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EP1219833B1 - Diaphragm pump - Google Patents

Diaphragm pump Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1219833B1
EP1219833B1 EP01100206A EP01100206A EP1219833B1 EP 1219833 B1 EP1219833 B1 EP 1219833B1 EP 01100206 A EP01100206 A EP 01100206A EP 01100206 A EP01100206 A EP 01100206A EP 1219833 B1 EP1219833 B1 EP 1219833B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
diaphragm
pump chamber
pump
wall
connecting rod
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP01100206A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1219833A1 (en
Inventor
Andy Greter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Medela Holding AG
Original Assignee
Medela Holding AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to DE50112760T priority Critical patent/DE50112760D1/en
Application filed by Medela Holding AG filed Critical Medela Holding AG
Priority to EP01100206A priority patent/EP1219833B1/en
Priority to AT01100206T priority patent/ATE368181T1/en
Priority to ES01100206T priority patent/ES2288887T3/en
Priority to US10/250,470 priority patent/US7070400B2/en
Priority to AU2002220442A priority patent/AU2002220442B2/en
Priority to JP2002554395A priority patent/JP3993103B2/en
Priority to CA2433093A priority patent/CA2433093C/en
Priority to PCT/CH2001/000733 priority patent/WO2002053914A1/en
Priority to KR1020037008816A priority patent/KR100852450B1/en
Publication of EP1219833A1 publication Critical patent/EP1219833A1/en
Priority to HK02109369.2A priority patent/HK1049362B/en
Priority to NO20033019A priority patent/NO20033019L/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1219833B1 publication Critical patent/EP1219833B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B43/00—Machines, pumps, or pumping installations having flexible working members
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B43/00—Machines, pumps, or pumping installations having flexible working members
    • F04B43/0009—Special features
    • F04B43/0054—Special features particularities of the flexible members
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B45/00—Pumps or pumping installations having flexible working members and specially adapted for elastic fluids
    • F04B45/04—Pumps or pumping installations having flexible working members and specially adapted for elastic fluids having plate-like flexible members, e.g. diaphragms
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2225/00—Synthetic polymers, e.g. plastics; Rubber

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a diaphragm pump according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Diaphragm pumps of this type are known for a wide variety of applications. Since today's diaphragm pumps in the pump room have to make do with relatively large dead spaces, powerful diaphragm pumps are not suitable for further reducing their dimensions.
  • a diaphragm pump in which the provided in a base plate wall of the pump chamber extends from a central planar bottom portion of conically widening towards the side edge.
  • US-A-4,231,287 and US-A-5 699 717 disclose diaphragm pumps with in the rear wall of the membrane in the region above the side edge of the pump chamber arranged circular recesses.
  • Object of the present invention is to provide a diaphragm pump of the type defined, which can provide maximum performance even with the smallest dimensions.
  • a powerful diaphragm pump with reduced compared to the prior art dimensions can thus be installed in devices in which more and more miniaturization is required. It has now surprisingly been found that the stated object can be achieved according to the invention in a diaphragm pump of the type defined by the features of claim 1.
  • the pump brings their work immediately on the power stroke, i. as soon as the plunger moves with the diaphragm from top dead center.
  • the drawing shows purely schematically a diaphragm pump as a suction pump, in which an electric motor 1 via a crank drive 2, 3 drives a connecting rod 4 by motor, wherein at the end of the connecting rod 4, a pump diaphragm 5 is arranged, which spans a provided in a base plate 6 pump chamber 7.
  • the plate-shaped pump chamber 7 has a central bottom section 7 'and a conically widening wall section 7 ", which extends up to the side edge 8.
  • the membrane itself is made of elastic material, eg silicone with a hardness of about 80 Shore and is relatively thick compared to conventional membranes.
  • the membrane 5 has on its rear wall a circular recess 9 and an additional concentric groove 10, wherein the recess 9 in the region above the transition of the flat bottom portion 7 'of the pump chamber 7 and the conically widening wall portion 7 "is rear Groove 10 is in the area above the side edge 8 of the pump chamber.
  • the position of the diaphragm 5 shown in Figure 1 at the bottom dead center corresponds to the position of the inherently stiff elastic membrane in the rest position.
  • the membrane 5 Upon movement of the plunger 4 in the direction of the top dead center, the membrane 5 deforms in the recesses 9 and 10 to tight against the wall of the pump chamber 7 create (when reaching the top dead center).
  • the elastic material is biased, wherein the recesses 9 and 10 form a kind of hinges.
  • the diaphragm pump 5 Since practically no dead spaces remain in the pump chamber 7 and, moreover, the connection channels in the base plate 6 are kept extremely short and thus small-volume up to the valves, the diaphragm pump 5 operates efficiently immediately after the start of the suction stroke.
  • valves themselves are arranged in a very thin valve plate 12.
  • the novel diaphragm pump can be kept extremely small, for example, in comparison with the drive motor. It is thus particularly suitable for use with miniaturized devices (eg battery-operated breast pumps).
  • FIG. 2 of the drawing shows the pump diaphragm 5 at the top dead center of the connecting rod 4, i. at the end of the ejection stroke.
  • the membrane 5 fills practically the entire pump chamber 7 (no dead space).
  • the hinge-like recesses 9 and 10 are “compressed” in this position, so that the outer regions of the membrane are resiliently biased. Thanks to this bias, the movement of the connecting rod 4 back to the bottom dead center is supported (energy saving).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Reciprocating Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

