EP1317886B1 - Use of micronised zeolites as filter material - Google Patents

Abstract

The two rotors comprise discs (12) with fan blades attached on one side. The fan blades are arranged in concentric rings received by corresponding channels in the opposing rotor disc in order to prevent passage of material under the blades. <??>The machine consists of a casing with two rotors, each of which comprises several rings that engage inside one another and are driven in counter-rotation with an identical angular velocity. The rings are separately controlled and carry a number of fan blades on both of the ring walls, acting as a collision barrier for the material being milled and micronized. Centrifugal force carries the material from the inner ring towards the outer ring. <??>Independent claims are also included for (a) the use of micronized zeolite as a drug for treating cancer, metabolism, heart and blood circulation complaints, multiple sclerosis and rheumatism, as a drug for dermatological applications, as a cosmetic, as an additive for bakery and confectionery products, as a filter material, as a filter additive for filter cigarettes, and as an additive for tile making, (b) the use of micronized minerals, especially calcites, as plant protection agents, (c) the use of micronized minerals, especially calcites, dolomites and carbonates, as fertilizers and/or yield increasing agents in agriculture, (d) the use of micronized minerals as odor reducing agents, and (e) the use of micronized clay components for reducing the sintering temperature during sintering processes used in the ceramic or glass industry.

Description

The invention relates to the use of micronized zeolites as filter cloth.

A device which can crush zeolites so that their effectiveness is improved, is already out of DE 197 55 921.2 known. The invention there describes a method for improving the effectiveness of active ingredients, which consist of at least mineral substances, by subjecting these active ingredients to tribomechanical activation, in which the surface of the treated active ingredients is increased and the structure of which is destabilized to increase the chemical potential. The activation of the minerals is done by intervening in the integrity of the crystal lattice, resulting in a kind of damage, which in turn in the form of an activation, for example, electrical type, noticeable. The DE 197 55 921.2 regards as advantageous the treatment of zeolites, which are described there for the salutary consumption for humans; Also calcites for the agricultural sector are mentioned that by the from the DE 197 55 921.2 known device to be achieved micronization is 20 microns per particle, with only about 78% of all particles reached this magnitude.

From the US 5,723,397 A and the US 5,871,650 discloses the use of zeolites in membrane or filters. Here are also zeolites with a grain size diameter of less than 0.5 microns used. Activation of the zeolites by a special comminution process is not disclosed in either document.

The EP 0 740 907 A describes like that US 3,327,718 A and the US 4,038,992 A the use of zeolite mineral in cigarette filters.

Based on this prior art, it is therefore an object of the present invention to provide highly active zeolites for use as a filter cloth, in particular for cigarette filters.

This object is achieved by the features listed in claim 1 and 2, namely, that micronized zeolites are used with a particle size diameter of less than 0.5 microns as filter cloth, which consist of rotors consisting of discs on which the fan blades on one side are arranged and wherein the fan blades are connected to the rings and pass through in corresponding channels on the respective opposite rotor disc, which prevent a passage of material under the Ventitatorschaufeh. By these measures according to the invention a much more efficient micronization is achieved while protecting the device itself as it was previously known in the art. This is achieved by minimizing the wear of the fan blades themselves by deliberately maintaining micronized material within the channels, which in turn leads to increased resistance on the fan blades themselves and, ultimately, to an increased degree micronization.

• ■ Diese Feinmahlung wird durch kontrollierte Luftströmungen erzielt, die durch die Anwendung von neuartig konstruierten Ventilatorschaufeln hervorgerufen werden.
• ■ Die Kanäle, in welchen die Ventilatorschaufeln durchgreifen, bilden ein geschlossenes Labyrinthsystem für die Materialverarbeitung, welches die Bewegung des Materials, das der Verarbeitung unterzogen ist, so kontrolliert, dass die Körnchen nicht ohne Schlag- und Reibungswirkung neben den Ventilatorschaufeln unverarbeitet vorbeifliegen, womit die Effizienz der Verarbeitung optimiert wird.
• ■ Die zu erzielende Mikronisierung liegt bei 98,72 % aller Teilchen unter 4,3 µ. Ein Anteil von 28,36 % aller Teilchen weist sogar einen Durchmesser von unter 0,5 µm auf. Mit keinem herkömmlichen Verfahren oder einer bekannten Vorrichtung konnten derartige Ergebnisse erzielt werden.

