EP1146025B1

EP1146025B1 - Wc-base composite ceramic sintered compact

Info

Publication number: EP1146025B1
Application number: EP00970077A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Mitsuyoshi Nippon Tungsten Co. Ltd. Nagano; Shigeya Nippon Tungsten Co. Ltd. SAKAGUCHI; Norimitsu Nippon Tungsten Co. Ltd. MUKAE; Kouki Nippon Tungsten Co. Ltd. MINAMOTO; Toyoshige Nippon Tungsten Co. Ltd. SASAKI
Original assignee: Nippon Tungsten Co Ltd
Current assignee: Nippon Tungsten Co Ltd
Priority date: 1999-10-27
Filing date: 2000-10-26
Publication date: 2012-06-20
Anticipated expiration: 2020-10-26
Also published as: WO2001030722A1; EP1146025A4; EP1146025A1; US6551954B1; JP2001122664A; JP4598212B2

Abstract

A WC-base composite ceramic sintered compact comprising a WC which has oxygen forming a solid solution therewith and represented by the chemical formula: WCXOY, wherein 0.005<y /x + y<0.05, in an amount of 40 vol % to 90 vol %, the balance being partially stabilized ZrO2 containing one or more of Y2O3, CeO2 and MgO as a stabilizer and inevitable impurities; and a method for preparing the sintered compact comprising providing a raw material powder compound containing WC and the partially stabilized ZrO2, and holding the powder compound in an atmosphere containing oxygen at a temperature of 200°C to 600°C for 0.1 hr to 3 hr, to thereby convert WC to WC grains represented by the chemical formula: WCXOY, wherein 0.005<y /x + y<0.05, and form grain boundary phases composed of the partially stabilized ZrO2. The ceramic sintered compact fully satisfies the requirements for sliding parts, a cutter and a mold material, in Young' modulus, hardness, heat conductivity, electrical processability and the like.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a WC-based composite ceramics sintered body used in sliding wear parts of a machine, edged tools for cutting polymer materials such as polyethylene or metals such as aluminum alloys, press dies for bending and cutting metals or polymer materials, or the like which are required to have a high wear resistance.