The device has an elastic pump membrane driven by motor via a crank drive with a connecting rod and a pump chamber in a base plate spanned by the membrane. The pump chamber wall in the base plate expands conically from a flat central floor section to the side wall and the membrane is essentially in tight contact with the entire pump chamber wall at the connecting rod's top dead center so that practically no dead volume remains.

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine Membranpumpe nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The present invention relates to a diaphragm pump according to the preamble of claim 1.

Membranpumpen dieser Art sind für die verschiedensten Anwendungen bekannt. Da heutige Membranpumpen im Pumpenraum mit relativ grossen Toträumen auskommen müssen, sind leistungsfähige Membranpumpen nicht dazu geeignet, in ihren Abmessungen weiter reduziert zu werden.Diaphragm pumps of this type are known for a wide variety of applications. Since today's diaphragm pumps in the pump room have to make do with relatively large dead spaces, powerful diaphragm pumps are not suitable for further reducing their dimensions.

Membranpumpen der eingangs genannten Art sind aus US-A-5 776 098 und DE-U-94 10 116 bekannt.Diaphragm pumps of the type mentioned are out U.S. Patent 5,776,098 and DE-U-94 10 116 known.

Aus DE-A-40 26 670 und DE-U-295 14 009 ist eine Membranpumpe bekannt, bei der die in einer Grundplatte vorgesehene Wand des Pumpenraumes von einem zentralen ebenen Bodenabschnitt aus sich konisch erweiternd zum Seitenrand hin verläuft.Out DE-A-40 26 670 and DE-U-295 14 009 a diaphragm pump is known in which the provided in a base plate wall of the pump chamber extends from a central planar bottom portion of conically widening towards the side edge.

US-A-4 231 287 und US-A-5 699 717 offenbaren Membranpumpen mit in der Rückwand der Membran im Bereich über dem Seitenrand des Pumpenraums angeordneten, kreisförmig verlaufenden Vertiefungen. US-A-4,231,287 and US-A-5 699 717 disclose diaphragm pumps with in the rear wall of the membrane in the region above the side edge of the pump chamber arranged circular recesses.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, eine Membranpumpe der eingangs definierten Art zu schaffen, welche auch bei kleinsten Abmessungen ein Maximum an Leistung erbringen kann. Eine derart leistungsfähige Membranpumpe mit im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik reduzierten Abmessungen kann somit in Geräte eingebaut werden, bei denen immer mehr Miniaturisierung verlangt wird. Es hat sich nun überraschenderweise gezeigt, dass die gestellte Aufgabe bei einer Membranpumpe der eingangs definierten Art erfindungsgemäss durch die Merkmale des Anspruchs 1 gelöst werden kann.Object of the present invention is to provide a diaphragm pump of the type defined, which can provide maximum performance even with the smallest dimensions. Such a powerful diaphragm pump with reduced compared to the prior art dimensions can thus be installed in devices in which more and more miniaturization is required. It has now surprisingly been found that the stated object can be achieved according to the invention in a diaphragm pump of the type defined by the features of claim 1.

Dank der besonderen Ausgestaltung der Membran lässt sich ein Totraum im oberen Totpunkt (OTP), d.h. beim Ausstossen, erreichen, welcher praktisch null ist. Dies war bei bisherigen Membranpumpen nicht möglich.Thanks to the special design of the membrane, a dead space at top dead center (OTP), i. while ejecting, which is practically zero. This was not possible with previous diaphragm pumps.

