EP1025550B1

EP1025550B1 - Bill validator for bank note having conductive strip

Info

Publication number: EP1025550B1
Application number: EP19980948648
Authority: EP
Inventors: Vladymir Barchuk
Original assignee: Cashcode Co Inc
Current assignee: Cashcode Co Inc
Priority date: 1997-10-22
Filing date: 1998-10-19
Publication date: 2004-02-18
Anticipated expiration: 2018-10-19
Also published as: EP1025550A2; AU9526598A; WO1999021139A3; ATE259982T1; BR9812983A; WO1999021139A2; DE69821788T2; DE69821788D1; ES2214732T3; AU740178B2; JP2001521230A; CN1279799A; CN1150493C

Abstract

A device for validating the authenticity of a document uses changes in capacitance due to the presence of an electrically conductive security thread extending across the document or the presence of a watermark. The device uses a drive arrangement (14) for moving of a document such as a bank note, past a sensing arrangement (16, 24) which senses changes in capacitance due to movement of a security thread or watermark therapist. A frequency generator produces a high frequency time varying oscillator signal and provides this signal to an elongate oscillator electrode extending across the path of movement. A lead elongate measuring electrode is electrically conductive and positioned in front of the oscillator electrode and extends across said path and a trailing elongate measuring electrode is positioned behind the oscillator electrode and extends across the path. The signals from the measuring and the oscillator electrode are provided to a signal processing arrangement. The signal processing arrangement processes the signals relative to detect changes in amplitude and phase shift between the signals caused by a conductive security thread or the watermark passing by the electrodes. Chosen separation distances and using of two sensors placed on opposite sides of bank note reduces the signal intensity variations, caused by the wobbling of the bank note and changes in separation distance of the bank note from the sensor.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present application relates to sensors used in validating devices for detecting of electrically conductive security threads provided in currency and other documents.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is known to provide electrically conductive security threads in currency such as U.S. currency. These security threads can be detected, using sensors which operate, based on changes in capacitance due to the presence of a security thread. The electrical conductivity of the security threads can be continuous or can be segmented.

United States 5,419,424 discloses a device for sensing of the security threads in a document. This patent discloses a structure which has a host of sensors and uses horizontal and vertically oriented electrodes in combination with a horizontally disposed feed electrode for distinguishing between security threads having discrete segments along the length thereof and a conductive line, such as a pencil line on a document.

As can be appreciated, sensing of security threads is used in combination with other sensing and evaluation techniques for collectively determining whether a particular document is authentic. Typically, the document is moved along a predetermined path and is moved past fixed sensors. These sensors provide input which is evaluated to provide a prediction whether the document is authentic as the bill passes thereby. This evaluation and prediction occurs quickly as the consumer is typically waiting for the results, i.e. credit towards a purchase etc.

US-A-5 394 969 discloses a device for validating the authenticity of a document having an electrically conductive security thread extending across the document, said device comprising a predetermined path along which a document is moved in a lengthways manner and a generator producing a high frequency time varying oscillator signal.

In sensing currency, it can be appreciated that the condition of the currency can greatly vary from a relatively new crisp paper bill, to one which is quite worn and may have a series of creases or folds therein. The bill as it passes along the path, is normally controlled in a guide arrangement, however, there is some movement of the currency within the guide from the guide centerline, and thus the bill can wobble within the guide. This wobble can dramatically effect a capacitance sensor, which is relatively sensitive to changes in the separation distance between the bill and the sensor. Most capacitance sensors require the sensor to almost be in contact with the currency and this can cause the currency to jam in the validator. Thus with low separation spacing, the quality of the signal from the capacitance sensor improves, however there is a significant service and reliability problem, caused by jamming of bills in the validator. Furthermore, the wobble of the paper currency, as it passes through the validator, can also rapidly change the separation distance and the signals from the capacitance sensor. The signal from the capacitance sensor is expected to increase and decrease, however it is difficult to know whether these changes are caused by wobble or changing location of a security thread as it moves past a sensor.

