffgemische. Bevorzugt enthalten die erfindungsgemäßen Additive 1 - 80%, speziell 10 - 70%, insbesondere 25 - 60 % Lösemittel. Die erfindungsgemäßen kältestabilisierten Lösungen haben einen Eigenstockpunkt (Pour Point) von unter -40°C, vorzugsweise -45°C, insbesondere -50°C.Another object of the invention are cold-stabilized solutions of the additives of the invention in organic solvents, wherein the solutions contain 1 to 90 wt .-% of solvent. Suitable solvents are aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures. The additives according to the invention preferably contain 1 to 80%, especially 10 to 70%, in particular 25 to 60%, of solvent. The cold-stabilized solutions according to the invention have an own pour point of below -40 ° C, preferably -45 ° C, especially -50 ° C.
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung sind kältestabilisierte Fettsäuregemische aus
- A1) 1 bis 99 Gew.-% mindestens einer gesättigten Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure mit 6 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen,
- A2) 1 bis 99 Gew.-% mindestens einer ungesättigten Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure mit 6 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen,
sowie - B) mindestens einer als Paraffindispergator in Mitteldestillaten wirksamen polaren stickstoffhaltigen Verbindung in einer Menge von 0,01 bis 90 Gew.-% bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht von A1), A2) und B).
- A1) 1 to 99% by weight of at least one saturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 6 to 50 carbon atoms,
- A2) 1 to 99% by weight of at least one unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 6 to 50 carbon atoms,
such as - B) at least one polar nitrogen-containing compound which acts as a paraffin dispersant in middle distillates in an amount of 0.01 to 90% by weight, based on the total weight of A1), A2) and B).
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung sind Brennstofföle, enthaltend neben einem Mitteldestillat mit bis zu 0,05 Gew.-% Schwefelgehalt Fettsäuregemische aus
- A1) 1 bis 99 Gew.-% mindestens einer gesättigten Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure mit 6 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen,
- A2) 1 bis 99 Gew.-% mindestens einer ungesättigten Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure mit 6 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen,
sowie - B) mindestens einer als Paraffindispergator in Mitteldestillaten wirksamen polaren stickstoffhaltigen Verbindung in einer Menge von 0,01 bis 90 Gew.-% bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht von A1), A2) und B).
- A1) 1 to 99% by weight of at least one saturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 6 to 50 carbon atoms,
- A2) 1 to 99% by weight of at least one unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 6 to 50 carbon atoms,
such as - B) at least one polar nitrogen-containing compound which acts as a paraffin dispersant in middle distillates in an amount of 0.01 to 90% by weight, based on the total weight of A1), A2) and B).
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung ist die Verwendung der genannten Mischungen aus den Bestandteilen A und B zur Verbesserung der Schmiereigenschaften schwefelarmer Mitteldestillate mit bis zu 0,05 Gew.-% Schwefelgehalt.Another object of the invention is the use of said mixtures of the components A and B to improve the lubricating properties of low-sulfur middle distillates with up to 0.05 wt .-% sulfur content.
Bevorzugte Fettsäuren (Bestandteil A) sind solche mit 8-40 C-Atomen, insbesondere 12 - 22 C-Atomen. Die Alkylreste der Fettsäuren bestehen im wesentlichen aus Kohlenstoff und Wasserstoff. Sie können jedoch weitere Substituenten wie z.B. Hydroxy-, Halogen-, Amino- oder Nitrogruppen tragen, sofern diese den vorwiegenden Kohlenwasserstoffcharakter nicht beeinträchtigen.Preferred fatty acids (constituent A) are those having 8-40 C atoms, in particular 12-22 C atoms. The alkyl radicals of the fatty acids consist essentially of carbon and hydrogen. However, they may carry other substituents such as hydroxy, halogen, amino or nitro groups, if these do not affect the predominant hydrocarbon character.
Bestandteil A2) kann eine oder mehrere Doppelbindungen enthalten und natürlicher oder synthetischer Herkunft sein. Bei mehrfach ungesättigten Carbonsäuren können deren Doppelbindungen isoliert oder auch konjugiert sein. Der Anteil der gesättigten Fettsäuren A1) in der Mischung aus A1) und A2) liegt bevorzugt unter 20 Gew.-%, insbesondere unter 10 Gew.-%, speziell unter 5 Gew.-%. In bevorzugten Fettsäuremischungen, worunter hier die Kombination aus A1) und A2) verstanden wird, enthalten mindestens 50 Gew.-%, insbesondere mindestens 75 Gew.-%, speziell mindestens 90 Gew.-% der Bestandteile eine oder mehrere Doppelbindungen. Diese bevorzugten Fettsäure(mischungen) haben Jodzahlen von mindestens 40 g l/100 g, bevorzugt mindestens 80 g l/100 g, insbesondere mindestens 125 g l/100 g.Component A2) may contain one or more double bonds and be of natural or synthetic origin. In the case of polyunsaturated carboxylic acids, their double bonds may be isolated or else conjugated. The proportion of saturated fatty acids A1) in the mixture of A1) and A2) is preferably below 20% by weight, in particular below 10% by weight, especially below 5% by weight. In preferred fatty acid mixtures, which is understood here to mean the combination of A1) and A2), at least 50% by weight, in particular at least 75% by weight, especially at least 90% by weight, of the constituents contain one or more double bonds. These preferred fatty acid (mixtures) have iodine numbers of at least 40 g l / 100 g, preferably at least 80 g l / 100 g, in particular at least 125 g l / 100 g.
Geeignete Fettsäuren sind beispielsweise Laurin-, Tridecan-, Myristin-, Pentadecan-, Palmitin-, Margarin-, Stearin-, Isostearin-, Arachin- und Behensäure, Öl- und Erucasäure, Palmitolein-, Myristolein-, Linolsäure, Linolen-, Elaeosterin- und Arachidonsäure, Ricinolsäure sowie aus natürlichen Fetten und Ölen gewonnene Fettsäuremischungen, wie z.B. Cocosöl-, Erdnussöl-, Fisch-, Leinöl-, Palmöl-, Rapsöl-, Ricinen-, Ricinusöl-, Rüböl-, Sojaöl-, Sonnenblumenöl- und Tallölfettsäure.Suitable fatty acids are, for example, lauric, tridecane, myristic, pentadecane, palmitic, margarine, stearic, isostearic, arachic and behenic acid, oleic and erucic acid, palmitoleic, myristoleic, linoleic, linolenic, elaeosterol - And arachidonic acid, ricinoleic acid and derived from natural fats and oils fatty acid mixtures, such as Coconut oil, peanut oil, fish, linseed oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, ricinine, castor oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil and tall oil fatty acid.
Geeignet sind ebenfalls Dicarbonsäuren, wie Dimerfettsäuren und Alkyl- sowie Alkenylbernsteinsäuren mit C8-C50-Alk(en)ylresten, bevorzugt mit C8-C40-, insbesondere mit C12-C22-Alkylresten. Die Alkylreste können linear wie auch verzweigt (oligomerisierte Alkene, PIB) sein.Also suitable are dicarboxylic acids, such as dimer fatty acids and alkyl- and alkenylsuccinic acids with C 8 -C 50 -alk (en) yl radicals, preferably with C 8 -C 40 -, in particular with C 12 -C 22 -alkyl radicals. The alkyl radicals can be linear or branched (oligomerized alkenes, PIB).
Die Fettsäuren können weiterhin 1-40, speziell 1-25 Gew.-% Harzsäuren enthalten, bezogen auf das Gewicht von A1) und A2) zusammen.The fatty acids may further contain 1-40, especially 1-25% by weight of resin acids, based on the weight of A1) and A2) together.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Additive enthalten als Bestandteil B mindestens eine als Paraffindispergator in Mitteldestillaten wirksame polare stickstoffhaltige Verbindung. Paraffindispergatoren reduzieren die Größe der in der Kälte ausfallenden Paraffinkristalle und bewirken, dass die Paraffinpartikel sich nicht absetzen, sondern kolloidal mit deutlich reduziertem Sedimentationsbestreben, dispergiert bleiben. Als Paraffindispergatoren haben sich öllösliche polare Verbindungen mit ionischen oder polaren Gruppen, z.B. Aminsalze und/oder Amide bewährt, die durch Reaktion aliphatischer oder aromatischer Amine, vorzugsweise langkettiger aliphatischer Amine, mit aliphatischen oder aromatischen Mono-, Di-, Tri- oder Tetracarbonsäuren oder deren Anhydriden erhalten werden. Besonders bevorzugte Paraffindispergatoren enthalten Umsetzungsprodukte sekundärer Fettamine mit 8 bis 36 C-Atomen, insbesondere Dicocosfettamin, Ditalgfettamin und Distearylamin. Andere Paraffindispergatoren sind Copolymere des Maleinsäureanhydrids und α,β-ungesättigten Verbindungen, die gegebenenfalls mit primären Monoalkylaminen und/oder aliphatischen Alkoholen umgesetzt werden können, die Umsetzungsprodukte von Alkenylspirobislactonen mit Aminen und Umsetzungsprodukte von Terpolymerisaten auf Basis α,β-ungesättigter Dicarbonsäureanhydride, α,β-ungesättigter Verbindungen und Polyoxyalkylenether niederer ungesättigter Alkohole. Auch Alkylphenol-Formaldehydharze sind als Paraffindispergatoren geeignet. Im folgenden werden einige geeignete Paraffindispergatoren aufgeführt.The additives according to the invention contain as component B at least one polar nitrogen-containing compound which is effective as paraffin dispersant in middle distillates. Paraffin dispersants reduce the size of the paraffin crystals precipitated in the cold and cause the paraffin particles not to settle, but instead colloidally with significantly reduced tendency to sediment, remain dispersed. Suitable paraffin dispersants are oil-soluble polar compounds having ionic or polar groups, eg amine salts and / or amides, which are prepared by reaction of aliphatic or aromatic amines, preferably long-chain aliphatic amines, with aliphatic or aromatic mono-, di-, tri- or tetracarboxylic acids or their Anhydrides are obtained. Particularly preferred paraffin dispersants contain reaction products of secondary fatty amines having 8 to 36 carbon atoms, in particular dicoco fatty amine, ditallow fatty amine and distearylamine. Other paraffin dispersants are copolymers of maleic anhydride and α, β-unsaturated compounds which can optionally be reacted with primary monoalkylamines and / or aliphatic alcohols, the reaction products of alkenyl spiro-bis-lactones with amines and reaction products of terpolymers based on α, β-unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, α, β -unsaturated compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower unsaturated alcohols. Alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins are also suitable as paraffin dispersants. In the following, some suitable paraffin dispersants are listed.
