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EP1783291B1 - Modular facade construction - Google Patents

Modular facade construction Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1783291B1
EP1783291B1 EP06291664A EP06291664A EP1783291B1 EP 1783291 B1 EP1783291 B1 EP 1783291B1 EP 06291664 A EP06291664 A EP 06291664A EP 06291664 A EP06291664 A EP 06291664A EP 1783291 B1 EP1783291 B1 EP 1783291B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
frames
stiffener
frame
structure according
stiffeners
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Active
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EP06291664A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1783291A1 (en
Inventor
Frédéric Pageaud
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Ste A Etabli Guerandais
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Ste A Etabli Guerandais
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Publication of EP1783291A1 publication Critical patent/EP1783291A1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/26—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of wood
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/56—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members
    • E04B2/70—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood
    • E04B2/706—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood with supporting function
    • E04B2/707—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood with supporting function obturation by means of panels

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a modular facade construction of real estate, said construction being formed of generally wooden frames, stiffeners in the form of uprights and connecting members between frame and stiffener.
  • This document describes a modular wood frame construction consisting of panels interconnected by means of stiffeners. The assembly of these elements requires means for maintaining a stiffener on each panel.
  • the assembly means used in this invention consist of metal profiles advantageously in the form of tubes or U-section profiles corresponding to the hollow section of the stiffeners, said tubes or U-shaped profiles forming the holding devices being fixed in the ends of the stiffeners by means of studs, screws or bolts.
  • the implementation of such a construction requires many pieces of assembly between panels and stiffeners as well as many operations of fixing the panels and stiffeners on said assembly elements, which considerably increases the cost of such a facade .
  • a complex assembly modular construction is also described in the DE-4.336.142 .
  • Frameworks for construction are described in the patents CH-309 851 and FR-2179603 .
  • An object of the invention is therefore to provide a modular facade construction of real estate whose design can significantly reduce the number of parts and assembly operations to be carried out to set it up.
  • Another object of the invention is to propose a modular building facade of real estate from prefabricated frames whose assembly is feasible on the construction site in a short time.
  • the object of the invention is a modular facade construction of real estate, said construction being formed mainly of frames generally of wood, stiffeners in the form of uprights and / or sleepers and connecting members between frame and stiffener, characterized in that two frames, in the juxtaposed state, delimit between them a receiving space of a stiffener, frames and stiffener being joined to one another by a common connecting member through.
  • frames and stiffeners provides assembly means between said frames and said stiffeners without having to bring a connecting piece. Only a means of immobilization of the assembly is then necessary.
  • the stiffeners are in the form of profiles provided on one of their faces with at least one pre-drilled tongue fitting into a housing defined by the shoulders facing each other.
  • two juxtaposed frames said frames and the stiffener being joined to each other by a common connecting member through. It is planned, in the shouldered area of the frames, a staggered drilling axially with respect to the piercing of the tongue or tabs of the stiffener so as to obtain, during the establishment of the connecting member, a clamping between stiffener and frames.
  • Each stiffener is provided on one of its faces with a plurality of tongues which are in the form of a crenellation interpenetrating with the complementary shaped crenellations provided by the shoulders.
  • shouldered said frames in the juxtaposed state of said frames.
  • At least some of the frames are provided on at least one of their faces, in the vicinity of two of their outer sides in opposition, a shoulder.
  • the shoulder extends on all four sides of the frame and the shoulder is interrupted in the corners of the frame.
  • the shoulder has the shape of a peripheral tongue extending from one of the faces of the frame.
  • the shoulder is pre-drilled.
  • Each frame is closed by at least one facade panel, transparent or opaque.
  • facade means any face of a construction, such as a pinion, a front face, a rear face ...
  • most of the facade 1 to build is made from frames 2 and 10 panels of associated filling having only two different sizes, and identical stiffeners.
  • the operator first realizes a frame from the frames 2 so as to form reception spaces 10 filler panels, usually wood.
  • Said filler panels 10 are then fixed on the frames 2, by screwing for example to form a facade 1.
  • This assembly of the panels 10 to the frames 2 can be done at the factory.
  • the frames 2 and the panels 10 used have dimensions of 60 cm x 60 cm or 60 cm x 30 cm.
  • the embodiment of the crawlers can be performed by cutting along the diagonal of the previously described panels 10 to form right triangles.
  • the operator does not have to cut panels of various sizes, which causes a significant time saving and significantly reduces the loss of material due to falls and scrap during cutting.
  • the stiffeners 3 are then secured to the structure formed by the frames 2 and the panels 10 for the purpose of to stiffen it. These stiffeners 3 are generally placed vertically to support the structure. However, some stiffeners are placed horizontally, especially at the place of the connection between two stages, in order to make a chaining 11 and reinforce said connection.
  • the figure 4 represents a front view of frames 2 of different dimensions assembled to form a portion of a facade 1 according to the invention.
  • Each frame 2 is generally formed of four arranged uprights and assembled to form a frame 2 of rectangular shape.
  • Said frame 2 is provided, on at least two of its opposite external faces, with a shoulder 7 or notch so as to obtain, in the juxtaposed state of two similar frames, a space 5 for receiving a stiffener 3.
  • the same stiffener 3 is used to assemble the sides of two separate frames 2.
  • the stiffeners 3 are in the form of profiles provided, on one of their faces, with at least one pre-drilled tongue 6 inserted into a housing 5 defined by the shoulders 7 pre-drilled opposite two frames 2 juxtaposed.
  • Each stiffener 3 has regular bores positioned at intervals, preferably every 30 centimeters. This pre-drilling makes it possible to position the stiffeners horizontally or vertically to form a grid according to the construction to be made. Similarly, the shoulders are provided with regular holes 8 spaced apart. Said frames 2 and the stiffener 3 are joined to each other by a common connecting member 4, for example an ankle.