In prior art devices there has been the tendency to decrease the separation distance between the sensor and the bill to improve the strength of the signal but this has not proven entirely satisfactory.

The present invention overcomes a number of these problems. It has also been found that changes in capacitance due to water marks can be recognized and used as part of the validating process.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A device for validating the authenticity of a document, having an electrically conductive security thread extending across the document, according to the present invention, comprises a drive arrangement for moving the document in a lengthwise manner along a predetermined path of the device, a generator which provides a high frequency time varying oscillator signal, an elongate oscillator electrode which is electrically conductive and connected to the generator which applies the time varying oscillating signal to the electrode with the electrode being positioned to extend across the path, a lead elongate measuring electrode electrically conductive and positioned in front of the oscillatory electrode and again, extending across the path and a trailing elongate measuring electrode being electrically conductive and positioned behind the oscillatory electrode and extending across the path. The device further includes a signal processing arrangement connected to the measuring electrodes and receiving the output signals thereof to produce a measuring signal. The signal processing arrangement also receives the time varying oscillating signal as a reference signal. The signal processing arrangement processes the measuring signal relative to the reference signal to detect a change in electrical properties thereof caused by a conductive security thread passing by the electrodes.

With the arrangement as described above, the security thread causes a first change in capacitance with the lead measuring electrode when the security thread is between the lead electrode and the oscillatory electrode. Further movement of the document causes the security thread to then be located between the oscillatory electrode and the trailing elongate electrode. These changes in capacitances cause the changes in amplitude and phase shift of the measuring signal with respect to the reference signal that can be easily detected. The arrangement with the lead electrode to one side of the oscillatory electrode and the trailing elongate measuring electrode to the opposite side of oscillatory electrode permits to separate the signals caused by the security thread, from those caused by the changes in separation distance.

It has also been found with the present invention, that the positioning of the electrodes relative to the path can be quite large in the order of 1 to 1.2 mm and the space between the lead electrode and the oscillatory electrode is also approximately 1mm and the same separation distances found between the oscillatory electrode and the trailing electrode. However, this relatively large separation distance reduces the strength of measuring signals, it also significantly reduces the influence of wobbling of the bill as it passes along the pass on the measuring signals amplitude. This result is associated with nonlinear dependence of measuring signal verses separation distance. The greater distance reduces the possibility of jamming the document relative to the prior practise of reducing or minimizing the separation distance.

According to an aspect of the invention the signal generator produces an oscillatory signal having a frequency in the range of 50 to 150 Mhz. This frequency range is useful with respect to the larger separation distances and the separation distances between the electrodes.

In a preferred embodiment, two sensing arrangements are provided in opposed relation either side of the currency path. Different frequencies are used to reduce interference. With this arrangement, movement of the currency off the center line increases the signal in one sensing arrangement and decreases the signal in the opposite sensing arrangement. The signals are processed and the evaluation is based on the signals from both sensing arrangements.

A device for validating the authenticity of a document having a watermark on the face of the document, according to the present invention comprises a drive arrangement for moving the document in a lengthwise manner along a predetermined path of the device, a generator producing a high frequency time varying oscillator signal, an elongate oscillator electrode being lead elongate measuring electrode being a trailing elongate measuring electrode being electrically conductive and connected to said generator which applies said time varying oscillator signal thereto, said elongate oscillator electrode being positioned to extend generally across said path. A lead elongate measuring electrode is electrically conductive and positioned in front of said oscillator electrode and extends across said path. A trailing elongate measuring electrode is electrically conductive and positioned behind said oscillator electrode and extends across said path. A signal processing arrangement is connected to said measuring electrodes and receives the outputs thereof and produces a measuring signal. The signal processing arrangement also receives the time varying oscillator signal as a reference signal. The signal processing arrangement processes the measuring signal relative to the reference signals to changes in amplitude variation and phase shift therebetween caused by the watermark passing by the electrodes.