The advantages of comminution can be represented as follows:

• ■ This fine grinding is achieved through controlled airflow caused by the use of newly designed fan blades.
• ■ The channels in which the fan blades pass through form a closed material processing labyrinth system which controls the movement of the material undergoing processing so that the granules do not pass unashamedly past the fan blades without impact and friction Efficiency of processing is optimized.
• ■ The micronization to be achieved is 98.72% of all particles below 4.3 μ. A proportion of 28.36% of all particles even has a diameter of less than 0.5 microns. Such results could not be obtained by any conventional method or apparatus.

The material micronized by the device according to the invention has many advantages for a wide variety of uses:

The novel device causes diverse chemical and chemical-physical changes in mineral raw material components. The effects created by dynamic friction processes give these minerals new properties that can be used technologically and commercially in the manufacture of diverse products.

From the group of zeolites, the mineral heulandite / clinoptylolite has been found advantageous by virtue of its properties, namely its ability to absorb water, its selectivity and ion exchange capacity, and its chemical composition, which has shown that this mineral is absolutely harmless to human consumption. The mineralogical and chemical properties of clinoptilolites have been investigated and are as follows: <u> Table 1 </ u> component Proportion of [%] from to SiO ₂ 61.96 67.17 TiO ₂ 0.15 0.32 Al ₂ O ₃ 12.46 15,12 Fe ₂ O 0.98 2.05 MnO track 0.05 MgO 1.30 1.96 CaO 3.03 4.35 Na ₂ O 0.70 1.11 K ₂ O 0.78 1.32 H ₂ O at 100 ° C 4.05 4.74 H ₂ O at 1000 ° C 7.56 9.56

The calcium content of this mineral indicates that it is a calcium zeolite formed in a tuff-like structure, ie, it is a kind of the mineral clinoptilolite having the properties of the heulandite group. The measured volume weight of the studied mineral clinoptiloite ranges from 1.41 to 1.43 g / cm ³ . Difractometric and thermo-gravimetric studies showed that approximately the same zeolite content exists in all the samples studied. The results of the X-ray studies show the presence of the following types of minerals: heulandithe (clinoptilolites), and subsequently essentially quartz, sand, plagioclase and, in a small amount, also biothythe. Microscopic examination by electron microscope showed that the material structure consists of fine tuff grains, which is a homogeneous isotropic mass, practically the zeolite matter. The content of this matter always moves in the range between 70% to 85%. It has subsequently been found the presence of angular quartz segments, as well as plagioclassic grains of sand, which generally have an average particle size of 60 microns. Examination of the melting point on 10 samples has shown that clinoptilolites melt at a temperature of 1260-1280 ° C. The determined hardness according to Moss is 3 - 3.5. The loss on ignition is: <u> Table 2 </ u> Loss on ignition [wt .-%] H ₂ O at 100 ° C 3.34 to 3.36 H ₂ O at 300 ° C 5.42 to 5.51 H ₂ O at 500 ° C 2.60 to 2.64 H ₂ O at 1000 ° C 2.50 to 2.51 All in all 13.86 to 13.92

Results of absorption studies: <u> Table 3 </ u> Period Water [% by weight] Benzene [% by weight] [H] from to from to 1 4.61 4.62 7.64 7.65 2 8.74 8.75 9.33 9.33 3 10.75 10.77 9.45 9.47 4 11.10 11.11 9.51 9.54 17 13.44 13,45 9.54 9.54

Further properties of the examined clinoptilolite: 1. compressive strength a) when dry Max. 426 kg / cm ³ minute 361 kg / cm ³ mean 391 kg / cm ³ b) saturated with water Max. 360 kg / cm ³ minute 253 kg / cm ³ average 292 kg / cm ³ 2. Water absorption 23.35% by weight 3. Volumetric weight 1.37 g / cm ³