BACKGROUNG ART

Heretofore, most wear-resistant members, such as sliding wear parts of a machine, cutting blades or dies, have been formed by using ferrous metals represented by die steel. However, ZrO₂-based or Si₃N₄-based ceramics has been recently used as a substitute for such ferrous metals having an insufficient wear resistance.
Particularly in press working required to provide an accurate size of a finished product, since a press die tends to incur seizing with a workpiece and earlier wear-out, it is necessary to form the press die with a material having a long life and excellent wear resistance.
As a ceramics die material having a higher hardness and superior seizing resistance in comparison with metals, Japanese Patent Publication No. Hei 01-024747 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Sho 58-120571 ), Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Hei. 03-051667 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Hei 09-221352 disclose die materials in which ZrO₂ ceramics is strengthened by dispersing carbide or nitride grains of transition metals therein.
Required properties of the die material in case of applying ceramics to sliding wear parts, cutting blades or dies include four parameters of Young's modulus, hardness, heat conductivity and electrical workability.
As to Young's modulus, conventional ferrous metals represented by die steel or conventional ceramics-based materials including zirconia as a primary component for providing high strength and toughness have a low Young's modulus of 2.5 GPa or less. Thus, each conventional material is insufficient in stiffness during its high-speed sliding motion with respect to an opposite member. This causes an elastic deformation of the material and excessive friction between the material and the opposite member, resulting in an abnormal wear of the material. Specifically, the ferrous materials cause an abnormal wear, while in ZrO₂-based materials, the resulting frictional heat promotes crystal transformation and thereby an undesirable wear arises from fall-off of grains. This wear has an influence on usable period or life of parts. In particular, such wear would be a fatal factor in a field having a requirement of accurate motion.
As to hardness, the advantage of ceramics compared to conventional metal-based materials is to provide an improved wear resistance based on high hardness. However, a ceramics-based die material including zirconia as a primary component is insufficient in hardness and thereby low wear resistance or short life is undesirable exhibited.
WC includes free carbon. Thus, during a sintering process in an inert atmosphere, the free carbon remains in a sintered body, and undesirable fracture can originate in the remaining free carbon, resulting in lowered strength of the sintered body. In a ZrO₂-WC composite body, ZrO₂ and WC have different thermal expansion coefficients and are oxide and carbide, respectively, which are not solid-soluble each other. Thus, at a stage in which the composite body has been cooled from a high temperature in a sintered state down to a room temperature, cracks can arise from a difference in thermal expansion, and the composite body tends to fracture due to lowered mechanical properties, particularly in bending strength.
As to heat conductivity, when heat conductivity is low, heat generated by friction during high-speed motion can be accumulated in the material, and this accumulated heat causes phase transition in zirconia as the primary component, resulting in fracture due to the transformation.
As to electrical workability, in parallel with advancing electrical machining technologies, such as a wire-cut electric discharge machining, as well as mechanical machining technologies, many parts are recently produced by using such technologies, and it is often the case that an electrically machined surface of such parts is used as it is. However, even in the zirconia-based ceramics material enhancing hardness and conductivity, its electrically machined surface has a degraded surface roughness due to insufficient fineness and uniformity of the internal structure of the die material. As a result, the electrically machined surface could not be used as it is.
T. Shiono et al., Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 43, No. 7, July 1996, pages 885-889 discloses the preparation and mechanical properties of ZrO₂-WC composites by slip-casting technique.
K. Haberko et al., European Journal of Solid State and Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 32, No. 7/8, 1995, pages 593-601 disclose preparation and properties of particulate composites with Y-TZP matrix and WC inclusions.
US 5,994,250 discloses a sintered ceramic body which can be worked by electrical discharge machining which can be worked into sintered ceramic tools.
T. Venkateswaran et al., Wear 260 (2006) 1-9 discloses the processing and properties of WC 6 weight percent ZrO₂ composites.
B. Basu et al., Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 25, No. 9, pages 1603-1610 discloses pressureless sintering and tribological properties of WC-ZrO₂ composites.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a ceramic sintered body capable of sufficiently fulfilling various properties, such as Young's modulus, hardness, heat conductivity and electrical workability, which are required as materials for sliding parts, edged tools and dies.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

The present invention provides a WC-based composite ceramics sintered body according to claim 1. Preferred embodiments are disclosed in the subclaims. According to the invention is also a method according to claim 5.
The WC-based composite ceramics sintered body can be obtained by the following process. A pre-sintered prepared powder of raw material is held in an atmosphere containing oxygen in a temperature range of 200°C to 600°C for 0.1 hour to 3 hours to provide WC grains including solid-solved oxygen represented by a chemical formula of WC_xO_y (where 0.005 < y / x + y < 0.05). As a phase for filling up the grain boundary of the WC grains, partially stabilized ZrO₂ is used which includes one or more of stabilizers selected from the group consisting of Y₂O₃, CeO₂ and MgO. Then, the obtained WC is subjected to a normal sintering process or hot press sintering process in an inert gas in a temperature range of 2023 K to 2123 K to obtain the WC-based composite ceramics sintered body. Simultaneously, through the oxidizing heat treatment, free carbon in the WC grains is removed to provide an improved grain fall-off resistance, and an enhanced hardness, toughness and strength of the composite material. Further, the electrical machining operation can provide an improved electrical workability and heat conductivity with lower electric resistance.

