EP1720579A1 - Galaktomannane und/oder glucomannane zur erhöhung von wirkstoff-bioverfügbarkeit - Google Patents
Galaktomannane und/oder glucomannane zur erhöhung von wirkstoff-bioverfügbarkeitInfo
- Publication number
- EP1720579A1 EP1720579A1 EP05715350A EP05715350A EP1720579A1 EP 1720579 A1 EP1720579 A1 EP 1720579A1 EP 05715350 A EP05715350 A EP 05715350A EP 05715350 A EP05715350 A EP 05715350A EP 1720579 A1 EP1720579 A1 EP 1720579A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- vitamin
- water
- polysacchahd
- group
- polysaccharide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
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- 229920000926 Galactomannan Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 229920002581 Glucomannan Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
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- WPLOVIFNBMNBPD-ATHMIXSHSA-N subtilin Chemical compound CC1SCC(NC2=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(C(C)CC)C(=O)NC(=C)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(O)=O)CSC(C)C2NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C1NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C1NC(=O)C(=C/C)/NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C2NC(=O)CNC(=O)C3CCCN3C(=O)C(NC(=O)C3NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(=C)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(N)CC=4C5=CC=CC=C5NC=4)CSC3)C(C)SC2)C(C)C)C(C)SC1)CC1=CC=CC=C1 WPLOVIFNBMNBPD-ATHMIXSHSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- 244000247812 Amorphophallus rivieri Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000001206 Amorphophallus rivieri Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- ACTIUHUUMQJHFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Coenzym Q10 Natural products COC1=C(OC)C(=O)C(CC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)C)=C(C)C1=O ACTIUHUUMQJHFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002752 Konjac Polymers 0.000 description 3
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N L-Cysteine Chemical compound SC[C@H](N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000000122 growth hormone Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 239000000252 konjac Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010024636 Glutathione Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000003712 anti-aging effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013325 dietary fiber Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 2
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- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-PHDIDXHHSA-N L-Glutathione Natural products OC(=O)[C@H](N)CCC(=O)N[C@H](CS)C(=O)NCC(O)=O RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-PHDIDXHHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N L-Methionine Natural products CSCCC(N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004201 L-cysteine Substances 0.000 description 1
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- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-methionine Chemical compound CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195722 L-methionine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 description 1
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- UYCAGRPOUWSBIQ-WOYAITHZSA-N [(1s)-1-carboxy-4-(diaminomethylideneamino)butyl]azanium;(2s)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylate Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCC(=O)N1.OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCCN=C(N)N UYCAGRPOUWSBIQ-WOYAITHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DFPAKSUCGFBDDF-ZQBYOMGUSA-N [14c]-nicotinamide Chemical compound N[14C](=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 DFPAKSUCGFBDDF-ZQBYOMGUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000643 adenine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ANVAOWXLWRTKGA-XHGAXZNDSA-N all-trans-alpha-carotene Natural products CC=1CCCC(C)(C)C=1/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1C(C)=CCCC1(C)C ANVAOWXLWRTKGA-XHGAXZNDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008485 antagonism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001796 anti-degenerative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001147 anti-toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940075863 arginine pyroglutamate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000004958 brain cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000005473 carotenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000030833 cell death Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cysteine Natural products SCC(N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012377 drug delivery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037406 food intake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020710 ginseng extract Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000416 hydrocolloid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000002780 macular degeneration Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960004452 methionine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003470 mitochondria Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004686 pentahydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008447 perception Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004804 polysaccharides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001592 potato starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000012015 potatoes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940082569 selenite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MCAHWIHFGHIESP-UHFFFAOYSA-L selenite(2-) Chemical compound [O-][Se]([O-])=O MCAHWIHFGHIESP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003826 tablet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940042585 tocopherol acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RZLVQBNCHSJZPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RZLVQBNCHSJZPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
- A61K31/365—Lactones
- A61K31/375—Ascorbic acid, i.e. vitamin C; Salts thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/02—Nutrients, e.g. vitamins, minerals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
- A61P5/10—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the posterior pituitary hormones, e.g. oxytocin, ADH
Definitions
- US 4,675,312 discloses the production of polysaccharide agglomerates with the aim of enabling better intake by avoiding the other problems of galactomannan flour, such as viscosity and stickiness. 0
- the production is carried out here by two different substances, namely one by the galactomannan and the other Second, through separate agglomeration formers. 5
- the agglomeration agent is hardly restricted in the choice of available substances. It is only defined as a water supplier and can be of animal and / or vegetable origin.
- the proportion of agglomeration agents in the total granulate is between 5 to 40%. Examples of such agglomeration formers are potatoes, milk and fruit.
- US Pat. No. 4,675,312 accordingly describes the production of granules from galactomannans and associated agglomeration formers.
- HGH growth hormone
- the invention is therefore based on the object of further developing the preparation of polysaccharides, such as galactomannans and glucomannans, specified in US Pat. No. 4,675,312 so that they are also suitable for introducing active substances, such as human growth hormone, into human or animal metabolism ,
- the invention is characterized by the technical teaching of claim 1.
- the invention describes the possibility of individual compilation of the granules described with their effect on the human organism.