The investigation results of the electrical conductivity showed that the zeolites treated according to the invention are able to bind significantly more hydrogen ions than the untreated zeolites. This is the direct consequence of the differences in the crystal structure of the investigated zeolites, which are the result of fine grinding and micronization. The following table shows examples of conductivity and pH measurements of the suspension in untreated and treated zeolites: <u> Table 4 </ u> Mixing time of the suspension ^a Concentration of zeolite (mg / ml H ₂ O) pH ^b (unactivated zeolite) pH ^b (zeolite treated according to the invention) Conductivity ^c (unactivated zeolite) μS / cm Conductivity ^c (zeolite treated according to the invention) μS / cm 2 hours. 20 7.35 7.48 157 147 2 hours. 40 6.45 7.22 198 180 2 hours. 60 6.81 7.35 307 280 20 hours 40 6.67 6.90 259 218 20 hours 80 6.96 7.40 48 hours 80 6.87 7.44 ^a with magnetic stirrer, 70-100 RPM;
^b pH measurement immediately after centrifugation (15 minutes at 7000 RPM),
^c Conductivity measurement in the supernatant immediately after centrifugation (15 minutes at 7000 RPM), conductivity of the redistilled water is 1.8 μS / cm

The result is that the pH of the untreated to the treated zeolites increases while the conductivity decreases. The material treated according to the invention shows surprising effects with regard to the minimization of harmful components of filter cigarettes.

• ■ gasförmige Phase (CO, CO₂, O₂, H₂, N₂N-Oxyd, HCN, HCNS, NH₃, Aldehyde, Alkohole usw.),
• ■ starr-flüssige Phase, zusammengesetzt aus Wasser und in ihr ganz oder teilweise schmelzende Verbindungen (wie Nikotin und weitere Alkaloide), die während des Rauchens destillieren, verdunsten oder verbrennen.

Cigarette smoke is a visible, evaporating product of tobacco combustion, additives and cigarette paper, which is produced immediately after the combustion zone and is composed as follows:

• ■ gaseous phase (CO, CO ₂ , O ₂ , H ₂ , N ₂ N-oxide, HCN, HCNS, NH ₃ , aldehydes, alcohols, etc.),
• ■ rigid-liquid phase, composed of water and all or part of its melting compounds (such as nicotine and other alkaloids) that distill, evaporate or burn during smoking.

As the smoke runs through the tobacco, it cools and condenses, and some of the smoke gets into the oral cavity. Because of the reduction of the possible negative, unhealthy consequences of the smoke is known to be installed as a mouthpiece of the cigarette, a cigarette filter.

The classic filter is the cellulose acetate filter. In order to increase the efficiency of the filter (ability of retention, absorption of the liquid and gaseous phases of the smoke), additives such as activated carbon, zeolites, silica gel, magnesium silicate and artificial hemoglobin are used.

Are known multiple filters, paper filters, combinations of multiple filters and Additiva. Efficiency to reduce harmful components of a simple (cellulose acetate) filter is 20-65%; through various newly developed combinations, additives and forms of filters, the efficiency is raised to about 75%. Today, a large market share already goes to the so-called light cigarettes ("lights" or "ultra"), which contain or cause less dry smoke condensate, water, nicotine, CO ₂ and other harmful components. When designing light cigarettes use the ventilation on the filter (thinning of the smoke), extended paper wrap of the filter (skirt tipping) and a combination of different cigarette papers and different tobaccos. The efficiency and the selection of the filter (increased ability of absorption of certain components), are an important factor when designing the light cigarettes. One of the important factors in the design of the filter and also the cigarette, the pressure drop, which has a significant influence on the taste and the ease of smoking. Many additives and design solutions increase the suction resistance and unwanted effects during smoking. This is the simple reason why most of the simple cellulose acetate filters are still used.

The material treated according to the invention surprisingly increases the efficiency and selection of the filters, as well as stopping and improving the desired taste of the cigarette; while the suction resistance of the filter is hardly changed. The treated zeolites have a larger Absorption strength, which is due to the changes in the crystal lattice.