Die nachfolgend genannten Paraffindispergatoren werden zum Teil durch Reaktion von Verbindungen, die eine Acylgruppe enthalten, mit einem Amin hergestellt. Bei diesem Amin handelt es sich um eine Verbindung der Formel NR6R7R8, worin R6, R7 und R8 gleich oder verschieden sein können, und wenigstens eine dieser Gruppen für C8-C36-Alkyl, C6-C36-Cycloalkyl, C8-C36-Alkenyl, insbesondere C12-C24-Alkyl, C12-C24-Alkenyl oder Cyclohexyl steht, und die übrigen Gruppen entweder Wasserstoff, C1-C36-Alkyl, C2-C36-Alkenyl, Cyclohexyl, oder eine Gruppe der Formeln -(A-O)x-E oder -(CH2)n-NYZ bedeuten, worin A für eine Ethylen- oder Propylengruppe steht, x eine Zahl von 1 bis 50, E = H, C1-C30-Alkyl, C5-C12-Cycloalkyl oder C6-C30-Aryl, und n 2, 3 oder 4 bedeuten, und Y und Z unabhängig voneinander H, C1-C30-Alkyl oder -(A-O)x bedeuten. Unter Acylgruppe wird hier eine funktionelle Gruppe folgender Formel verstanden:
>C=O
- 1. Umsetzungsprodukte von Alkenyl-spirobislactonen der Formel 4
EP-A-0 413 279 - 2. Amide bzw. Ammoniumsalze von Aminoalkylenpolycarbonsäuren mit sekundären Aminen der Formeln 5 und 6
R10 einen geradkettigen oder verzweigten Alkylenrest mit 2 bis 6 Kohlenstoffatomen oder den Rest der Formel 7
Die Amide bzw. Amid-Ammoniumsalze bzw. Ammoniumsalze z.B. der Nitrilotriessigsäure, der Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure oder der Propylen-1,2-diamintetraessigsäure werden durch Umsetzung der Säuren mit 0,5 bis 1,5 Mol Amin, bevorzugt 0,8 bis 1,2 Mol Amin pro Carboxylgruppe erhalten. Die Umsetzungstemperaturen betragen etwa 80 bis 200°C, wobei zur Herstellung der Amide eine kontinuierliche Entfernung des entstandenen Reaktionswasser erfolgt. Die Umsetzung muß jedoch nicht vollständig zum Amid geführt werden, vielmehr können 0 bis 100 Mol-% des eingesetzten Amins in Form des Ammoniumsalzes vorliegen. Unter analogen Bedingungen können auch die unter B1) genannten Verbindungen hergestellt werden.
Als Amine der Formel 9 - 3. Quartäre Ammoniumsalze der Formel 10
+NR6R7R8R11 X- (10)
wobei R6, R7, R8 die oben gegebene Bedeutung haben und R11 für C1-C30-Alkyl, bevorzugt C1-C22-Alkyl, C1-C30-Alkenyl, bevorzugt C1-C22-Alkenyl, Benzyl oder einen Rest der Formel -(CH2-CH2-O)n-R12 steht, wobei R12 Wasserstoff oder ein Fettsäurerest der Formel C(O)-R13 ist, mit R13 = C6-C40-Alkenyl, n eine Zahl von 1 bis 30 und X für Halogen, bevorzugt Chlor, oder ein Methosulfat steht.
Beispielhaft für derartige quartäre Ammoniumsalze seien genannt: Dihexadecyl-dimethylammoniumchlorid, Distearyldimethylammoniumchlorid, Quaternisierungsprodukte von Estern des Di- und Triethanolamins mit langkettigen Fettsäuren (Laurinsäure, Myristinsäure, Palmitinsäure, Stearinsäure, Behensäure, Ölsäure und Fettsäuremischungen, wie Cocosfettsäure, Talgfettsäure, hydrierte Talgfettsäure, Tallölfettsäure), wie N-Methyltriethanolammoniumdistearylester-chlorid, N-Methyltriethanolammoniumdistearylestermethosulfat, N,N-Dimethyldiethanolammoniumdistearylesterchlorid, N-Methyltriethanolammoniumdioleylester-chlorid, N-Methyltriethanolammoniumtrilaurylestermethosulfat, N-Methyltriethanolammoniumtristearylestermethosulfat und deren Mischungen. - 4. Verbindungen der Formel 11
R15 und R16 für H, CONR17 2, CO2R17 oder OCOR17, -OR17, -R17 oder -NCOR17 stehen, und
R17 Alkyl, Alkoxyalkyl oder Polyalkoxyalkyl ist und mindestens 10 Kohlenstoffatome aufweist.
Bevorzugte Carbonsäuren bzw. Säurederivate sind Phthalsäure(anhydrid), Trimellit, Pyromellitsäure(dianhydrid), Isophthalsäure, Terephthalsäure, Cyclohexan-dicarbonsäure(anhydrid), Maleinsäure(anhydrid), Alkenylbernsteinsäure(anhydrid). Die Formulierung (anhydrid) bedeutet, dass auch die Anhydride der genannten Säuren bevorzugte Säurederivate sind.
Wenn die Verbindungen der Formel (11) Amide oder Aminsalze sind, sind sie vorzugsweise von einem sekundären Amin, das eine Wasserstoff und Kohlenstoff enthaltende Gruppe mit mindestens 10 Kohlenstoffatomen enthält, erhalten.
Es ist bevorzugt, dass R17 10 bis 30, insbesondere 10 bis 22, z.B. 14 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatome enthält und vorzugsweise geradkettig oder an der 1- oder 2-Position verzweigt ist. Die anderen Wasserstoff und Kohlenstoff enthaltenden Gruppen können kürzer sein, z.B. weniger als 6 Kohlenstoffatome enthalten, oder können, falls gewünscht, mindestens 10 Kohlenstoffatome aufweisen. Geeignete Alkylgruppen schließen Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, Hexyl, Decyl, Dodecyl, Tetradecyl, Eicosyl und Docosyl (Behenyl) ein.
Des weiteren sind Polymere geeignet, die mindestens eine Amid- oder Ammoniumgruppe direkt an das Gerüst des Polymers gebunden enthalten, wobei die Amid- oder Ammoniumgruppe mindestens eine Alkylgruppe von mindestens 8 C-Atomen am Stickstoffatom trägt. Derartige Polymere können auf verschiedene Arten hergestellt werden. Eine Art ist, ein Polymer zu verwenden, das mehrere Carbonsäure oder -Anhydridgruppen enthält, und dieses Polymer mit einem Amin der Formel NHR6R7 umzusetzen, um das gewünschte Polymer zu erhalten.
Als Polymere sind dazu allgemein Copolymere aus ungesättigten Estern wie C1-C40-Alkyl(meth)acrylaten, Fumarsäuredi(C1-C40-alkylestern), C1-C40-Alkylvinylethern, C1-C40-Alkylvinylestern oder C2-C40-Olefinen (linear, verzweigt, aromatisch) mit ungesättigten Carbonsäuren bzw. deren reaktiven Derivaten, wie z.B. Carbonsäureanhydriden (Acrylsäure, Methacrylsäure, Maleinsäure, Fumarsäure, Tetrahydrophthalsäure, Citraconsäure, bevorzugt Maleinsäureanhydrid) geeignet.
Carbonsäuren werden vorzugsweise mit 0,1 bis 1,5 mol, insbesondere 0,5 bis 1,2 mol Amin pro Säuregruppe, Carbonsäureanhydride vorzugsweise mit 0,1 bis 2,5, insbesondere 0,5 bis 2,2 mol Amin pro Säureanhydridgruppe umgesetzt, wobei je nach Reaktionsbedingungen Amide, Ammoniumsalze, Amid-Ammoniumsalze oder Imide entstehen. So ergeben Copolymere, die ungesättigte Carbonsäureanhydride enthalten, bei der Umsetzung mit einem sekundären Amin auf Grund der Reaktion mit der Anhydridgruppe zur Hälfte Amid und zur Hälfte Aminsalze. Durch Erhitzen kann unter Bildung des Diamids Wasser abgespalten werden.
Besonders geeignete Beispiele amidgruppenhaltiger Polymere zur erfindungsgemäßen Verwendung sind: - 5. Copolymere (a) eines Dialkylfumarats, -maleats, -citraconats oder -itaconats mit Maleinsäureanhydrid, oder (b) von Vinylestern, z.B. Vinylacetat oder Vinylstearat mit Maleinsäureanhydrid, oder (c) eines Dialkylfumarats, -maleats, -citraconats oder -itaconats mit Maleinsäureanhydrid und Vinylacetat.
Besonders geeignete Beispiele für diese Polymere sind Copolymere von Didodecylfumarat, Vinylacetat und Maleinsäureanhydrid; Ditetradecylfumarat, Vinylacetat und Maleinsäureanhydrid; Di-hexadecylfumarat, Vinylacetat und Maleinsäureanhydrid; oder den entsprechenden Copolymeren, bei denen anstelle des Fumarats das Itaconat verwendet wird.
In den oben genannten Beispielen geeigneter Polymere wird das gewünschte Amid durch Umsetzung des Polymers, das Anhydridgruppen enthält, mit einem sekundären Amin der Formel HNR6R7 (gegebenenfalls außerdem mit einem Alkohol, wenn ein Esteramid gebildet wird) erhalten. Wenn Polymere, die eine Anhydridgruppe enthalten, umgesetzt werden, werden die resultierenden Aminogruppen Ammoniumsalze und Amide sein. Solche Polymere können verwendet werden, mit der Maßgabe, dass sie mindestens zwei Amidgruppen enthalten.
Es ist wesentlich, dass das Polymer, das mindestens zwei Amidgruppen enthält, mindestens eine Alkylgruppe mit mindestens 10 Kohlenstoffatomen enthält. Diese langkettige Gruppe, die eine geradkettige oder verzweigte Alkylgruppe sein kann, kann über das Stickstoffatom der Amidgruppe gebunden vorliegen.
Die dafür geeigneten Amine können durch die Formel R6R7NH und die Polyamine durch R6NH[R19NH]xR7 wiedergegeben werden, wobei R19 eine zweiwertige Kohlenwasserstoffgruppe, vorzugsweise eine Alkylen- oder kohlenwasserstoffsubstituierte Alkylengruppe, und x eine ganze Zahl, vorzugsweise zwischen 1 und 30 ist. Vorzugsweise enthalten einer der beiden oder beide Reste R6 und R7 mindestens 10 Kohlenstoffatome, beispielsweise 10 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatome, zum Beispiel Dodecyl, Tetradecyl, Hexadecyl oder Octadecyl.
Beispiele geeigneter sekundärer Amine sind Dioctylamin und solche, die Alkylgruppen mit mindestens 10 Kohlenstoffatomen enthalten, beispielsweise Didecylamin, Didodecylamin, Dicocosamin (d.h. gemischte C12-C14-Amine), Dioctadecylamin, Hexadecyloctadecylamin, Di-(hydriertes Talg)-Amin (annähernd 4 Gew.-% n-C14-Alkyl, 30 Gew.-% n-C10-Alkyl, 60 Gew.-% n-C18-Alkyl, der Rest ist ungesättigt).
