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EP1706555A1 - Anchoring for pre-tensioned and/or stressed tensile elements - Google Patents

Anchoring for pre-tensioned and/or stressed tensile elements

Info

Publication number
EP1706555A1
EP1706555A1 EP04802011A EP04802011A EP1706555A1 EP 1706555 A1 EP1706555 A1 EP 1706555A1 EP 04802011 A EP04802011 A EP 04802011A EP 04802011 A EP04802011 A EP 04802011A EP 1706555 A1 EP1706555 A1 EP 1706555A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
elasticity
wedge
layer
anchoring
modulus
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP04802011A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1706555B1 (en
Inventor
Stefan L. Burtscher
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Innovationsagentur GmbH
Original Assignee
Innovationsagentur GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Innovationsagentur GmbH filed Critical Innovationsagentur GmbH
Publication of EP1706555A1 publication Critical patent/EP1706555A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1706555B1 publication Critical patent/EP1706555B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
    • E04C5/085—Tensile members made of fiber reinforced plastics
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/07—Reinforcing elements of material other than metal, e.g. of glass, of plastics, or not exclusively made of metal
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
    • E04C5/12—Anchoring devices
    • E04C5/122—Anchoring devices the tensile members are anchored by wedge-action
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
    • E04C5/12—Anchoring devices
    • E04C5/127—The tensile members being made of fiber reinforced plastics
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T24/00—Buckles, buttons, clasps, etc.
    • Y10T24/39—Cord and rope holders
    • Y10T24/3996—Sliding wedge
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T403/00—Joints and connections
    • Y10T403/70—Interfitted members
    • Y10T403/7047—Radially interposed shim or bushing
    • Y10T403/7051—Wedging or camming
    • Y10T403/7052—Engaged by axial movement
    • Y10T403/7054—Plural, circumferentially related shims between members

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an anchoring for at least one prestressed or loaded tensile element, in which the tensile force can be transmitted to an anchor body by means of one or more wedges, and a wedge-shaped layer has a lower modulus of elasticity than the other parts of the anchoring, the greatest thickness of the wedge-shaped layer , measured normal to the longitudinal axis of the tension element, lies in the area of the anchorage near the load.
  • Wedge anchors have been used for prestressing high-strength steel prestressing steel for many years. They are based on a simple principle and can be produced with little time and material. Wedge anchoring is the most common type of anchoring in prestressed concrete construction.
  • the force in the tension element is introduced into the wedges via shear stresses and from there into the anchor body. Wedges and anchor bodies are in contact via an inclined plane on which the wedges can slide.
  • the wedge shape creates a pressure force normal to the tensile element when the tensile element is loaded, which presses the wedges against the tensile element.
  • fiber composite materials for prestressed or loaded tensile elements such as lamellae, wires, rods or strands
  • the fiber composite materials have a very high corrosion resistance and a low weight.
  • the main disadvantage of fiber composite materials is their high sensitivity to lateral pressure.
  • the level of the maximum transferable shear stress between the wedge and tension element depends on the contact pressure. The higher the contact pressure, the higher the transferable maximum shear stress.
  • the contact pressure causes a transverse pressure in the tension element. For materials that are sensitive to lateral pressure, such as Fiber composite materials, the maximum transverse pressure that occurs must not exceed a certain size.
  • a minimum amount of slip is required to activate the shear stresses between the wedge and the tension element.
  • a conventional wedge anchoring there is a high contact pressure between the wedge and the tension element in the area near the load, which also creates a high shear stress there, which quickly subsides and is almost constant up to the area away from the load remains.
  • the sum of the shear stresses along the entire contact area between the wedge and the tension element corresponds to the tensile force in the tension element.
  • the greatest shear stress occurs at the point of maximum contact pressure, at which the greatest proportion of the tensile force per surface unit is also transmitted.
  • a disadvantage is that from the point of maximum shear stress to the area away from the load, the shear stress can hardly be activated.
  • Another disadvantage of conventional anchoring is that the greatest maximum contact pressure and the greatest maximum shear stress have to be relatively low, since materials such as fiber composite materials fail at low contact pressures or transverse pressures.
  • WO 95/29308 describes a conical casting anchor for fiber composite materials.
  • the anchor sleeve has a conical cavity.
  • the cavity is filled along the direction of the tension element in sections with potting compound with different modulus of elasticity. Potting compound with the lowest modulus of elasticity is installed in the section near the load.
  • potting material with increasing elasticity modules is used in the following sections up to the area away from the load. A more even power transmission from the tension element to the potting body is thus achieved.
  • the production of these layers is a complex process.
  • EP 0 197 912 A2 discloses an anchor for tendons made of high-strength steel, in which the anchor body consists of two layers with different materials, such as plastic or soft metal.
  • the layer of softer material is made with a constant thickness over the entire wedge length or with a layer that varies over the wedge length, but which has the smallest thickness in the area near the load.
  • Cross-pressure sensitive materials such as fiber composite materials, cannot withstand these high cross-pressures and therefore fail prematurely.
  • EP 0 197 912 also shows a variant according to which two wedges lying one behind the other in the longitudinal direction of the tension element are provided in a one-piece anchor body, of which the wedge closer to the load is formed from a pressed part which is softer than the tension element, the latter wedge-shaped pressed part has its greatest thickness in the area close to the load.
  • the wedge further away from the load is designed as an anchor wedge and has its greatest thickness in the area away from the load, so that stress peaks and thus lateral pressure peaks occur on the tension element.
  • the object of the invention is to provide an anchoring in which the contact pressures and the shear stresses which act on the tension element to be anchored are evenly distributed over the clamping length of the tension element or rise slightly from the area near to the load and away from the load and have lower maximum values for contact pressures and shear stresses than the known embodiments.
  • manufacture and installation on the construction site should be possible in a substantially simplified manner compared to a potting anchoring.
  • the wedge and / or the anchor body is (are) formed by at least two wedge-shaped layers lying against one another, at least one of the layers being formed from a material with a lower modulus of elasticity than the material from which the further ( n) layer (s) of the wedge and / or the anchor body is (are) formed, and the greatest thickness of this layer is provided in the area close to the load.
  • the ratio of the moduli of elasticity of the layers is sufficiently large, the overall stiffness of both layers normal to the longitudinal axis of the tension element is mainly determined by the layer of material with a low modulus of elasticity. The thicker the layer with a low modulus of elasticity, the lower the stiffness normal to the longitudinal axis of the tension element. Therefore, in the area close to the load, where the thickness of the layer with the low modulus of elasticity is greatest, the stiffness normal to the longitudinal axis of the tension element is lower than in the area away from the load.
  • Fig. 1 shows a longitudinal section with anchor body, tension element and two wedges, each with three layers, of which two layers of the wedge have a low modulus of elasticity and one layer has a high modulus of elasticity, a layer with a low modulus of elasticity and variable thickness arranged near the sliding plane between the wedge and anchor body is;
  • FIG. 2 shows in diagram form the idealized shear stress distributions along the contact surface between the wedge and tension element for a conventional anchoring and an anchoring according to the invention
  • FIG. 3 shows a cross section along the section line III-III from FIG. 1, the tension element here having a rectangular cross section and two wedges each having three layers being used;
  • the anchor body consisting of a layer with a high modulus of elasticity and a layer with a low modulus of elasticity and variable thickness, which is arranged near the sliding plane between the wedge and the anchor sleeve;
  • FIG. 5 shows a cross section along the section line V-V of FIG. 4, the tension element here having a circular cross section and two wedges without layers and an anchor body with two layers being used;
  • each wedge shows a longitudinal section through an anchor in which seven wires, rods or strands are anchored and each wedge consists of a layer with a high modulus of elasticity and a layer with a low modulus of elasticity and variable thickness, which is arranged on the side of the tension element;
  • FIG. 7 shows a cross section along the section line VII-VII from FIG. 6, the tension element here having a circular cross section and three wedges of two layers being used for each tension element;
  • Fig. 8 shows a longitudinal section through an anchoring in an asymmetrical design, consisting of anchor body, tension element and a wedge, which is made of one layer with a high modulus of elasticity and two layers with a low modulus of elasticity, of which a layer with a low modulus of elasticity with a variable thickness is arranged near the sliding plane of the wedge and anchor sleeve, and presses the tension element against a plane parallel to the axis of the tension element and thus the forces from the tension element are introduced into the wedge and the parallel plane;
  • FIG. 9 shows a longitudinal section through an anchorage which is designed with three-layer wedges, of which two layers with a low modulus of elasticity and variable thickness in the area near the load have the greatest thickness and only one layer with a low modulus of elasticity is guided to the area away from the load;
  • FIG. 10 shows a longitudinal section through an anchoring, the wedges of which are made with a layer with a low and a layer with a high modulus of elasticity, of which the layer with a low modulus of elasticity and variable thickness is guided further to the area near the load than the layer with a high modulus of elasticity;
  • FIG. 11 shows a longitudinal section through an anchor, the wedges of which are designed with a layer with a low and a layer with a high modulus of elasticity, the layer with a low modulus of elasticity tapering towards the area away from the load according to a curve of higher order.
  • Fig. 12 shows a detail of the anchoring on an enlarged scale.
  • FIG. 1 shows the anchoring 7 in longitudinal section with a wedge 3, which is formed from two layers 32, 33 with a low modulus of elasticity and a layer 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity.
  • the layers 31, 32, 33 run along the longitudinal axis 4 of the tension element 1.
  • the layer with a lower modulus of elasticity and a constant thickness 33 is installed in order to compensate for possible stress peaks which can arise from uneven surfaces or other imperfections.