Advantageously, a filter additive in cellulose acetate filters has proven to be a powder with a particle size of 0.2 to 0.5 microns.

In the preparation of the filter, one can apply the zeolites treated according to the invention directly to the cellulose acetate fiber or the paper or crest - such as an additive in the cavity of a multifilter, combined with the dual filter, etc.

Filters that were the subject of a controlled experiment were produced by adding zeolites treated according to the invention directly to the cellulose acetate fiber after using plasticizers (triacetin) prior to forming the filter rods in the cylinder. The powder was applied directly to the fiber through a specially designed dosimeter. This made it possible to add almost uniformly up to 70 mg of the zeolite treated according to the invention per filter rod. This way of adding the powder does not significantly affect the work of the conventional machines and the forming of the filter sticks, since the machines for making the sticks have a dedicated space in the working flow for this application. By this way of adding the powder, the technology of rod production does not change significantly. The technological process is only increased by the price of the additives.

The average results of the measured physical filter parameters without the addition of zeolites treated according to the invention and with the addition of zeolites treated according to the invention are shown below. <u> Table 5 </ u> template suction resistance filter mass Addition of zeolite treated according to the invention [mm VS] [Mg] 12 cm filter 2 cm filter 0 390 721 0 0 1 392 750 3.0 0.50 2 395 765 5.0 0.83 3 395 766 7.6 1.27 4 410 773 10.0 1.66 5 440 782 68.0 11,30

The addition of the zeolites did not significantly affect the wicking resistance nor the weight of the 12 cm long filter stick.

The results obtained are averages of the measurements of 500 filter rods from each sample. The proportion of the treated zeolite added was calculated from 525 ° C due to the difference in the amount of ash obtained when burning the filter sticks in the Mufon oven. For the processing of the cigarette was substantially conventional filter paper without ventilation and a mixture of tobacco, which is used in the production of full flavor American Blend cigarettes. The processed cigarettes were sorted by weight and suction resistance and tested on the smoking machine (Borgwaldt RM 20) according to the ISO standard. Each sample was tested 5 times on the machine. The amount of Total Particulate Matter, nicotine, CO ₂ , water and tar were determined. All analyzes were performed according to the current ISO standard; the amount of nicotine in the dry smoke condensate was carried out by extraction with 2-propanol and subsequent HPLC.

The average results obtained are shown in the table below, from which it can be seen that as the added zeolite treated in the filter increases, the level of nicotine, dry smoke condensate, tar, water and CO ₂ in the main stream of cigarette smoke decreases. Legally, cigarette manufacturers are required to indicate the content of tar and nicotine in the cigarette. This does not diminish the importance of the nature of CO ₂ , which has negative effects on the respiratory cycle of the organism. Surprisingly, the zeolite treated according to the invention apparently selectively removes the harmful component in the main stream of cigarette smoke. Regardless of the amount of zeolite applied to the filter, the resistance of the cigarette does not change significantly, nor does it change the burning rate. The ease and convenience of smoking has been maintained. The tasting tests have shown that the samples with the largest proportion of the zeolite treated according to the invention (samples 5 - 11.3 mg and sample 4 - 1.66 mg) have an improved smoky taste and a pronounced aroma, so that they are generally more agreeable are smoking. <u> Table 6 </ u> template composition unit 0 1 2 3 4 5 Treated zeolite according to the invention Filter [mg] 0 0.50 0.83 1.27 1.66 11,30 Dry smoke condensate Cigarette [mg] 14.8 14.2 13.5 13.2 12.9 10.8 nicotine Cigarette [mg] 1.03 0.98 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.75 CO ₂ Cigarette [mg] 14.98 14,37 13.61 12.46 11.86 10,90 water Cigarette [mg] 1.18 1.05 1.09 0.95 0.73 0.68 tar Cigarette [mg] 12.6 12.2 11.5 11.3 11.3 9.4 Tobacco mass in cigarette [Mg] 764 759 770 787 752 764 Number of trains Trains / cigarette 7.4 7.0 7.4 7.5 7.2 7.4 Suction resistance of the cigarette [mm VS] 102 102 105 109 108 111