Beispiele geeigneter Polyamine sind N-Octadecylpropandiamin, N,N'-Dioctadecylpropandiamin, N-Tetradecylbutandiamin und N,N'-Dihexadecylhexandiamin. N-Cor-ospropylendiamin (C12/C14-Alkylpropylen-diamin), N-Talgpropylendiamin (C16/C18-Alkylpropylendiamin).
Die amidhaltigen Polymere haben üblicherweise ein durchschnittliches Molekulargewicht (Zahlenmittel) von 1000 bis 500 000, zum Beispiel 10 000 bis 100 000. - 6. Copolymere des Styrols, seiner Derivate oder aliphatischer Olefine mit 2 bis 40 C-Atomen, bevorzugt mit 6 bis 20 C-Atomen und olefinisch ungesättigten Carbonsäuren oder Carbonsäureanhydriden, die mit Aminen der Formel HNR6R7 umgesetzt sind. Die Umsetzung kann vor oder nach der Polymerisation vorgenommen werden.
Im einzelnen leiten sich die Struktureinheiten der Copolymere von z.B. Maleinsäure, Fumarsäure, Tetrahydrophthalsäure, Citraconsäure, bevorzugt Maleinsäureanhydrid ab. Sie können sowohl in Form ihrer Homopolymeren als auch der Copolymeren eingesetzt werden. Als Comonomere sind geeignet: Styrol und Alkylstyrole, geradkettige und verzweigte Olefine mit 2 bis 40 Kohlenstoffatomen, sowie deren Mischungen untereinander. Beispielsweise seien genannt: Styrol, α-Methylstyrol, Dimethylstyrol, α-Ethylstyrol, Diethylstyrol, i-Propylstyroi, tert.-Butylstyrol, Ethylen, Propylen, n-Butylen, Diisobutylen, Decen, Dodecen, Tetradecen, Hexadecen, Octadecen. Bevorzugt sind Styrol und Isobuten, besonders bevorzugt ist Styrol.
Als Polymere seien beispielsweise im einzelnen genannt: Polymaleinsäure, ein molares, alternierend aufgebautes Styrol/Maleinsäure-Copolymer, statistisch aufgebaute Styrol/Maleinsäure-Copolymere im Verhältnis 10:90 und ein alternierendes Copolymer aus Maleinsäure und i-Buten. Die molaren Massen der Polymeren betragen im allgemeinen 500 g/mol bis 20 000 g/mol, bevorzugt 700 bis 2000 g/mol.
Die Umsetzung der Polymeren oder Copolymeren mit den Aminen erfolgt bei Temperaturen von 50 bis 200°C im Verlauf von 0,3 bis 30 Stunden. Das Amin wird dabei in Mengen von ungefähr einem Mol pro Mol einpolymerisiertem Dicarbonsäureanhydrid, d.i. ca.0,9 bis 1,1 Mol/Mol, angewandt. Die Verwendung größerer oder geringerer Mengen ist möglich, bringt aber keinen Vorteil. Werden größere Mengen als ein Mol angewandt, erhält man zum Teil Ammoniumsalze, da die Bildung einer zweiten Amidgruppierung höhere Temperaturen, längere Verweilzeiten und Wasserauskreisen erfordert. Werden geringere Mengen als ein Mol angewandt, findet keine vollständige Umsetzung zum Monoamid statt und man erhält eine dementsprechend verringerte Wirkung.
Anstelle der nachträglichen Umsetzung der Carboxylgruppen in Form des Dicarbonsäureanhydrids mit Aminen zu den entsprechenden Amiden kann es manchmal von Vorteil sein, die Monoamide der Monomeren herzustellen und dann bei der Polymerisation direkt einzupolymerisieren. Meist ist das jedoch technisch viel aufwendiger, da sich die Amine an die Doppelbindung der monomeren Mono- und Dicarbonsäure anlagern können und dann keine Copolymerisation mehr möglich ist. - 7. Copolymere, bestehend aus 10 bis 95 Mol-% eines oder mehrerer Alkylacrylate oder Alkylmethacrylate mit C1-C26-Alkylketten und aus 5 bis 90 Mol-% einer oder mehrerer ethylenisch ungesättigter Dicarbonsäuren oder deren Anhydriden, wobei das Copolymere weitgehend mit einem oder mehreren primären oder sekundären Aminen zum Monoamid oder Amid/Ammoniumsalz der Dicarbonsäure umgesetzt ist.
Die Copolymeren bestehen zu 10 bis 95 Mol-%, bevorzugt zu 40 bis 95 Mol-% und besonders bevorzugt zu 60 bis 90 Mol-% aus Alkyl(meth)acrylaten und zu 5 bis 90 Mol-%, bevorzugt zu 5 bis 60 Mol-% und besonders bevorzugt zu 10 bis 40 Mol-% aus den olefinisch ungesättigten Dicarbonsäurederivaten. Die Alkylgruppen der Alkyl(meth)acrylate enthalten aus 1 bis 26, bevorzugt 4 bis 22 und besonders bevorzugt 8 bis 18 Kohlenstoffatome. Sie sind bevorzugt geradkettig und unverzweigt. Es können jedoch auch bis zu 20 Gew.-% cyclische und/oder verzweigte Anteile enthalten sein.
Beispiele für besonders bevorzugte Alkyl(meth)acrylate sind n-Octyl(meth)acrylat, n-Decyl(meth)acrylat, n-Dodecyl(meth)acrylat, n-Tetradecyl(meth)acrylat, n-Hexadecyl(meth)acrylat und n-Octadecyl(meth)acrylat sowie Mischungen davon.
Beispiele ethylenisch ungesättigter Dicarbonsäuren sind Maleinsäure, Tetrahydrophthalsäure, Citraconsäure und Itaconsäure bzw. deren Anhydride sowie Fumarsäure. Bevorzugt ist Maleinsäureanhydrid.
Als Amine kommen Verbindungen der Formel HNR6R7 in Betracht.
In der Regel ist es von Vorteil, die Dicarbonsäuren in Form der Anhydride, soweit verfügbar, bei der Copolymerisation einzusetzen, z.B. Maleinsäureanhydrid, Itaconsäureanhydrid, Citraconsäureanhydrid und Tetrahydrophthalsäureanhydrid, da die Anhydride in der Regel besser mit den (Meth)acrylaten copolymerisieren. Die Anhydridgruppen der Copolymeren können dann direkt mit den Aminen umgesetzt werden.
Die Umsetzung der Polymeren mit den Aminen erfolgt bei Temperaturen von 50 bis 200°C im Verlauf von 0,3 bis 30 Stunden. Das Amin wird dabei in Mengen von ungefähr einem bis zwei Mol pro Mol einpolymerisiertem Dicarbonsäureanhydrid, d.i. ca. 0,9 bis 2,1 Mol/Mol angewandt. Die Verwendung größerer oder geringerer Mengen ist möglich, bringt aber keinen Vorteil. Werden größere Mengen als zwei Mol angewandt, liegt freies Amin vor. Werden geringere Mengen als ein Mol angewandt, findet keine vollständige Umsetzung zum Monoamid statt und man erhält eine dementsprechend verringerte Wirkung.
In einigen Fällen kann es von Vorteil sein, wenn die Amid/Ammoniumsalzstruktur aus zwei unterschiedlichen Aminen aufgebaut wird. So kann beispielsweise ein Copolymer aus Laurylacrylat und Maleinsäureanhydrid zuerst mit einem sekundären Amin, wie hydriertem Ditalgfettamin zum Amid umgesetzt werden, wonach die aus dem Anhydrid stammende freie Carboxylgruppe mit einem anderen Amin, z.B. 2-Ethylhexylamin zum Ammoniumsalz neutralisiert wird. Genauso ist die umgekehrte Vorgehensweise denkbar: Zuerst wird mit Ethylhexylamin zum Monoamid, dann mit Ditalgfettamin zum Ammoniumsalz umgesetzt. Vorzugsweise wird dabei mindestens ein Amin verwendet, welches mindestens eine geradkettige, unverzweigte Alkylgruppe mit mehr als 16 Kohlenstoffatomen besitzt. Es ist dabei nicht erheblich, ob dieses Amin am Aufbau der Amidstruktur oder als Ammoniumsalz der Dicarbonsäure vorliegt.
Anstelle der nachträglichen Umsetzung der Carboxylgruppen bzw. des Dicarbonsäureanhydrids mit Aminen zu den entsprechenden Amiden oder Amid/Ammoniumsalzen, kann es manchmal von Vorteil sein, die Monoamide bzw. Amid/Ammoniumsalze der Monomeren herzustellen und dann bei der Polymerisation direkt einzupolymerisieren. Meist ist das jedoch technisch viel aufwendiger, da sich die Amine an die Doppelbindung der monomeren Dicarbonsäure anlagern können und dann keine Copolymerisation mehr möglich ist. - 8. Terpolymere auf Basis von α,β-ungesättigten Dicarbonsäureanhydriden, α,β-ungesättigten Verbindungen und Polyoxyalkylenethern von niederen, ungesättigten Alkoholen, die dadurch gekennzeichnet sind, dass sie 20 - 80, bevorzugt 40 - 60 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formeln 12 und/oder 14, sowie gegebenenfalls 13 enthalten, wobei die Struktureinheiten 13 von nicht umgesetzten Anhydridresten stammen,
R22 und R23 unabhängig voneinander Wasserstoff oder Methyl,
a, b gleich Null oder Eins und a + b gleich Eins,
R24 und R25 gleich oder verschieden sind und für die Gruppen -NHR6, N(R6)2 und/oder -OR27 stehen, und R27 für ein Kation der Formel H2N(R6)2 oder H3NR6 steht,
19 - 80 Mol-%, bevorzugt 39-60 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formel 15
R28 Wasserstoff oder C1-C4-Alkyl und
R29 C6-C60-Alkyl oder C6-C18-Aryl bedeuten und
1 - 30 Mol-%, bevorzugt 1-20 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formel 16
R30 Wasserstoff oder Methyl,
R31 Wasserstoff oder C1-C4-Alkyl,
R33 C1-C4-Alkylen,
m eine Zahl von 1 bis 100,
R32 C1-C24-Alkyl, C5-C20-Cycloalkyl, C6-C18-Aryl oder -C(O)-R34, wobei
R34 C1-C40-Alkyl, C5-C10-Cycloalkyl oder C6-C18-Aryl,
enthalten.
Die vorgenannten Alkyl-, Cycloalkyl- und Arylreste können gegebenenfalls substituiert sein. Geeignete Substituenten der Alkyl- und Arylreste sind beispielsweise (C1-C6)-Alkyl, Halogene, wie Fluor, Chlor, Brom und Jod, bevorzugt Chlor und (C1-C6)-Alkoxy.
Alkyl steht hier für einen geradkettigen oder verzweigten Kohlenwasserstoffrest. Im einzelnen seien genannt: n-Butyl, tert.-Butyl, n-Hexyl, n-Octyl, Decyl, Dodecyl, Tetradecyl, Hexadecyl, Octadecyl, Dodecenyl, Tetrapropenyl, Tetradecenyl, Pentapropenyl, Hexadecenyl, Octadecenyl und Eicosanyl oder Mischungen, wie Cocosalkyl, Talgfettalkyl und Behenyl.