BEST MODE FOR CARRING OUT THE INVENTION

Modes of embodiments according to the present invention will now be described in conjunction with examples.
A compound of raw material shown in Table 1 was prepared by providing a WC powder having an average grain size of 0.5 µm, and a predetermined amount of ZrO₂ having an average grain size of 0.5 µm and partially stabilized by 3 mol % of Y₂O₃, as primary components, adding the predetermined amount of ZrO₂ to the WC powder, and mixing the WC powder and the predetermined amount of ZrO₂ for 20 hours within a nylon pot containing ZrO₂ balls each comprising a sintered body having a purity of 99.5 % in a methanol solvent. The resulting slurry was taken out, and a granular powder was then prepared by adding an alcoholic binder to the slurry, and drying the slurry with the binder by a closed cycle type spray dryer in a nitrogen atmosphere.
Samples for a bending test of 4 x 5 x 45 and samples for measuring heat conductivity of φ 20 x 3 t mm were made from the prepared granular powder through die press working, and were degreased by holding in a vacuum atmosphere at 500°C for 1 hour. After degreasing, the resulting press bodies were subjected to a heat treatment in an ambient atmosphere at 400°C for 1 hour to introduce oxygen into the WC grains. Then, the bodies were subjected to a normal sintering process in an argon gas in a temperature range of 2030 K to 2123 K. A part of the obtained samples were subjected to an HIP treatment using a nitrogen gas in a temperature range of 1923 K to 2023 K. Otherwise, the oxidizing heat treatment may be carried out to the powder of raw material or the prepared powder after granulating and drying to obtain the same effect.
The degreased press bodies of 50 x 50 x 5 mm were put in a carbon dice and subjected to the hot press sintering process. Each sample made through two kinds of sintering processes was machined, and each heat conductivity of their mechanical properties was measured.
The obtained samples were appropriately cut to research their solid-state properties and measure their thermal properties such as heat conductivity.
As to the oxygen amount in WC, the ratio of C and O was determined by measuring each diffractive intensity of WC and WO₃ at a low angle side in X-ray diffractions of the obtained sintered bodies.
The above measurement results are shown in Table 1. The following effects can be proved from each of the results.

1. Relationship between Addition Amount of ZrO₂ and Sintering Property

WC grains have excellent properties of high hardness, Young's modulus, conductivity and melting point. On the other hand, due to its poor sintering property, a single substance of WC is hardly to be adequately sintered. Thus, as in hard metals, a binder phase is formed by adding a metal such as Co or Ni to finalize a sintered body structure. However, the properties of metals serving as the binder phase are significantly exhibited in evaluations of wear resistance, high temperature property which are influenced by hardness or the like. According to the present invention, using ZrO₂, which has high strength and toughness among ceramics, as a substitute for the binder phase based on metals, such as Co or Ni, allows the WC grains to be sintered in approximate theoretical density.
The content of WC depends on the sintering property varied by the addition amount of ZrO₂, and it has been identified that a dense sintered body exhibiting high strength could be obtained by adding ZrO₂ of 20 volume %.
While the ZrO₂ component is preferably provided as a stabilized ZrO₂ obtained by adding Y₂O₃ of 2 to 4 mol %, a stabilized ZrO₂ obtained by adding MgO or CeO₂ may achieve the similar effects. However, a sufficient sintering property cannot be assured by 20 volume % or less of ZrO₂. In this case, a sintered body having many pores will be provided with degraded strength and hardness. On the other hand, in 60 volume % or more of ZrO₂, it has been identified that the properties of ZrO₂ was significantly exhibited, and caused deteriorated hardness and wear resistance, and the grain fall-off, particular to ZrO₂, due to transformation by the frictional heat, resulting in inferior sliding wear resistance.

2. Effect of Removing Free Carbon

WC includes free carbon. Thus, during a sintering process in an atmosphere containing an inert gas such as an argon gas, the free carbon is apt to remain in the form of a lump of carbon in a sintered body, and some fracture can originate in the remaining free carbon, resulting in lowered strength of the sintered body. According to the present invention, the free carbon is removed by subjecting WC in the stage of green compact to an oxidizing heat treatment to sublimate the free carbon as a hydrocarbon compound, which enables a sintered body to assure high strength. In Table 1, the inventive examples No. 1 to 9 show a minimum strength decreasing rate of 15 % or less. While the examples No. 16 to 19 having the same composition as that of the inventive examples but the heat treatment conditions out of the inventive range show few difference in most properties, their minimum strength is lower and a decreasing rate of 25 % or more is caused by a remaining free carbon.

3. Solid-Solution Amount to WC

WC is gradually oxidized in the temperature range of less than 600°C and the oxidization exponentially accelerates in the temperature range of 600°C or more. In parallel with the progression of the oxidization, the solid solution amount of oxygen is increased. When the value of y / x + y in WC_xO_y is increased to 0.05 or more, an oxide film is formed on the surface of the WC. This causes lowered strength. Further, since the oxide film has an insulative property, the electrical conductivity is deteriorated. Thus, it is preferable that the solid-solution amount of oxygen to WC is defined by WC_xO_y (where 0.005 < y / x + y < 0.05). As is apparent in the comparison between the inventive examples No. 1 to 9 and the examples No. 16 to 19 having the same composition as that of the inventive examples but the solid-solution amount of oxygen out of the inventive range in Table 1, there are differences in decreasing rate of strength, heat conductivity and electric resistance between them, and the examples No. 16 to 19 are inferior in wire cut surface roughness and sliding wear amount in dynamic properties.

