EP0851906A1 - Procede pour traiter les dechets municipaux combustibles solides ou analogues par gazeification - Google Patents
Procede pour traiter les dechets municipaux combustibles solides ou analogues par gazeificationInfo
- Publication number
- EP0851906A1 EP0851906A1 EP95924899A EP95924899A EP0851906A1 EP 0851906 A1 EP0851906 A1 EP 0851906A1 EP 95924899 A EP95924899 A EP 95924899A EP 95924899 A EP95924899 A EP 95924899A EP 0851906 A1 EP0851906 A1 EP 0851906A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- waste
- reactor
- solid
- temperature
- gaseous product
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
- C10J2300/0946—Waste, e.g. MSW, tires, glass, tar sand, peat, paper, lignite, oil shale
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
- C10J2300/0956—Air or oxygen enriched air
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
- C10J2300/0973—Water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0983—Additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0983—Additives
- C10J2300/0993—Inert particles, e.g. as heat exchange medium in a fluidized or moving bed, heat carriers, sand
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
- C10J2300/1807—Recycle loops, e.g. gas, solids, heating medium, water
Definitions
- the treatment of municipal waste is an important problem because the waste accumulates in ever increasing quantities, while there is currently no process for treating or eliminating it that is both economical and ecological. Most of the waste continues to accumulate in landfills, which foreshadows environmental problems for the future.
- Existing incinerators to treat municipal waste treat only a small part of it.
- the existing processes currently require heavy investment due in particular to smoke purification systems, which are expensive but necessary to make these incinerators comply with anti-pollution standards.
- the present invention relates to the treatment of municipal solid waste which contains paper, wood, rubber, textiles and other fuels, by pyrolysis / gasification of their combustible part and obtaining pyrolysis products and combustible gas.
- the general principle of counter-current gasification for solid organic fuels is as follows: - The gasification agent feeds the reactor against the current with solid organic fuel so that the oxidizing gas passes at least partially through a layer solid incombustible product from gasification (ash). This provides an area where the oxidizing gas is preheated and the ash is cooled before being discharged.
- the gasifying agent containing oxygen and, if necessary, water and / or carbon dioxide enters a combustion zone, where the oxygen reacts with the solid carbonaceous fuel (coal) at a temperature which is typically from 900 to 1500 ° C.
- Oxygen is completely consumed in combustion and the hot gaseous products of combustion (including carbon dioxide) pass through another layer of solid fuel where the reduction zone is established, i.e. say that water and carbon dioxide react with carbonaceous fuel to produce combustible gases.
- the heat from the hot combustion gases is consumed in these reduction reactions.
- the temperature of the gas flow decreases as the gas flows through the solid fuel, as the gas transfers its sensible heat to solid fuels.
- Organic fuel heated by the flow of gas is pyrolysis, producing coal, tar, oils and combustible gases.
- the gaseous product flows through the freshly loaded fuel, so that the produced gas is cooled and the fuel preheated and dried. Finally, the gas produced (entraining aqueous vapors and hydrocarbons, oils and tars) is withdrawn for later use or treatment.
- Municipal waste belongs to pyrolysable solid fuels with a high ash content which can be treated by gasification against the current.
- Municipal solid waste usually contains substantial amounts of fuel, namely paper, wood, rubber, textiles, plastics, organic food waste, etc. which can be treated to provide combustible gas.
- Solid combustion products that are removed from the combustion zone are generally environmentally sustainable.
- the fuel which may include municipal solid waste
- the waste progresses in the oven at a rate which is controlled by a system of movable grates, through a succession of chambers where the fuel pyrolyses then burns in a counter-current of air-vapor gasification agent.
- the process allows the gasification of waste, grids used to deagglomerate the load during treatment, so as to ensure its permeability to gases, and serving to control the rate of supply of waste to successive zones.
- the presence of mobile grilles is the main drawback of this process. In high temperature areas, the grates will inevitably wear out quickly. In addition, the dust particles will settle on the mobile reactor structures and prevent them from operating freely.