  • the stiffeners 3 can be used as a means of horizontal or vertical reinforcement, it is necessary to be able to place such a stiffener 3 in several positions.
  • the zone delimited by said juxtaposition has, by cooperation of shoulders 7 shoulder of each frame 2, a groove 5 in which can be inserted the tongue 6 disposed along said stiffener 3.
  • the shoulder 7 is interrupted in the corners of the frame 2.
  • this design makes it possible to present, at the corners of the frames 2, free surfaces that do not interfere the positioning of the stiffeners 3, they are placed vertically or horizontally, which would not have been possible if the shoulders 7 had been continuous over the entire length of the amounts of the frames 2.
  • the profiles forming the uprights of the frames 2 have a 45 ° section at each of their ends so as to easily realize the assembly of said uprights 12 to form the corners of a frame 2.
  • This design allows the manufacture of uprights 12 at all ends identical without impairing their ease of implementation for the manufacture of a frame 2. This results in a lower manufacturing costs of said amounts of frames and increased ease of installation, the amounts of 12 frames having no sense of assembly.
  • FIG. figure 5 The assembly of a stiffener 3 with two juxtaposed frames 2 is shown in FIG. figure 5 in a sectional top view.
  • the assembly between two juxtaposed frames 2 and the stiffener 3 is done through the groove 5 delimited by the shoulders 7 of the two juxtaposed frames 2.
  • each frame 2 has on its periphery, a tongue placed substantially along the median axis of the upright 12 of said frame 2 supporting it so, when two identical frames are juxtaposed, delimit a space 5 with which can cooperate the stiffener 3.
  • the tongue 6, equipping the stiffener over its entire length is inserted into the space delimited by two shoulders 7 each equipping the amount of a frame 2
  • the assembly is immobilized by means of a through connecting member 4, preferably an ankle.
  • Said connecting member 4 is inserted through a bore 8, 9 formed both in the shoulders 7 of the amounts of the frames 2 and in the tongue 6 of the stiffener 3 intended to be inserted in the space 5 delimited by said shoulders 7
  • a bore 8 offset axially with respect to the bore 9 of the tongue or tabs 6 of the stiffener 3 so as to obtain, during the installation of the connecting member 4, a clamping between stiffener 3 and frames 2.
  • the figure 5 represents a preferred embodiment of the area of the stiffener 3 adapted to cooperate with the space defined by the notches 7 shouldered frames 2.
  • the stiffener shown in the figure 3 , in fact has three tongues 6, 6 ', one 6 being intended to be inserted into the space 5 delimited by the shoulders 7 or shouldered notches, the other two 6' located on either side of the first 6 defining two spaces in which are inserted the two shoulders 7 so as to have a greater tightening.
  • the member 4 through, such as an ankle, in this case passes through the three tabs 6, 6 'of the stiffener 3 and the two shoulders 7 of two juxtaposed frames.
  • each stiffener 3 with the exception of the corner stiffeners, is provided, on one of its faces, with a plurality of tongues 6, 6 'affecting the form of a crenelure interpenetrating with the crenelure of complementary shape formed by the shouldered zones 7 of said frames 2 in the juxtaposed state of said frames.
  • connection of two facades 1, according to the invention, to form an angle can be achieved in different ways.
  • a stiffener of particular design provided with two grooves, placed on the two faces situated towards the outside of the corner and intended to receive the beveled notches of the frames forming the angle of the two facades.
  • An advantageous embodiment of a connection between two facades to form an angle is shown in FIG. figure 6 .
  • the frontage 1 ' intended to form the "pinion side” of the building, overlapping the facade 1 "" front side "at the corner.
  • the end of the facade side of the building is formed by the stiffener 3 'of the front 1' placed on the pinion side. , such as a fitting, is used to secure the two facades 1 ', 1 "together.
  • This piece is in the form of a U in the cavity of which a stiffener 3 "is housed.
  • a branch 14 extends perpendicularly to the branches of the U so as to bear on the stiffener 3 '. pre-drilled so as to also receive the link member 4 passing through each stiffener 3 ', 3 ".
  • another immobilizer such as a bolt
  • This embodiment makes it possible to dispense with a stiffener specially designed for angles. It is advantageous to place three pieces 13 on the height of each corner stiffener so as to ensure a mechanically strong connection.
  • the assembly of the frames 2 with the appropriate stiffeners 3 is as follows.
  • the pre-drilled frames 2 are first assembled.
  • Filler panels 10 are then fixed, for example by screwing on the uprights of the frames 2. These operations are carried out in the workshop.
  • the stiffeners 3 are then fixed to the assembly of the frames 2 and the filler panels 10 and the assembly is held in position by the introduction of clamping members 4, such as pegs, into the bores 8, 9.
  • Said filler panels 10 can be positioned only outside said frames 2 so as to make a single facade 1. However, it is possible to position two panels 10 filling frame 2 so as to define a cavity between two panels 10 facing one another. This cavity can in particular be used to achieve the insulation of a modular construction according to the invention.
  • each frame 2 is closed by two facade panels 10, transparent or opaque, cooperating with the frame 2 to delimit a receiving volume of a filling material.
  • the operator on the construction site only has to put in place the elements formed by the frames 2, the stiffeners 3 and the panels 10 of filling to proceed with the assembly of the facade 1.
  • the facade is thus formed by the frames arranged in the manner of a grid and the stiffeners which cooperate in holding several rows or rows of the frame.
  • a protective plastic film or vapor barrier is placed on the outer filler panel 10 of the facade and a cladding is positioned over said plastic film.
  • a cleat is disposed between the plastic film and the cladding to include in the wall a blade of air used to ventilate the facade.
  • the cleats can be secured to the panels and frames by means of fasteners, such as screws, used to attach the filler panels to the frames. This saves fasteners and mounting time of such a facade.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Load-Bearing And Curtain Walls (AREA)
  • Underground Structures, Protecting, Testing And Restoring Foundations (AREA)
  • Conveying And Assembling Of Building Elements In Situ (AREA)
  • Sewage (AREA)
  • Finger-Pressure Massage (AREA)
  • Protection Of Pipes Against Damage, Friction, And Corrosion (AREA)
  • Steps, Ramps, And Handrails (AREA)

Abstract

The construction has wooden frames (2) of stiffeners in the form of a post and/or crosspiece. A connecting unit (4) e.g. pin, is between the frame and the stiffeners. The frames delimit a receiving space (5) for receiving the stiffeners in juxtaposed state. The frames and stiffeners are connected with each other by the common connecting unit. Each frame is closed by a transparent or opaque facade panel (10).