The following table shows the measured average values of the filters after smoking. The amount of dry smoke condensate was calculated from the difference in the amount of production material before and after smoking. The amount of nicotine was determined by extraction from the filter in 2-propanol and water by the Karl-Fisher method. The results show that the filters applied with the zeolite treated according to the invention have an increased ability to absorb of dry smoke condensate, nicotine, and water, which underlines the previous measurements and results. <u> Table 7 </ u> template composition unit 0 1 2 3 4 5 Treated zeolite according to the invention mg / Filter 0.00 0.50 0.83 1.27 1.66 11,30 Dry smoke condensate mg / Filter 13.50 13,30 13.80 14,30 14,80 15.40 nicotine mg / Filter 0.53 0.58 0.60 0.60 0.67 0.69 water mg / filter] 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.12 1.05 1.12

From these results, it follows that an admixture of the mineral treated according to the invention of 0.5 mg (see sample 1) is advantageous, since the proportion of dry smoke condensate decreases. It is also clear from this table that there is an increased retention of nicotine in the filter.

The application of the zeolite treated according to the invention to cellulose acetate fiber of cigarette filters thus leads to an increased retention of harmful components of the main stream of the cigarette smoke, satisfactory physical properties, but without having a negative effect on the degustative and smoking properties of a cigarette. The addition of 0.50 mg of the zeolite treated per filter according to the invention eliminates 4% dry smoke condensate, CO ₂ and nicotine, and 11% water. An addition of 11.30 mg of zeolite per filter treated according to the invention eliminates 27% dry smoke condensate, CO ₂ and nicotine, and 42% water from the main stream of smoke.

Furthermore, a further addition of selenium (up to 25 .mu.g / filter) to the zeolite treated according to the invention is advantageous since it increases the absorption of free radicals which are formed by burns.

Figur 1

eine schematische Ansicht der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung;

Figur 2

einen vertikalen Schnitt durch die Vorrichtung;

Figur 3

eine Rotorenscheibe;

Figur 3a

einen vertikalen Schnitt durch einen Ausschnitt der zusammengesetzten Vorrichtung,

Figur 3b

eine Ausschnittvergrößerung entlang eines Schnittes A-A gemäß der Fig. 3a;

Figur 4

die schematische Andeutung der Luftströme entlang der Ventilatorschaufeln;

Figur 5

die schematische Andeutung des zerkleinerten Materials entlang der Ventilatorschaufeln;

Figur 6

eine Ventilatorschaufel mit Stift/Kanal im Detail und in mehreren Ansichten (6a, 6b, 6c);

Figur 7

schematische Darstellung einer Segmenten-Ventilatorschaufel;

Figur 7a

Ausschnitt entlang eines Schnittes A-A gemäß Figur 7.

A device which is used for comminuting the zeolite and leading to the advantageous properties of the comminuted material is described below. It shows:

FIG. 1

a schematic view of the device according to the invention;

FIG. 2

a vertical section through the device;

FIG. 3

a rotor disk;

FIG. 3a

a vertical section through a section of the composite device,

FIG. 3b

a detail enlargement along a section AA according to FIG. 3a;

FIG. 4

the schematic indication of the air flows along the fan blades;

FIG. 5

the schematic indication of the crushed material along the fan blades;

FIG. 6

a fan blade with pin / channel in detail and in several views (6a, 6b, 6c);

FIG. 7

schematic representation of a segment fan blade;

Figure 7a

Section along a section AA according to FIG. 7.

1 shows a device 10 for the fine grinding and micronization, and the homogenization of various solid and liquid raw material components. The principle is such that the starting material is sucked through the center of the rotors into the processing space of the device. The entry is favored by the action of centrifugal forces in the space between the fan blades and is accelerated due to the prevailing air currents there; so that the material collides with the already processed material. The source material changes direction of movement in very short intervals; As a result, it is crushed and micronized.