The present invention is related to improvements in a device for validating the authenticity of a document having a plurality of security features which can be sensed and compared to reference signals for an assessment of authenticity of the document and wherein one of the security features is a watermark. The device comprises an optical sensor and a capacitance sensor, a drive arrangement for moving the document in a lengthwise manner along a predetermined path of the device past said sensors. A processing arrangement is provided for processing the signals from said sensors and comparing the reference signals to the received signals and providing an assessment of the authenticity of the document. The capacitance sensor is positioned for scanning of the watermark and the capacitance sensor responds to the presence of said watermark allowing identification thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawings, wherein:

Figure 1 a partial sectional view of a currency validator;

Figure 2 is a partial top view showing the electrode sensing arrangement;

Figure 2a is a top view of a document containing a security thread;

Figure 3 shows the general signal processing arrangement;

Figure 4 shows an alternate embodiment of the invention;

Figure 5 shows a schematic equivalent of the electrode sensing arrangement;

Figure 6 shows a schematic equivalent of the electrode sensing arrangement when a bill containing a security thread is detected;

Figure 7 is a depiction of a U.S. $50 bill having various security features;

Figure 8 is a representation of the capacitance readings of a U.S. $50 bill of Figure 7; and

Figure 9 shows the signal response from a capacitance sensor through the center section of the U.S. $50 bill.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The currency validator 2 has a processing section 4 which cooperates and guides validated documents into the security box 6. A processing section 4 has an inlet 10 that allows the user to initially insert the document into the validator whereafter a drive arrangement 14 controls the movement of the document along the predetermined path indicated as 12. As the document moves along this predetermined path, it is evaluated by

sensors

16 and 24 to determine whether it is authentic. If it is determined to be authentic, it is then passed into the security box 16. If it is rejected, the drive arrangement 14 typically reverses and ejects the document through the inlet 10.

There are a number of different ways to evaluate the validity of a document and typically a validator such as the one shown as 2 uses a number of different sensing and evaluation techniques for determining whether a bill is authentic. For example, this can include light emitting devices for determining reflected patterns, magnetic sensors and/or capacitance sensors.

The capacitance sensor of Figure 2 comprises an oscillatory electrode 32 with a connecting portion 33. A lead measuring electrode 34 is positioned in front of the oscillatory electrode 32 relative to the direction of travel of the document through the validator. A trailing measure electrode 36 is provided to the opposite side of the oscillatory electrode and both the lead and the trailing measure electrodes are spaced from the oscillatory electrode a similar distance indicated as 31. The arrangement also includes ground shielding electrodes 50 associated with the connecting

portions

33, 35 and 37. Arrow 9 shows the direction of travel of a document past the electrodes and it can be seen that each of the electrodes are placed across the width of the document and across the direction of travel indicated as 9. A document 7 is generally shown and is being fed to pass by the

electrodes

32, 34 and 36. The document 7, as shown in Figure 2a has a security thread 21 extending across the width of the document. This security thread is electrically conductive and can either be continuous or have discrete electrically conductive segments. The continuous security thread produces a stronger signal and will first be described.

As the security thread 21 passes by the lead electrode 34, it enters the gap between the lead electrode 34 and the oscillatory electrode 32. This effectively couples the two electrodes and produces a sudden increase in the intensity and change in phase shift of the signal from the electrode 34. As the document continues to move along the predetermined path, the capacitance coupling of the lead electrode and the oscillatory electrode decreases. As the security thread 21 passes over the oscillatory electrode, it then starts coupling with the trailing electrode 36.

Figure 3 shows an overview of the signal processing arrangement. The high frequency signal generator 38 feeds a signal to the oscillatory electrode 32. This high frequency signal is also provided to the synchronous detector 46. Thus, a reference signal 44 which is basically the high frequency signal being fed to the oscillatory electrode 32, is provided to the synchronous detector 46. The synchronous detector 46 receives the signal 47 from the lead measuring electrode and signal 45 from the trailing electrode. The difference between these signals is determined and produces a further measuring signal 49. The synchronous detector 46 uses the measuring signal 49 and the reference signal 44 to form output signal, depending on the changes in amplitude and phase of input signal with respect to the reference signal. In particular, polarities of synchronous detector output signals indicative of the security thread passing by the lead and trailing electrodes are opposite.