Description

La présente invention concerne une construction modulaire de façade de bien immobilier, ladite construction étant formée de cadres généralement en bois, de raidisseurs se présentant sous forme de montants et d'organes de liaison entre cadre et raidisseur.The present invention relates to a modular facade construction of real estate, said construction being formed of generally wooden frames, stiffeners in the form of uprights and connecting members between frame and stiffener.

La réalisation de façades de bien immobilier, notamment celles en ossature bois, requiert actuellement un travail important sur le site même de la construction de ladite façade. En effet, suivant les dimensions et formes de la structure à bâtir, l'opérateur doit, sur le site de la construction, découper aux bonnes dimensions des panneaux et des montants auxquels fixer lesdits panneaux. Montants et panneaux sont ensuite assemblés afin de former l'ossature du bâtiment de construction. La mise aux dimensions des panneaux et leur assemblage, généralement par boulonnage, requiert un temps de travail considérable ce qui accroît sensiblement le coût d'une telle construction.The realization of facades of real estate, especially those in wood frame, currently requires significant work on the site of the same construction of the facade. Indeed, according to the dimensions and shapes of the building structure, the operator must, on the construction site, cut to the right dimensions of the panels and amounts to fix said panels. Uprights and panels are then assembled to form the framework of the building building. The size of the panels and their assembly, usually by bolting, requires a considerable working time which significantly increases the cost of such a construction.

Un type de construction modulaire, notamment à ossature bois, a été imaginé pour pallier ces défauts et a été décrit dans le brevet FR 2 710 928 . Ce document décrit une construction modulaire à ossature bois composée de panneaux reliés entre eux au moyen de raidisseurs. L'assemblage de ces éléments nécessite des moyens de maintien d'un raidisseur sur chaque panneau. Les moyens d'assemblage utilisés dans cette invention sont constitués de profilés métalliques se présentant avantageusement sous la forme de tubes ou de profilés en U de section correspondant à la section creuse des raidisseurs, lesdits tubes ou profilés en U formant les dispositifs de maintien étant fixés dans les extrémités des raidisseurs par l'intermédiaire de goujons, de vis ou de boulons. La mise en place d'une telle construction nécessite de nombreuses pièces d'assemblage entre panneaux et raidisseurs ainsi que de nombreuses opérations de fixation des panneaux et des raidisseurs sur lesdits éléments d'assemblage, ce qui accroît considérablement le coût d'une telle façade.A type of modular construction, including wood frame, has been devised to overcome these defects and has been described in the patent FR 2,710,928 . This document describes a modular wood frame construction consisting of panels interconnected by means of stiffeners. The assembly of these elements requires means for maintaining a stiffener on each panel. The assembly means used in this invention consist of metal profiles advantageously in the form of tubes or U-section profiles corresponding to the hollow section of the stiffeners, said tubes or U-shaped profiles forming the holding devices being fixed in the ends of the stiffeners by means of studs, screws or bolts. The implementation of such a construction requires many pieces of assembly between panels and stiffeners as well as many operations of fixing the panels and stiffeners on said assembly elements, which considerably increases the cost of such a facade .

Une construction modulaire au montage complexe est également décrite dans le brevet DE-4.336.142 . Des cadres pour construction sont quant à eux décrits dans les brevets CH-309.851 et FR-2.179.603 .A complex assembly modular construction is also described in the DE-4.336.142 . Frameworks for construction are described in the patents CH-309 851 and FR-2179603 .

Un but de l'invention est donc de proposer une construction modulaire de façade de bien immobilier dont la conception permet de réduire sensiblement le nombre de pièces et d'opérations de montage à effectuer pour la mettre en place.An object of the invention is therefore to provide a modular facade construction of real estate whose design can significantly reduce the number of parts and assembly operations to be carried out to set it up.

Un autre but de l'invention est de proposer une construction modulaire de façade de bien immobilier à partir de cadres préfabriqués dont l'assemblage est réalisable sur le site de construction en un temps court.Another object of the invention is to propose a modular building facade of real estate from prefabricated frames whose assembly is feasible on the construction site in a short time.

A cet effet, l'invention a pour objet une construction modulaire de façade de bien immobilier, ladite construction étant formée principalement de cadres généralement en bois, de raidisseurs se présentant sous forme de montants et/ou de traverses et d'organes de liaison entre cadre et raidisseur, caractérisée en ce que deux cadres, à l'état juxtaposé, délimitent entre eux un espace de réception d'un raidisseur, cadres et raidisseur étant réunis l'un à l'autre par un organe de liaison commun traversant.For this purpose, the object of the invention is a modular facade construction of real estate, said construction being formed mainly of frames generally of wood, stiffeners in the form of uprights and / or sleepers and connecting members between frame and stiffener, characterized in that two frames, in the juxtaposed state, delimit between them a receiving space of a stiffener, frames and stiffener being joined to one another by a common connecting member through.

La conception des cadres et des raidisseurs permet de disposer de moyens d'assemblage entre lesdits cadres et lesdits raidisseurs sans avoir à rapporter une pièce de liaison. Seul un moyen d'immobilisation de l'assemblage est alors nécessaire.The design of frames and stiffeners provides assembly means between said frames and said stiffeners without having to bring a connecting piece. Only a means of immobilization of the assembly is then necessary.