The device 10 consists of a hinged housing 11 with a Materialeinfuhrschacht 11d, in which there are two rotor discs 12, which are opposed to each other and operated by respective motors 13 via belt 13a in opposite directions, so that they rotate at the same angular velocity. The housing 11 and the motors 13 are mounted on the foundation 14 and form an independent unit.

Figure 2 shows that the housing 11 is constructed of two parts: a housing side 11 a for the material import and a further housing side 11 b with insertion shaft 11 c. These two sides 11a, 11b are bolted together. On both sides of the housing 11 are the carrier 15, in which the bearings 16 and stretch rods 17 are installed. On the side 11a for the material import is a pipe 18 for the controlled import of the material; on the lower side there is an opening 19 for the discharge of the finished material.

Figures 3, 4 and 5 show that on the rotor disks 12 a plurality of concentric rings 20 are arranged with the pins 21 and fan blades 22, which are constructed and oriented so that they can run past each other without contact as they rotate in opposite directions - indicated by the Turning 25. Minimum two wreaths are required which are driven by the two rotors. The task of the striker pins 21 and fan blades 22 is to create turbulent airflows for the acceleration of the processed material so that shocks and friction among the granules at certain angles will create dynamic conditions. The channels 23 on the discs prevent the passage of material under the fan blades 22, see. Figure 3 a and 3b.

The starting granules (not shown), introduced by the central portion 18 of the engine system by suction, accelerated by the air streams 26 and controlled so that the grains collide with each other due to repeated movement direction and rub against each other in very short time intervals. The tools and other parts of the device do not touch or only slightly - but it comes in no case to destruction of the tools. An interaction occurs among the granules to such an extent that in the granules the internal energy is exchanged since the collisions are aplastic (see Figures 4 and 5).

The effects resulting from the collisions of the granules as well as the relative movement of the surface of one granule over the surface of another granule (mechanical friction) are exacerbated by those effects which result from sudden changes of direction of the granular motion, so that the energy of the granules Acceleration and relative movement of grains is transformed into energy of deformation, as well as into the energy of molecular motion. During the collisions and the friction of the granules, which are subjected to the reduction process in very short time intervals (10 ^-5 to 10 ^-6 s), a significant change in their geometry or shape and size arises. The relative movement of a grain over the surface of another grain causes damage and deformation of the granule surface, as well as the layers of material that lie just below the grain surface are located. This destroys or damages the structure of the crystal lattice on the surface, thus partially transforming the crystal form into an amorphous phase, with the result that the physical and physicochemical and energetic properties of the processing material are altered. For example, in such processing of raw material components of organic origin, cellulose fibers and large molecules break down into smaller molecules, causing various changes in chemical composition of the material being processed, as well as physical changes important for their further material processing and / or processing, but also for the effectiveness are.

• ■ Granulation des Ausgangskoms < 4,0 mm
• ■ Anzahl der Gesamtzahl der Kränze/Kranzreihen auf den Rotorenscheiben: 5
• ■ Durchmesser der Rotoren 500 mm
• ■ Drehzahl der Rotoren 3600 /Min.
• ■ Kapazität der Vorrichtung 300Kg/Std.

In addition to changing the properties of the material, which is processed by the described method, this is finely ground and micronized due to mechanical stresses and the change in the granulometric composition of the material is the granulometry of the starting grains, as well as the level of Kömchenbeschleunigung, the planned angle the collisions and mutual friction, as well as the planned number of collisions dependent. The following parameters for the fine grinding and micronization with the device according to the invention represent an optimal configuration, so that these parameters are preferred:

• ■ Granulation of the exit area <4.0 mm
• ■ Number of total wreaths / crown rows on the rotor discs: 5
• ■ Diameter of the rotors 500 mm
• ■ Rotor speed 3600 / min.
• ■ Device capacity 300Kg / hr.

Compared with the materials which in a conventional technical manner (see. DE 197 55 921.2 ) and micronized, the material which has been finely ground and micronized by the device according to the invention shows increased free energy and reactivity.