Cycloalkyl steht hier für einen cyclischen aliphatischen Rest mit 5-20 Kohlenstoffatomen. Bevorzugte Cycloalkylreste sind Cyclopentyl und Cyclohexyl.
Aryl steht hier für einen gegebenenfalls substituiertes aromatisches Ringsystem mit 6 bis 18 Kohlenstoffatomen.
Die Terpolymere bestehen aus den bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formeln 12 und 14 sowie 15 und 16 und ggf. 13. Sie enthalten lediglich noch in an sich bekannter Weise die bei der Polymerisation durch Initiierung, Inhibierung und Kettenabbruch entstandenen Endgruppen.
Im einzelnen leiten sich Struktureinheiten der Formeln 12 bis 14 von α,β-ungesättigten Dicarbonsäureanhydriden der Formeln 17 und 18
Die Struktureinheiten der Formel 15 leiten sich von den α,β-ungesättigten Verbindungen der Formel 19 ab.
Die Struktureinheiten der Formel 16 leiten sich von Polyoxyalkylenethern niederer, ungesättigter Alkohole der Formel 20 ab.
Die Polyoxyalkylenether (R32 = H) lassen sich nach bekannten Verfahren durch Anlagerung von α-Olefinoxiden, wie Ethylenoxid, Propylenoxid und/oder Butylenoxid an polymerisierbare niedere, ungesättigte Alkohole der Formel 21
Eine nachfolgende Veretherung dieser Polyoxyalkylenether zu Verbindungen der Formel 20 mit R32 = C1-C24-Alkyl, Cycloalkyl oder Aryl erfolgt nach an sich bekannten Verfahren. Geeignete Verfahren sind z.B. ausJ. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 2. Auflage, S. 357f (1977
R32 - OH (22)
worin R32 gleich C1-C24-Alkyl, C5-C20-Cycloalkyl oder C6-C18-Aryl, nach bekannten Verfahren anlagert und mit polymerisierbaren niederen, ungesättigten Halogeniden der Formel 23
Bei den Monomeren der Formel 20 gibt der Index m den Alkoxylierungsgrad, d.h. die Anzahl der Mole an α-Olefin an, die pro Mol der Formel 20 oder 21 angelagert werden.
Als zur Herstellung der Terpolymere geeignete primäre Amine seien beispielsweise die folgenden genannt:- n-Hexylamin, n-Octylamin, n-Tetradecylamin, n-Hexadecylamin,
- n-Stearylamin oder auch N,N-Dimethylaminopropylendiamin, Cyclohexylamin, Dehydroabietylamin sowie deren Mischungen.
Die Terpolymeren besitzen K-Werte (gemessen nach Ubbelohde in 5 gew.-%iger Lösung in Toluol bei 25°C) von 8 bis 100, bevorzugt 8 bis 50, entsprechend mittleren Molekulargewichten (Mw) zwischen ca. 500 und 100.000. Geeignete Beispiele sind inEP 606 055 - 9. Umsetzungsprodukte von Alkanolaminen und/oder Polyetheraminen mit Polymeren enthaltend Dicarbonsäureanhydridgruppen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie 20 - 80, bevorzugt 40 - 60 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formeln 25 und 27 und gegebenenfalls 26
R22 und R23 unabhängig voneinander Wasserstoff oder Methyl,
a, b gleich Null oder 1 und a + b gleich 1,
R37 = -OH, -O-[C1-C30-Alkyl], -NR6R7, -OsNrR6R7H2
R38 = R37 oder NR6R39
R39 = -(A-O)x-E
mit
A = Ethylen- oder Propylengruppe
x = 1 bis 50
E = H, C1-C30-Alkyl, C5-C12-Cycloalkyl oder C6-C3o-Aryl
bedeuten, und
80 - 20 Mol-%, bevorzugt 60 - 40 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formel 15 enthalten.
Im einzelnen leiten sich die Struktureinheiten der Formeln 25, 26 und 27 von α,β-ungesättigten Dicarbonsäureanhydriden der Formeln 17 und/oder 18 ab.
Die Struktureinheiten der Formel 15 leiten sich von den α,β-ungesättigten Olefinen der Formel 19 ab. Die vorgenannte Alkyl-, Cycloalkyl- und Arylreste haben die gleichen Bedeutungen wie unter 8.
Die Reste R37 und R38 in Formel 25 bzw. R39 in Formel 27 leiten sich von Polyetheraminen oder Alkanolaminen der Formeln 28 a) und b), Aminen der Formel NR6R7R8 sowie gegebenenfalls von Alkoholen mit 1 bis 30 Kohlenstoffatomen ab.- R53
- Wasserstoff, C6-C40-Alkyl oder
R55 Wasserstoff, C1- bis C4-Alkyl, C5- bis C12-Cycloalkyl oder C6- bis C30-Aryl
R56, R57 unabhängig voneinander Wasserstoff, C1- bis C22-Alkyl, C2- bis C22-Alkenyl oder Z - OH
Z C2- bis C4-Alkylen
n eine Zahl zwischen 1 und 1000.
Die Herstellung der eingesetzten Polyetheramine ist beispielsweise durch reduktive Aminierung von Polyglykolen möglich. Des weiteren gelingt die Herstellung von Polyetheraminen mit einer primären Aminogruppe durch Addition von Polyglykolen an Acrylnitril und anschließende katalytische Hydrierung. Darüber hinaus sind Polyetheramine durch Umsetzung von Polyethern mit Phosgen bzw. Thionylchlorid und anschließende Aminierung zum Polyetheramin zugänglich. Die erfindungsgemäß eingesetzten Polyetheramine sind (z.B.) unter der Bezeichnung ®Jeffamine (Texaco) kommerziell erhältlich. Ihr Molekulargewicht beträgt bis zu 2000 g/mol und das Ethylenoxid-/Propylenoxid-Verhältnis beträgt von 1:10 bis 6:1. Eine weitere Möglichkeit zur Derivatisierung der Struktureinheiten der Formeln 17 und 18 besteht darin, dass anstelle der Polyetheramine ein Alkanolamin der Formeln 28a) oder 28b) eingesetzt und nachfolgend einer Oxalkylierung unterworfen wird.
Pro Mol Anhydrid werden 0,01 bis 2 Mol, bevorzugt 0,01 bis 1 Mol Alkanolamin eingesetzt. Die Reaktionstemperatur beträgt zwischen 50 und 100°C (Amidbildung). Im Falle von primären Aminen erfolgt die Umsetzung bei Temperaturen oberhalb 100°C (Imidbildung).
Die Oxalkylierung erfolgt üblicherweise bei Temperaturen zwischen 70 und 170°C unter Katalyse von Basen, wie NaOH oder NaOCH3, durch Aufgasen von Alkylenoxiden, wie Ethylenoxid (EO) und/oder Propylenoxid (PO). Üblicherweise werden pro Mol Hydroxylgruppen 1 bis 500, bevorzugt 1 bis 100 Mol Alkylenoxid zugegeben.
Als geeignete Alkanolamine seien beispielsweise genannt:- Monoethanolamin, Diethanolamin, N-Methylethanolamin, 3-Aminopropanol, Isopropanol, Diglykolamin, 2-Amino-2-methylpropanol und deren Mischungen.
- n-Hexylamin, n-Octylamin, n-Tetradecylamin, n-Hexadecylamin,
- n-Stearylamin oder auch N,N-Dimethylaminopropylendiamin, Cyclohexylamin, Dehydroabietylamin sowie deren Mischungen.
- Didecylamin, Ditetradecylamin, Distearylamin, Dicocosfettamin, Ditalgfettamin und deren Mischungen.
- Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Isopropanol, n-, sek.-, tert.-Butanol, Octanol, Tetradecanol, Hexadecanol, Octadecanol, Talgfettalkohol, Behenylalkohol und deren Mischungen. Geeignete Beispiele sind in
EP-A-688 796
- 10. Co- und Terpolymere von N-C6-C24-Alkylmaleinimid mit C1-C30-Vinylestern, Vinylethern und/oder Olefinen mit 1 bis 30 C-Atomen, wie z.B. Styrol oder α-Olefinen. Diese sind zum einen durch Umsetzung eines Anhydridgruppen enthaltenden Polymers mit Aminen der Formel H2NR6 oder durch Imidierung der Dicarbonsäure und anschließende Copolymerisation zugänglich. Bevorzugte Dicarbonsäure ist dabei Maleinsäure bzw. Maleinsäureanhydrid. Bevorzugt sind dabei Copolymere aus 10 bis 90 Gew.-% C6-C24-α-Olefinen und 90 bis 10 Gew.-% N-C6-C22-Alkylmaleinsäureimid.
> C = O
- 1. Reaction products of alkenyl-spirobislactones of the formula 4
EP-A-0 413 279 - 2. Amides or ammonium salts of aminoalkylenepolycarboxylic acids with secondary amines of the formulas 5 and 6
R 10 is a straight-chain or branched alkylene radical having 2 to 6 carbon atoms or the radical of the formula 7
The amides or amide ammonium salts or ammonium salts of, for example, nitrilotriacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or propylene-1,2-diaminetetraacetic acid are obtained by reacting the acids with from 0.5 to 1.5 mol of amine, preferably from 0.8 to 1.2 mol Amine per carboxyl group. The reaction temperatures are about 80 to 200 ° C, wherein for the preparation of the amides a continuous removal of the resulting water of reaction takes place. However, the reaction does not have to be completely led to the amide, but may be 0 to 100 mol% of the amine used in the form of the ammonium salt. Under analogous conditions, the compounds mentioned under B1) can also be prepared.
As amines of the formula 9 - 3. Quaternary ammonium salts of formula 10
+ NR 6 R 7 R 8 R 11 X- (10)
where R 6 , R 7 , R 8 have the abovementioned meaning and R 11 is C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, preferably C 1 -C 22 -alkyl, C 1 -C 30 -alkenyl, preferably C 1 -C 22 - Alkenyl, benzyl or a radical of the formula - (CH 2 -CH 2 -O) n -R 12 wherein R 12 is hydrogen or a fatty acid radical of the formula C (O) -R 13 , with R 13 = C 6 -C 40 alkenyl, n is a number from 1 to 30 and X is halogen, preferably chlorine, or a methosulfate.
Examples of such quaternary ammonium salts include: dihexadecyldimethylammonium chloride, distearyldimethylammonium chloride, quaternization products of esters of di- and triethanolamine with long-chain fatty acids (lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid and fatty acid mixtures such as coconut fatty acid, tallow fatty acid, hydrogenated tallow fatty acid, tall oil fatty acid) such as N-methyltriethanolammonium distearyl ester chloride, N-methyltriethanolammonium distearyl ester methosulfate, N, N-dimethyldiethanolammonium distearyl ester chloride, N-methyltriethanolammonium dioleyl ester chloride, N-methyltriethanolammonium trilauryl ester methosulfate, N-methyltriethanolammonium tristearyl ester methosulfate, and mixtures thereof. - 4. Compounds of the formula 11
R 15 and R 16 are H, CONR 17 2 , CO 2 R 17 or OCOR 17 , -OR 17 , -R 17 or -NCOR 17 stand, and
R 17 is alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or polyalkoxyalkyl and has at least 10 carbon atoms.