Selon une forme de réalisation préférée de l'invention, les raidisseurs se présentent sous forme de profilés munis, sur l'une de leurs faces, d'au moins une languette pré-percée s'insérant dans un logement défini par les épaulements en regard de deux cadres juxtaposés, lesdits cadres et le raidisseur étant réunis l'un à l'autre par un organe de liaison commun traversant. Il est prévu, dans la zone épaulée des cadres, un perçage décalé axialement par rapport au perçage de la ou des languettes du raidisseur de manière à obtenir, lors de la mise en place de l'organe de liaison, un serrage entre raidisseur et cadres. Chaque raidisseur, à l'exception des raidisseurs d'angle, est pourvu, sur l'une de ses faces, d'une pluralité de languettes affectant la forme d'une crénelure s'interpénétrant avec la crénelure de forme complémentaire ménagée par les épaulements épaulé desdits cadres à l'état juxtaposé desdits cadres. Au moins certains des cadres sont pourvus, sur au moins l'une de leurs faces, au voisinage de deux de leurs côtés externes en opposition, d'un épaulement. De préférence, l'épaulement s'étend sur les quatre côtés du cadre et l'épaulement est interrompu dans les angles du cadre. L'épaulement affecte la forme d'une languette périphérique s'étendant depuis l'une des faces du cadre. L'épaulement est pré-percé. Chaque cadre est fermé par au moins un panneau de façade, transparent ou opaque.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the stiffeners are in the form of profiles provided on one of their faces with at least one pre-drilled tongue fitting into a housing defined by the shoulders facing each other. two juxtaposed frames, said frames and the stiffener being joined to each other by a common connecting member through. It is planned, in the shouldered area of the frames, a staggered drilling axially with respect to the piercing of the tongue or tabs of the stiffener so as to obtain, during the establishment of the connecting member, a clamping between stiffener and frames. Each stiffener, with the exception of the corner stiffeners, is provided on one of its faces with a plurality of tongues which are in the form of a crenellation interpenetrating with the complementary shaped crenellations provided by the shoulders. shouldered said frames in the juxtaposed state of said frames. At least some of the frames are provided on at least one of their faces, in the vicinity of two of their outer sides in opposition, a shoulder. Preferably, the shoulder extends on all four sides of the frame and the shoulder is interrupted in the corners of the frame. The shoulder has the shape of a peripheral tongue extending from one of the faces of the frame. The shoulder is pre-drilled. Each frame is closed by at least one facade panel, transparent or opaque.

L'invention sera bien comprise à la lecture de la description suivante d'exemples de réalisation, en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels:

  • La figure 1 représente une façade réalisée par l'assemblage de cadres conformes à l'invention,
  • La figure 2 représente une vue en perspective d'un cadre,
  • La figure 3 représente une vue en perspective d'un raidisseur,
  • La figure 4 représente une vue de face de cadres de dimensions différentes assemblés entre eux.
  • La figure 5 représente une vue de dessus en coupe de l'assemblage entre deux cadres juxtaposés et un raidisseur.
  • La figure 6 représente le raccord d'angle de deux constructions modulaires conformes à l'invention.
The invention will be better understood on reading the following description of exemplary embodiments, with reference to the appended drawings in which:
  • The figure 1 represents a façade made by assembling frames according to the invention,
  • The figure 2 represents a perspective view of a frame,
  • The figure 3 represents a perspective view of a stiffener,
  • The figure 4 represents a front view of frames of different sizes assembled together.
  • The figure 5 represents a top view in section of the assembly between two juxtaposed frames and a stiffener.
  • The figure 6 represents the corner connection of two modular constructions according to the invention.

La construction modulaire de façade 1, objet de l'invention, permet un gain de temps considérable au regard des constructions traditionnelles. Il doit être noté que, dans ce qui précède comme dans ce qui suit, on entend par façade une face quelconque d'une construction, telle qu'un pignon, une face avant, une face arrière... Comme représenté à la figure 1, l'essentiel de la façade 1 à construire est réalisée à partir de cadres 2 et de panneaux 10 de remplissage associés ne présentant que deux tailles différentes, et de raidisseurs identiques. L'opérateur réalise tout d'abord une ossature à partir des cadres 2 de manière à former des espaces de réception de panneaux 10 de remplissage, généralement en bois. Lesdits panneaux 10 de remplissage sont ensuite fixés sur les cadres 2, par vissage par exemple afin de former une façade 1. Cet assemblage des panneaux 10 aux cadres 2 peut s'effectuer en usine. De préférence, les cadres 2 et les panneaux 10 utilisés présentent des dimensions de 60cm x 60 cm ou 60cm x 30 cm. La réalisation des rampants peut être effectuée par découpe suivant la diagonale des panneaux 10 précédemment décrits pour former des triangles rectangles. Ainsi, l'opérateur n'a pas à découper de panneaux de dimensions variées, ce qui occasionne un gain de temps important et réduit nettement les pertes de matière dues aux chutes et aux rebuts lors de la coupe. Il peut cependant être avantageux de modifier légèrement la position des ouvertures, telles que portes ou fenêtres, sur le plan de la construction à réaliser afin de pouvoir utiliser des panneaux 10 de dimensions fixées. Ces modifications sont cependant minimes et occasionnent un réel gain de temps et de coût lors de la mise en place d'une telle façade 1. Les raidisseurs 3 sont ensuite solidarisés à la structure formée par les cadres 2 et les panneaux 10 dans le but de la rigidifier. Ces raidisseurs 3 sont généralement placés verticalement pour soutenir la structure. Cependant, certains raidisseurs sont placés horizontalement, notamment à l'endroit du raccord entre deux étages, afin de réaliser un chaînage 11 et renforcer ledit raccord.The modular construction of facade 1, object of the invention, allows a considerable time saving compared to traditional constructions. It should be noted that, in what precedes as in what follows, by facade means any face of a construction, such as a pinion, a front face, a rear face ... As shown in FIG. figure 1 , most of the facade 1 to build is made from frames 2 and 10 panels of associated filling having only two different sizes, and identical stiffeners. The operator first realizes a frame from the frames 2 so as to form reception spaces 10 filler panels, usually wood. Said filler panels 10 are then fixed on the frames 2, by screwing for example to form a facade 1. This assembly of the panels 10 to the frames 2 can be done at the factory. Preferably, the frames 2 and the panels 10 used have dimensions of 60 cm x 60 cm or 60 cm x 30 cm. The embodiment of the crawlers can be performed by cutting along the diagonal of the previously described panels 10 to form right triangles. Thus, the operator does not have to cut panels of various sizes, which causes a significant time saving and significantly reduces the loss of material due to falls and scrap during cutting. It may however be advantageous to slightly modify the position of the openings, such as doors or windows, in terms of the construction to be carried out in order to use panels 10 of fixed dimensions. These modifications are however minimal and cause a real saving of time and cost during the establishment of such a facade 1. The stiffeners 3 are then secured to the structure formed by the frames 2 and the panels 10 for the purpose of to stiffen it. These stiffeners 3 are generally placed vertically to support the structure. However, some stiffeners are placed horizontally, especially at the place of the connection between two stages, in order to make a chaining 11 and reinforce said connection.