4. Effect of mixing ZrO₂ to WC_x O_y

The reasons for excellent properties of a composite material of WC and ZrO₂ are as follows.

(1) Generation of Residual Stress in Grain Boundary between WC and ZrO₂

There is a large difference in thermal expansion coefficient between WC and ZrO₂, specifically thermal expansion coefficients of WC and ZrO₂ are 4 x 10^-6 and 10 x 10^-6, respectively. Thus, when the sintered body is cooled from a sintering temperature down to a room temperature, a certain compression stress is acted to WC and a certain tensile stress is acted to ZrO₂. This provides an effect of enhancing strength and toughness of the sintered body. By virtue of combination of matrix and dispersed grains, the difference in thermal expansion is maximized in the combination of the present invention. However, this also leads to cracks. Thus, it is advantageous to effectively restrain such cracks by arranging the solid-solution amount of oxygen to WC in WC_xO_y (where 0.005 < y / x + y < 0.05) to provide stress relaxation in grain boundary.

(2) Superplasticity Phenomenon during Sintering of ZrO₂

Differently from hard metals including Co or Ni, ceramics is densified in solid-phase sintering, not in liquid-phase sintering, during a sintering process. For example, in solid-phase sintering between Al₂O₃ and WC, Al₂O₃ acts as a rate-limiting factor of sintering. Thus, any plastic flow is caused during crystal structure is densified, and thereby pores are apt to remain. However, in the combination of WC_x O_y and ZrO₂ according to the present invention, a superplasticity phenomenon appears in the sintering temperature of ZrO₂, and a structure in which ZrO₂ gets into a space between crystals is formed to provide enhanced density. In this case, the density is more enhanced by using WC_x O_y which includes a few amount of solid-solved oxygen, as compared with using only WC. Thus, an adequate sintering can be achieved by less amount of ZrO₂ than that in combination of only WC and ZrO₂.

5. Relationship between WC Amount and Thermal Properties

As described above, in the combination of WC_x O_y and ZrO₂ grains of the present invention, WC_x O_y and ZrO₂ grains are dispersed in an individually independent form without any mutual reaction. Further, since WC_x O_y is matrix and ZrO₂ functions to restrain grain growth as with the function of a grain boundary binding phase. This allows WC and ZrO₂ to be uniformly dispersed respectively. In addition, by virtue of generation of residual stress, as compared to conventional ceramics, enhanced values of strength, toughness and hardness are exhibited. More excellent thermal and electrical properties than ever are also provided. As shown in Table 1, when Al₂O₃ having lower thermal expansion coefficient than that of ZrO₂ is mixed to WC_x O_y, each improvement in the properties is small. This can verify that the composite material of WC_x O_y and ZrO₂ is more effective.
In particular, the composite material has a Young's modulus of 300 MPa or more, which is 1.5 times or more of that of ZrO₂-based ceramics or metals, and can assure the same stiffness as that of Si₃N₄. For example, if this composite material is applied to high-speed motion mechanisms such as bearing and sleeve, or high-speed press machines, lowered distortion and deformation, restrained frictional heat, and reduced sliding wear can be achieved.
As to thermal properties, ceramics including a large amount of ZrO₂ has low heat conductivity. In contrast, since the composite material according to the present invention includes WC having high heat conductivity as a primary component, a sufficient heat conductivity being ten times of that of a simple substance of ZrO₂ is obtained to provide an improved thermal shock resistance against rapid heating and cooling.

6. Relationship between WC_xO_y Amount and Electrical Properties

WC_x O_y itself has a high conductivity. Thus, larger WC_x O_y amount, less electric resistance value. As to heat conductivity, an electrical machining such as a wire-cut electric discharge machining can be applied to a composite material including 30 volume % or more of WC_x O_y. In this case, it has been proved that surface roughness of the electrically machined surface was influenced by the conductivity of the composite material and the dispersed degree of conductive grains. As shown in Table 1, it has been identified that 50 volume % or more of WC_x O_y could provide an improved surface roughness of the electrically machined surface.