Preferred carboxylic acids or acid derivatives are phthalic acid (anhydride), trimellit, pyromellitic acid (dianhydride), isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, cyclohexane-dicarboxylic acid (anhydride), maleic acid (anhydride), alkenylsuccinic acid (anhydride). The formulation (anhydride) means that the anhydrides of said acids are also preferred acid derivatives.
When the compounds of formula (11) are amides or amine salts, they are preferably obtained from a secondary amine containing a hydrogen and carbon containing group having at least 10 carbon atoms.
It is preferred that R 17 contains from 10 to 30, in particular from 10 to 22, for example from 14 to 20 carbon atoms and is preferably straight-chain or branched at the 1- or 2-position. The other hydrogen and carbon containing groups may be shorter, eg containing less than 6 carbon atoms, or may have at least 10 carbon atoms if desired. Suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, hexyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, eicosyl and docosyl (behenyl).
Furthermore, polymers are suitable which contain at least one amide or ammonium group bound directly to the skeleton of the polymer, wherein the amide or ammonium group carries at least one alkyl group of at least 8 C atoms on the nitrogen atom. Such polymers can be prepared in various ways. One way is to use a polymer containing several carboxylic acid or anhydride groups and react this polymer with an amine of the formula NHR 6 R 7 to obtain the desired polymer.
As polymers are generally copolymers of unsaturated esters such as C 1 -C 40 alkyl (meth) acrylates, fumaric di (C 1 -C 40 alkyl esters), C 1 -C 40 alkyl vinyl ethers, C 1 -C 40 alkyl vinyl esters or C. C 2 -C 40 -olefins (linear, branched, aromatic) with unsaturated carboxylic acids or their reactive derivatives, such as carboxylic acid anhydrides (acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, citraconic acid, preferably maleic anhydride) suitable.
Carboxylic acids are preferably reacted with from 0.1 to 1.5 mol, in particular from 0.5 to 1.2 mol of amine per acid group, carboxylic anhydrides, preferably with from 0.1 to 2.5, in particular from 0.5 to 2.2, mol of amine per acid anhydride group Depending on the reaction conditions, amides, ammonium salts, amide-ammonium salts or imides are formed. Thus, copolymers containing unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydrides, upon reaction with a secondary amine, yield half amide and half amine salts by reaction with the anhydride group. By heating, water can be split off to form the diamide.
Particularly suitable examples of amide group-containing polymers for use according to the invention are: - 5. Copolymers of (a) a dialkyl fumarate, maleate, citraconate or itaconate with maleic anhydride, or (b) vinyl esters, for example vinyl acetate or vinyl stearate with maleic anhydride, or (c) a dialkyl fumarate, maleate, citraconate or itaconate Maleic anhydride and vinyl acetate.
Particularly suitable examples of these polymers are copolymers of didodecyl fumarate, vinyl acetate and maleic anhydride; Ditetradecyl fumarate, vinyl acetate and maleic anhydride; Di-hexadecyl fumarate, vinyl acetate and maleic anhydride; or the corresponding copolymers in which the itaconate is used instead of the fumarate.
In the above examples of suitable polymers, the desired amide is obtained by reacting the polymer containing anhydride groups with a secondary amine of the formula HNR 6 R 7 (optionally also with an alcohol when forming an ester amide). When polymers containing an anhydride group are reacted, the resulting amino groups will be ammonium salts and amides. Such polymers may be used provided that they contain at least two amide groups.
It is essential that the polymer containing at least two amide groups contains at least one alkyl group having at least 10 carbon atoms. This long-chain group, which may be a straight-chain or branched alkyl group, may be bonded via the nitrogen atom of the amide group.
The suitable amines can be represented by the formula R 6 R 7 NH and the polyamines by R 6 NH [R 19 NH] x R 7 , wherein R 19 is a divalent hydrocarbon group, preferably an alkylene or hydrocarbyl-substituted alkylene group, and x is a whole Number, preferably between 1 and 30. Preferably, one of the two or both R 6 and R 7 contains at least 10 carbon atoms, for example 10 to 20 carbon atoms, for example dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl or octadecyl.
Examples of suitable secondary amines are dioctylamine and those containing alkyl groups of at least 10 carbon atoms, for example, didecylamine, didodecylamine, dicocosamine (ie, mixed C 12 -C 14 amines), dioctadecylamine, hexadecyloctadecylamine, di (hydrogenated tallow) amine (approx Wt% nC 14 alkyl, 30 wt% nC 10 alkyl, 60 wt% nC 18 alkyl, the remainder is unsaturated).
Examples of suitable polyamines are N-octadecylpropanediamine, N, N'-dioctadecylpropanediamine, N-tetradecylbutanediamine and N, N'-Dihexadecylhexandiamin. N-Coro-propylenediamine (C 12 / C 14 -alkylpropylene-diamine), N-tallow-propylenediamine (C 16 / C 18 -alkylpropylenediamine).
The amide-containing polymers usually have a number average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 500,000, for example 10,000 to 100,000. - 6. Copolymers of styrene, its derivatives or aliphatic olefins having 2 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably having 6 to 20 carbon atoms and olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids or carboxylic anhydrides, which are reacted with amines of the formula HNR 6 R 7 . The reaction can be carried out before or after the polymerization.
In detail, the structural units of the copolymers are derived from, for example, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, citraconic acid, preferably maleic anhydride. They can be used both in the form of their homopolymers and the copolymers. Suitable comonomers are: styrene and alkylstyrenes, straight-chain and branched olefins having 2 to 40 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof with one another. Examples which may be mentioned are: styrene, α-methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, α-ethylstyrene, diethylstyrene, i-Propylstyroi, tert-butylstyrene, ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, diisobutylene, decene, dodecene, tetradecene, hexadecene, octadecene. Preference is given to styrene and isobutene, particular preference to styrene.
Examples of polymers which may be mentioned are: polymaleic acid, a molar styrene / maleic acid copolymer of alternating design, random copolymers of styrene / maleic acid in a ratio of 10:90 and an alternating copolymer of maleic acid and i-butene. The molar masses of the polymers are generally 500 g / mol to 20,000 g / mol, preferably 700 to 2000 g / mol.
The reaction of the polymers or copolymers with the amines takes place at Temperatures of 50 to 200 ° C over the course of 0.3 to 30 hours. The amine is applied in amounts of about one mole per mole of copolymerized dicarboxylic anhydride, ie about 0.9 to 1.1 mol / mol. The use of larger or smaller amounts is possible, but brings no advantage. If larger amounts than one mole are used, ammonium salts are sometimes obtained because the formation of a second amide group requires higher temperatures, longer residence times, and water recirculation. If amounts smaller than one mole are used, complete conversion to the monoamide does not take place and a correspondingly reduced effect is obtained.
Instead of the subsequent reaction of the carboxyl groups in the form of the dicarboxylic anhydride with amines to the corresponding amides, it may sometimes be advantageous to prepare the monoamides of the monomers and then to copolymerize them directly in the polymerization. In most cases, however, this is technically much more complicated because the amines can attach to the double bond of the monomeric mono- and dicarboxylic acid and then no copolymerization is possible. - 7. Copolymers consisting of 10 to 95 mol% of one or more alkyl acrylates or alkyl methacrylates with C 1 -C 26 alkyl chains and from 5 to 90 mol% of one or more ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids or their anhydrides, wherein the copolymer is largely with a or more primary or secondary amines to the monoamide or amide / ammonium salt of the dicarboxylic acid is reacted.
The copolymers consist of 10 to 95 mol%, preferably 40 to 95 mol% and particularly preferably 60 to 90 mol% of alkyl (meth) acrylates and 5 to 90 mol%, preferably 5 to 60 mol -% and particularly preferably from 10 to 40 mol% of the olefinically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid derivatives. The alkyl groups of the alkyl (meth) acrylates contain from 1 to 26, preferably 4 to 22 and more preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms. They are preferably straight-chain and unbranched. It however, up to 20% by weight of cyclic and / or branched portions may also be present.
Examples of particularly preferred alkyl (meth) acrylates are n-octyl (meth) acrylate, n-decyl (meth) acrylate, n-dodecyl (meth) acrylate, n-tetradecyl (meth) acrylate, n-hexadecyl (meth) acrylate and n-octadecyl (meth) acrylate and mixtures thereof.
Examples of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids are maleic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, citraconic acid and itaconic acid or their anhydrides and fumaric acid. Preference is given to maleic anhydride.
Suitable amines are compounds of the formula HNR 6 R 7 .
As a rule, it is advantageous to use the dicarboxylic acids in the form of the anhydrides, if available, in the copolymerization, for example maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride and tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, since the anhydrides generally copolymerize better with the (meth) acrylates. The anhydride groups of the copolymers can then be reacted directly with the amines.
The reaction of the polymers with the amines takes place at temperatures of 50 to 200 ° C in the course of 0.3 to 30 hours. The amine is employed in amounts of about one to two moles per mole of copolymerized dicarboxylic acid anhydride, ie, about 0.9 to 2.1 moles / mole. The use of larger or smaller amounts is possible, but brings no advantage. If amounts greater than two moles are used, free amine is present. If amounts smaller than one mole are used, complete conversion to the monoamide does not take place and a correspondingly reduced effect is obtained.
In some cases, it may be advantageous for the amide / ammonium salt structure to be built up from two different amines. For example, a copolymer of lauryl acrylate and Maleic anhydride is first reacted with a secondary amine such as hydrogenated di-tallow fatty amine to form the amide, after which the free carboxyl group originating from the anhydride is neutralized with another amine, eg 2-ethylhexylamine, to the ammonium salt. Likewise, the reverse procedure is conceivable: first with ethylhexylamine to the monoamide, then reacted with Ditalgfettamin to the ammonium salt. Preferably, at least one amine is used which has at least one straight-chain, unbranched alkyl group having more than 16 carbon atoms. It is not significant whether this amine is present in the structure of the amide structure or as the ammonium salt of the dicarboxylic acid.