La figure 4 représente une vue de face de cadres 2 de dimensions différentes assemblés pour former une partie d'une façade 1 conforme à l'invention. Chaque cadre 2 est généralement formé de quatre montants agencés et assemblés afin de former un cadre 2 de forme rectangulaire. Ledit cadre 2 est pourvu, sur au moins deux de ses faces externes en opposition, d'un épaulement 7 ou encochage de manière à obtenir, à l'état juxtaposé de deux cadres similaires, un espace 5 de réception d'un raidisseur 3. Ainsi, un même raidisseur 3 est utilisé pour assembler les côtés de deux cadres 2 distincts. De préférence, les raidisseurs 3 se présentent sous forme de profilés munis, sur l'une de leurs faces, d'au moins une languette 6 pré-percée s'insérant dans un logement 5 défini par les épaulements 7 prépercés en regard de deux cadres 2 juxtaposés. Chaque raidisseur 3 présente des perçages réguliers positionnés à intervalle, de préférence tous les 30 centimères. Ce pré-perçage permet de positionner les raidisseurs horizontalement ou verticalement pour former un quadrillage en fonction de la construction à réaliser. De manière similaire, les épaulements sont munis de perçages 8 réguliers disposés à intervalle. Lesdits cadres 2 et le raidisseur 3 sont réunis l'un à l'autre par un organe 4 de liaison commun traversant, par exemple une cheville.The figure 4 represents a front view of frames 2 of different dimensions assembled to form a portion of a facade 1 according to the invention. Each frame 2 is generally formed of four arranged uprights and assembled to form a frame 2 of rectangular shape. Said frame 2 is provided, on at least two of its opposite external faces, with a shoulder 7 or notch so as to obtain, in the juxtaposed state of two similar frames, a space 5 for receiving a stiffener 3. Thus, the same stiffener 3 is used to assemble the sides of two separate frames 2. Preferably, the stiffeners 3 are in the form of profiles provided, on one of their faces, with at least one pre-drilled tongue 6 inserted into a housing 5 defined by the shoulders 7 pre-drilled opposite two frames 2 juxtaposed. Each stiffener 3 has regular bores positioned at intervals, preferably every 30 centimeters. This pre-drilling makes it possible to position the stiffeners horizontally or vertically to form a grid according to the construction to be made. Similarly, the shoulders are provided with regular holes 8 spaced apart. Said frames 2 and the stiffener 3 are joined to each other by a common connecting member 4, for example an ankle.

Les raidisseurs 3 pouvant être utilisés comme moyen de renforcement horizontal ou vertical, il est nécessaire de pouvoir placer un tel raidisseur 3 dans plusieurs positions. Ainsi, l'épaulement 7, qui affecte la forme d'une languette périphérique s'étendant depuis l'une des faces du cadre 2, s'étend sur les quatre côtés du cadre 2. De cette façon, lorsque deux cadres 2 conformes à l'invention sont juxtaposés suivant l'un de leurs côtés, la zone délimitée par ladite juxtaposition présente, par coopération des épaulements 7 épaulés de chaque cadre 2, une gorge 5 dans laquelle peut venir s'insérer la languette 6 disposée le long dudit raidisseur 3. Pour les mêmes raisons d'orientation des raidisseurs, il est avantageux que l'épaulement 7 soit interrompu dans les angles du cadre 2. En effet, cette conception permet de présenter, aux angles des cadres 2, des surfaces libres ne gênant pas le positionnement des raidisseurs 3, qu'ils soient placés verticalement ou horizontalement, ce qui n'aurait pas été possible si les épaulements 7 avaient été continus sur toute la longueur des montants des cadres 2. De plus, il est avantageux que les profilés formant les montants des cadres 2 présentent une coupe à 45° à chacune de leurs extrémités de manière à réaliser facilement l'assemblage desdits montants 12 pour former les angles d'un cadre 2. Cette conception autorise la fabrication de montants 12 aux extrémités toutes identiques sans nuire à leur facilité de mise en oeuvre pour la fabrication d'un cadre 2. Il en résulte une baisse des coûts de fabrication desdits montants des cadres et une facilité de pose accrue, les montants 12 des cadres ne possédant pas de sens de montage.The stiffeners 3 can be used as a means of horizontal or vertical reinforcement, it is necessary to be able to place such a stiffener 3 in several positions. Thus, the shoulder 7, which has the shape of a peripheral tongue extending from one of the faces of the frame 2, extends on the four sides of the frame 2. In this way, when two frames 2 conform to the invention are juxtaposed along one of their sides, the zone delimited by said juxtaposition has, by cooperation of shoulders 7 shoulder of each frame 2, a groove 5 in which can be inserted the tongue 6 disposed along said stiffener 3. For the same reasons of orientation of the stiffeners, it is advantageous that the shoulder 7 is interrupted in the corners of the frame 2. Indeed, this design makes it possible to present, at the corners of the frames 2, free surfaces that do not interfere the positioning of the stiffeners 3, they are placed vertically or horizontally, which would not have been possible if the shoulders 7 had been continuous over the entire length of the amounts of the frames 2. In addition, it is advantageous that the profiles forming the uprights of the frames 2 have a 45 ° section at each of their ends so as to easily realize the assembly of said uprights 12 to form the corners of a frame 2. This design allows the manufacture of uprights 12 at all ends identical without impairing their ease of implementation for the manufacture of a frame 2. This results in a lower manufacturing costs of said amounts of frames and increased ease of installation, the amounts of 12 frames having no sense of assembly.