  • the other layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity is arranged near the anchor body 2 and has the greatest thickness in the area 5 close to the load, which decreases towards the area 6 remote from the load. With increasing thickness of the layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity, the overall stiffness of the wedge 3 decreases normal to the longitudinal axis 4 of the tension element 1.
  • the contact pressure rises slightly from the area close to the load 5 to the area 6 away from the load, and the entire contact surface between the wedge 3 and the tension element 1 can be used for the transmission of the shear stresses.
  • large contact pressures occur in the area near the load 6 and thus also a shear stress which increases sharply in a short area, see line c in FIG. 2.
  • line b of FIG. 2 illustrates.
  • the maximum contact pressure is lower, which is particularly important when using fiber composite materials.
  • the contact pressure is distributed according to the stiffness of the layers 31 and 32 and can be varied depending on the ratio of the elasticity modules and the layer thicknesses in the area 5 close to the load and in the area 6 remote from the load.
  • Fig. 3 The section III-III in Fig. 1 is shown in Fig. 3 and shows the cross section of Fig. 1 for anchoring a tension element 1 with a rectangular cross section, designed as a lamella. Two wedges 3 with flat surfaces are used in this anchor.
  • the anchor 7 according to FIG. 4 is based on the same principle as the anchor 7 in FIG. 1, but with the difference that the wedge 3 has a higher modulus of elasticity, whereas the anchor body 2 consists of a layer 22 with a lower modulus of elasticity, which is close to the Sliding surface is arranged, and a layer 21 is built up with a higher modulus of elasticity.
  • the section V-V in FIG. 4 is shown in FIG. 5 and shows the cross section of FIG. 4 for the anchoring of a wire, a strand or a rod 1.
  • this anchoring 7 two complementary wedges 3 with rounded surfaces are used.
  • each wedge 3 is divided into a layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity and a layer 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity.
  • the layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity is arranged in the wedge 3 at the tensioning element 1 and the layer 31 with the higher modulus of elasticity 31 is arranged near the sliding surface with the anchor body 2. 7, the tension element 1 is held with three wedges 3 with rounded surfaces.
  • the wedge 3 can also consist of a plurality of layers 31, 32, 34 with lower and higher elasticity modules 32, 34, as shown in FIG. 9, the layers 32, 34 with a lower elasticity module also having a greater thickness in the region 5 near the load and these are not all led into the area 6 remote from the load.
  • the wedges 3 consist of a layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity and a layer 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity.
  • the peculiarity here is that the layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity has the greatest thickness in the region of the layer 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity near the load, but is continued in order to be able to better initiate the introduction of force and occurring vibration stresses.
  • an anchoring 7 is carried out with a wedge 3 made of a layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity and a layer 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity, the thickness of the layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity not being linear for better adaptation of the contact pressure, but instead following a curve higher Order changed their thickness.
  • the layers 32, 33, 34, 22, 23 made of material with a lower modulus of elasticity can also be created by geometrical adaptations, such as pores, holes, cavities or other recesses.
  • the design with a wedge 3 from at least one layer 32 with a lower and a layer 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity or with an anchor body 2 from at least a layer 22 with a lower and a layer 21 with a higher elastic modulus can be used in combination.
  • the layers with a lower modulus of elasticity can be supplemented or replaced by geometric adaptations, such as pores, holes, cavities or other recesses.
  • an anchor 7 of a tension element 1, formed by a CFRP lamella 1, which typically has a modulus of elasticity between 165000 and 300000 N / mm 2 , a strength between 1500 and 3500 N / mm 2 and a thickness of 0, is now exemplified.
  • the layers 32, 33 with a lower modulus of elasticity are made of plastic with a modulus of elasticity of 5800 N / mm 2 and the layer 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity and the anchor body 2 made of steel with an elastic modulus of 210,000 N / mm 2 .
  • the sliding plane forms an angle of 15 Ā° with the longitudinal axis 4 of the tension element 1 and the wedge length, measured parallel to the tension element 1, is 80 mm.
  • the layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity has a thickness of 4 mm in the region 5 close to the load and a thickness of 2 mm in the region 6 remote from the load. The thickness of the layer 32 is always measured normally on the longitudinal axis 4 of the tension element 1.
  • a contact pressure then arises in the contact area between the tension element 1 and the wedge 3, which increases from the area 5 close to the load to the area 6 remote from the load from approximately 80 N / mm 2 to 100 N / mm 2 without local stress peaks.
  • CFRP slats 1 can withstand higher contact pressures and shear stresses, which is why a failure of the tension element can only occur in the free length.
  • Steel can be used for the layer 31 of the wedge 3 with a higher modulus of elasticity and epoxy resin for the layer 32, 33 with a lower modulus of elasticity.
  • the elastic modulus of steel is 210,000 N / mm 2 and that of epoxy resin is approximately 5800 N / mm 2 .
  • a wedge 3, as shown in FIG. 6, can be produced in a formwork. So that the formwork can be easily removed after the epoxy resin has hardened, it is advisable to manufacture it from Teflon.
  • the layer 31 made of steel must be milled in advance and is fastened in the formwork before the casting. So that there are no air pockets during casting, it is advisable to cast the epoxy resin from bottom to top.
  • the epoxy resin can be pressed in with an overpressure through an opening located at the low point of the formwork. After curing and stripping, a two-layer wedge 3 according to the invention is obtained.
  • steel and epoxy resin other materials can be used, the only important thing is that the difference between higher and lower modulus of elasticity is large enough.
  • the higher modulus of elasticity must be at least twice as high as the lower modulus of elasticity; it is advantageous if it is between 20 and 30 times higher.
  • the modulus of elasticity can be increased by more than twice by adding fillers, such as balls made of Al 2 O 3 with diameters between 0.5 and 3 mm. It is therefore possible to use the same epoxy resin for layers 22, 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity made of epoxy resin and for layer 21, 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity, but with Al 2 O 3 balls.
  • Wedges 3 for tension elements 1 designed as lamellae have no curved surfaces. They can be produced in a formwork by casting or by machine with an extrusion press. This works in such a way that the cross section of the wedge 3 with the layers 21, 22, 31, 32, 33, 34 with lower and higher modulus of elasticity is pressed as a strand from a mouthpiece. The wedges are then cut from this strand in the required widths.
  • the non-positive connection of the layers 31, 32, 33, 34, 21, 22 with lower and higher modulus of elasticity of the wedge 3 or anchor body 2 can be produced by toothing and / or gluing.
  • the toothing can, as shown in Fig. 12, be carried out. However, interlocking elevations or depressions other than those shown in FIG. 12 are also possible.
  • the teeth can also be glued.
  • the non-positive connection can already take place during manufacture if the layer 21, 31 with a higher and the layer 22, 32, 33, 34 with a lower modulus of elasticity are cast together in one formwork. If the connection of the layers 31, 32, 33, 34 or 21, 22 is subsequently carried out with an adhesive, the contact surfaces should be roughened and free of grease. Particularly suitable are low-viscosity adhesives that can withstand high loads, such as the five-minute epoxy adhesive Hysol 3430 from Loctite.
  • the thrust transmission between tension element 1 and wedge 3 can take place by friction, gluing and / or toothing. If the transmission takes place by friction, it is advisable to increase it by thawing the contact surfaces or to use a friction material.
  • Friction material is, for example, a carbon fiber plastic, in which the carbon fibers form a right angle with the friction surface.
  • epoxy resin adhesives such as Sikadur 30 from SIKA or the fast-curing five-minute epoxy adhesive Hysol 3422 from Loctite are favorable.
  • the bonding can be improved by profiling, similar to that between the layers 21, 22 or 31, 32 with a lower and higher modulus of elasticity in FIG. 12.
  • a short curing time of the adhesive is advantageous for the execution.
  • the curing of epoxy-based adhesives can be accelerated by the application of heat. The curing time is reduced by half for every 10 Ā° heating.
  • the heating can take place, for example, by means of a heating wire in the wedge.
  • the tension element 1 can also be used instead of the heating wire.
  • the tension element 1 If a voltage is applied to both sides of the adhesive joint in the area close to the load and in the area away from the load and a current flows, the tension element 1 and thus also the adhesive heat up. The lower the resistance, the higher the current flow and thus the heat generated. If electrically conductive adhesive is used, the electrical contacts can also be installed in the area of the wedge 3 near and away from the load and heat the adhesive by applying a voltage.
  • the connection can also be established by profiling. It is advantageous if the profiling is carried out regularly, for example in cross section, as a result of saw teeth or as a sine wave.
  • the profiling on the wedges 3 must be opposite to the profiling of the tension element 1 so that a toothing is possible.
  • the profiling can be pressed into the soft matrix material on both sides with rollers.
  • the wedge 3 can be profiled during casting by appropriate shaping in the formwork.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Dowels (AREA)
  • Pens And Brushes (AREA)
  • Orthopedics, Nursing, And Contraception (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)

Abstract

Anchoring (7) comprises a wedge (3) and anchoring body (2) formed by at least two wedge-shaped layers (31, 32) lying over each other. One of the layers (32) is made from a material with a lower elastic modulus than the material of the other layer. Preferred Features: Pores, holes, recesses or slits are arranged in the layer having the lower elastic modulus. The different elastic moduli of the single layers are effected by special treatment such as heating and cooling during their manufacture. The anchoring body has receivers for wedges as coupling for tensile elements.