Instead of the subsequent reaction of the carboxyl groups or of the dicarboxylic anhydride with amines to the corresponding amides or amide / ammonium salts, it may sometimes be advantageous to prepare the monoamides or amide / ammonium salts of the monomers and then to copolymerize them directly in the polymerization. However, this is usually technically much more complicated because the amines can attach to the double bond of the monomeric dicarboxylic acid and then no copolymerization is possible. - 8. terpolymers based on α, β-unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydrides, α, β-unsaturated compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower, unsaturated alcohols, which are characterized in that they contain 20-80, preferably 40-60 mol% of bivalent structural units of the formulas 12 and / or 14, and optionally contain 13, wherein the structural units 13 come from unreacted Anhydridresten,
R 22 and R 23 independently of one another are hydrogen or methyl,
a, b is zero or one and a + b is one,
R 24 and R 25 are the same or different and are -NHR 6 , N (R 6 ) 2 and / or -OR 27 and R 27 is a cation of the formula H 2 N (R 6 ) 2 or H 3 NR 6 stands,
19-80 mol%, preferably 39-60 mol% of bivalent structural units of the formula 15
R 28 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and
R 29 is C 6 -C 60 -alkyl or C 6 -C 18 -aryl and
1-30 mol%, preferably 1-20 mol% of bivalent structural units of the formula 16
R 30 is hydrogen or methyl,
R 31 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl,
R 33 is C 1 -C 4 -alkylene,
m is a number from 1 to 100,
R 32 is C 1 -C 24 -alkyl, C 5 -C 20 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 18 -aryl or -C (O) -R 34 , wherein
R 34 is C 1 -C 40 -alkyl, C 5 -C 10 -cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 18 -aryl,
contain.
The abovementioned alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl radicals may optionally be substituted. Suitable substituents of the alkyl and aryl radicals are, for example, (C 1 -C 6 ) -alkyl, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, preferably chlorine and (C 1 -C 6 ) -alkoxy.
Alkyl here stands for a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical. Specific examples which may be mentioned are: n-butyl, tert-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, dodecenyl, tetrapropenyl, tetradecenyl, pentapropenyl, hexadecenyl, octadecenyl and eicosanyl or mixtures such as cocoalkyl , Tallow fatty alkyl and behenyl.
Cycloalkyl here stands for a cyclic aliphatic radical having 5-20 carbon atoms. Preferred cycloalkyl radicals are cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
Aryl here stands for an optionally substituted aromatic ring system having 6 to 18 carbon atoms.
The terpolymers consist of the bivalent structural units of the formulas 12 and 14 and 15 and 16 and optionally 13. They contain only in a conventional manner the end groups formed in the polymerization by initiation, inhibition and chain termination.
In detail, structural units of the formulas 12 to 14 are derived from α, β-unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydrides of the formulas 17 and 18
The structural units of the formula 15 are derived from the α, β-unsaturated compounds of the formula 19.
The structural units of formula 16 are derived from polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower, unsaturated alcohols of formula 20.
The polyoxyalkylene ethers (R 32 = H) can be prepared by known processes by addition of α-olefin oxides, such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide to polymerizable lower, unsaturated alcohols of the formula 21
A subsequent etherification of these polyoxyalkylene ethers to give compounds of the formula 20 where R 32 = C 1 -C 24 -alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl is carried out by processes known per se. Suitable methods are, for exampleJ. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition, p. 357f (1977
R 32 - OH (22)
wherein R 32 is equal to C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 5 -C 20 cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 18 aryl, by known methods attached and with polymerizable lower unsaturated halides of the formula 23rd
In the monomers of formula 20, the index m indicates the degree of alkoxylation, ie the number of moles of α-olefin, which are added per mole of formula 20 or 21.
As for the preparation of the terpolymers are suitable primary amines For example, the following are named:- n-hexylamine, n-octylamine, n-tetradecylamine, n-hexadecylamine,
- N-stearylamine or N, N-dimethylaminopropylenediamine, cyclohexylamine, dehydroabietylamine and mixtures thereof.
The terpolymers have K values (measured according to Ubbelohde in 5% strength by weight solution in toluene at 25 ° C.) of 8 to 100, preferably 8 to 50, corresponding to average molecular weights (M w ) of between about 500 and 100,000. Suitable examples are inEP 606,055 - 9. Reaction products of alkanolamines and / or polyetheramines with polymers containing dicarboxylic anhydride groups, characterized in that they contain 20-80, preferably 40-60, mol% of bivalent structural units of the formulas 25 and 27 and optionally 26
R 22 and R 23 independently of one another are hydrogen or methyl,
a, b is zero or 1 and a + b is 1,
R 37 = -OH, -O- [C 1 -C 30 -alkyl], -NR 6 R 7 , -O s N r R 6 R 7 H 2
R 38 = R 37 or NR 6 R 39
R 39 = - (AO) x -E
With
A = ethylene or propylene group
x = 1 to 50
E = H, C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, C 5 -C 12 -cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 30 -aryl
mean, and
80 to 20 mol%, preferably 60 to 40 mol% of bivalent structural units of the formula 15.
In detail, the structural units of the formulas 25, 26 and 27 are derived from α, β-unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydrides of the formulas 17 and / or 18.
The structural units of formula 15 are derived from the α, β-unsaturated olefins of formula 19. The abovementioned alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl radicals have the same meanings as under 8.
The radicals R 37 and R 38 in formula 25 or R 39 in formula 27 are derived from polyetheramines or alkanolamines of the formulas 28 a) and b), amines of the formula NR 6 R 7 R 8 and optionally of alcohols having 1 to 30 carbon atoms from.- R 53
- Hydrogen, C 6 -C 40 -alkyl or
R 55 is hydrogen, C 1 - to C 4 -alkyl, C 5 - to C 12 -cycloalkyl or C 6 - to C 30 -aryl
R 56 , R 57 independently of one another are hydrogen, C 1 - to C 22 -alkyl, C 2 - to C 22 -alkenyl or Z - OH
ZC 2 - to C 4 -alkylene
n is a number between 1 and 1000.
The preparation of the polyetheramines used is possible, for example, by reductive amination of polyglycols. Furthermore, it is possible to prepare polyetheramines having a primary amino group by addition of polyglycols to acrylonitrile and subsequent catalytic hydrogenation. In addition, polyetheramines by reaction of polyethers with phosgene or thionyl chloride and subsequent amination accessible to the polyetheramine. The polyetheramines used according to the invention are (for example) commercially available under the name ® Jeffamine (Texaco). Its molecular weight is up to 2000 g / mol and the ethylene oxide / propylene oxide ratio is from 1:10 to 6: 1. A further possibility for derivatizing the structural units of the formulas 17 and 18 is that instead of the polyether amines an alkanolamine of the formulas 28a) or 28b) is used and subsequently subjected to alkoxylation.
From 0.01 to 2 mol, preferably from 0.01 to 1 mol of alkanolamine are used per mole of anhydride. The reaction temperature is between 50 and 100 ° C (amide formation). In the case of primary amines, the reaction takes place at temperatures above 100 ° C (imide formation).
The alkoxylation is usually carried out at temperatures between 70 and 170 ° C with catalysis of bases, such as NaOH or NaOCH 3 , by gassing of alkylene oxides, such as ethylene oxide (EO) and / or propylene oxide (PO). Usually, 1 to 500, preferably 1 to 100, moles of alkylene oxide are added per mole of hydroxyl groups.
Examples of suitable alkanolamines include:- Monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, 3-aminopropanol, isopropanol, diglycolamine, 2-amino-2-methylpropanol and mixtures thereof.
- n-hexylamine, n-octylamine, n-tetradecylamine, n-hexadecylamine,
- N-stearylamine or N, N-dimethylaminopropylenediamine, cyclohexylamine, dehydroabietylamine and mixtures thereof.
- Didecylamine, ditetradecylamine, distearylamine, dicocosfettamine, ditallow fatty amine and mixtures thereof.
- Methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-, sec-, tert-butanol, octanol, tetradecanol, hexadecanol, octadecanol, tallow fatty alcohol, behenyl alcohol and mixtures thereof. Suitable examples are in
EP-A-688 796
- 10. Co- and terpolymers of NC 6 -C 24 -alkylmaleinimid with C 1 -C 30 vinyl esters, vinyl ethers and / or olefins having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, such as styrene or α-olefins. These are accessible on the one hand by reacting an anhydride-containing polymer with amines of the formula H 2 NR 6 or by imidization of the dicarboxylic acid and subsequent copolymerization. Preferred dicarboxylic acid is maleic acid or maleic anhydride. Copolymers of 10 to 90% by weight of C 6 -C 24 -α-olefins and 90 to 10% by weight of NC 6 -C 22 -alkylmaleimide are preferred.
Das Mischungsverhältnis zwischen A und B kann in weiten Grenzen variieren. So wirken schon geringe Mengen B von 100 ppm bis 50.000 ppm, bevorzugt 1.000 ppm bis 10.000 ppm, in Fettsäurelösungen als Kälteadditiv für A. Sie vermögen dabei die Eigenkristallisation der Fettsäure zu unterbinden, was zu einer Absenkung des Cloud Points führt, bzw. die Sedimentation gebildeter Kristalle zu verhindern und ermöglichen so ein problemloses Handling bei abgesenkten Temperaturen. Für spezielle Problemlösungen können aber auch von 5 % bis zu 50 %, in besonderen Fällen bis zu 90 % des Bestandteils B bezogen auf die Menge des Bestandteils A anwesend sein. Dabei werden insbesondere der Eigenstockpunkt des Additivs abgesenkt und die Schmierfähigkeit des additivierten Öls verbessert. Demzufolge liegt das bevorzugte Mischungsverhältnis von A:B zwischen 1 : 10 und 1 : 0,0001, insbesondere zwischen 1 : 4 und 1 : 0,0005, speziell zwischen 1:1 und 1 : 0,001.The mixing ratio between A and B can vary within wide limits. Even small amounts B of 100 ppm to 50,000 ppm, preferably 1,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm, in fatty acid solutions act as a cold additive for A. They are able to prevent the self-crystallization of the fatty acid, which leads to a lowering of the cloud point, or sedimentation Prevent formed crystals and thus allow easy handling at reduced temperatures. However, for specific problem solutions, from 5% up to 50%, in special cases up to 90% of constituent B, based on the amount of constituent A, may also be present. In particular, the self-sticking point of the additive is lowered and the lubricity of the additized oil is improved. Accordingly, the preferred mixing ratio of A: B is between 1:10 and 1: 0.0001, more preferably between 1: 4 and 1: 0.0005, especially between 1: 1 and 1: 0.001.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Additive werden Ölen in Mengen von 0,001 bis 0,5 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 0,001 bis 0,1 Gew.-% zugesetzt. Dabei können sie als solche oder auch gelöst in Lösemitteln, wie z.B. aliphatischen und/oder aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen oder Kohlenwasserstoffgemischen wie z.B. Toluol, Xylol, Ethylbenzol, Decan, Pentadecan, Benzinfraktionen, Kerosin oder kommerziellen Lösemittelgemischen wie Solvent Naphtha, ®Shellsol AB, ®Solvesso 150, ®Solvesso 200, ®Exxsol-, ®Isopar- und ®Shellsol D-Typen eingesetzt werden. Bevorzugt enthalten die erfindungsgemäßen Additive 1 - 80 %, speziell 10 - 70 %, insbesondere 25 - 60 % Lösemittel. Die Additive, die auch bei niedrigen Temperaturen von beispielsweise -40°C und niedriger problemlos eingesetzt werden können, verbessern die Schmierfähigkeit der additivierten Öle sowie deren Kälte- und Korrosionsschutzeigenschaften.The additives according to the invention are added to oils in amounts of from 0.001 to 0.5% by weight, preferably from 0.001 to 0.1% by weight. They may be used as such or dissolved in solvents, such as aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures such as toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, decane, pentadecane, gasoline fractions, kerosene or commercial solvent mixtures such as Solvent Naphtha, ® Shellsol AB, ® Solvesso 150 , ® Solvesso 200, ® Exxsol, ® Isopar and ® Shellsol D types are used. The additives according to the invention preferably contain 1 to 80%, especially 10 to 70%, in particular 25 to 60%, of solvent. The additives, which can be used without problems even at low temperatures of, for example, -40 ° C and lower, improve the lubricity of the additized oils and their cold and corrosion protection properties.