The signal processing arrangement can also successfully operate in the regime when only the phase shift is registrated. This regime takes place when the amplitudes of high frequency signals each input of synchronous detector are large enough for its saturation. In our sensors it is achieved either by long electrodes application or at high amplitudes of generator signals.

Returning to Figure 2, it can be seen that the three electrodes are parallel strips of conductors supported by dielectric film 51. The oscillatory electrode is in the center of the sensor's active area. Measuring electrodes are parallel and symmetric about the oscillatory electrode and form equal capacitance therewith. The size of spaces between the oscillatory electrode and the measuring electrodes is chosen on the basis of considerations as will be more fully described. The connecting portions of the measuring electrodes and the oscillatory electrode are extended to provide connection to corresponding terminals of the sensing unit. Between these connecting portions are the shielding conductors which are connected to the ground terminal.

As shown in Figure 3, the output from the synchronous detector 46 is fed to an A/C amplifier 48. This allows for convenient processing of the signal and allow it to be converted to a digital signal for assessment.

The electrodes are placed in the validator over the pathway and the document is pulled lengthwise through the device. With this arrangement, the security thread is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the electrodes. When the document is pulled under the sensor, certain portions of the bank note pass beneath the sensor in sequential order. As the dielectric character of the bank note paper and the dye used in the printing process are quite uniform, the signals phases and amplitudes from the measuring electrodes with respect to that on the oscillatory electrode remain generally the same. Furthermore, it can be appreciated even if there is some variation of the separation of the document from the sensor, it occurs to both of the measuring electrodes thus changes to separation essentially subtract out.

Figure 5 shows a schematic of the equivalent capacitance bridge circuit created by the arrangement of the

electrodes

32, 34, 36 and 50 in the sensor. The bridge circuit 51 registers a change in capacitance and phase when a bank note security strip passes over it. The schematic represents a sensor energized by high frequency oscillator 38 provided on electrode 44 and having no bank note around the sensor. Output signals 47 and 45 are fed to the synchronous detector.

As shown in Figure 5, the bridge circuit 51 comprises a two sections: a first section associated with the leading electrode and a second with the trailing electrode. In the first section, capacitance 52 is created by the electric field between leading electrode 34 and oscillatory electrode 32. Capacitance 54 is formed by leading electrode 36, ground shielding electrode 50 and the input capacitance of synchronous detector 2. In the second section, capacitance 56 is formed by trailing electrode 36, ground shielding electrode 32 and input capacitance of synchronous detector 2. To the

capacitances

53 and 54 are also coupled input ohmic resistances of synchronous detector 2; the values of these resistances are of the same order of magnitude as the impedances of the bridge capacitances at the operating frequence. Due to their presence, any change in bridge's arm capacitance leads to signal phase shift change on the corresponding input of synchronous detector 2 with respect to the reference signal.

Figure 6 shows the capacitances present in bridge circuit 51 as security strip passes 21 by it, wherein capacitances are formed between the strip and each electrode, thereby increasing the total capacitance in the bridge circuit 51. These are noted as

capacitances

60, 62, 64 and 66.

The size of capacitance 66 between security strip 21 and ground 50 depends on the type of security strip 21. A continuous strip of metal will create a relatively high capacitance value for capacitance 66; a series of discrete metallic sections in security strip 21 will create a small capacitance but one which can be distinguished from the signal where there is no security threat.

As the security strip passes between the leading electrode and the oscillatory electrode, the impedance of the associated with security strip capacitances in the first section of the bridge circuit greatly increase. Then, as the security strip passes between the trailing and generator electrodes, the impedances of corresponding capacitances in the second section of bridge circuit greatly increase.

These changes in the impedances unbalance the bridge circuit, which in turn changes the phase and amplitude of high frequency signal fed to the input of synchronous detector. Especially, the signals associated with the strip pass near lead and trailing electrodes are out of phase with respect to each other.