Besondere Ausführungsformen des Erfindungsgegenstandes sind in den abhängigen Ansprüchen definiert. Daraus ergibt sich, dass bei geschickter Anordnung der Pumpenventile in der Grundplatte praktisch kein Totraum verbleibt.Particular embodiments of the subject invention are defined in the dependent claims. It follows that with skillful arrangement of the pump valves in the base plate virtually no dead space remains.

Da sich die Membran im oberen Totpunkt des Pleuels dicht an die Pumpenraumwand anlegt und so dort kein Totraum verbleibt und zudem die Toträume bis zu den eigentlichen Ventilen sehr klein gehalten werden können, bringt die Pumpe ihre Arbeitsleistung sofort beim Arbeitshub, d.h. sobald sich der Stössel mit der Membrane aus dem oberen Totpunkt bewegt.Since the membrane at the top dead center of the connecting rod tight against the pump room wall creates and so there is no dead space and also the dead space can be kept very small up to the actual valves, the pump brings their work immediately on the power stroke, i. as soon as the plunger moves with the diaphragm from top dead center.

Die Erfindung wird nachstehend anhand eines in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels noch etwas näher erläutert.The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to an embodiment shown in the drawing.

Es zeigt:

Fig. 1
eine erfindungsgemässe Membranpumpe im Schnitt, mit der Membran im unteren Totpunkt, d.h. am Ende des Ansaughubes, und
Fig. 2
eine entsprechende Darstellung mit dem Pleuel und der Membrane im oberen Totpunkt, d.h. am Ende des Ausstosshubes.
It shows:
Fig. 1
a membrane pump according to the invention in section, with the membrane in the bottom dead center, ie at the end of the intake stroke, and
Fig. 2
a corresponding representation with the connecting rod and the diaphragm at top dead center, ie at the end of the discharge stroke.

Die Zeichnung zeigt rein schematisch eine Membranpumpe als Saugpumpe, bei welcher ein Elektromotor 1 über einen Kurbeltrieb 2, 3 einen Pleuel 4 motorisch antreibt, wobei am Ende des Pleuels 4 eine Pumpenmembran 5 angeordnet ist, welche einen in einer Grundplatte 6 vorgesehenen Pumpenraum 7 überspannt. Der tellerförmige Pumpenraum 7 weist einen zentralen Bodenabschnitt 7' und einen sich von diesem konisch erweiternden Wandabschnitt 7" auf, welcher sich bis zum Seitenrand 8 hin erstreckt. Die Membran selbst besteht aus elastischem Material, z.B. Silikon mit einer Härte von ca. 80 Shore und ist im Vergleich zu üblichen Membranen relativ dick.The drawing shows purely schematically a diaphragm pump as a suction pump, in which an electric motor 1 via a crank drive 2, 3 drives a connecting rod 4 by motor, wherein at the end of the connecting rod 4, a pump diaphragm 5 is arranged, which spans a provided in a base plate 6 pump chamber 7. The plate-shaped pump chamber 7 has a central bottom section 7 'and a conically widening wall section 7 ", which extends up to the side edge 8. The membrane itself is made of elastic material, eg silicone with a hardness of about 80 Shore and is relatively thick compared to conventional membranes.

Die Membran 5 weist auf ihrer Rückwand eine kreisförmig verlaufende Vertiefung 9 auf sowie eine zusätzliche konzentrische Nut 10, wobei die Vertiefung 9 im Bereich über dem Uebergang des ebenen Bodenabschnittes 7' des Pumpenraums 7 und des sich davon konisch erweiternden Wandabschnittes 7" liegt. Die zweite rückseitige Nut 10 liegt im Bereich über dem Seitenrand 8 des Pumpenraumes 7.The membrane 5 has on its rear wall a circular recess 9 and an additional concentric groove 10, wherein the recess 9 in the region above the transition of the flat bottom portion 7 'of the pump chamber 7 and the conically widening wall portion 7 "is rear Groove 10 is in the area above the side edge 8 of the pump chamber. 7

Die in Figur 1 gezeigte Stellung der Membran 5 im unteren Totpunkt entspricht der Stellung der eigensteifen elastischen Membran in Ruhestellung. Bei Bewegung des Stössels 4 in Richtung des oberen Totpunktes verformt sich die Membran 5 in den Vertiefungen 9 bzw. 10 um sich dicht gegen die Wandung des Pumpenraumes 7 anzulegen (bei Erreichen des oberen Totpunktes). Dabei wird das elastische Material vorgespannt, wobei die Vertiefungen 9 und 10 eine Art Scharniere bilden.The position of the diaphragm 5 shown in Figure 1 at the bottom dead center corresponds to the position of the inherently stiff elastic membrane in the rest position. Upon movement of the plunger 4 in the direction of the top dead center, the membrane 5 deforms in the recesses 9 and 10 to tight against the wall of the pump chamber 7 create (when reaching the top dead center). In this case, the elastic material is biased, wherein the recesses 9 and 10 form a kind of hinges.