- the invention thus has the following features: • Use of plant ingredients • Carrier by polysaccharides • Application in various areas (anti-aging, competitive sports) The active ingredients are embedded individually or as a complex separately in a plant matrix (polysaccharides / guar).
- the advantage is the delayed , delayed release of the active substances into the blood, the exclusion of undesired interactions of different active substances with one another (antagonism) and the building up of large absorption surfaces in the small intestine.
- the production of monopreparations and complexes as semi-finished preparations makes it possible to produce completely individual vital substance preparations for humans and animals in the simplest way.
- L-methionine in the body converts it to cysteine, which is itself assembled into gluthathione.
- L-glutathione (GSH) antioxidant antioxidant, antitoxin and enzyme cofactor.
- GSH L-glutathione
- An anti-degenerative, systemic protectorant An anti-degenerative, systemic protectorant.
- NAC N-acetyl-L-cysteine
- Arginine pyroglutamate triggers the secretion of growth hormones and increases the perception function.
- NADH nicotinamide, adenine
- ALA Alpha lipoic acid
- Acetyl-L-carnitine reduces brain cell death.
- Green tea extract is well known and has documented anti-aging effects.
- Guar from guar gum galactomannan acts as a fiber and vegetable carrier matrix of the active ingredients.
- Konjac from the Konjac plant glucomannan acts as a fiber and carrier matrix of the active ingredients.
- Active ingredients can be vitamins, minerals, trace elements, plant ingredients, amino acids, coenzymes and other metabolically active substances in Table 1.
- the invention is not limited solely to the active substances given in Table 1.
- the active ingredient is dissolved in water or, in the case of fat-soluble active ingredients, it is suspended in water. This solution or suspension is slowly introduced into the purified polysaccharide and mixed. The resulting gel is dried using a gentle process in order not to destroy the sometimes sensitive active ingredients with temperature or oxygen. The cake resulting from the drying is crushed and sieved to the desired particle size (preferably 0.2 - 2 mm). The granulate obtained in this way has a residual moisture of about 5 - 7% and is therefore microbiologically stable.
- the granulate When the granulate is ingested, it begins to swell and the embedded active ingredients are slowly released for absorption by the human or animal digestive system. A gel forms.
- the high density of the polysaccharide matrix ensures that the swelling process only takes place in the interstinal tract. Water is continuously absorbed during the swelling process, thus loosening the matrix. In the course of this loosening, the embedded active ingredients can diffuse out of the matrix and thus be absorbed. The amount of active ingredient that is absorbed does not therefore exceed physiological concentrations, as can happen when a capsule or conventional dosage forms are released.
- the continuous dissolution of the polysacccha gel through the digestive process causes the delayed release of the embedded active ingredients. This behavior largely corresponds to the natural conditions when taking vitamins or other active ingredients.
- Fruit, vegetables, meat, and cereals are colloidal systems, as is the hydrocolloid galactomannan or glucomannan.
- FIG. 1 Comparison of the kinetics of drug delivery in a conventional preparation compared to the drug when incorporated into a polysaccharide
- FIG. 2 an enlarged, schematic representation of a granulate consisting of individual granulate particles
- FIG. 3 an enlarged and schematic representation of a granulate particle with incorporation of HGH complexes
- FIG. 4 a schematic illustration, which is enlarged still further compared to FIG. 3;
- Figure 5 the functional kinetics of the molecular structure when water penetrates.
- FIG. 1 shows a comparison of the active substance release in the human or animal body using two different active substance mechanisms.
- the active substance concentration in the blood is shown on the ordinate, while the time is shown on the abscissa.
- Curve Y shows a conventional transition of an active ingredient into the human or animal body. The result of this is that an approximately parabolic course is created, i. H. a very sharp increase in
- curve Y compared to curve X thus shows that, thanks to the technical measures according to the invention, a high concentration of active substance in the blood can be achieved over a long period of time.
- the graphic shows the possibility of a desired absorption delay by embedding the active ingredient in a polysacchahd. This means a more uniform supply and better use of the active ingredients in human and / or animal metabolism.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of a granulate 1 which consists of a large number of granulate particles 2, 3.
- the growth hormone HGH is embedded, as it is shown graphically as an HGH complex. This installation mechanism is mentioned in Example 3 of the above description.
- the two granulate particles 2, 3 are completely functionally separated and do not mix or interact with one another in an undesirable manner. Because the active substances (ascorbic acid and selenite) are bound in different granulate particles 2, 3, an undesired interaction between these active substances in the gastrointestinal tract is prevented.
- a granulate particle 3 With an enlarged, electron-microscopic representation of a granulate particle 3, it can be seen that it is formed from a multiplicity of reticulated or lattice-shaped polysaccharide molecules 5, which form a lattice structure 4.
- the HGH complexes 7 are now integrated into the lattice structure 4 of the polysaccharide molecules 5 by means of a coordinative bond.
- polysaccharide molecules 5 themselves are each surrounded by an illustrated HO shell which completely envelops and shields the thread-like structure.
- the HGH complexes 7 are integrated in the space 6 between the molecules 5 due to the previously mentioned coordinative bond.