Thus, as a result of passing of the security strip close to the sensor at the output of the synchronous detector 46, there is an increase.in voltage first in one polarity and then in the opposite polarity. This voltage, after being amplified with A/C amplifier 48 is sufficient enough for further processing of the signal. The use of the A/C amplifier makes it possible to reduce the requirements for balancing of the bridge and synchronous detector 46 such that manual adjustments for balancing is not required. Basically there is enough tolerance in this system that even if the bridge is slightly unbalanced, the signal is still easy to detect. This simplifies the circuitry and the cost thereof.

When the bank note passes along the pathway in the validator, the distance between the bank note and the sensor can vary. Such variations are due to the particular bank note, i.e. it can be rippled or have bends and its position in the guide varies. This changing separation distance creates additional noise which can contribute to unbalancing the bridge at the moment of the bank notes passage and on the other hand produces changes in amplitude of the signal formed by the conducted security strip. By increasing the spacing of the sensor from the center line of the predetermined path, the influence of the variations in the distance between the sensor and bank note on the signals amplitude is reduced. It is known that these creases etc. cause wobbling as the bank note passes through, the validator and this wobble is typically in the range of .2 to .3 mm. The sensor is preferrably placed 3 to 5 times this wobble distance away from the center line and is preferably spaced approximately 1 to 1.2 mm away. With this arrangement, wobble can be tolerated. To completely eliminate wobble, is not practical as it is likely to cause jamming.

It has been found that this arrangement also can be used for electrically conductive security threads which are continuous or in discrete segments. Basically the changes in sensors output signals are opposite for continuous and discrete security threads due to capacitance effect of the security thread with the case. In any event, this sensor detection works for both types of security threads and allows to recognize their type due to the variation of the output signal shape.

It can be appreciated that the invention may comprise the use of one or two sensors. In a one sensor embodiment described above, a single bridge circuit provides all the signals to the synchronous detector.

In a two sensor embodiment, two sensors are located in the validating device, such that they oppose each other and that the document to be validated passes between them. Figure 1 shows a validator with two sensors, 16 and 24. The two sensor arrangement allows for a cumulative capacitance signal to be generated as a security strip passes between the sensors. The two sensing arrangements are provided to opposite sides of the guide such that a change in position increases the signal in one sensing arrangement and decreases the signal in the other sensing arrangement. Combining the signals contribute to reducing the effect of wobble.

Figure 4 shows a block diagram of the two sensor arrangement. Essentially, the two sensor arrangement has two functionally identical, but separate signal processing arrangements. Each signal processing arrangement operates as the arrangement described in Figure 3.

Figure 4 shows each sensor arrangement distinguished from each other with A and B suffix notations. As such, the two signal processing arrangements comprise

synchronous detectors

46A and 46B,

high frequency generators

38A and 38B,

amplifiers

48A and 48B, electrode signals 45A, 45B, 47A and 47B and

reference signals

44A and 44B. Outputs from

amplifiers

48A and 48B are fed to signal summing arrangement 49, which produces output signal 70, which can be converted to a digital signal for processing.

If bills wobble as they pass by a sensor, the distance of the bill from the sensor will vary. Two sensors allow the validation system to compensate for wobble distance of a document from a single sensor. As a document passes between the two sensors, it will be closer to one of the sensors. As such, the cumulative output signal from the two sensors reduces variation in the signal caused by wobble. In order to minimize any cross-talk between the signals of one sensor to another,

high frequency generators

38A and 38B each generate frequencies that are different from each other and that are not harmonics of each other. The difference between generators must be out of bandwidths of the sensors AC amplifiers. For example, the frequencies of the generators preferably have a 10% to 20% difference in the operating range 50-150MHz..

The U.S. $50 banknote generally shown as 100 in Figure 7, has a host of fixed security features which are imparted to the bill at the time of the manufacture thereof. A security thread 102 is imbedded in the paper of the document and can be sensed by a capacitance sensor. There are various printing features such as 106 which are specifically designed making it difficult to reproduce this image. In addition to these features, the paper can also include a watermark 104. The watermark and the printing features are typically considered visual features of the document whereas the security thread 102 is something that is sensed. The position of these various security features is set for each denomination of banknotes and thus, it is possible to scan a banknote, identify the particular denomination thereof, and check the scanned results with reference signal to determine whether the bill is authentic.

