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EP0654001B1 - Structures d'amortissement internes de paquets, en pate fibreuse moulee - Google Patents

Structures d'amortissement internes de paquets, en pate fibreuse moulee Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0654001B1
EP0654001B1 EP93918633A EP93918633A EP0654001B1 EP 0654001 B1 EP0654001 B1 EP 0654001B1 EP 93918633 A EP93918633 A EP 93918633A EP 93918633 A EP93918633 A EP 93918633A EP 0654001 B1 EP0654001 B1 EP 0654001B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pods
ipc
ribs
rib
structures
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP93918633A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0654001A1 (fr
EP0654001A4 (fr
Inventor
Roger J. Baker
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Moulded Fibre Technology Inc
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Moulded Fibre Technology Inc
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Publication of EP0654001A1 publication Critical patent/EP0654001A1/fr
Publication of EP0654001A4 publication Critical patent/EP0654001A4/fr
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D43/00—Lids or covers for rigid or semi-rigid containers
    • B65D43/14—Non-removable lids or covers
    • B65D43/16—Non-removable lids or covers hinged for upward or downward movement
    • B65D43/162—Non-removable lids or covers hinged for upward or downward movement the container, the lid and the hinge being made of one piece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D21/00—Nestable, stackable or joinable containers; Containers of variable capacity
    • B65D21/02—Containers specially shaped, or provided with fittings or attachments, to facilitate nesting, stacking, or joining together
    • B65D21/0233—Nestable containers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
    • B65D5/42—Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
    • B65D5/44—Integral, inserted or attached portions forming internal or external fittings
    • B65D5/50—Internal supporting or protecting elements for contents
    • B65D5/5028—Elements formed separately from the container body
    • B65D5/503—Tray-like elements formed in one piece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D81/00—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents
    • B65D81/02—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents specially adapted to protect contents from mechanical damage
    • B65D81/05—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents specially adapted to protect contents from mechanical damage maintaining contents at spaced relation from package walls, or from other contents
    • B65D81/127—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents specially adapted to protect contents from mechanical damage maintaining contents at spaced relation from package walls, or from other contents using rigid or semi-rigid sheets of shock-absorbing material
    • B65D81/133—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents specially adapted to protect contents from mechanical damage maintaining contents at spaced relation from package walls, or from other contents using rigid or semi-rigid sheets of shock-absorbing material of a shape specially adapted to accommodate contents, e.g. trays