Wie aus Figur 2 hervorgeht, erlaubt diese Konstruktion ein dichtes Anlegen der Membran 5 gegen die Wandung des Pumpenraumes 7, so dass praktisch im Pumpenraum im oberen Totpunkt keine Toträume verbleiben.As is apparent from Figure 2, this construction allows a tight application of the membrane 5 against the wall of the pump chamber 7, so that virtually no dead spaces remain in the pump chamber at top dead center.

Beim Ansaughub, d.h. beim Entfernen der Membran aus dem oberen Totpunkt wird das Vakuum erzeugt und die Bewegung dabei durch die elastisch vorgespannte Membran 5 unterstützt, was den Energieverbrauch vermindert.On the intake stroke, i. when removing the membrane from top dead center, the vacuum is generated and the movement is assisted by the elastically prestressed membrane 5, which reduces energy consumption.

Da im Pumpenraum 7 praktisch keine Toträume verbleiben und zudem die Verbindungskanäle in der Grundplatte 6 bis zu den Ventilen äusserst kurz und somit kleinvolumig gehalten sind, arbeitet die Membranpumpe 5 unmittelbar nach Beginn des Saughubes effizient.Since practically no dead spaces remain in the pump chamber 7 and, moreover, the connection channels in the base plate 6 are kept extremely short and thus small-volume up to the valves, the diaphragm pump 5 operates efficiently immediately after the start of the suction stroke.

Die Ventile selbst sind in einer sehr dünnen Ventilplatte 12 angeordnet.The valves themselves are arranged in a very thin valve plate 12.

Aus der Zeichnung geht hervor, dass die neuartige Membranpumpe z.B. in Vergleich mit dem Antriebsmotor äusserst klein gehalten werden kann. Sie eignet sich somit insbesondere für die Anwendung bei miniaturisierten Geräten (z.B. batteriebetriebenen Brustpumpen).From the drawing shows that the novel diaphragm pump can be kept extremely small, for example, in comparison with the drive motor. It is thus particularly suitable for use with miniaturized devices (eg battery-operated breast pumps).

Figur 2 der Zeichnung zeigt die Pumpenmembran 5 im oberen Totpunkt des Pleuels 4, d.h. am Ende des Ausstosshubes. Die Membran 5 füllt dabei praktisch den ganzen Pumpenraum 7 aus (kein Totraum).Figure 2 of the drawing shows the pump diaphragm 5 at the top dead center of the connecting rod 4, i. at the end of the ejection stroke. The membrane 5 fills practically the entire pump chamber 7 (no dead space).

Die scharnierartigen Vertiefungen 9 bzw. 10 sind in dieser Stellung "zusammengedrückt", so dass die äusseren Bereiche der Membran elastisch vorgespannt sind. Dank dieser Vorspannung wird die Bewegung des Pleuels 4 zurück zum unteren Totpunkt unterstützt (Energieeinsparung).The hinge-like recesses 9 and 10 are "compressed" in this position, so that the outer regions of the membrane are resiliently biased. Thanks to this bias, the movement of the connecting rod 4 back to the bottom dead center is supported (energy saving).

Claims (4)