Description

Verankerung fĆ¼r vorgespannte und/oder belastete ZugelementeAnchoring for pre-stressed and / or loaded tension elements
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Verankerung fĆ¼r zumindest ein vorgespanntes oder belastetes Zugelement, bei der die Zugkraft durch einen oder mehrere Keile auf einen Ankerkƶrper Ć¼bertragbar ist, und eine keilfƶrmige Schicht einen gegenĆ¼ber den anderen Teilen der Verankerung niedrigeren ElastizitƤtsmodul aufweist, wobei die grĆ¶ĆŸte Dicke der keilfƶrmigen Schicht, gemessen normal zur LƤngsachse des Zugelementes, im lastnahen Bereich der Verankerung liegt.The invention relates to an anchoring for at least one prestressed or loaded tensile element, in which the tensile force can be transmitted to an anchor body by means of one or more wedges, and a wedge-shaped layer has a lower modulus of elasticity than the other parts of the anchoring, the greatest thickness of the wedge-shaped layer , measured normal to the longitudinal axis of the tension element, lies in the area of the anchorage near the load.
Keilverankerungen werden seit vielen Jahren fĆ¼r das Vorspannen von SpannstƤhlen aus hochfestem Stahl verwendet. Sie beruhen auf einem einfachen Prinzip und sind mit geringem Zeit- und Materialaufwand herstellbar. Im Spannbetonbau ist die Keilverankerung die hƤufigste Verankerungsart.Wedge anchors have been used for prestressing high-strength steel prestressing steel for many years. They are based on a simple principle and can be produced with little time and material. Wedge anchoring is the most common type of anchoring in prestressed concrete construction.
Bei Keilverankerungen wird die Kraft im Zugelement Ć¼ber Schubspannungen in die Keile und von dort weiter in den Ankerkƶrper eingeleitet. Keile und Ankerkƶrper sind Ć¼ber eine geneigte Ebene, auf der die Keile gleiten kƶnnen, in Kontakt. Durch die Keilform entsteht beim Belasten des Zugelementes eine Andruckkraft normal zum Zugelement, die die Keile an das Zugelement drĆ¼ckt.In the case of wedge anchorages, the force in the tension element is introduced into the wedges via shear stresses and from there into the anchor body. Wedges and anchor bodies are in contact via an inclined plane on which the wedges can slide. The wedge shape creates a pressure force normal to the tensile element when the tensile element is loaded, which presses the wedges against the tensile element.
International werden anstelle von Stahl vermehrt neuartige Materialien wie Faserverbundwerkstoffe fĆ¼r vorgespannte oder belastete Zugelemente, wie Lamellen, DrƤhte, StƤbe oder Litzen, verwendet. Im Vergleich zu den metallischen Zugelementen weisen die Faserverbundwerkstoffe einen sehr hohen Korrosionswiderstand und ein geringes Gewicht auf. Der wesentliche Nachteil der Faserverbundwerkstoffe ist die hohe Querdruckempfindlichkeit.Internationally, new materials such as fiber composite materials for prestressed or loaded tensile elements, such as lamellae, wires, rods or strands, are increasingly being used instead of steel. Compared to the metallic tensile elements, the fiber composite materials have a very high corrosion resistance and a low weight. The main disadvantage of fiber composite materials is their high sensitivity to lateral pressure.
Die Hƶhe der maximal Ć¼bertragbaren Schubspannung zwischen Keil und Zugelement richtet sich nach dem Anpressdruck. Je hƶher der Anpressdruck um so hƶher die Ć¼bertragbare maximale Schubspannung. Der Anpressdruck verursacht einen Querdruck im Zugelement. Bei Materialien, die auf Querdruck empfindlich sind, wie z.B. Faserverbundwerkstoffe, darf der maximal auftretende Querdruck eine bestimmte GrĆ¶ĆŸe nicht Ć¼berschreiten.The level of the maximum transferable shear stress between the wedge and tension element depends on the contact pressure. The higher the contact pressure, the higher the transferable maximum shear stress. The contact pressure causes a transverse pressure in the tension element. For materials that are sensitive to lateral pressure, such as Fiber composite materials, the maximum transverse pressure that occurs must not exceed a certain size.
Um die Schubspannungen zwischen Keil und Zugelement zu aktivieren, ist ein MindestmaƟ an Schlupf notwendig. Bei einer Ć¼blichen Keilverankerung entsteht im lastnahen Bereich ein hoher Anpressdruck zwischen Keil und Zugelement, der dort auch eine hohe Schubspannung entstehen lƤƟt, die schnell wieder abklingt und bis zum lastfernen Bereich nahezu konstant bleibt. Die Summe der Schubspannungen entlang der gesamten KontaktflƤche zwischen Keil und Zugelement entspricht der Zugkraft im Zugelement. Die grĆ¶ĆŸte Schubspannung tritt an der Stelle des maximalen Anpressdrucks auf, an der auch der grĆ¶ĆŸte Anteil der Zugkraft je OberflƤcheneinheit Ć¼bertragen wird. Ein Nachteil ist, dass von der Stelle der maximalen Schubspannung bis zum lastfernen Bereich die Schubspannung kaum aktiviert werden kann. Ein weiterer Nachteil einer konventionellen Verankerung ist, dass der grĆ¶ĆŸte maximale Anpressdruck und die grĆ¶ĆŸte maximale Schubspannung relativ gering sein mĆ¼ssen, da Materialien, wie Faserverbundwerkstoffe, bei geringen AnpressdrĆ¼cken oder QuerdrĆ¼cken versagen.A minimum amount of slip is required to activate the shear stresses between the wedge and the tension element. With a conventional wedge anchoring there is a high contact pressure between the wedge and the tension element in the area near the load, which also creates a high shear stress there, which quickly subsides and is almost constant up to the area away from the load remains. The sum of the shear stresses along the entire contact area between the wedge and the tension element corresponds to the tensile force in the tension element. The greatest shear stress occurs at the point of maximum contact pressure, at which the greatest proportion of the tensile force per surface unit is also transmitted. A disadvantage is that from the point of maximum shear stress to the area away from the load, the shear stress can hardly be activated. Another disadvantage of conventional anchoring is that the greatest maximum contact pressure and the greatest maximum shear stress have to be relatively low, since materials such as fiber composite materials fail at low contact pressures or transverse pressures.
In der WO 95/29308 ist eine konische VerguƟverankerung fĆ¼r Faserverbundwerkstoffe beschrieben. Die AnkerbĆ¼chse weist einen konischen Hohlraum auf. Der Hohlraum wird entlang der Richtung des Zugelementes in Abschnitten mit VerguƟmasse mit unterschiedlichem ElastizitƤtsmodul ausgefĆ¼llt. Im Abschnitt am lastnahen Bereich wird VerguƟmasse mit dem niedrigsten ElastizitƤtsmodul eingebaut. In den folgenden Abschnitten bis zum lastfernen Bereich wird VerguƟmaterial mit immer hƶher werdenden ElastizitƤtsmodulen verwendet. Man erreicht damit eine gleichmƤƟigere KraftĆ¼bertragung vom Zugelement auf den Vergusskƶrper. Die Herstellung dieser Schichten ist jedoch ein aufwendiger Prozess.WO 95/29308 describes a conical casting anchor for fiber composite materials. The anchor sleeve has a conical cavity. The cavity is filled along the direction of the tension element in sections with potting compound with different modulus of elasticity. Potting compound with the lowest modulus of elasticity is installed in the section near the load. In the following sections up to the area away from the load, potting material with increasing elasticity modules is used. A more even power transmission from the tension element to the potting body is thus achieved. However, the production of these layers is a complex process.
Die EP 0 197 912 A2 offenbart eine Verankerung fĆ¼r Spannglieder aus hochfestem Stahl, bei der der Ankerkƶrper aus zwei Schichten mit unterschiedlichen Materialien, wie Kunststoff oder Weichmetall, besteht. Die Schicht aus weicherem Material ist mit konstanter Dicke Ć¼ber die gesamte KeillƤnge oder mit einer Ć¼ber die KeillƤnge verƤnderlichen Schicht, die jedoch im lastnahen Bereich die kleinste Dicke aufweist, ausgefĆ¼hrt. Bei Belastung des Zugelementes kommt es zu hohen Querdruckspitzen im lastnahen Bereich. Querdruckempfindliche Materialien, wie Faserverbundwerkstoffe, kƶnnen diesen hohen QuerdrĆ¼cken nicht standhalten und versagen dadurch vorzeitig.EP 0 197 912 A2 discloses an anchor for tendons made of high-strength steel, in which the anchor body consists of two layers with different materials, such as plastic or soft metal. The layer of softer material is made with a constant thickness over the entire wedge length or with a layer that varies over the wedge length, but which has the smallest thickness in the area near the load. When the tension element is loaded, there are high transverse pressure peaks in the area close to the load. Cross-pressure sensitive materials, such as fiber composite materials, cannot withstand these high cross-pressures and therefore fail prematurely.