With the capacitance sensor described in the earlier figures, it is possible to recognize certain of these security features in the scan of the bill. For example, in the capacitance scan shown in Figure 8, the security thread 102 causes the response 112 which generally corresponds to the location of the security thread. In addition, it can be seen how the watermark 104 which is a visual security feature, produces a change in capacitance which is detected by the capacitance sensor. The change in capacitance due to the watermark signal generally shown as 114.

Figure 9 shows a response taken through a center location of a bill and it can be seen how the security thread 102 produces the response 122 and it can also be seen how the watermark 104 has produced a response 124. It has been found that the watermark 104 can be sensed using the capacitance sensor and can provide additional information used to provide a prediction whether the bill is authentic. It is believed the method of applying the watermark and the ink associated with the watermark establishes a particular capacitance which can be sensed and recognized. This signal is generally consistent for a particular banknote denomination.

Although various preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described herein in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that variations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

A devi ce for validating the authenticity of a document having an electrically conductive security thread extending across the document, said device comprising a predetermined path (12) along which a document is moved in a lengthwise manner and a generator (38) producing a high frequency time varying oscillator signal; characterised in that the device comprises:-

a drive arrangement (14) for moving the document in a lengthwise manner along the predetermined path of the device,

an elongate oscillator electrode (32) being electrically conductive and connected to said generator which applies said time varying oscillator signal thereto, said elongate oscillator electrode being positioned to extend generally across said path,

a ead elongate measuring electrode (34) being electrically conductive and positioned in front of said oscillator electrode and extending across said path,

a railing elongate measuring electrode (36) being electrically conductive and positioned behind said oscillator electrode and extending across said path,

a signal processing arrangement (46) connected to said measuring electrodes and receiving the outputs thereof and producing a measuring signal, said signal processing arrangement also receiving said time varying oscillator signal as a reference signal, said signal processing arrangement processing said measuring signal relative to said reference to detect the variation of amplitude and changes in phase shift therebetween caused by a conductive security thread passing by said electrodes.
A device for validating the authenticity of a document as claimed in claim 1 wherein said elongate measuring electrodes are each spaced from said oscillator electrode approximately 1 mm.
A de vice for validating the authenticity of a document as claimed in claim 2 wherein saic electrodes on average are spaced approximately 1 mm. from a document as it moves past said electrodes.
A de vice for validating the authenticity of a document as claimed in claim 3 wherein signal generator produces a oscillator signal having a frequency of in the range of 50 to 150 Mhz.
A device for validating the authenticity of a document as claimed in claim 4 wherein said device is designed to validate United States paper currency.
A device for validating the authenticity of a document as claimed in claim 1 wherein said processing arrangement includes a synchronous detector (46) which compares a di ferential signal derived from said measuring electrodes to said reference sign al and detects said changes in phase.
A device for validating the authenticity of a document as claimed in claim 6 wherein said processing arrangement further includes an AC amplifier (48) for amplifying an output signal of said synchronous detector.
A device for validating the authenticity of a document as claimed in claim 7 including shielding electrodes (50) associated with leads of each electrode to reduce the unwanted contributions in the signals from the measuring electrodes or the oscillator electrode due to changes in capacitance detected by the leads.
A devi ce for validating the authenticity of a document as claimed in claim 1 wherein said path includes a document guide which maintains a document spaced from the electrodes at least 0.5 mm.
A device for validating the authenticity of a document as claimed in claim 9 wherein said document guide accepts movement of said document to or away from said electrodes plus or minus 0.3mm from a centerline of said guide
A devi ce as claimed in any preceding claim wherein said signal processing arrangement also detects variations in amplitude and changes in phase shift cause by a watermark (106) in the document passing by said electrodes.
A devi ce as claimed in any preceding claim wherein said processing arrangement includes a synchronous detector (46) which compares a differential signal derived from said measuring electrodes relative to said reference signal to detect changes in phase and amplitude.