  1. Diaphragm pump as suction pump, in particular for generating a vacuum, with an elastic pump diaphragm (5) which is driven by a motor via a crank mechanism (2, 3) by means of a connecting rod (4) and which spans a pump chamber (7) provided in a base plate (6), wherein the pump chamber (7) wall provided in the base plate (6) extends in a spherically widening manner from a central base section to the side edge (8), and the diaphragm (5) spanning the pump chamber (7) is configured and arranged in such a way that it bears substantially tightly against the entire pump chamber wall (7', 7"), and the side edge (8) thereof, at the top dead center (TDC) of the connecting rod (4), with the result that there is practically no remaining dead space at the TDC of the connecting rod (4), the diaphragm (5) being made of substantially inherently stiff elastic material of predetermined thickness and configuration, and its deformation, with simultaneous pretensioning, for adaptation to the pump chamber wall (7', 7") and the side edge (8) of the pump chamber (7) upon the connecting rod's stroke in the direction of the TDC, being ensured by at least one circularly extending recess (9) in the rear wall of the diaphragm (5), which recess forms a hinge that can be elastically pretensioned, characterized in that the pump chamber (7) wall provided in the base plate (6) extends in a conically widening manner from a central flat base section (7') to the side edge (8) and the circular recess (9) in the rear wall of the diaphragm lies in the area over the transition between the flat base section (7') of the pump chamber (7) and the conically widening wall section (7").
  2. Diaphragm pump according to Claim 1, characterized in that a further circularly extending recess (10) is provided in the rear wall of the diaphragm (5), which recess is concentric to the first recess (9) in the area over the side edge (8) of the pump chamber (7).
  3. Diaphragm pump according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that inlet and outlet valves are provided in the base section (7') of the pump chamber (7), which valves are arranged on the rear face of the thin-walled base plate (6) in the area of said base section (7') so that minimal dead spaces remain between valves and the pump chamber (7).
  4. Diaphragm pump according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the diaphragm (5) is made of silicone and has a hardness of ca. 80 Shore.
EP01100206A 2001-01-02 2001-01-02 Diaphragm pump Expired - Lifetime EP1219833B1 (en)

Priority Applications (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP01100206A EP1219833B1 (en) 2001-01-02 2001-01-02 Diaphragm pump
AT01100206T ATE368181T1 (en) 2001-01-02 2001-01-02 DIAPHRAGM PUMP
ES01100206T ES2288887T3 (en) 2001-01-02 2001-01-02 MEMBRANE PUMP.
DE50112760T DE50112760D1 (en) 2001-01-02 2001-01-02 diaphragm pump
AU2002220442A AU2002220442B2 (en) 2001-01-02 2001-12-20 Diaphragm pump
JP2002554395A JP3993103B2 (en) 2001-01-02 2001-12-20 Diaphragm pump
US10/250,470 US7070400B2 (en) 2001-01-02 2001-12-20 Diaphragm pump with eliminated pump chamber dead space, and circular recesses on the reverse side of the diaphragm for improved diaphragm chamber wall adherence
CA2433093A CA2433093C (en) 2001-01-02 2001-12-20 Diaphragm pump
PCT/CH2001/000733 WO2002053914A1 (en) 2001-01-02 2001-12-20 Diaphragm pump
KR1020037008816A KR100852450B1 (en) 2001-01-02 2001-12-20 Diaphragm pump
HK02109369.2A HK1049362B (en) 2001-01-02 2002-12-27 Diaphragm pump
NO20033019A NO20033019L (en) 2001-01-02 2003-07-01 Diaphragm Pump

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP01100206A EP1219833B1 (en) 2001-01-02 2001-01-02 Diaphragm pump

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1219833A1 EP1219833A1 (en) 2002-07-03
EP1219833B1 true EP1219833B1 (en) 2007-07-25

Family

ID=8176137

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP01100206A Expired - Lifetime EP1219833B1 (en) 2001-01-02 2001-01-02 Diaphragm pump

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US7070400B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1219833B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3993103B2 (en)
KR (1) KR100852450B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE368181T1 (en)
AU (1) AU2002220442B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2433093C (en)
DE (1) DE50112760D1 (en)
ES (1) ES2288887T3 (en)
HK (1) HK1049362B (en)
NO (1) NO20033019L (en)
WO (1) WO2002053914A1 (en)

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Publication number Publication date
HK1049362B (en) 2008-03-14
CA2433093A1 (en) 2002-07-11
US7070400B2 (en) 2006-07-04
HK1049362A1 (en) 2003-05-09
ATE368181T1 (en) 2007-08-15
NO20033019D0 (en) 2003-07-01
KR100852450B1 (en) 2008-08-14
JP2004522890A (en) 2004-07-29
JP3993103B2 (en) 2007-10-17
NO20033019L (en) 2003-08-21
KR20030065582A (en) 2003-08-06
EP1219833A1 (en) 2002-07-03
AU2002220442B2 (en) 2005-09-01
ES2288887T3 (en) 2008-02-01
WO2002053914A1 (en) 2002-07-11
US20040071572A1 (en) 2004-04-15
DE50112760D1 (en) 2007-09-06
CA2433093C (en) 2010-05-11

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