L'assemblage d'un raidisseur 3 avec deux cadres 2 juxtaposés est représenté à la figure 5 dans une vue de dessus en coupe. L'assemblage entre deux cadres 2 juxtaposés et le raidisseur 3 se fait par l'intermédiaire de la gorge 5 délimitée par les épaulements 7 des deux cadres 2 juxtaposés. En effet, chaque cadre 2 présente sur sa périphérie, une languette placée sensiblement le long de l'axe médian du montant 12 dudit cadre 2 la supportant afin, lorsque deux cadres identiques sont juxtaposés, de délimiter un espace 5 avec lequel pourra coopérer le raidisseur 3. Ainsi, en position montée du raidisseur 3 avec des cadres 2, la languette 6, équipant le raidisseur sur l'ensemble de sa longueur, est insérée dans l'espace délimité par deux épaulements 7 équipant chacun le montant d'un cadre 2. Une fois le raidisseur 3 positionné de manière à coopérer avec ledit espace 5, l'assemblage est immobilisé au moyen d'un organe 4 de liaison traversant, de préférence une cheville. Ledit organe 4 de liaison est inséré à travers un perçage 8, 9 ménagé à la fois dans les épaulements 7 des montants des cadres 2 et dans la languette 6 du raidisseur 3 destinée à s'insérer dans l'espace 5 délimité par lesdits épaulements 7. De plus, il est prévu, dans la zone de l'épaulement des cadres 2, un perçage 8 décalé axialement par rapport au perçage 9 de la ou des languettes 6 du raidisseur 3 de manière à obtenir, lors de la mise en place de l'organe 4 de liaison, un serrage entre raidisseur 3 et cadres 2. En effet, pour assurer une meilleure immobilisation de l'assemblage et maintenir l'organe 4 de liaison traversant dans son logement sans recourir à une pièce supplémentaire, il est avantageux de décaler légèrement les axes des perçages 8 ménagés dans les épaulements 7 des cadres 2 de l'axe du perçage 9 de la languette 6 du raidisseur 3 puis d'y introduire ledit organe 4 de liaison en force. Les flèches de la figure 5 illustrent ce serrage. Ce procédé permet alors une meilleure immobilisation de l'organe de liaison à l'intérieur de son logement en obtenant si nécessaire, en supplément, un serrage par effet de coin. Pour assurer un montage facilité de la façade 1, l'épaulement 7 de chaque cadre 2 et les languettes 6 des raidisseurs sont pré-percés. Ainsi, l'opérateur n'a aucun perçage à effectuer lors du montage d'une telle façade 1, ce qui réduit considérablement le temps de montage et les risques d'erreurs liées au perçage de trous axialement décalés.The assembly of a stiffener 3 with two juxtaposed frames 2 is shown in FIG. figure 5 in a sectional top view. The assembly between two juxtaposed frames 2 and the stiffener 3 is done through the groove 5 delimited by the shoulders 7 of the two juxtaposed frames 2. Indeed, each frame 2 has on its periphery, a tongue placed substantially along the median axis of the upright 12 of said frame 2 supporting it so, when two identical frames are juxtaposed, delimit a space 5 with which can cooperate the stiffener 3. Thus, in the mounted position of the stiffener 3 with frames 2, the tongue 6, equipping the stiffener over its entire length, is inserted into the space delimited by two shoulders 7 each equipping the amount of a frame 2 Once the stiffener 3 positioned to cooperate with said gap 5, the assembly is immobilized by means of a through connecting member 4, preferably an ankle. Said connecting member 4 is inserted through a bore 8, 9 formed both in the shoulders 7 of the amounts of the frames 2 and in the tongue 6 of the stiffener 3 intended to be inserted in the space 5 delimited by said shoulders 7 In addition, in the zone of the shoulder of the frames 2, there is provided a bore 8 offset axially with respect to the bore 9 of the tongue or tabs 6 of the stiffener 3 so as to obtain, during the installation of the connecting member 4, a clamping between stiffener 3 and frames 2. Indeed, to ensure better immobilization of the assembly and maintain the connecting member 4 through its housing without resorting to an additional part, it is advantageous slightly shift the axes of the holes 8 formed in the shoulders 7 of the frames 2 of the axis of the bore 9 of the tongue 6 of the stiffener 3 and then to introduce said member 4 of the link force. The arrows of the figure 5 illustrate this tightening. This process then allows a better immobilization of the connecting member inside its housing by obtaining if necessary, in addition, a clamping by wedge effect. To ensure easy assembly of the facade 1, the shoulder 7 of each frame 2 and the tabs 6 of the stiffeners are pre-drilled. Thus, the operator has no drilling to perform when mounting such a facade 1, which significantly reduces the assembly time and the risk of errors related to drilling axially offset holes.

La figure 5 représente un mode de réalisation préféré de la zone du raidisseur 3 apte à coopérer avec l'espace délimité par les encochages 7 épaulés des cadres 2. Le raidisseur, représenté à la figure 3, présente en effet trois languettes 6, 6', l'une 6 centrale étant destinée à s'insérer dans l'espace 5 délimité par les épaulements 7 ou encochages épaulés, les deux autres 6' situées de part et d'autre de la première 6 délimitant deux espaces dans lesquels viennent s'insérer les deux épaulements 7 de manière à disposer d'un serrage plus important. L'organe 4 traversant, tel qu'une cheville, traverse dans ce cas les trois languettes 6, 6' du raidisseur 3 ainsi que les deux épaulements 7 de deux cadres juxtaposés. Ainsi, chaque raidisseur 3, à l'exception des raidisseurs d'angle, est pourvu, sur l'une de ses faces, d'une pluralité de languettes 6, 6' affectant la forme d'une crénelure s'interpénétrant avec la crénelure de forme complémentaire ménagée par les zones 7 épaulées desdits cadres 2 à l'état juxtaposé desdits cadres.The figure 5 represents a preferred embodiment of the area of the stiffener 3 adapted to cooperate with the space defined by the notches 7 shouldered frames 2. The stiffener, shown in the figure 3 , in fact has three tongues 6, 6 ', one 6 being intended to be inserted into the space 5 delimited by the shoulders 7 or shouldered notches, the other two 6' located on either side of the first 6 defining two spaces in which are inserted the two shoulders 7 so as to have a greater tightening. The member 4 through, such as an ankle, in this case passes through the three tabs 6, 6 'of the stiffener 3 and the two shoulders 7 of two juxtaposed frames. Thus, each stiffener 3, with the exception of the corner stiffeners, is provided, on one of its faces, with a plurality of tongues 6, 6 'affecting the form of a crenelure interpenetrating with the crenelure of complementary shape formed by the shouldered zones 7 of said frames 2 in the juxtaposed state of said frames.