- the gaseous product leaves the reactor at a temperature of about 430 to 540 ° C. The temperature in the combustion zone is around 870 to 930 ° C.
- the general problem of known gasification processes is their low yield, in particular for treating waste whose composition varies.
- Another general problem of the known processes is the high temperature of the gaseous product, which prevents its direct purification, while this gaseous product usually contains acid components (for example sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid) which is necessary. remove before burning the product gas.
- acid components for example sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid
- the aim of the present invention is to propose a process for the incineration of municipal solid waste, including waste having a low calorific value, without additional energy supply and producing products which are harmless for the environment (after final treatment ).
- a method is proposed for treating, by gasification, municipal solid waste or the like, comprising the following steps:
- a gasification agent containing oxygen is injected into the reactor through a region of this reactor where the solid products of the treatment are deposited;
- the maximum temperature is maintained in the range from 1000 to 1200 ° C.
- the maximum temperature regulation is carried out while maintaining the ratio A in the range 0.15 ⁇ A ⁇ 1.0.
- the ratio A is maintained in the range 0.15 ⁇ A ⁇ 1.0.
- the flow rate of the oxidizing gas is between 200 and 2000 kg / h / m2 of cross section of the reactor in the combustion zone.
- the mass fraction of the fuels in the waste as regulated according to the invention will typically be between 20 and 50%.
- the method according to the invention is suitable for gasifying solid municipal waste containing fuels (between approximately 10 and 90% by weight), water (between approximately 10 and 70% by weight), and a portion of solid non-combustibles ( between about 10 and 80% by weight).
- solid municipal waste is loaded into a reactor (for example a vertical reactor) in order to successively dry the waste, then pyrolysis and gasify its fuels.
- An oxidizing gas containing oxygen, for example air, is injected into this reactor through the region of the reactor where the solid residues of the treatment are deposited, so that the gas flow is oriented substantially against the current of load.
- a drying zone where the temperature of the load rises to 200 ° C by heat exchange with the flow of gaseous products.
- the charge is dried while the gas flow cools before being withdrawn from the reactor.
- the gases produced by drying, pyrolysis and gasification are withdrawn in this zone as a gaseous product.
- the charge enters a pyrolysis and coking zone where the temperature of the charge increases from 200 to 800 ° C by heat exchange with the flow of hot gas, and fuels of the charge are pyrolyzed to finally give a charcoal.
- the charge containing the residual carbonaceous fuel then enters a combustion and gasification zone where the temperature of the charge is between 700 and 1400 ° C.
- the coal reacts with the hot oxidizing gas to provide combustible gas.
- the solid residue of combustion enters a cooling zone where it is cooled by the counter-current of oxidizing gas, from the combustion temperature to the discharge temperature.
- the oxidizing gas counter-current is heated to a temperature close to the combustion temperature before entering the combustion zone.
- the solid combustion residues (treatment products) are discharged from the reactor.
- zones can be defined in another way, for example according to the temperature of the gases, the composition and the state of the products participating in the reactions, etc. But whatever the particular choice of these zones, an important point is that due to the countercurrent flow of gases and solids the gasification agent (oxidizing gas) is preheated by the solid residues of combustion and that then the hot gaseous products of combustion and gasification give up their heat to the initial charge.
- gasification agent oxidizing gas
- the process can be carried out in a continuous mode, by continuously or intermittently loading the feed into the reactor and by discharging the solid residues from the reactor while the feed is consumed in the process.
- the load being treated moves, preferably under the action of gravity, against the flow of the gas stream.
- the process can be carried out cyclically in a fixed bed implementation mode, the reactor being loaded and unloaded in batches during periods of shutdown. In this case, said succession of zones moves along the charge and it is said that the charge enters a zone when this zone reaches a particular region of the reactor.
- the ratio A defined according to the invention is increased and / or the rate of supply of oxidizing gas is decreased.
- the ratio A is decreased and / or the gas supply rate is decreased; and finally when the maximum temperature in the reactor becomes lower than the prescribed limits, the ratio A and / or the oxidizing gas feed rate and / or the mass fraction of fuel in the feed is increased.