7. Affect of Dispersion state of WC_x O_y and ZrO₂

In the material of the present invention, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties are influenced a great deal by the dispersion state of each components of the composite material. Agglomerates of WC_x O_y or ZrO₂ are left as a defect originating fracture. As to electrical properties, agglomerates of ZrO₂ cannot be electrically machined and is thereby left as a crude portion. As to sliding wear, the agglomerates of WC_x O_y or ZrO₂ cause abnormal wear. Thus, each agglomerate of WC_x O_y and ZrO₂ is required to limit to 10 µm or less when converting into diameter of the same area, and to 3 or less per mm² in its number.

8. Relationship between WC Amount and Sliding Wear Property

In the wear test, each wear value was measured by inserting each sample of the inventive materials and comparative materials each having an outer diameter of 40 mm, inner diameter of 30 mm and a length of 50 mm, into an inside of a hard metal cylinder having an outer diameter of 50 mm, inner diameter of 40 mm and a length of 50 mm, and rotating the cylinder at 500 rpm to make the cylinder slide to each sample for 3 minutes. The result is shown in Table 1. The wear amount tends to decrease as the addition amount of WC_x O_y is increased. The reason for this tendency can be presumed as follows. High Young's modulus provides low distortion and deformation. Then, abnormal wear and heat due to uneven contact caused by the deformation or the like are reduced and thereby wear is restrained. The Young's modulus is required to be 300GPa or more. The examples out of the present invention including 40 volume % or less of WC_x O_y and the comparative examples including a simple substance of ZrO₂ have a Young's modulus of 300 MPa or less, and thereby provide inferior wear resistance. Further, since WC_xO_y is carbide having an excellent solid lubricant property, sliding wear tends to decrease as the WC_x O_y amount is increased. As shown in Table 1, such property is significantly exhibited by 50 volume % or more of WC_x O_y. The WC-based composite ceramics sintered body can provide materials for long-life sliding parts, edged tools or dies, excellent in mechanical and thermal properties, electrical workability and sliding properties.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

The present invention may be applied to sliding parts of a machine, edged tools for cutting polymer materials such as polyethylene or metals such as aluminum allies, press dies for bending and cutting metals or polymer materials, or the like which are required to have a high wear resistance.

Claims

A WC-based composite ceramics sintered body consisting of 40 volume % to 90 volume % of WC which includes solid-solved oxygen and from which free carbon is removed to hava a chemical formula represented by WC_xO_y (where 0.005 < y / x + y < 0.05), with the remainder being partially stabilized ZrO₂ and inevitable impurities, said partially stabilized ZrO₂ includes one or more of stabilizers selected from the group consisting of Y₂O₃, CeO₂ and MgO, wherein WC_xO_y and ZrO₂ grains are dispersed in an individually independent form.
A WC-based composite ceramics sintered body as defined in claim 1, wherein agglomerates of either one of WC_xO_y (where 0.005 < y / x + y < 0.05) and ZrO₂ in said sintered body respectively have a diameter of 3 µm to 10 µm when said diameter is converted into a diameter of a sphere having the same volume as that of each agglomerate, and the number of said agglomerates are 3 or less per mm³.
A WC-based composite ceramics sintered body as defined in claim 1, which has a Young's modulus of 300 GPa or more.
A WC-based composite ceramics sintered body as defined in claim 1, which has a heat conductivity of 20 W / m · K or more.
A manufacturing method of a WC-based composite ceramics sintered body, comprising:
holding a mixed powder consisting of 40 volume % to 90 volume % of WC, with the remainder being partially stabilized ZrO₂ including one or more of stabilizers selected from the group consisting of Y₂O₃, CeO₂ and MgO, in an atmosphere containing oxygen in a temperature range of 200°C to 600°C for 0.1 hour to 3 hours to provide WC which includes solid-solved oxygen and from which free carbon is removed to have a chemical formula represented by WC_xO_y (where 0.005 < y / x + y < 0.05); and

sintering said resulting mixed powder to obtain the WC-based composite ceramics sintered body having said WC_xO_y and said ZrO₂ grains which are dispersed therein in an individually independent form.