In der EP 0 197 912 ist weiters eine Variante gezeigt, gemƤƟ der in einem einteiligen Ankerkƶrper zwei in LƤngsrichtung des Zugelementes hintereinander liegende Keile vorgesehen sind, von denen der lastnƤhere Keil aus einem Pressteil, der weicher ist als das Zugelement, gebildet ist, wobei dieser keilfƶrmige Pressteil seine grĆ¶ĆŸte Dicke im lastnahen Bereich aufweist. Der lastfernere Keil ist als Ankerkeil ausgebildet und weist seine grĆ¶ĆŸte Dicke im lastfernen Bereich auf, sodass hierdurch Spannungsspitzen und somit Querdruckspitzen am Zugelement auftreten. Aufgabe der Erfindung ist die Schaffung einer Verankerung, bei der die AnpressdrĆ¼cke und die Schubspannungen, die auf das zu verankernde Zugelement wirken, Ć¼ber die EinspannlƤnge des Zugelementes gleichmƤƟig verteilt sind oder vom lastnahen zum lastfernen Bereich leicht ansteigen und geringere maximale Werte fĆ¼r AnpressdrĆ¼cke und Schubspannungen aufweisen als die bekannten AusfĆ¼hrungsformen. Zudem soll gegenĆ¼ber einer VerguƟverankerung die Herstellung und das Installieren auf der Baustelle wesentlich vereinfacht mƶglich sein.EP 0 197 912 also shows a variant according to which two wedges lying one behind the other in the longitudinal direction of the tension element are provided in a one-piece anchor body, of which the wedge closer to the load is formed from a pressed part which is softer than the tension element, the latter wedge-shaped pressed part has its greatest thickness in the area close to the load. The wedge further away from the load is designed as an anchor wedge and has its greatest thickness in the area away from the load, so that stress peaks and thus lateral pressure peaks occur on the tension element. The object of the invention is to provide an anchoring in which the contact pressures and the shear stresses which act on the tension element to be anchored are evenly distributed over the clamping length of the tension element or rise slightly from the area near to the load and away from the load and have lower maximum values for contact pressures and shear stresses than the known embodiments. In addition, the manufacture and installation on the construction site should be possible in a substantially simplified manner compared to a potting anchoring.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemƤƟ dadurch gelƶst, dass der Keil und/oder der Ankerkƶrper mindestens von zwei keilfƶrmigen aneinanderliegenden Schichten gebildet ist (sind), wobei mindestens eine der Schichten aus einem Material mit einem niedrigeren ElastizitƤtsmodul gebildet ist als das Material, aus dem die weitere(n) Schicht(en) des Keiles und/oder des Ankerkƶrpers gebildet ist (sind), und die grĆ¶ĆŸte Dicke dieser Schicht im lastnahen Bereich vorgesehen ist.This object is achieved according to the invention in that the wedge and / or the anchor body is (are) formed by at least two wedge-shaped layers lying against one another, at least one of the layers being formed from a material with a lower modulus of elasticity than the material from which the further ( n) layer (s) of the wedge and / or the anchor body is (are) formed, and the greatest thickness of this layer is provided in the area close to the load.
Hierdurch ist es mƶglich, den Anpressdruck und die Schubspannungen zwischen Keil und Zugelement vom lastnahen zum lastfernen Bereich hin gleichmƤƟig zu verteilen oder sogar leicht ansteigen zu lassen. Wenn das VerhƤltnis der ElastizitƤtsmodule der Schichten ausreichend groƟ ist, dann wird die Gesamtsteifigkeit beider Schichten normal zur LƤngsachse des Zugelementes hauptsƤchlich durch die Schicht aus Material mit niedrigem ElastizitƤtsmodul bestimmt. Je dicker die Schicht mit niedrigem ElastizitƤtsmodul ist, desto geringer ist die Steifigkeit normal zur LƤngsachse des Zugelementes. Daher ist im lastnahen Bereich, wo die Dicke der Schicht mit niedrigem ElastizitƤtsmodul am grĆ¶ĆŸten ist, die Steifigkeit normal zur LƤngsachse des Zugelementes geringer als im lastfernen Bereich. Diese geringere Steifigkeit im lastnahen Bereich dieses statisch unbestimmten Systems bewirkt einen geringeren maximalen Anpressdruck und somit eine gleichmƤƟige Verteilung des Anpressdrucks oder einen leichten Anstieg vom lastnahen zum lastfernen Bereich. Dadurch wird es auch mƶglich, die Schubspannungen im Kontaktbereich zwischen Zugelement und Keil Ć¼ber die gesamte LƤnge besser zu aktivieren. Der hierbei erreichte geringe maximale Anpressdruck verhindert ein Zerstƶren des Zugelementes zufolge des Querdrucks.This makes it possible to evenly distribute the contact pressure and the shear stresses between the wedge and tension element from the area close to the load to the area away from the load, or even to let it rise slightly. If the ratio of the moduli of elasticity of the layers is sufficiently large, the overall stiffness of both layers normal to the longitudinal axis of the tension element is mainly determined by the layer of material with a low modulus of elasticity. The thicker the layer with a low modulus of elasticity, the lower the stiffness normal to the longitudinal axis of the tension element. Therefore, in the area close to the load, where the thickness of the layer with the low modulus of elasticity is greatest, the stiffness normal to the longitudinal axis of the tension element is lower than in the area away from the load. This lower rigidity in the area close to the load of this statically indeterminate system results in a lower maximum contact pressure and thus a uniform distribution of the contact pressure or a slight increase from the area close to the load to the area away from the load. This also makes it possible to better activate the shear stresses in the contact area between the tension element and the wedge over the entire length. The low maximum contact pressure achieved in this way prevents the tensile element from being destroyed as a result of the transverse pressure.
Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der erfindungsgemƤƟen Verankerung sind in den UnteransprĆ¼chen gekennzeichnet.Advantageous embodiments of the anchoring according to the invention are characterized in the subclaims.
Die Erfindung wird nun nachfolgend an mehreren AusfĆ¼hrungsbeispielen unter Bezug auf die beigefĆ¼gte Zeichnung nƤher erlƤutert. Dabei zeigen:The invention will now be explained in more detail using several embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. Show:
Fig. 1 einen LƤngsschnitt mit Ankerkƶrper, Zugelement und zwei Keilen mit jeweils drei Schichten, wovon zwei Schichten des Keils einen niedrigen ElastizitƤtsmodul und eine Schicht einen hohen ElastizitƤtsmodul aufweisen, wobei eine Schicht mit niedrigem ElastizitƤtsmodul und verƤnderlicher Dicke nahe der Gleitebene zwischen Keil und Ankerkƶrper angeordnet ist;Fig. 1 shows a longitudinal section with anchor body, tension element and two wedges, each with three layers, of which two layers of the wedge have a low modulus of elasticity and one layer has a high modulus of elasticity, a layer with a low modulus of elasticity and variable thickness arranged near the sliding plane between the wedge and anchor body is;
Fig. 2 in Diagrammform die idealisierten Schubspannungsverteilungen entlang der KontaktflƤche zwischen Keil und Zugelement fĆ¼r eine herkƶmmliche Verankerung und eine erfindungsgemƤƟe Verankerung;2 shows in diagram form the idealized shear stress distributions along the contact surface between the wedge and tension element for a conventional anchoring and an anchoring according to the invention;
Fig. 3 einen Querschnitt entlang der Schnittlinie III-III von Fig. 1 , wobei hier das Zugelement einen rechteckigen Querschnitt aufweist und zwei Keile aus je drei Schichten eingesetzt werden;FIG. 3 shows a cross section along the section line III-III from FIG. 1, the tension element here having a rectangular cross section and two wedges each having three layers being used;
Fig. 4 einen LƤngsschnitt mit Ankerkƶrper, Zugelement und zwei Keilen, wobei der Ankerkƶrper aus einer Schicht mit hohem ElastizitƤtsmodul und einer Schicht mit niedrigem ElastizitƤtsmodul und verƤnderlicher Dicke, die nahe der Gleitebene zwischen Keil und AnkerbĆ¼chse angeordnet ist, besteht;4 shows a longitudinal section with the anchor body, tension element and two wedges, the anchor body consisting of a layer with a high modulus of elasticity and a layer with a low modulus of elasticity and variable thickness, which is arranged near the sliding plane between the wedge and the anchor sleeve;
Fig. 5 einen Querschnitt entlang der Schnittlinie V-V von Fig. 4, wobei das Zugelement hier einen kreisfƶrmigen Querschnitt aufweist und zwei Keile ohne Schichten und ein Ankerkƶrper mit zwei Schichten eingesetzt werden;5 shows a cross section along the section line V-V of FIG. 4, the tension element here having a circular cross section and two wedges without layers and an anchor body with two layers being used;
Fig. 6 einen LƤngsschnitt durch eine Verankerung, in der sieben DrƤhte, StƤbe oder Litzen verankert werden und jeder Keil aus einer Schicht mit hohem ElastizitƤtsmodul und einer Schicht mit niedrigem ElastizitƤtsmodul und verƤnderlicher Dicke, die auf der Seite des Zugelementes angeordnet ist, besteht;6 shows a longitudinal section through an anchor in which seven wires, rods or strands are anchored and each wedge consists of a layer with a high modulus of elasticity and a layer with a low modulus of elasticity and variable thickness, which is arranged on the side of the tension element;
Fig. 7 einen Querschnitt entlang der Schnittlinie VII-VII von Fig. 6, wobei das Zugelement hier einen kreisfƶrmigen Querschnitt aufweist und je Zugelement drei Keile aus zwei Schichten eingesetzt werden;7 shows a cross section along the section line VII-VII from FIG. 6, the tension element here having a circular cross section and three wedges of two layers being used for each tension element;
Fig. 8 einen LƤngsschnitt durch eine Verankerung in asymmetrischer AusfĆ¼hrung, bestehend aus Ankerkƶrper, Zugelement und einem Keil, der aus einer Schicht mit hohem ElastizitƤtsmodul und zwei Schichten mit niedrigem ElastizitƤtsmodul gefertigt ist, wovon eine Schicht mit niedrigem ElastizitƤtsmodul mit verƤnderlicher Dicke nahe der Gleitebene von Keil und AnkerbĆ¼chse angeordnet ist, und das Zugelement gegen eine zur Achse des Zugelementes parallele Ebene drĆ¼ckt und damit die KrƤfte aus dem Zugelement in den Keil und die parallele Ebene eingeleitet werden;Fig. 8 shows a longitudinal section through an anchoring in an asymmetrical design, consisting of anchor body, tension element and a wedge, which is made of one layer with a high modulus of elasticity and two layers with a low modulus of elasticity, of which a layer with a low modulus of elasticity with a variable thickness is arranged near the sliding plane of the wedge and anchor sleeve, and presses the tension element against a plane parallel to the axis of the tension element and thus the forces from the tension element are introduced into the wedge and the parallel plane;
Fig. 9 einen LƤngsschnitt durch eine Verankerung, die mit dreischichtigen Keilen ausgefĆ¼hrt ist, wovon zwei Schichten mit niedrigem ElastizitƤtsmodul und verƤnderlicher Dicke im lastnahen Bereich die grĆ¶ĆŸte Dicke aufweisen und nur eine Schicht mit niedrigem ElastizitƤtsmodul bis zum lastfernen Bereich gefĆ¼hrt wird;9 shows a longitudinal section through an anchorage which is designed with three-layer wedges, of which two layers with a low modulus of elasticity and variable thickness in the area near the load have the greatest thickness and only one layer with a low modulus of elasticity is guided to the area away from the load;
Fig. 10 einen LƤngsschnitt durch eine Verankerung, deren Keile mit einer Schicht mit niedrigem und einer Schicht mit hohem ElastizitƤtsmodul ausgefĆ¼hrt sind, wovon die Schicht mit niedrigem ElastizitƤtsmodul und verƤnderlicher Dicke weiter zum lastnahen Bereich gefĆ¼hrt wird als die Schicht mit hohem ElastizitƤtsmodul;10 shows a longitudinal section through an anchoring, the wedges of which are made with a layer with a low and a layer with a high modulus of elasticity, of which the layer with a low modulus of elasticity and variable thickness is guided further to the area near the load than the layer with a high modulus of elasticity;
Fig. 11 einen LƤngsschnitt durch eine Verankerung, deren Keile mit einer Schicht mit niedrigem und einer Schicht mit hohem ElastizitƤtsmodul ausgefĆ¼hrt ist, wobei die Schicht mit niedrigem ElastizitƤtsmodul sich nach einer Kurve hƶherer Ordnung zum lastfernen Bereich hin verjĆ¼ngt.11 shows a longitudinal section through an anchor, the wedges of which are designed with a layer with a low and a layer with a high modulus of elasticity, the layer with a low modulus of elasticity tapering towards the area away from the load according to a curve of higher order.