The innovation is therefore in the design (shape, toothing, inclination) and interchangeability of pins and fan blades on the constructed channels, which are located on the rotor disc, as well as in the selection of material for the development of fan blades. The rotation discs of the device rotate at the same angular velocity, but move in opposite directions. The raw material is introduced into the central portion of the rotating disk through the suction pipe 18, and due to centrifugal forces, the granules of the raw material component are accelerated toward the outer periphery of the casing. The granules strike the rims 20 of the fan blades 22, which rotate in the opposite direction. They change the direction of movement due to the change of direction of the fan blades. Further, the grains beat and rub one against the other, then proceeding into another ring 20 with fan blades 22, again changing the direction of movement in accordance with the directional change of the rotating disk until they leave the paddle system. At the end of processing in the device according to the invention, the granules strike the wall of the housing and are transported away through the outlet opening 19.

FIGS. 3a and 3b show that the channels 23 on the disks 12, in which the fan blades 22 pass, prevent the material passage under the fan blades 22. Their shape is defined according to the properties of the respective raw material components (material) to be processed - ie granulation of the starting material, its moisture, hardness, origin, chemical composition and the like. If z. For example, if the input granulation of the material is <1 mm, this means that the minimum distance between the fan blades and the channels on the Slices should be greater than 1 mm, to allow even the passage of the material. During the preparation and assembly of the panes, satisfactory parallelism should be achieved in order to allow the fan blades to penetrate into the channels, because the diameters of the panes are relatively large (500 mm). Advantages over in the DE 197 55 921.1 described device are that the fan blades are occupied due to their shape, inclination and toothing in the process of fine grinding and micronization with a fine layer of the processed material and are protected in this way from the impact and friction effect of the input material. The wear of the surface of the fan blades is thus minimized and the life extended significantly. Further, the energetic charge of the material being treated is raised when the granules collide with each other and not with the parts of the fan blades. The technological parameters, such as the number of fan blades, their inclination, the shape of the blade teeth, number of fan crowns, angular velocity of the discs, define the later properties of the processed material. By combining the mentioned parameters it becomes possible to program the results and effects.

In the figure 3b further disc channels (23) are shown in more detail. In the rotor disks (12), recesses (20a, see Figures 3a, 3b) are located at those locations corresponding to the row of corrugations (20) of the opposite rotor (13), within which the fan blades (22) of the opposite ring (20). 20). The channels (23) cover each other with the length a, which is 2 - 5 mm. They form a kind of labyrinth, which prevents the passage of the material under the fan blades. The emergence of the labyrinth increases resistance to the flow under the fan blades. Thus, it is achieved that the granules of the starting material move through the main flow between the fan blades. The shape of the channels is in accordance with technical-technological characteristics of the raw material components of processed material (granulation of the starting material, its moisture, hardness, origin, chemical composition and the like). If there were not the disc channels, the source material would move due to the centrifugal forces passing from the center to the periphery of the discs on the fan blades and disc. At the initial granulation of the material of 0-1 mm, the distance between the fan blades and the channels must be greater than 1 mm to allow passage of the material at all, advantageously a distance of 2 mm has proven to be the same as for the occlusion a.

Figures 6, 6a, 6b and 6c show the geometry of the fan blades 22 and the pins 21. The rim 20, the fan blades 22 and the pins 21 are made of high carbon steel. An alternative is to make the porcelain pin and the fan blades made of steel. The inclination of the fan blades 22 is in relation to the horizontal α = 4 - 15 ° with the optimization to 8 - 10 °. The arrangement and the size of the toothing depends on the number of fan blades (β = 30 - 120 ° and γ = 60 - 120 °). The degree of flexing of the fan blades is defined by the ratio of lengths a and b, where b represents 10% of the chord length. The arrangement of the fan blades is fixed. The shape of the fan blades, profiled collision surface 22a, 22b and the incline secure the filling of the fan blades with the starting material and are thus protected from the wear effect of the starting material, which acts to extend the life of the fan blades. The teeth 22b on the fan blades hold the first layer of starting material on the collision surface 22a while the second layer slowly slips over the first layer and this second layer accepts the impacts of the incoming source material. Before the fan blades 22 are introduced into the respective rim row 20 of the rotor disk 12, the pin 21 is pressed into the rotor disk 12. The symmetry axis of the pen 21 is located in the axis of symmetry of the degree of bending of the fan blades 22, so that the geometry of the system of fan blades / pins is optimally achieved. During material processing, the granules strike the end face of the fan blades, and in particular onto and into the pins. The pen is thus worn. After wear, the pin is replaced by pressing or drilling through a new one. This has a decisive advantage: Previous variants of the fan blades without pins have resulted in the wear of the fan blades themselves. The replacement of the worn fan blades is very complicated compared to the replacement of the pins, consuming and expensive. The pins can therefore be easily replaced; The fan blades are undamaged and do not have to. The replacement of the fan blade only takes place during general material fatigue.