- the ratio A can be adjusted by introducing into the waste solid non-combustible materials or objects, preferably non-fusible, preferably having a size less than 250 mm, or a solid fuel in pieces.
- This last possibility corresponds to the extreme case of the treatment of wet waste very poor in fuels.
- Solid combustion residues can be reprocessed and a fraction thereof used as additional solid incombustibles to regulate the composition of the charge.
- the quantity of non-combustible and combustible materials that can be introduced into the reactor in addition to the initial charge can reach up to 200% and respectively 30% of the weight of the initial waste.
- the waste can also be prepared by fragmenting or shredding it to make it more uniform in size so that the loaded waste contains only pieces of a size less than 350 mm.
- This pre-treatment although optional, can significantly improve the gas permeability of the load and homogeneity of the corresponding zones.
- the ratio A can also be adjusted by acting on the composition of the oxidizing gas, for example by making this gas richer or poorer in oxygen, by introducing water (liquid or vapor), carbon dioxide, etc.
- the use of carbon dioxide and water to regulate the oxygen content of the oxidizing gas can also have the advantage that their presence in the combustion / gasification zone displaces corresponding chemical equilibria in the direction of a stronger fuel gas production
- carbon dioxide and water can be taken from the gaseous product.
- carbon dioxide can be obtained as a derivative product when the combustible gas is freed from sulfuric acid
- a component such as limestone or dolomite
- a component can be introduced into the waste which reacts chemically with the acid compounds to give products which are then removed with the solid residue from the combustion.
- the ratio (a / c) basically includes the inverse ratio of the consumption of waste to that of the gasification agent correlated to the stoichiometric ratio of oxygen and fuel consumption, which cannot vary significantly.
- the mass content of the incombustibles governs the intensity of the heat exchange of the gasifying agent supplying the cooling zone and recovering the sensible heat from the solid residues.
- the effect of the absolute feed rate of the gasifying agent is that the maximum combustion temperature increases if the feed rate is higher. There are two reasons for this. The first relates to the share of heat losses in the general energy balance. Heat losses become lower when the processing rates are higher. The second relates to the kinetics of endothermic reactions in the combustion zone. At the same time, increasing the supply rate of oxidizing gas increases (the other parameters being fixed) the temperature of the gaseous product.
- Figure 1 shows the dependence of the combustion temperature in an air flow, of a sample of waste comprising coal mixed with firebrick.
- Curve I is the calculated combustion temperature
- curve II the calculated temperature of the gases leaving the reactor
- curve III the temperature of the solid residue, all three calculated for a long and isolated reactor.
- the abscissas represent the ratio (A). Points are experimental values for the combustion temperature in a fixed bed laboratory reactor.
- waste containing fuel "F” is fragmented in a shredder 1 then mixed with solid incombustibles "S" in a mixer 2 and loaded into a vertical furnace type reactor 4 via an air lock 3.
- the charge stacked under the effect of its own weight in the reactor 4 passes successively through drying 5, pyrolysis 6, combustion 7 and cooling 8 zones.
- the solid residue of combustion "R” is continuously discharged through the air lock 9 at a rate which is adjusted so as to regulate the movement of the charge downwards and thus stabilize the combustion zone at a certain level above the bottom of the reactor .
- the solid residue is sorted on a sieve 10, part of this residue being recycled as a solid additive "S" and the other being discharged.
- the air supply "L” is provided by a compressor 11 in the lower region of the reactor.
- the gaseous product “G” is drawn off in the upper region of the reactor and directed to a condenser 12 in which water “W” is condensed to be sent to the cooling zone to incinerate the organic pollutants dissolved therein.
- the gaseous product is sent to a further treatment which can include a purification and finally combustion in a boiler or a similar thermal load.
- the temperatures in the respective zones are continuously monitored and at least some of the parameters a, b, c mentioned above, as well as the oxidizing gas flow are adjusted while maintaining the ratio A within the prescribed limits when these temperatures deviate from their respective prescribed optimum range.