Fig. 12 zeigt ein Detail der Verankerung in vergrĆ¶ĆŸertem MaƟstab.Fig. 12 shows a detail of the anchoring on an enlarged scale.
Die Fig. 1 zeigt die Verankerung 7 im LƤngsschnitt mit einem Keil 3, der aus zwei Schichten 32, 33 mit niedrigem ElastizitƤtsmodul und einer Schicht 31 mit hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul gebildet ist. Die Schichten 31, 32, 33 verlaufen entlang der LƤngsachse 4 des Zugelementes 1. Die Schicht mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul und konstanter Dicke 33 wird zum Ausgleich von eventuellen Spannungsspitzen, die durch unebene FlƤchen oder sonstige Imperfektionen entstehen kƶnnen, eingebaut. Die andere Schicht 32 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul ist nahe dem Ankerkƶrper 2 angeordnet und weist die grĆ¶ĆŸte Dicke im lastnahen Bereich 5 auf, die zum lastfernen Bereich 6 hin abnimmt. Mit zunehmender Dicke der Schicht 32 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul nimmt die Gesamtsteifigkeit des Keiles 3 normal zur LƤngsachse 4 des Zugelementes 1 ab. Der Anpressdruck steigt vom lastnahen 5 zum lastfernen Bereich 6 hin leicht an und es kann die gesamte KontaktflƤche zwischen Keil 3 und Zugelement 1 fĆ¼r die Ɯbertragung der Schubspannungen ausgenutzt werden. Bei herkƶmmlichen Keilverankerungen kommt es im lastnahen Bereich 6 zu groƟen AnpressdrĆ¼cken und damit auch zu einer in einem kurzen Bereich stark ansteigenden Schubspannung, siehe Linie c in Fig. 2. Durch den vom lastnahen 5 zum lastfernen Bereich 6 gleichmƤƟigen oder auch leicht ansteigenden Anpressdruck kommt es zu einer gleichmƤƟigeren Verteilung der Schubspannung, wie die Linie b von Fig. 2 veranschaulicht. ZusƤtzlich ist der maximale Anpressdruck geringer, was besonders bei der Anwendung von Faserverbundwerkstoffen von Bedeutung ist. Der Anpressdruck verteilt sich entsprechend den Steifigkeiten der Schichten 31 und 32 und kann in AbhƤngigkeit des VerhƤltnisses der ElastizitƤtsmodule und der Schichtdicken im lastnahen 5 und im lastfernen Bereich 6 variiert werden.1 shows the anchoring 7 in longitudinal section with a wedge 3, which is formed from two layers 32, 33 with a low modulus of elasticity and a layer 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity. The layers 31, 32, 33 run along the longitudinal axis 4 of the tension element 1. The layer with a lower modulus of elasticity and a constant thickness 33 is installed in order to compensate for possible stress peaks which can arise from uneven surfaces or other imperfections. The other layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity is arranged near the anchor body 2 and has the greatest thickness in the area 5 close to the load, which decreases towards the area 6 remote from the load. With increasing thickness of the layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity, the overall stiffness of the wedge 3 decreases normal to the longitudinal axis 4 of the tension element 1. The contact pressure rises slightly from the area close to the load 5 to the area 6 away from the load, and the entire contact surface between the wedge 3 and the tension element 1 can be used for the transmission of the shear stresses. In conventional wedge anchoring, large contact pressures occur in the area near the load 6 and thus also a shear stress which increases sharply in a short area, see line c in FIG. 2. By the area 6 near the load to the area 6 remote from the load uniform or slightly increasing contact pressure results in a more uniform distribution of the shear stress, as line b of FIG. 2 illustrates. In addition, the maximum contact pressure is lower, which is particularly important when using fiber composite materials. The contact pressure is distributed according to the stiffness of the layers 31 and 32 and can be varied depending on the ratio of the elasticity modules and the layer thicknesses in the area 5 close to the load and in the area 6 remote from the load.
Der Schnitt III-III in Fig. 1 ist in Fig. 3 dargestellt und zeigt den Querschnitt von Fig. 1 fĆ¼r die Verankerung eines Zugelementes 1 mit rechteckigem Querschnitt, ausgefĆ¼hrt als Lamelle. In dieser Verankerung kommen zwei Keile 3 mit ebenen FlƤchen zum Einsatz.The section III-III in Fig. 1 is shown in Fig. 3 and shows the cross section of Fig. 1 for anchoring a tension element 1 with a rectangular cross section, designed as a lamella. Two wedges 3 with flat surfaces are used in this anchor.
Die Verankerung 7 gemƤƟ Fig. 4 basiert auf dem gleichen Prinzip wie die Verankerung 7 in Fig. 1 , jedoch mit dem Unterschied, dass der Keil 3 einen hƶheren ElastizitƤtsmodul aufweist, der Ankerkƶrper 2 hingegen aus einer Schicht 22 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul, die nahe der GleitflƤche angeordnet ist, und einer Schicht 21 mit hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul aufgebaut ist.The anchor 7 according to FIG. 4 is based on the same principle as the anchor 7 in FIG. 1, but with the difference that the wedge 3 has a higher modulus of elasticity, whereas the anchor body 2 consists of a layer 22 with a lower modulus of elasticity, which is close to the Sliding surface is arranged, and a layer 21 is built up with a higher modulus of elasticity.
Der Schnitt V-V in Fig. 4 ist in Fig. 5 dargestellt und zeigt den Querschnitt von Fig. 4 fĆ¼r die Verankerung eines Drahtes, einer Litze oder eines Stabes 1. In dieser Verankerung 7 kommen zwei einander ergƤnzende Keile 3 mit gerundeten FlƤchen zum Einsatz.The section V-V in FIG. 4 is shown in FIG. 5 and shows the cross section of FIG. 4 for the anchoring of a wire, a strand or a rod 1. In this anchoring 7 two complementary wedges 3 with rounded surfaces are used.
Fig. 6 zeigt eine Verankerung 7 von sieben Zugelementen 1 im LƤngsschnitt. Der Schnitt nach der Linie VII- VII ist in Fig. 7 dargestellt und zeigt den Querschnitt der Verankerung 7. Hier ist jeder Keil 3 in eine Schicht 32 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul und eine Schicht 31 mit hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul geteilt. Die Schicht 32 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul ist im Keil 3 beim Spannelement 1 angeordnet und die Schicht 31 mit dem hƶheren ElastizitƤtsmodul 31 ist nahe der GleitflƤche mit dem Ankerkƶrper 2 angeordnet. GemƤƟ Fig. 7 wird das Zugelement 1 mit drei Keilen 3 mit gerundeten FlƤchen gehalten.6 shows an anchoring 7 of seven tension elements 1 in longitudinal section. The section along the line VII-VII is shown in FIG. 7 and shows the cross section of the anchoring 7. Here, each wedge 3 is divided into a layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity and a layer 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity. The layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity is arranged in the wedge 3 at the tensioning element 1 and the layer 31 with the higher modulus of elasticity 31 is arranged near the sliding surface with the anchor body 2. 7, the tension element 1 is held with three wedges 3 with rounded surfaces.