Le raccord de deux façades 1, conformes à l'invention, pour former un angle peut être réalisé de différentes manières. On peut par exemple disposer un poteau à base rectangulaire dans l'angle sur lequel on vient solidariser les cadres situés aux extrémités proche de l'angle des deux façades. On peut également disposer un raidisseur de conception particulière, muni de deux gorges, placées sur les deux faces situées vers l'extérieur de l'angle et destinées à recevoir les encochages épaulés des cadres formant l'angle des deux façades. Un mode de réalisation avantageux d'un raccord entre deux façades pour former un angle est représenté à la figure 6. Dans ce mode de réalisation, on place la façade 1', destinée à former le « côté pignon » du bâtiment, à recouvrement de la façade 1" « côté façade » au niveau de l'angle. L'extrémité du côté façade du bâtiment est donc formée par le raidisseur 3' de la façade 1' placée côté pignon. Une pièce 13 de raccord, telle qu'une ferrure, est utilisée pour solidariser les deux façades 1', 1" ensemble. Cette pièce se présente sous la forme d'un U dans la cavité duquel un raidisseur 3" vient se loger. Une branche 14 s'étend perpendiculaire aux branches du U de manière à venir en appui sur le raidisseur 3'. La pièce 13 est pré-percée de manière à recevoir également l'organe 4 de liaison traversant chaque raidisseur 3', 3". Pour ajouter à la solidité du raccord, on peut également inclure un autre organe d'immobilisation, tel qu'un boulon, entre la branche 14 de la pièce 13 et le raidisseur 3'. Ce mode de réalisation permet de s'affranchir d'un raidisseur spécialement conçu pour les angles. Il est avantageux de placer trois pièces 13 sur la hauteur de chaque raidisseur d'angle de manière à assurer une liaison résistante mécaniquement.The connection of two facades 1, according to the invention, to form an angle can be achieved in different ways. For example, it is possible to arrange a rectangular-based pole in the corner on which the frames at the ends close to the corner of the two facades are joined. It is also possible to have a stiffener of particular design, provided with two grooves, placed on the two faces situated towards the outside of the corner and intended to receive the beveled notches of the frames forming the angle of the two facades. An advantageous embodiment of a connection between two facades to form an angle is shown in FIG. figure 6 . In this embodiment, the frontage 1 ', intended to form the "pinion side" of the building, overlapping the facade 1 "" front side "at the corner.The end of the facade side of the building is formed by the stiffener 3 'of the front 1' placed on the pinion side. , such as a fitting, is used to secure the two facades 1 ', 1 "together. This piece is in the form of a U in the cavity of which a stiffener 3 "is housed.A branch 14 extends perpendicularly to the branches of the U so as to bear on the stiffener 3 '. pre-drilled so as to also receive the link member 4 passing through each stiffener 3 ', 3 ". To add to the strength of the connection, one can also include another immobilizer, such as a bolt, between the branch 14 of the part 13 and the stiffener 3 '. This embodiment makes it possible to dispense with a stiffener specially designed for angles. It is advantageous to place three pieces 13 on the height of each corner stiffener so as to ensure a mechanically strong connection.

Dans un mode de réalisation préféré, l'assemblage des cadres 2 avec les raidisseurs 3 appropriés s'effectue comme suit. Les cadres 2 pré percés sont tout d'abord assemblés. Des panneaux 10 de remplissage sont ensuite fixés, par vissage par exemple, sur les montants des cadres 2. Ces opérations s'effectuent en atelier. On fixe ensuite les raidisseurs 3 sur l'assemblage des cadres 2 et des panneaux 10 de remplissage et on maintient l'assemblage en position par l'introduction d'organes 4 de serrage, tels que des chevilles, dans les perçages 8, 9. Lesdits panneaux 10 de remplissage peuvent être positionnés uniquement à l'extérieur desdits cadres 2 de manière à réaliser une façade 1 simple. Cependant, il est possible de positionner deux panneaux 10 de remplissage par cadre 2 de manière à délimiter une cavité entre deux panneaux 10 en regard l'un de l'autre. Cette cavité peut notamment être utilisée pour réaliser l'isolation d'une construction modulaire conforme à l'invention. Pour cela, un matériau isolant, tel que de la laine de verre ou une mousse, peut être ajouté pour combler l'espace délimité par les deux panneaux 10 afin d'améliorer l'isolation phonique et thermique du bâtiment. Dans ce mode de réalisation, chaque cadre 2 est fermé par deux panneaux 10 de façade, transparents ou opaques, coopérant avec le cadre 2 pour délimiter un volume de réception d'un matériau de remplissage. L'opérateur sur le chantier n'a plus qu'à mettre en place les éléments formés par les cadres 2, les raidisseurs 3 et les panneaux 10 de remplissage pour procéder au montage de la façade 1. La façade est ainsi formée par les cadres disposés à la manière d'un quadrillage et les raidisseurs qui coopèrent à la tenue de plusieurs lignes ou rangées du cadre.In a preferred embodiment, the assembly of the frames 2 with the appropriate stiffeners 3 is as follows. The pre-drilled frames 2 are first assembled. Filler panels 10 are then fixed, for example by screwing on the uprights of the frames 2. These operations are carried out in the workshop. The stiffeners 3 are then fixed to the assembly of the frames 2 and the filler panels 10 and the assembly is held in position by the introduction of clamping members 4, such as pegs, into the bores 8, 9. Said filler panels 10 can be positioned only outside said frames 2 so as to make a single facade 1. However, it is possible to position two panels 10 filling frame 2 so as to define a cavity between two panels 10 facing one another. This cavity can in particular be used to achieve the insulation of a modular construction according to the invention. For this, an insulating material, such as glass wool or a foam, may be added to fill the space delimited by the two panels 10 to improve the sound and heat insulation of the building. In this embodiment, each frame 2 is closed by two facade panels 10, transparent or opaque, cooperating with the frame 2 to delimit a receiving volume of a filling material. The operator on the construction site only has to put in place the elements formed by the frames 2, the stiffeners 3 and the panels 10 of filling to proceed with the assembly of the facade 1. The facade is thus formed by the frames arranged in the manner of a grid and the stiffeners which cooperate in holding several rows or rows of the frame.