- the present invention makes it possible to efficiently gasify solid municipal waste by producing a large quantity of combustible gas, with a high energy yield.
- the low temperature of the gaseous product facilitates the purification of the gaseous product and prevents the polymerization of unsaturated pyrolysis oils in the conduits.
- the high combustion temperature ensures a high calorific value for the non-condensed gaseous products, and a rapid treatment rate.
- the present invention is further illustrated by the following example.
- the incineration / gasification of waste was modeled using a fixed bed laboratory facility.
- the reactor was originally a refractory-coated tube having a length of 1600 mm and an inner diameter of 250 mm.
- the temperature along the reactor and the pressure inside it were continuously monitored.
- the lower region of the reactor was supplied with air or an air-vapor mixture.
- the gaseous product was drawn from the upper region of the reactor and sent to a water-cooled condenser, in which water and the liquid hydrocarbons were recovered from the gaseous product.
- the uncondensed gaseous fuel was sent to an afterburner.
- the waste sample contained, in% by weight:
- This mixture was further humidified to a 40% total humidity, then it was conditioned by adding 50% by weight of pieces of refractory bricks with a size between 30 and 70 mm.
- the waste burned steadily.
- the maximum temperature in the combustion zone was 1370 ° C
- the gas produced had a temperature below 200 ° C except for a short period just before the reactor was shut down.
- the temperature of the solid residue in the cooling zone was 250 ° C.
- the weighing showed that the ash content of the waste sample was 28% (refractory bricks excluded).
- the recovered liquid mainly contained water, only a small fraction of about 3% of this liquid was a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons (pyrolysis oils).
- the uncondensed gas burned steadily in the afterburner, producing no apparent soot, dust, or smoke.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
RU94021264/06A RU2079051C1 (ru) | 1994-06-23 | 1994-06-23 | Способ переработки твердых бытовых отходов |
FR9410013A FR2721691B1 (fr) | 1994-06-23 | 1994-08-12 | Procédé pour traiter les déchets municipaux combustibles solides ou analogues par gazéification. |
PCT/EP1995/002417 WO1996000267A1 (fr) | 1994-06-23 | 1995-06-22 | Procede pour traiter les dechets municipaux combustibles solides ou analogues par gazeification |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0851906A1 true EP0851906A1 (fr) | 1998-07-08 |
Family
ID=26231362
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95924899A Withdrawn EP0851906A1 (fr) | 1994-06-23 | 1995-06-22 | Procede pour traiter les dechets municipaux combustibles solides ou analogues par gazeification |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0851906A1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2922895A (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1996000267A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT1297681B1 (it) * | 1997-03-21 | 1999-12-20 | Montevenda S R L | Processo di conversione termochimica di rifiuti urbani e speciali in prodotti chimici di base e impianto per effettuare il processo. |
RU2150045C1 (ru) * | 1998-01-22 | 2000-05-27 | Институт проблем химической физики РАН | Способ переработки горючих твердых бытовых отходов |
IL144718A (en) | 2001-08-02 | 2006-12-10 | T G E Tech Ltd | Method and facility for the treatment of household waste |
US7172638B2 (en) * | 2002-04-29 | 2007-02-06 | General Motors Corporation | Staged air autothermal reformer for improved startup and operation |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2093476A (en) * | 1981-02-19 | 1982-09-02 | Boc Ltd | Production of a Calorific Gas Mixture |
DE3329042A1 (de) * | 1983-08-11 | 1985-02-28 | Sonnenberg, Heinrich, 3200 Hildesheim | Verfahren zur rueckgewinnung von bunt- und edelmetallen aus kohlenstoffhaltigen materialien |
US4967673A (en) * | 1988-12-16 | 1990-11-06 | Gunn Robert D | Counterflow mild gasification process and apparatus |
-
1995
- 1995-06-22 AU AU29228/95A patent/AU2922895A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-06-22 WO PCT/EP1995/002417 patent/WO1996000267A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-06-22 EP EP95924899A patent/EP0851906A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9600267A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2922895A (en) | 1996-01-19 |
WO1996000267A1 (fr) | 1996-01-04 |
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