Bei der Verwendung von Lamellen als Zugelement 1 mĆ¼ssen nicht immer mehrere Keile 3 zur Verankerung verwendet werden, siehe Fig. 8. Es kann auch nur ein Keil 3 aus Schichten 31, 32, 33 mit niedrigen und hƶheren ElastizitƤtsmodulen, die die Lamelle 1 gegen eine ebene, parallel zur Lamelle 1 liegenden Schicht 23, die Teil des Ankerkƶrpers 2 ist, drĆ¼ckt, eingesetzt werden. Der Keil 3 ist hier zusƤtzlich mit einer Schicht 33 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul und konstanter Dicke ausgefĆ¼hrt, um eventuelle Spannungsspitzen, die durch Imperfektionen entstehen kƶnnten, auszugleichen. Ebenso weist der Ankerkƶrper 2 eine Schicht 23 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul und konstanter Dicke nahe der Lamelle 1 auf. Diese Verankerung 7 bietet besondere Vorteile bei einer nachtrƤglichen VerstƤrkung eines Tragwerks, da die Verankerung 7 in geringem Abstand von der BauteiloberflƤche eingebaut werden kann und das entstehende Moment auf die Verankerung 7 gering gehalten werden kann.When using lamellas as tension element 1, several wedges 3 do not always have to be used for anchoring, see FIG. 8. It is also possible to use only one wedge 3 made of layers 31, 32, 33 with low and higher elasticity modules which lamella 1 against flat layer 23 lying parallel to the lamella 1, which is part of the anchor body 2, presses. The wedge 3 is additionally designed here with a layer 33 with a lower modulus of elasticity and constant thickness in order to compensate for possible voltage peaks which could arise due to imperfections. The anchor body 2 also has a layer 23 with a lower modulus of elasticity and constant thickness near the lamella 1. This anchoring 7 offers particular advantages in the subsequent reinforcement of a supporting structure, since the anchoring 7 can be installed at a short distance from the component surface and the moment created on the anchoring 7 can be kept low.
Der Keil 3 kann auch aus mehren Schichten 31, 32, 34 mit niedrigeren und hƶheren ElastizitƤtsmodulen 32, 34, wie in Fig. 9 dargestellt, bestehen, wobei auch hier die Schichten 32, 34 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul eine grĆ¶ĆŸere Dicke im lastnahen Bereich 5 aufweisen und diese nicht alle in den lastfernen Bereich 6 gefĆ¼hrt werden.The wedge 3 can also consist of a plurality of layers 31, 32, 34 with lower and higher elasticity modules 32, 34, as shown in FIG. 9, the layers 32, 34 with a lower elasticity module also having a greater thickness in the region 5 near the load and these are not all led into the area 6 remote from the load.
In Fig. 10 ist eine Verankerung 7, bei der die Keile 3 aus einer Schicht 32 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul und einer Schicht 31 mit hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul bestehen, dargestellt. Die Besonderheit hier ist, dass die Schicht 32 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul beim lastnahen Bereich der Schicht 31 mit hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul die grĆ¶ĆŸte Dicke aufweist, jedoch weiter gefĆ¼hrt wird, um die Krafteinleitung und auftretende Schwingungsbeanspruchungen besser einleiten zu kƶnnen.10 shows an anchorage 7, in which the wedges 3 consist of a layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity and a layer 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity. The peculiarity here is that the layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity has the greatest thickness in the region of the layer 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity near the load, but is continued in order to be able to better initiate the introduction of force and occurring vibration stresses.
In Fig. 11 ist eine Verankerung 7 mit einem Keil 3 aus einer Schicht 32 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul und einer Schicht 31 mit hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul ausgefĆ¼hrt, wobei die Dicke der Schicht 32 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul zur besseren Anpassung des Anpressdrucks nicht linear, sondern nach einer Kurve hƶherer Ordnung ihre Dicke verƤndert.In FIG. 11 an anchoring 7 is carried out with a wedge 3 made of a layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity and a layer 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity, the thickness of the layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity not being linear for better adaptation of the contact pressure, but instead following a curve higher Order changed their thickness.
Die Schichten 32, 33, 34, 22, 23 aus Material mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul kƶnnen auch durch geometrische Anpassungen, wie Poren, Lƶcher, HohlrƤume oder sonstige Ausnehmungen, erstellt werden.The layers 32, 33, 34, 22, 23 made of material with a lower modulus of elasticity can also be created by geometrical adaptations, such as pores, holes, cavities or other recesses.
Das Erreichen von Schichten 32, 33, 34, 22, 23 mit niedrigeren und hƶheren ElastizitƤtsmodulen 21, 31 in einem Ankerkƶrper 2 oder einem Keil 3 kann durch spezielle Behandlung, wie z.B. durch ErwƤrmungs- oder AbkĆ¼hlvorgƤnge, bei der Herstellung erreicht werden. Dadurch ist es mƶglich, Schichten mit verƤnderlichem ElastizitƤtsmodul, die entlang der LƤngsachse 4 des Zugelementes 1 den gleichen ElastizitƤtsmodul und im lastnahen Bereich 5 die grĆ¶ĆŸte Dicke aufweisen, herzustellen.Reaching layers 32, 33, 34, 22, 23 with lower and higher elasticity modules 21, 31 in an anchor body 2 or a wedge 3 can be achieved by special treatment, e.g. through heating or cooling processes during manufacture. This makes it possible to produce layers with a variable modulus of elasticity, which have the same modulus of elasticity along the longitudinal axis 4 of the tension element 1 and the greatest thickness in the region 5 close to the load.
Die AusfĆ¼hrung mit einem Keil 3 aus mindestens einer Schicht 32 mit niedrigerem und einer Schicht 31 mit hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul oder mit einem Ankerkƶrper 2 aus mindestens einer Schicht 22 mit niedrigerem und einer Schicht 21 mit hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul kƶnnen miteinander kombiniert zur Anwendung kommen. Genauso kƶnnen die Schichten mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul durch geometrische Anpassungen, wie Poren, Lƶcher, HohlrƤume oder sonstige Ausnehmungen, ergƤnzt oder ersetzt werden.The design with a wedge 3 from at least one layer 32 with a lower and a layer 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity or with an anchor body 2 from at least a layer 22 with a lower and a layer 21 with a higher elastic modulus can be used in combination. In the same way, the layers with a lower modulus of elasticity can be supplemented or replaced by geometric adaptations, such as pores, holes, cavities or other recesses.
Es wird nun beispielhaft die Herstellung einer Verankerung 7 eines Zugelementes 1, gebildet von einer CFK-Lamelle 1, die Ć¼blicherweise einen ElastizitƤtsmodul zwischen 165000 und 300000 N/mm2, eine Festigkeit zwischen 1500 und 3500 N/mm2 und eine Dicke von 0,5 bis 2,0 mm aufweist, wie in Fig. 1 dargestellt, beschrieben. Die Schichten 32, 33 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul sind aus Kunststoff mit einem ElastizitƤtsmodul von 5800 N/mm2 und die Schicht 31 mit hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul und der Ankerkƶrper 2 aus Stahl mit einem ElastizitƤtsmodul von 210000 N/mm2 gefertigt. Die Gleitebene schlieƟt mit der LƤngsachse 4 des Zugelementes 1 einen Winkel von 15Ā° ein und die KeillƤnge, parallel zum Zugelement 1 gemessen, betrƤgt 80 mm. Die Schicht 32 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul weist im lastnahen Bereich 5 eine Dicke von 4 mm und im lastfernen Bereich 6 ein Dicke von 2 mm auf. Die Dicke der Schicht 32 wird dabei immer normal auf die LƤngsachse 4 des Zugelementes 1 gemessen. Bei Erreichen der Festigkeit im Zugelement 1 entsteht dann in der KontaktflƤche zwischen dem Zugelement 1 und dem Keil 3 ein Anpressdruck, der vom lastnahen 5 zum lastfernen Bereich 6 von ca. 80 N/mm2 auf 100 N/mm2 ohne lokale Spannungsspitzen ansteigt. Die Schubspannungen sind gleichmƤƟig verteilt, weisen keine lokalen Spitzen auf und ergeben fĆ¼r einen Reibbeiwert von 0,3 einen Maximalwert von ca. 45 N/mm2. CFK-Lamellen 1 kƶnnen durchaus hƶheren AnpressdrĆ¼cken und Schubspannungen standhalten, weshalb ein Versagen des Zugelementes nur mehr in der freien LƤnge auftreten kann.The manufacture of an anchor 7 of a tension element 1, formed by a CFRP lamella 1, which typically has a modulus of elasticity between 165000 and 300000 N / mm 2 , a strength between 1500 and 3500 N / mm 2 and a thickness of 0, is now exemplified. Has 5 to 2.0 mm, as shown in Fig. 1, described. The layers 32, 33 with a lower modulus of elasticity are made of plastic with a modulus of elasticity of 5800 N / mm 2 and the layer 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity and the anchor body 2 made of steel with an elastic modulus of 210,000 N / mm 2 . The sliding plane forms an angle of 15 Ā° with the longitudinal axis 4 of the tension element 1 and the wedge length, measured parallel to the tension element 1, is 80 mm. The layer 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity has a thickness of 4 mm in the region 5 close to the load and a thickness of 2 mm in the region 6 remote from the load. The thickness of the layer 32 is always measured normally on the longitudinal axis 4 of the tension element 1. When the strength in the tension element 1 is reached, a contact pressure then arises in the contact area between the tension element 1 and the wedge 3, which increases from the area 5 close to the load to the area 6 remote from the load from approximately 80 N / mm 2 to 100 N / mm 2 without local stress peaks. The shear stresses are evenly distributed, have no local peaks and give a maximum value of approx. 45 N / mm 2 for a coefficient of friction of 0.3. CFRP slats 1 can withstand higher contact pressures and shear stresses, which is why a failure of the tension element can only occur in the free length.