The problem of the vibrations and the strength of the pins is solved in that the pin 21 with the area of 1/3 of his. Stiftumfanges to a corresponding recess of the fan blade 22 to these fan blades "leans", and does not lean against the fan blades on a straight surface. The fan blades 22 are deformed by cold pressing or by forging, whereby the forging serves for better curing.

Another embodiment according to the invention also provides segment fan blades (FIGS. 7, 7a). The segment fan blades 22 are made of ceramic or cast steel. In this embodiment, the channels are incorporated into the rotor discs 12, in which the segment fan blades are placed with indefinite deposits. The accuracy of the settings and the strength of the fan blades is determined by the profile of the channels and by the friction between the segment fan blades and the supporting disc. The inclination of the fan blades with respect to the horizontal is α = 4 - 15 ° with the optimization at 8 ° - 10 °. The classification of the teeth 22b and their size is Depending on the length of the fan blades 22, angle β is 30 ° - 120 °, and angle γ is 60 ° - 120 °. The degree of flexing of the fan blades is defined by the ratio of lengths a and b, where b represents 10% of the chord length. The shape of the fan blades, the profiled (toothed) collision surface and the slope ensure that the fan blades are filled with the source material and thus protected from the wear effect of the source material, which acts to extend the life of the fan blades. The teeth 22b on the fan blades, as in FIG. 6, hold the first layer of the starting material on the collision surface 22a, while the second layer slowly slips over the first layer, and this second layer absorbs the impacts of the incoming source material. This embodiment has the advantage over the previous embodiment (Figure 6) that the fan blades can be installed with different inclinations (angle α); Thus, the replacement of the fan blades is easier. The shape of the fan blades has no recess for the pins.

reference numeral

10

contraption

11

casing

11a

Housing side for material import

11b

Housing side with cap

11c

cap

11d

Material insertion slot

12

rotors disks

13

Engines

13a

belt

14

Foundation / frame

15

carrier

16

camp

17

Horizontal bars

18

import pipe

19

outlet

20

wreaths

20a

recess

21

pencils

22

fan blades

22a

collision surface

22b

gearing

23

channels

24

Crushed material

25

direction of rotation

26

airflows

Claims (5)

1. Use of micronized zeolites as filter additives in filtration processes, the grain diameter of said micronized zeolites being below 0.5 µm, characterized in that the zeolites used have been reduced in size by means of impellers constituted of disks having the ventilator blades arranged thereon, mounted on one side, said ventilator blades being connected with the rims, extending into corresponding channels on each opposing impeller disk, which prevent passage of material beneath the ventilator blades.
2. Use of micronized zeolites as filter additives in filter cigarettes, characterized in that the grain diameter of the micronized zeolites is below 0.5 µm, particularly between 0.2 µm and 0.5 µm, which zeolites have been reduced in size by means of impellers constituted of disks having the ventilator blades arranged thereon, mounted on one side, said ventilator blades being connected with the rims, extending into corresponding channels on each opposing impeller disk, which prevent passage of material beneath the ventilator blades.
3. The use according to claim 2, characterized in that the micronized zeolites are directly applied to the cellulose acetate fiber of the filter or to the paper or Crest.
4. The use according to claim 3, characterized in that up to 11.3 mg of micronized zeolites per filter, preferably 0.5 mg per filter, are employed.
5. The use according to at least one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that selenium is added at a concentration of up to 25 µg per filter.

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