Zur Herstellung von Additivpaketen für spezielle Problemlösungen können die erfindungsgemäßen Additive auch zusammen mit einem oder mehreren öllöslichen Co-Additiven eingesetzt werden, die bereits für sich allein die Kaltfließeigenschaften und/oder Schmierwirkung von Rohölen, Schmierölen oder Brennölen verbessern. Beispiele solcher Co-Additive sind Vinylacetat enthaltende Copolymerisate oder Terpolymerisate des Ethylens, Kammpolymere, Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze sowie öllösliche Amphiphile.For the preparation of additive packages for specific problem solutions, the additives according to the invention can also be used together with one or more oil-soluble co-additives, which in themselves improve the cold flow properties and / or lubricity of crude oils, lubricating oils or fuel oils. Examples of such co-additives are vinyl acetate-containing copolymers or terpolymers of ethylene, comb polymers, alkylphenol-aldehyde resins and oil-soluble amphiphiles.
So haben sich Mischungen der erfindungsgemäßen Additive mit Copolymerisaten hervorragend bewährt, die 10 bis 40 Gew.-% Vinylacetat und 60 bis 90 Gew.-% Ethylen enthalten. Nach einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung setzt man die erfindungsgemäßen Additive in Mischung mit Ethylen/Vinylacetat/Neononansäurevinylester-Terpolymerisaten oder Ethylen-Vinylacetat/Neodecansäurevinylester-Terpolymerisaten zur Verbesserung der Fließfähigkeit von Mineralölen oder Mineralöldestillaten ein. Die Terpolymerisate der Neononansäurevinylester bzw. der Neodecansäurevinylester enthalten außer Ethylen 10 bis 35 Gew.-% Vinylacetat und 1 bis 25 Gew.-% der jeweiligen Neoverbindung. Weitere bevorzugte Copolymere enthalten neben Ethylen und 10 bis 35 Gew.-% Vinylestern noch 0,5 bis 20 Gew.-% Olefin wie Diisobutylen, 4-Methylpenten oder Norbornen. Das Mischungsverhältnis der erfindungsgemäßen Additive mit den vorstehend beschriebenen Ethylen/Vinylacetat-Copolymerisaten bzw. den Terpolymerisaten aus Ethylen, Vinylacetat und den Vinylestern der Neononan- bzw. der Neodecansäure beträgt (in Gewichtsteilen) 20:1 bis 1:20, vorzugsweise 10:1 bis 1:10.For example, mixtures of the additives according to the invention with copolymers which have 10 to 40% by weight of vinyl acetate and 60 to 90% by weight of ethylene have proven outstanding. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the additives according to the invention are used in admixture with ethylene / vinyl acetate / vinyl neononanoate terpolymers or ethylene / vinyl acetate / vinyl neodecanoate terpolymers to improve the flowability of mineral oils or mineral oil distillates. The terpolymers of vinyl neononanoate or vinyl neodecanoate contain, in addition to ethylene, 10 to 35% by weight of vinyl acetate and 1 to 25% by weight of the respective neo compound. Further preferred copolymers contain, in addition to ethylene and from 10 to 35% by weight of vinyl esters, from 0.5 to 20% by weight of olefin, such as diisobutylene, 4-methylpentene or norbornene. The mixing ratio of the additives according to the invention with the ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymers described above or the terpolymers of ethylene, vinyl acetate and the vinyl esters of neononanic or neodecanoic acid is (in parts by weight) 20: 1 to 1:20, preferably 10: 1 to 1:10.
So können die erfindungsgemäßen Additive zusammen mit Alkylphenol-Formaldehydharzen eingesetzt werden. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung handelt es sich bei diesen Alkylphenol-Formaldehydharzen um solche der Formel
Schließlich werden in einer weiteren Ausführungsform der Erfindung die erfindungsgemäßen Additive zusammen mit Kammpolymeren verwendet. Hierunter versteht man Polymere, bei denen Kohlenwasserstoffreste mit mindestens 8, insbesondere mindestens 10 Kohlenstoffatomen an einem Polymerrückgrat gebunden sind. Vorzugsweise handelt es sich um Homopolymere, deren Alkylseitenketten mindestens 8 und insbesondere mindestens 10 Kohlenstoffatome enthalten. Bei Copolymeren weisen mindestens 20 %, bevorzugt mindestens 30 % der Monomeren Seitenketten auf (vgl.
Kammpolymere können beispielsweise durch die Formel
- A
- R', COOR', OCOR', R"-COOR' oder OR';
- D
- H, CH3, A oder R;
- E
- H oder A;
- G
- H, R", R"-COOR', einen Arylrest oder einen heterocyclischen Rest;
- M
- H, COOR", OCOR", OR" oder COOH;
- N
- H, R", COOR", OCOR, COOH oder einen Arylrest;
- R'
- eine Kohlenwasserstoffkette mit 8-150 Kohlenstoffatomen;
- R"
- eine Kohlenwasserstoffkette mit 1 bis 10 Kohlenstoffatomen;
- m
- eine Zahl zwischen 0,4 und 1,0; und
- n
- eine Zahl zwischen 0 und 0,6.
- A
- R ', COOR', OCOR ', R "-COOR' or OR ';
- D
- H, CH 3, A or R;
- e
- H or A;
- G
- H, R ", R" -COOR ', an aryl radical or a heterocyclic radical;
- M
- H, COOR ", OCOR", OR "or COOH;
- N
- H, R ", COOR", OCOR, COOH or an aryl radical;
- R '
- a hydrocarbon chain of 8-150 carbon atoms;
- R "
- a hydrocarbon chain of 1 to 10 carbon atoms;
- m
- a number between 0.4 and 1.0; and
- n
- a number between 0 and 0.6.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Additive sind geeignet, die Schmiereigenschaften von tierischen, pflanzlichen, mineralischen oder synthetischen Brennstoffölen mit nur geringen Dosierraten zu verbessern. Durch ihre verbesserten Kälteeigenschaften kann bei Lagerung und Anwendung auf eine Erwärmung und/oder Verdünnung verzichtet werden. Darüber hinaus verbessern sie gleichzeitig die Kälte- und Korrosionsschutzeigenschaften der additivierten Öle. Dabei werden die Emulgiereigenschaften der additivierten Öle weniger beeinträchtigt als es mit den Schmieradditiven des Standes der Technik der Fall ist. Die erfindungsgemäßen Additive sind für die Verwendung in Mitteldestillaten besonders gut geeignet. Als Mitteldestillate bezeichnet man insbesondere solche Mineralöle, die durch Destillation von Rohöl gewonnen werden und im Bereich von 120 bis 450°C sieden, beispielsweise Kerosin, Jet-Fuel, Diesel und Heizöl. Die Öle können auch Alkohole wie Methanol und/oder Ethanol enthalten oder aus diesen bestehen. Vorzugsweise werden die erfindungsgemäßen Additive in solchen Mitteldestillaten verwendet, die 0,05 Gew.-% Schwefel und weniger, besonders bevorzugt weniger als 350 ppm Schwefel, insbesondere weniger als 200 ppm Schwefel und in speziellen Fällen weniger als 50 ppm Schwefel enthalten. Es handelt sich dabei im allgemeinen um solche Mitteldestillate, die einer hydrierenden Raffination unterworfen wurden, und die daher nur geringe Anteile an polyaromatischen und polaren Verbindungen enthalten, die ihnen eine natürliche Schmierwirkung verleihen. Die erfindungsgemäßen Additive werden weiterhin vorzugsweise in solchen Mitteldestillaten verwendet, die 95 %-Destillationspunkte unter 370°C, insbesondere 350°C und in Spezialfällen unter 330°C aufweisen. Sie können auch als Komponenten in Schmierölen eingesetzt werden.The additives according to the invention are suitable for improving the lubricating properties of animal, vegetable, mineral or synthetic fuel oils with only low dosing rates. Due to their improved cold properties can be dispensed with storage and application to a warming and / or dilution. In addition, they simultaneously improve the cold and corrosion protection properties of the additized oils. The emulsifying properties of the additized oils are less affected than is the case with the lubricating additives of the prior art. The additives of the invention are particularly well suited for use in middle distillates. As middle distillates are in particular those mineral oils which are obtained by distillation of crude oil and boil in the range of 120 to 450 ° C, for example kerosene, jet fuel, diesel and fuel oil. The oils may also contain or consist of alcohols such as methanol and / or ethanol. Preferably the additives according to the invention are used in middle distillates containing 0.05% by weight of sulfur and less, more preferably less than 350 ppm of sulfur, in particular less than 200 ppm of sulfur and in special cases less than 50 ppm of sulfur. These are generally those middle distillates that have been subjected to a hydrogenating refining, and therefore contain only small amounts of polyaromatic and polar compounds that give them a natural lubricating effect. The additives according to the invention are furthermore preferably used in middle distillates which have 95% distillation points below 370.degree. C., in particular 350.degree. C. and in special cases below 330.degree. They can also be used as components in lubricating oils.
Die Mischungen können allein oder auch zusammen mit anderen Additiven verwendet werden, z.B. mit anderen Stockpunkterniedrigern oder Entwachsungshilfsmitteln, mit Korrosionsinhibitoren, Antioxidantien, Schlamminhibitoren, Dehazern, Leitfähigkeitsverbesserern, Lubricity-Additiven, und Zusätzen zur Erniedrigung des Cloud-Points. Des weiteren werden sie erfolgreich zusammen mit Additivpaketen eingesetzt, die u.a. bekannte aschefreie Dispergieradditive, Detergentien, Entschäumer und Korrosionsinhibitoren enthalten.The mixtures can be used alone or together with other additives, e.g. with other pour point depressants or dewaxing aids, with corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, sludge inhibitors, dehazers, conductivity improvers, lubricity additives, and cloud point depressant additives. Furthermore, they are successfully used in conjunction with additive packages, which i.a. known ashless dispersing additives, detergents, defoamers and corrosion inhibitors.
Die verbesserte Kältestabilität und die Wirksamkeit der erfindungsgemäßen Additive als Lubricity-Additive wird durch die nachfolgenden Beispiele näher erläutert.The improved low-temperature stability and the effectiveness of the additives according to the invention as lubricity additives is further illustrated by the following examples.