Stahl kann fĆ¼r die Schicht 31 des Keils 3 mit hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul und Epoxidharz fĆ¼r die Schicht 32, 33 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul verwendet werden. Der ElastizitƤtsmodul von Stahl betrƤgt 210000 N/mm2 und der von Epoxidharz zirka 5800 N/mm2. Die Herstellung eines Keiles 3, wie in Fig. 6 dargestellt, kann in einer Schalung erfolgen. Damit die Schalung nach dem AushƤrten des Epoxidharzes leicht entfernt werden kann, empfiehlt es sich, diese aus Teflon herzustellen. Die Schicht 31 aus Stahl muss vorab gefrƤst werden und wird vor dem VergieƟen in der Schalung befestigt. Damit keine LufteinschlĆ¼sse beim VergieƟen entstehen, ist es zweckmƤƟig, das Epoxidharz von unten nach oben zu vergieƟen. Dazu kann das Epoxidharz mit einem Ɯberdruck durch eine Ɩffnung, die sich am Tiefpunkt der Schalung befindet, eingepresst werden. Nach dem AushƤrten und Ausschalen erhƤlt man einen erfindungsgemƤƟen zweischichtigen Keil 3. Anstelle von Stahl und Epoxidharz kƶnnen auch andere Materialien eingesetzt werden, wichtig dabei ist nur, daƟ der Unterschied zwischen hƶherem und niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul groƟ genug ist. Der hƶhere ElastizitƤtsmodul muƟ mindestens zweimal hƶher sein als der niedrigere ElastizitƤtsmodul, gĆ¼nstig ist es, wenn er zwischen 20 und 30- mal hƶher ist.Steel can be used for the layer 31 of the wedge 3 with a higher modulus of elasticity and epoxy resin for the layer 32, 33 with a lower modulus of elasticity. The elastic modulus of steel is 210,000 N / mm 2 and that of epoxy resin is approximately 5800 N / mm 2 . A wedge 3, as shown in FIG. 6, can be produced in a formwork. So that the formwork can be easily removed after the epoxy resin has hardened, it is advisable to manufacture it from Teflon. The layer 31 made of steel must be milled in advance and is fastened in the formwork before the casting. So that there are no air pockets during casting, it is advisable to cast the epoxy resin from bottom to top. For this purpose, the epoxy resin can be pressed in with an overpressure through an opening located at the low point of the formwork. After curing and stripping, a two-layer wedge 3 according to the invention is obtained. Instead of steel and epoxy resin, other materials can be used, the only important thing is that the difference between higher and lower modulus of elasticity is large enough. The higher modulus of elasticity must be at least twice as high as the lower modulus of elasticity; it is advantageous if it is between 20 and 30 times higher.
Bei Epoxidharzen kann der ElastizitƤtsmodul durch die Zugabe von FĆ¼llstoffen, wie Kugeln aus Al2O3 mit Durchmessern zwischen 0,5 und 3 mm, um mehr als das doppelte erhƶht werden. Es ist daher mƶglich, fĆ¼r die Schicht 22, 32 mit geringerem ElastizitƤtsmodul aus Epoxidharz und fĆ¼r die Schicht 21, 31 mit hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul das gleiche Epoxidharz jedoch mit Al2O3-Kugeln zu verwenden.In the case of epoxy resins, the modulus of elasticity can be increased by more than twice by adding fillers, such as balls made of Al 2 O 3 with diameters between 0.5 and 3 mm. It is therefore possible to use the same epoxy resin for layers 22, 32 with a lower modulus of elasticity made of epoxy resin and for layer 21, 31 with a higher modulus of elasticity, but with Al 2 O 3 balls.
Keile 3 fĆ¼r als Lamellen gestaltete Zugelemente 1 weisen keine gekrĆ¼mmten FlƤchen auf. Sie kƶnnen in einer Schalung durch GieƟen oder maschinell mit einer Strangpresse hergestellt werden. Dies funktioniert so, daƟ der Querschnitt des Keils 3 mit den Schichten 21, 22, 31, 32, 33, 34 mit niedrigerem und hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul als Strang aus einem MundstĆ¼ck gepresst wird. Von diesem Strang werden anschlieƟend die Keile in den erforderlichen Breiten geschnitten.Wedges 3 for tension elements 1 designed as lamellae have no curved surfaces. They can be produced in a formwork by casting or by machine with an extrusion press. This works in such a way that the cross section of the wedge 3 with the layers 21, 22, 31, 32, 33, 34 with lower and higher modulus of elasticity is pressed as a strand from a mouthpiece. The wedges are then cut from this strand in the required widths.
Die kraftschlĆ¼ssige Verbindung der Schichten 31, 32, 33, 34, 21, 22 mit niedrigerem und hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul des Keils 3 oder Ankerkƶrpers 2 kann durch Verzahnung und/oder Klebung hergestellt werden. Die Verzahnung kann, wie in Fig. 12 dargestellt, ausgefĆ¼hrt sein. Es sind aber auch andere als in Fig. 12 dargestellte ineinandergreifende Erhƶhungen bzw. Vertiefungen mƶglich. Um das Hantieren zu erleichtern und die KraftĆ¼bertragung zu verbessern, kann die Verzahnung noch zusƤtzlich verklebt sein. Die kraftschlĆ¼ssige Verbindung kann schon beim Herstellen erfolgen, wenn die Schicht 21, 31 mit hƶherem und die Schicht 22, 32, 33, 34 mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul zusammen in einer Schalung vergossen werden. Wird die Verbindung der Schichten 31, 32, 33, 34 bzw. 21, 22 nachtrƤglich mit einer Klebung ausgefĆ¼hrt, sollten die KontaktflƤchen aufgeraut und fettfrei sein. FĆ¼r die Verklebung eignen sich besonders dĆ¼nnflĆ¼ssige Kleber, die auch hohen Belastungen widerstehen kƶnnen, wie beispielsweise der FĆ¼nf-Minuten-Epoxid-Klebstoff Hysol 3430 von Loctite.The non-positive connection of the layers 31, 32, 33, 34, 21, 22 with lower and higher modulus of elasticity of the wedge 3 or anchor body 2 can be produced by toothing and / or gluing. The toothing can, as shown in Fig. 12, be carried out. However, interlocking elevations or depressions other than those shown in FIG. 12 are also possible. To make handling easier and improve power transmission, the teeth can also be glued. The non-positive connection can already take place during manufacture if the layer 21, 31 with a higher and the layer 22, 32, 33, 34 with a lower modulus of elasticity are cast together in one formwork. If the connection of the layers 31, 32, 33, 34 or 21, 22 is subsequently carried out with an adhesive, the contact surfaces should be roughened and free of grease. Particularly suitable are low-viscosity adhesives that can withstand high loads, such as the five-minute epoxy adhesive Hysol 3430 from Loctite.
Werden die Zugelemente 1 mit Keilen 3 verankert, kann die SchubĆ¼bertragung zwischen Zugelement 1 und Keil 3 durch Reibung, Klebung und/oder Verzahnung erfolgen. Erfolgt die Ɯbertragung durch Reibung, ist es zweckmƤƟig, diese durch Auftauen der KontaktflƤchen zu erhƶhen oder einen Friktionswerkstoff einzusetzen. Ein guter Friktionswerkstoff ist zum Beispiel ein Kohlefaserkunststoff, bei dem die Kohlefasern einen rechten Winkel mit der ReibflƤche einschlieƟen.If the tension elements 1 are anchored with wedges 3, the thrust transmission between tension element 1 and wedge 3 can take place by friction, gluing and / or toothing. If the transmission takes place by friction, it is advisable to increase it by thawing the contact surfaces or to use a friction material. A good Friction material is, for example, a carbon fiber plastic, in which the carbon fibers form a right angle with the friction surface.
Wird das Zugelement 1 und der Keil 3 durch eine Klebung verbunden, sind Epoxidharzkleber wie Sikadur 30 der Firma SIKA oder der schnellhƤrtende FĆ¼nf-Minuten- Epoxid-Klebstoff Hysol 3422 der Firma Loctite gĆ¼nstig. Die Verklebung kann durch eine Profilierung, Ƥhnlich wie zwischen den Schichten 21, 22 bzw. 31, 32 mit niedrigerem und hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul in Fig. 12 dargestellt, verbessert werden. Eine kurze AushƤrtungszeit des Klebers ist vorteilhaft fĆ¼r die AusfĆ¼hrung. Das AushƤrten von Klebstoffen auf Epoxidharzbasis kann durch die Zufuhr von WƤrme beschleunigt werden. AnnƤhernd wird je 10Ā° ErwƤrmung die AushƤrtungszeit um die HƤlfte reduziert. Die ErwƤrmung kann beispielsweise durch einen Heizdraht im Keil erfolgen. Alternativ kann auch das Zugelement 1 anstelle des Heizdrahtes verwendet werden. Wird an beiden Seiten der Klebefuge im lastnahen und im lastfernen Bereich eine Stromspannung angelegt und flieƟt ein Strom, dann erwƤrmt sich das Zugelement 1 und damit auch der Klebstoff. Je geringer der Widerstand, umso hƶher ist der Stromfluss und damit auch die erzeugte WƤrme. Wird elektrisch leitender Klebstoff verwendet, kƶnnen die elektrischen Kontakte auch im lastnahen und lastfernen Bereich des Keils 3 eingebaut werden und durch Anlegen einer Spannung den Klebstoff erwƤrmen.If the tension element 1 and the wedge 3 are connected by an adhesive, epoxy resin adhesives such as Sikadur 30 from SIKA or the fast-curing five-minute epoxy adhesive Hysol 3422 from Loctite are favorable. The bonding can be improved by profiling, similar to that between the layers 21, 22 or 31, 32 with a lower and higher modulus of elasticity in FIG. 12. A short curing time of the adhesive is advantageous for the execution. The curing of epoxy-based adhesives can be accelerated by the application of heat. The curing time is reduced by half for every 10 Ā° heating. The heating can take place, for example, by means of a heating wire in the wedge. Alternatively, the tension element 1 can also be used instead of the heating wire. If a voltage is applied to both sides of the adhesive joint in the area close to the load and in the area away from the load and a current flows, the tension element 1 and thus also the adhesive heat up. The lower the resistance, the higher the current flow and thus the heat generated. If electrically conductive adhesive is used, the electrical contacts can also be installed in the area of the wedge 3 near and away from the load and heat the adhesive by applying a voltage.