Généralement, un film plastique protecteur ou pare-vapeur est placé sur le panneau 10 de remplissage extérieur de la façade puis un bardage est positionné par-dessus ledit film plastique. Avantageusement, un tasseau est disposé entre le film plastique et le bardage afin d'inclure dans le mur une lame d'air servant à ventiler la façade. Les tasseaux peuvent être solidarisés aux panneaux et aux cadres au moyen des organes de fixation, tels que des vis, utilisés pour fixer les panneaux de remplissage aux cadres. On réalise ainsi une économie d'organes de fixation et de temps de montage d'une telle façade.Generally, a protective plastic film or vapor barrier is placed on the outer filler panel 10 of the facade and a cladding is positioned over said plastic film. Advantageously, a cleat is disposed between the plastic film and the cladding to include in the wall a blade of air used to ventilate the facade. The cleats can be secured to the panels and frames by means of fasteners, such as screws, used to attach the filler panels to the frames. This saves fasteners and mounting time of such a facade.

Claims (10)

  1. Modular façade structure (1) for a property, the said structure being made up mainly of frames (2) which are generally made of wood, of stiffeners (3) which are in the form of uprights and/or crosspieces, and of connection elemants (4) between the frame (2) and the stiffener (3), the said two frames (2) delimiting between them, when in the juxtaposed state, a space (5) for receiving a stiffener (3),
    characterised in that the frames (2) and stiffener (3) are joined to one another by a pass-through connection element (4) which is common to the frames and the stiffener.
  2. Modular structure according to claim 1,
    characterised in that the stiffeners (3) are in the form of sections which are provided, on one of their faces, with at least one pre-perforated tongue (6) which fits into a housing (5) defined by the opposed shoulders (7) of two juxtaposed frames (2), the said frames (2) and the stiffener (3) being joined to one another by a common pass-through connection element (4).
  3. Modular structure according to claim 2,
    characterised in that there is provided, in the shouldered zone (7) of the frames (2), a perforation (8) which is offset axially in relation to the perforation (9) in the tongue or tongues (6) of the stiffener (3) in such a way as to obtain clamping between the stiffener (3) and the frames (2) when the connection element (4) is installed.
  4. Modular structure according to claim 2,
    characterised in that each stiffener (3), apart from the corner stiffeners, is provided, on one of its faces, with a plurality of tongues (6, 6') which assume the shape of crenellations which interpenetrate with the crenellations of complementary shape provided by the shouldered shoulders (7) on the said frames (2) when the latter are in the juxtaposed state.
  5. Modular structure according to claim 2,
    characterised in that at least some of the frames (2) are provided, on at least one of their faces, with a shoulder (7) in the vicinity of two of their opposed outer sides.
  6. Structure according to claim 5,
    characterised in that the shoulder (7) extends over the four sides of the frame (2).
  7. Structure according to claim 6,
    characterised in that the shoulder (7) is interrupted in the corners of the frame (2).
  8. Structure according to one of claims 5 to 7,
    characterised in that the shoulder (7) assumes the shape of a peripheral tongue extending from one of the faces of the frame (2).
  9. Structure according to one of claims 5 to 8,
    characterised in that the shoulder (7) is pre-perforated.
  10. Structure according to one of claims 5 to 9,
    characterised in that each frame (2) is closed by at least one transparent or opaque façade panel (10).
EP06291664A 2005-11-04 2006-10-25 Modular facade construction Active EP1783291B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0511219A FR2893046B1 (en) 2005-11-04 2005-11-04 MODULAR CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITY OF REAL ESTATE AND FRAMEWORK FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SUCH A CONSTRUCTION.

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EP1783291A1 EP1783291A1 (en) 2007-05-09
EP1783291B1 true EP1783291B1 (en) 2008-12-31

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AT (1) ATE419438T1 (en)
DE (1) DE602006004533D1 (en)
FR (1) FR2893046B1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103195191A (en) * 2013-04-17 2013-07-10 哈尔滨工业大学 Undersized log light wood structure composite shear wall

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2941473A1 (en) 2009-01-26 2010-07-30 A L Etabli Guerandais Soc CONSTRUCTION COATING PANEL EQUIPPED WITH A PLURALITY OF V-PROFILE RIBS AND CORRESPONDING CONSTRUCTION
FR2975111A1 (en) * 2011-05-11 2012-11-16 Christian Martin Method for manufacturing wooden construction e.g. house, involves prefabricating modules having beams perpendicular to posts, and prefabricating panels for engaging posts and beams to form portion of wall of wooden construction
NL2015940B1 (en) * 2015-12-10 2017-07-03 Hero Olthof Willem Method of producing a framing member of alternate layers of structural members and insulating material interconnected by wooden dowels.

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH309851A (en) * 1953-07-13 1955-09-30 Weber Alfred Removable construction.
FR2179603B1 (en) * 1972-04-13 1974-12-20 Rubat Jacques
DE4336142A1 (en) * 1993-10-22 1995-04-27 Pilz Technologie Gmbh Facade construction as well as work elevator and method for its assembly

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103195191A (en) * 2013-04-17 2013-07-10 哈尔滨工业大学 Undersized log light wood structure composite shear wall
CN103195191B (en) * 2013-04-17 2015-03-04 哈尔滨工业大学 Undersized log light wood structure composite shear wall

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DE602006004533D1 (en) 2009-02-12
EP1783291A1 (en) 2007-05-09
FR2893046B1 (en) 2009-02-06
ATE419438T1 (en) 2009-01-15
FR2893046A1 (en) 2007-05-11

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