- the HGH complexes are multivalued positive, while the OH group 8 carries a negative partial charge.
- the HGH complexes are kept in the space 6 between the filiform polysaccharide ions due to the described coordinative bond.
- the delayed release is justified by the fact that the individual threads are removed in layers by the penetrating water or the interstinal fluid and thus the lattice structure is also removed in layers so as to release the HGH complexes 7 stored in the interspace 6.
- the galactomannan fibers are very closely connected in the dry flour. Mixing this network with water loosens these threads and surrounds them with the previously mentioned hydrate shell 9.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Diabetes (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Endocrinology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Obesity (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
- Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/780,152 US20050181058A1 (en) | 2004-02-17 | 2004-02-17 | Use of polysaccharides, such as galactomannans, glucomannans and the like for introducing active substances into the human or animal metabolism |
DE102004008017A DE102004008017A1 (de) | 2004-03-17 | 2004-03-17 | Anwendung von Polysacchariden wie Galaktomannane, Glucomannane und dergleichen zur Einschleusung von Wirkstoffen, insbesondere dem menschlichen Wachstumshormons HGH in den menschlichen oder tierischen Stoffwechsel |
PCT/EP2005/001546 WO2005079857A1 (de) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-16 | Galaktomannane und/oder glucomannane zur erhöhung von wirkstoff-bioverfügbarkeit |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1720579A1 true EP1720579A1 (de) | 2006-11-15 |
Family
ID=34888794
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05715350A Ceased EP1720579A1 (de) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-16 | Galaktomannane und/oder glucomannane zur erhöhung von wirkstoff-bioverfügbarkeit |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1720579A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2007524690A (de) |
WO (1) | WO2005079857A1 (de) |
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---|---|---|---|---|
ES2543808T3 (es) * | 2006-02-01 | 2015-08-24 | Nestec S.A. | Sistema nutricional y métodos para aumentar la longevidad |
WO2007094827A2 (en) * | 2006-02-10 | 2007-08-23 | Mannatech, Inc. | All natural multivitamin and multimineral dietary supplement formulations for enhanced absorption and biological utilization |
US8491937B2 (en) * | 2007-02-15 | 2013-07-23 | Wyeth Llc | Stability in vitamin and mineral supplements |
CN102015746B (zh) * | 2008-05-08 | 2015-05-13 | 梧桐生物技术私人有限公司 | 包含半乳甘露聚糖的组合物及其制备方法 |
ITRM20130655A1 (it) | 2013-11-26 | 2015-05-27 | Dicofarm Spa | Prodotto a base di una associazione di glucomannano ed inositolo |
CH710567A1 (de) * | 2014-12-30 | 2016-06-30 | Häcki Simone | Haarwuchspräparat bzw. Nahrungsergänzungsmittel. |
CN111728217A (zh) * | 2020-07-07 | 2020-10-02 | 江西邦泰绿色生物合成生态产业园发展有限公司 | 一种玛咖纳豆制品复合制剂及其制备方法 |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CH652930A5 (de) * | 1983-03-25 | 1985-12-13 | Wheli Inter Ag | Polysaccharid-agglomerat. |
JPS6054321A (ja) * | 1983-09-01 | 1985-03-28 | Chiyoda Yakuhin Kk | 粘度の安定なグルコマンナンとビタミンcの健康食品用製剤 |
JPH04243819A (ja) * | 1991-01-25 | 1992-08-31 | Grelan Pharmaceut Co Ltd | 徐放性製剤 |
DE4119306C2 (de) * | 1991-06-12 | 1996-05-30 | Wheli Inter Ag | Organische Rohstoffe, Zwischen- und Endprodukte für die Ernährung und zur Verwendung für technische Zwecke, die Vitalstoffe enthalten |
AU2068797A (en) * | 1996-01-29 | 1997-08-20 | Edward Mendell Co. Inc. | Sustained release excipient |
JPH10114682A (ja) * | 1996-10-11 | 1998-05-06 | Shimizu Kagaku Kk | グルコマンナン配合持効性内服用薬剤 |
EP0872233A1 (de) * | 1997-04-14 | 1998-10-21 | Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. | Antiretrovirale Arzneimittel mit verbesserter Bioverfügbarkeit |
US6403609B1 (en) * | 1997-07-29 | 2002-06-11 | Alcon Manufacturing, Ltd. | Ophthalmic compositions containing galactomannan polymers and borate |
KR20000011247A (ko) * | 1998-07-23 | 2000-02-25 | 김윤 | 다당류를이용한대장선택성약물전달조성물및약학제제 |
CA2461708C (en) * | 2001-09-28 | 2012-08-07 | Nutraceutix, Inc. | Delivery system for biological component |
-
2005
- 2005-02-16 WO PCT/EP2005/001546 patent/WO2005079857A1/de active Application Filing
- 2005-02-16 EP EP05715350A patent/EP1720579A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2005-02-16 JP JP2006553523A patent/JP2007524690A/ja active Pending
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WO2005079857A1 (de) | 2005-09-01 |
JP2007524690A (ja) | 2007-08-30 |
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