Die Verbindung kann auch durch eine Profilierung hergestellt werden. Hierbei ist es gĆ¼nstig, wenn die Profilierung regelmƤƟig, beispielsweise im Querschnitt, als Folge von SƤgezƤhnen oder als Sinuswelle ausgefĆ¼hrt wird. Auf den Keilen 3 muss die Profilierung gegengleich zur Profilierung des Zugelementes 1 sein, damit eine Verzahnung mƶglich ist. Bei der Herstellung des Zugelementes 1 kann die Profilierung beidseitig mit Rollen in das weiche Matrixmaterial eingedrĆ¼ckt werden. Die Profilierung des Keils 3 kann beim VergieƟen durch entsprechende Formgebung in der Schalung erfolgen. The connection can also be established by profiling. It is advantageous if the profiling is carried out regularly, for example in cross section, as a result of saw teeth or as a sine wave. The profiling on the wedges 3 must be opposite to the profiling of the tension element 1 so that a toothing is possible. In the manufacture of the tension element 1, the profiling can be pressed into the soft matrix material on both sides with rollers. The wedge 3 can be profiled during casting by appropriate shaping in the formwork.

Claims

PatentansprĆ¼che: claims:
1. Verankerung (7) fĆ¼r zumindest ein vorgespanntes oder belastetes Zugelement (1), bei der die Zugkraft durch einen oder mehrere Keile (3) auf einen Ankerkƶrper (2) Ć¼bertragbar ist, und eine keilfƶrmige Schicht (22, 32, 34) einen gegenĆ¼ber den anderen Teilen der Verankerung (7) niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul aufweist, wobei die grĆ¶ĆŸte Dicke der keilfƶrmigen Schicht (22, 32, 34) gemessen normal zur LƤngsachse (4) des Zugelementes (1) im lastnahen Bereich (5) der Verankerung (7) liegt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Keil (3) und/oder der Ankerkƶrper (2) mindestens von zwei keilfƶrmigen aneinanderliegenden Schichten (21, 22, 31, 32) gebildet ist (sind), wobei mindestens eine der Schichten (22, 32, 34) aus einem Material mit einem niedrigeren ElastizitƤtsmodul gebildet ist als das Material, aus dem die weitere(n) Schicht(en) des Keiles (3) und/oder des Ankerkƶrpers (2) gebildet ist (sind), und die grĆ¶ĆŸte Dicke dieser Schicht (22, 32, 34) im lastnahen Bereich vorgesehen ist.1. Anchoring (7) for at least one prestressed or loaded tensile element (1), in which the tensile force can be transmitted to an anchor body (2) by one or more wedges (3), and a wedge-shaped layer (22, 32, 34) one has a lower modulus of elasticity than the other parts of the anchoring (7), the greatest thickness of the wedge-shaped layer (22, 32, 34) measured normal to the longitudinal axis (4) of the tension element (1) in the area (5) of the anchoring (7) close to the load , characterized in that the wedge (3) and / or the anchor body (2) is (are) formed by at least two wedge-shaped layers (21, 22, 31, 32), at least one of the layers (22, 32, 34) is formed from a material with a lower modulus of elasticity than the material from which the further layer (s) of the wedge (3) and / or the anchor body (2) is (are) formed, and the greatest thickness thereof Layer (22, 32, 34) is provided in the area close to the load ,
2. Die Verankerung (7) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in der Schicht (22, 32, 34) mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul die Steifigkeit dieser Schicht normal zur LƤngsachse (4) des Zugelementes (1) verringernde Poren, Lƶcher, Aussparungen oder Schlitze angeordnet sind.2. The anchor (7) according to claim 1, characterized in that in the layer (22, 32, 34) with a lower modulus of elasticity, the stiffness of this layer normal to the longitudinal axis (4) of the tension element (1) reducing pores, holes, recesses or Slots are arranged.
3. Die Verankerung (7) nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die unterschiedlichen ElastizitƤtsmodule der einzelnen Schichten (21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33, 34) durch spezielle Behandlungen, wie ErwƤrmungs- oder AbkĆ¼hlvorgƤnge, bei deren Herstellung bewirkt sind.3. The anchor (7) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the different elasticity modules of the individual layers (21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33, 34) by special treatments, such as heating or cooling processes, in the Manufacturing are effected.
4. Die Verankerung (7) nach einem oder mehreren der AnsprĆ¼che 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Ankerkƶrper (2) als Kopplung fĆ¼r zwei Zugelemente (1) mit einander entgegengesetzt gerichteten Aufnahmen fĆ¼r Keile (3) versehen ist.4. The anchor (7) according to one or more of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the anchor body (2) is provided as a coupling for two tension elements (1) with mutually opposite receptacles for wedges (3).
5. Verankerung (7) nach einem oder mehreren der AnsprĆ¼che 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Schicht (22, 32, 34) mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul mit der Schicht (31, 21) mit hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul durch eine kraft- und/oder formschlĆ¼ssige Verbindung, wie eine Profilierung mit Gegenprofilierung, z.B. eine Verzahnung, und/oder durch eine Verklebung, miteinander verbunden ist.5. Anchoring (7) according to one or more of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the layer (22, 32, 34) with a lower modulus of elasticity with the layer (31, 21) with a higher modulus of elasticity by a force and / or positive connection, such as profiling with counter-profiling, e.g. a toothing, and / or by gluing, is connected to one another.
6. Verankerung (7) nach einem oder mehreren der AnsprĆ¼che 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine SchubkraftĆ¼bertragung zwischen dem Keil (3) und dem Zugelement (1) durch Kraft- und/oder Formschluss gesichert ist, wie z.B. durch Reibung, Klebung oder eine Profilgestaltung, z.B. durch eine Verzahnung mit Gegenverzahnung.6. Anchoring (7) according to one or more of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that a thrust transmission between the wedge (3) and the Tension element (1) is secured by force and / or positive locking, such as by friction, gluing or a profile design, for example by a toothing with counter-toothing.
7. Verankerung (7) nach einem oder mehreren der AnsprĆ¼che 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das VerhƤltnis von niedrigerem zu hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul mindestens 1 :2, vorzugsweise mindestens 1 :10, betrƤgt, insbesondere zwischen 1 :20 und 1 :30 liegt.7. Anchoring (7) according to one or more of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the ratio of lower to higher elastic modulus is at least 1: 2, preferably at least 1:10, in particular between 1:20 and 1:30 ,
8. Verankerung (7) nach einem oder mehreren der AnsprĆ¼che 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die keilfƶrmige Schicht mit niedrigerem ElastizitƤtsmodul von zwei ebenfalls keilfƶrmigen Teilschichten (32, 34) mit unterschiedlichen ElastizitƤtsmodulen gebildet ist.8. Anchoring (7) according to one or more of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the wedge-shaped layer with a lower modulus of elasticity is formed by two likewise wedge-shaped partial layers (32, 34) with different moduli of elasticity.
9. Verankerung (7) nach einem oder mehreren der AnsprĆ¼che 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Keil und/oder der Ankerkƶrper, soweit aus einem Material mit hƶherem ElastizitƤtsmodul gebildet, mit den ElastizitƤtsmodul-erhƶhenden FĆ¼llstoffen, wie Kƶrpern aus Al2O3, versehen ist. 9. Anchoring (7) according to one or more of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the wedge and / or the anchor body, as far as formed from a material with a higher modulus of elasticity, with the modulus of elasticity-increasing fillers, such as bodies made of Al 2 O. 3 , is provided.
EP04802011A 2003-12-22 2004-12-21 Anchoring for pre-tensioned and/or stressed tensile elements Expired - Lifetime EP1706555B1 (en)

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AT0206203A AT412564B (en) 2003-12-22 2003-12-22 Anchoring for pre-tensioned and/or stressed tensile elements comprises a wedge and anchoring body formed by at least two wedge-shaped layers lying over each other
PCT/AT2004/000449 WO2005061813A1 (en) 2003-12-22 2004-12-21 Anchoring for pre-tensioned and/or stressed tensile elements

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CN116791820A (en) * 2023-06-27 2023-09-22 é•æ安大学 A composite anchor for FRP bars and its preparation method

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AT412564B (en) 2005-04-25
US7857542B2 (en) 2010-12-28
ATA20622003A (en) 2004-09-15
CN1898450A (en) 2007-01-17
ATE405713T1 (en) 2008-09-15
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WO2005061813A1 (en) 2005-07-07
EP1706555B1 (en) 2008-08-20

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