Folgende Substanzen wurden eingesetzt:
- A1) Tallölfettsäure, enthaltend als Hauptbestandteile 30 % Ölsäure, 60 % Linol- und andere mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren und 4% gesättigte Fettsäuren. Jodzahl 155 gJ/100 g.
- A2) Ölsäure (technisch) enthaltend als Hauptbestandteile 69 % Ölsäure, 12% Linolsäure, 5 % Hexadecensäure und 10 % gesättigte Fettsäuren. Jodzahl 90 gJ /100 g.
- B1) Umsetzungsprodukt eines Terpolymers aus C14/16-α-Olefin, Maleinsäureanhydrid und Allylpolyglykol mit 2 Equivalenten Ditalgfettamin, 50 %ig in Solvent Naphtha
- B2) Umsetzungsprodukt eines Dodecenyl-Spirobislactons mit einer Mischung aus primärem und sekundärem Talgfettamin 60 %ig in Solvent Naphtha
- B3) Nonylphenol-Formaldehydharz, 50 %ig in Solvent Naphtha
- B4) Mischung aus 2 Teilen B1 und 1 Teil B2
- B5) Amid-Ammoniumsalz auf Basis Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure mit 3 Equivalenten Ditalgfettamin gemäß
EP 0597278 - B6) Mischung aus Amid-Ammoniumsalz auf Basis Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure mit 4 Equivalenten Ditalgfettamin und Copolymer aus gleichen Teilen Maleinsäureanhydrid und C20/24-Olefin, imidiert mit N-Talgfettpropylendiamin gemäß
EP-0 909 307 - B7) Amid-Ammoniumsalz aus 1 mol Phthalsäureanhydrid und 2 mol einer Mischung gleicher Teile Ditalg- und Dicocosfettamin
- B8) Mischung aus gleichen Teilen
- a) Amid-Ammoniumsalz aus 1 mol Phthalsäureanhydrid und 2 mol Ditalgfettamin und
- b) Copolymer aus Fumarsäuredi(tetradecylester), 50 %ig in Solvent Naphtha.
- A1) Tall oil fatty acid containing as main constituents 30% oleic acid, 60% linoleic and other polyunsaturated fatty acids and 4% saturated fatty acids. Iodine value 155 gJ / 100 g.
- A2) Oleic acid (technical) containing as main constituents 69% oleic acid, 12% linoleic acid, 5% hexadecenoic acid and 10% saturated fatty acids. Iodine number 90 gJ / 100 g.
- B1) Reaction product of a terpolymer of C 14/16 -α-olefin, maleic anhydride and di-tallow Allylpolyglykol with 2 equivalents, 50% in solvent naphtha
- B2) Reaction product of a dodecenyl spirobislactone with a mixture of primary and secondary tallow fatty amine 60% in solvent naphtha
- B3) Nonylphenol-formaldehyde resin, 50% in solvent naphtha
- B4) Mixture of 2 parts B1 and 1 part B2
- B5) amide ammonium salt based on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid with 3 equivalents of ditallow fatty amine according to
EP 0597278 - B6) mixture of amide-ammonium salt based on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid with 4 equivalents of ditallow fatty amine and copolymer of equal parts of maleic anhydride and C 20- / 24-olefin, imidized with N-tallowpropylenediamine according
EP-0 909 307 - B7) Amide ammonium salt of 1 mol of phthalic anhydride and 2 mol of a mixture of equal parts Ditalg- and Dicocosfettamin
- B8) Mixture of equal parts
- a) amide ammonium salt of 1 mol of phthalic anhydride and 2 mol Ditalgfettamin and
- b) Copolymer of fumaric di (tetradecyl ester), 50% in solvent naphtha.
Zur Beurteilung der Kälteeigenschaften wurde der Pour Point gemäß ISO 3016 (Tabelle 1) und der Cloud Point gemäß ISO 3015 (Tabelle 2) der erfindungsgemäßen Mischungen gemessen. Danach wurden die erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischungen über mehrere Tage bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gelagert und anschließend visuell beurteilt (Tabelle 3 bis 5). V kennzeichnet Vergleichsbeispiele.
** Diese Beispiele beziehen sich auf Mischungen von A1 mit jeweils 2000 ppm B5 bis B8, und wurden mit einer 50 Gew.-% Einstellung der Fettsäure in Solvent Naphtha erhalten.
** These examples relate to mixtures of A1 with 2000 ppm B5 to B8, respectively, and were obtained with a 50% by weight adjustment of the fatty acid in solvent naphtha.
MS ist eine Mischung aus einer Reihe von aliphatischen und cyclischen, nichtaromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen. Die Hauptbestandteile von MS können folgender Tabelle entnommen werden:
Die Schmierwirkung der Additive wurde mittels eines HFRR-Geräts der Firma PCS Instruments an additivierten Ölen bei 60 °C durchgeführt. Der High Frequency Reciprocating Rig Test (HFRR) ist beschrieben in
Die Bestimmung der Siedekenndaten erfolgt gemäß ASTM D-86 und die Bestimmung des Cloud Points gemäß ISO 3015.
Claims (11)
R10 einen geradkettigen oder verzweigten Alkylenrest mit 2 bis 6 Kohlenstoffatomen oder den Rest der Formel 7 bedeutet
Ammoniumsalzstruktur der Formel 8
R6 und R7 gleich oder verschieden sein können, und wenigstens eine dieser Gruppen für C8-C36-Alkyl, C6-C36-Cycloalkyl, C8-C36-Alkenyl steht, und die übrige Gruppe entweder Wasserstoff, C1-C36-Alkyl, C2-C36-Alkenyl, Cyclohexyl, oder eine Gruppe der Formeln -(A-O)x-E oder -(CH2)n-NYZ bedeutet, worin A für eine Ethylen- oder Propylengruppe steht, x eine Zahl von 1 bis 50, E = H, C1-C30-Alkyl, C5-C12-Cycloalkyl oder C6-C30-Aryl, und n 2, 3 oder 4 bedeuten, und Y und Z unabhängig voneinander H, C1-C30-Alkyl oder -(A-O)x bedeuten.
R 10 is a straight-chain or branched alkylene radical having 2 to 6 carbon atoms or the radical of the formula 7
Ammonium salt structure of the formula 8
R 6 and R 7 may be the same or different, and at least one of these groups is C 8 -C 36 alkyl, C 6 -C 36 cycloalkyl, C 8 -C 36 alkenyl, and the remainder of the group is either hydrogen, C C 1 -C 36 -alkyl, C 2 -C 36 -alkenyl, cyclohexyl, or a group of the formulas - (AO) x -E or - (CH 2 ) n -NYZ, where A is an ethylene or propylene group, x is a number from 1 to 50, E = H, C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, C 5 -C 12 -cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 30 -aryl, and n is 2, 3 or 4, and Y and Z are independently each other is H, C 1 -C 30 -alkyl or - (AO) x .
sowie
such as
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE10058359A DE10058359B4 (en) | 2000-11-24 | 2000-11-24 | Fuel oils with improved lubricity, containing mixtures of fatty acids with paraffin dispersants, and a lubricant-improving additive |
EP01126254A EP1209215B1 (en) | 2000-11-24 | 2001-11-06 | Fuel oils with improved lubricating activity, containing blends of fatty acids with paraffin dispersants, and a lubricating activity improving additive |
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EP01126254A Division EP1209215B1 (en) | 2000-11-24 | 2001-11-06 | Fuel oils with improved lubricating activity, containing blends of fatty acids with paraffin dispersants, and a lubricating activity improving additive |
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EP1801188A2 true EP1801188A2 (en) | 2007-06-27 |
EP1801188A3 EP1801188A3 (en) | 2007-10-03 |
EP1801188B1 EP1801188B1 (en) | 2009-02-18 |
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EP07005870A Revoked EP1803791B1 (en) | 2000-11-24 | 2001-11-06 | Fuel oils with improved lubricity, comprising mixtures of fatty acids and paraffin dispersing agents and an improved lubricity additive |
EP01126254A Expired - Lifetime EP1209215B1 (en) | 2000-11-24 | 2001-11-06 | Fuel oils with improved lubricating activity, containing blends of fatty acids with paraffin dispersants, and a lubricating activity improving additive |
EP07005871A Expired - Lifetime EP1801188B1 (en) | 2000-11-24 | 2001-11-06 | Fuel oils with improved lubricity, comprising mixtures of fatty acids and paraffin dispersing agents and an improved lubricity additive |
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EP07005870A Revoked EP1803791B1 (en) | 2000-11-24 | 2001-11-06 | Fuel oils with improved lubricity, comprising mixtures of fatty acids and paraffin dispersing agents and an improved lubricity additive |
EP01126254A Expired - Lifetime EP1209215B1 (en) | 2000-11-24 | 2001-11-06 | Fuel oils with improved lubricating activity, containing blends of fatty acids with paraffin dispersants, and a lubricating activity improving additive |
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US (3) | US6610111B2 (en) |
EP (3) | EP1803791B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5317380B2 (en) |
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- 2001-11-06 EP EP07005870A patent/EP1803791B1/en not_active Revoked
- 2001-11-06 DE DE50113115T patent/DE50113115D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-06 EP EP01126254A patent/EP1209215B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-06 DE DE50114718T patent/DE50114718D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-06 ES ES01126254T patent/ES2295098T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-06 DE DE50114719T patent/DE50114719D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-06 EP EP07005871A patent/EP1801188B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-16 US US09/993,590 patent/US6610111B2/en not_active Ceased
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2010115766A1 (en) * | 2009-04-07 | 2010-10-14 | Basf Se | Mixture of polar oil-soluble nitrogen compounds and oil-soluble aliphatic compounds for reducing the cloud point in middle distillate fuels |
US8313541B2 (en) | 2009-04-07 | 2012-11-20 | Basf Se | Mixture of polar oil-soluble nitrogen compounds and oil-soluble aliphatic compounds for lowering the cloud point in middle distillate fuels |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1209215A3 (en) | 2003-08-13 |
EP1801188B1 (en) | 2009-02-18 |
ES2295098T3 (en) | 2008-04-16 |
DE50113115D1 (en) | 2007-11-22 |
EP1209215A2 (en) | 2002-05-29 |
CA2363700C (en) | 2010-04-06 |
EP1803791A3 (en) | 2007-10-03 |
US20020095857A1 (en) | 2002-07-25 |
JP2002167586A (en) | 2002-06-11 |
JP5317380B2 (en) | 2013-10-16 |
DE50114719D1 (en) | 2009-04-02 |
EP1209215B1 (en) | 2007-10-10 |
CA2363700A1 (en) | 2002-05-24 |
EP1803791A2 (en) | 2007-07-04 |
DE50114718D1 (en) | 2009-04-02 |
DE10058359A1 (en) | 2002-06-06 |
EP1801188A3 (en) | 2007-10-03 |
USRE40758E1 (en) | 2009-06-23 |
US6610111B2 (en) | 2003-08-26 |
EP1803791B1 (en) | 2009-02-18 |
DE10058359B4 (en) | 2005-12-22 |
US20040083644A1 (en) | 2004-05-06 |
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