Definitions

  • This invention relates to interior package cushioning (IPC) structures for protecting products shipped in a package from mechanical shock caused by corner drops, edge drops, face drops and horizontal impacts of the package, and from vibrations imparted by different transport modes during shipping and distribution.
  • the invention provides new molded pulp fiber IPC structures which replace plastic foam interior package cushioning material.
  • the IPC structures are molded with new crushable cushioning structures in new geometrical configurations designed to absorb impact shocks, critically damp vibrations, resist bending and hinging, support and direct loading and stacking forces around product containing cavities, and generally cushion and protect products shipped in a package.
  • the molded pulp fiber IPC structure invention provides improved interior package cushioning characteristics in comparison with conventional plastic and plastic foam structures and conventional molded pulp fiber structures.
  • plastic cushioning materials include a variety of polyethylene foams, moldable polyethylene copolymer foam, expanded polyethylene bead foam, styrene acrylonitrile copolymer foam, polystyrene foams, polyurethane foams, etc.
  • plastic materials and plastic foams may be molded in place or molded to specific interior package cushioning structure shapes.
  • the plastic may be formed in pieces to provide loosefill. Sheets of plastic film may be bonded together encapsulating bubbles of air to provide cushioning material.
  • plastic interior package cushioning materials are described for example in Brandenburg and Lee, Fundamentals of Packaging Dynamics , MTS Systems, P.O.
  • plastic cushioning materials There are two major disadvantages associated with plastic cushioning materials and plastic interior package cushioning structures. Disposable packaging is a major contributor to the nation's municipal solid waste. It is estimated that packaging constitutes approximately one third by volume of all municipal solid waste and 8% of this amount is made up of the cushioning materials. The plastic cushioning materials are generally neither biodegradable nor compostable and therefore remain a long term component of the solid waste accumulation problem.
  • plastic interior package cushioning structures are characterized by irreducible spring constant parameters that may be detrimental to product cushioning and to product protection from mechanical shock and vibration during shipping and distribution of packaged products.
  • Plastic foam materials may be inherently limited in the reduction that can be achieved for rebound, coefficient of restitution, and elasticity.
  • the plastic cushioning materials may be implicated in resonance conditions which increase the shock amplification factor of the package system and link the shock acceleration, change of velocity and displacement with a product contained in the package.
  • the plastic interior package cushioning structures of the product/package system may, if such resonance conditions occur, contribute to undesirable shock transmission and shock amplification.
  • the shock amplification factor introduced by plastic cushioning materials may actually increase the shock accelerations, changes in velocities, and displacements experienced by a product.
  • the plastic interior package cushioning structures of the package/product system may under resonance conditions contribute to vibration magnification or transmissibility.
  • the vibration magnification factor of plastic cushioning materials may result in a multiples increase in the vibration accelerations, changes in velocity, and displacements experienced by the packaged product. Again, it is the characteristics of plastic cushioning materials that contribute to resonance conditions enhancing the vibration magnification factor and linking the forcing vibrations of the transport mode with a product inside the package.
  • plastic foam interior package cushion structures Another disadvantage of plastic foam interior package cushion structures is that the inherent rebound, coefficient of restitution, modules of elasticity, and spring constant characteristics of the plastic materials are an impediment to achieving critical damping structures for critically damping mechanical shocks and shipping vibrations.
  • the plastic foam filled spaces conventionally used in product packaging may contribute to conditions of overdamping or underdamping with excessive transmissibility of mechanical shock and vibration accelerations, changes in velocity, and displacements to the packaged product.
  • Molded pulp fiber has previously been used in packaging structures described in U.S. Patents 5,096,650; 4,742,916; 4,480, 781; 4,394,214; 3,718,274; 3,700,096; 3,286,833; 3,243,096; 2,704,268.
  • Keyes Fiber Company College Avenue, Waterville, Maine 04901 manufactures molded fiber fluorescent tube trays used in shipping fluorescent tubes stacked in a package.
  • the fluorescent tube trays are formed with recesses complementary with the cylindrical fluorescent tubes.
  • these prior art fluorescent tube trays function only as dividers for preventing glass to glass contact.
  • the recesses only perform an indexing function for separating the tubes from one another.
  • the Keyes Fiber Company fluorescent tube trays do not perform a stacking function in the sense of directing stacking forces around product receiving recesses. Rather the tube trays do not contact each other and the stacking forces bear directly on the fluorescent tubes. Furthermore the fluorescent tube trays do not perform a design cushioning or design protection function. They are not designed to crush and absorb energy at package accelerations caused by mechanical shock and vibration which approach a specified design threshold or limit of mechanical shock and vibration acceleration at which damage or breakage may occur to a sensitive element of the fluorescent tube products shipped in the package. The utility of such fluorescent tube trays is exhausted by the dividing, indexing and separating functions only.
  • Egg crates are typically formed with egg pockets for containing, indexing and separating the eggs. Resilient pillow pads or buttons may be formed in the bottom of egg pockets to "cradle" eggs in the egg pockets.
  • the egg crate cover rests on "posts" formed at the intersections between egg pockets for bearing stacking forces so that egg crates may be stacked.
  • the egg pockets and related structures of a conventional egg crate are not designed to crush and absorb energy for protecting eggs at package design limit or design threshold accelerations.
  • Conventional egg crates do not incorporate crushable structures intended to crush and absorb energy at package accelerations from mechanical shock and vibration which approach a specified design threshold or limit at which damage or breakage may occur to eggs.
  • the primary purpose for egg crates as for molded pulp fiber apple flats and other molded pulp fiber trays for food products is for indexing, dividing, orienting, and separating products from contact with each other.
  • the present invention is directed to molded pulp fiber packaging structures specifically intended, designed, and constructed to meet predictable and reliable design specifications and cushioning requirements for protecting products shipped in a package from specified levels of mechanical shock and vibration accelerations at which damage or breakage may occur to a sensitive element of products shipped in a package.
  • Packaging structures have also been manufactured by so-called “slush molding” from a Kraft fiber based raw material slurry.
  • Such Kraft fiber slush molded packaging structures are manufactured by Fibercel Inc. of Portville, New York.
  • the heavy Kraft fiber structures are vacuum molded by "candle dipping", that is by immersion of the vacuum molding head multiple times in the slurry.
  • a disadvantage of the slush molded package structures is that they are relatively rigid structures that are not predictably crushable. They cannot crush and absorb energy at reliable specified design limits or thresholds of mechanical shock and vibration acceleration. They are primarily intended for blocking and bracing and also are not suitable for nesting because of the mass of the slush molded structures.
  • GB-A-870,704 describes bottle containers for a row of side-by-side bottles with the neck of each bottle adjacent the bottom of the next bottle.
  • US-A-2,936,922 describes molded pulp packing trays, adapted to be disposed between layers of fruit in a packing case.
  • US Des. 86,061 shows a perspective view of an open and a closed pack for fragile articles.
  • US-A-1,960,279 describes holders or trays in which to pack fragile articles for storage or transportation.
  • the molded pulp and molded fiber IPC structures may be molded from recycled cellulose fibers to provide environmentally sound recyclable, biodegradable, and compostable interior package cushioning structures.
  • Another object of the invention is to construct new interior package cushioning structures from natural materials such as fiber having inherently lower properties and parameters of rebound, coefficient of restitution, modulus of elasticity, and spring constant than is typically characteristic of plastic polymer molecules.
  • the new IPC structure molded natural fiber material affords improved opportunity for avoiding shock amplification or vibration magnification.
  • the new relatively inelastic fiber materials are particularly suited for critically damping mechanical shocks and shipping vibrations.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide new molded hollow crushable cushioning structures for absorbing and damping shocks and vibrations by the strategic shapes, configurations and placement of the hollow crushable cushioning structures as well as the inelastic properties of the materials composing the structures.
  • the invention relies upon the novel cushion structure shapes and configurations to achieve the desired characteristics of reduced rebound, coefficient of restitution, modulus of elasticity, and spring constant in addition to the inherent inelastic molecular properties of the material itself.
  • the invention seeks to achieve a new result using molded pulp fiber materials including recycled fiber.
  • the objective is to provide molded pulp fiber interior package cushioning (IPC) structures that predictably and reliably meet design specifications and cushioning requirements for protecting a product shipped in a package from specified mechanical shock and vibration accelerations.
  • the invention must typically protect a sensitive element of a product which is subject to damage or breakage if shock acceleration or vibration acceleration is transmitted to the product and sensitive element equal to or grater than a design limit or threshold.
  • This design limit is typically specified in "g's", i.e., multiples of the acceleration "g" due to gravity on the Earth.
  • the invention meets such design specifications and requirements by deploying geometric shapes and configurations in molded pulp fiber IPC structures which provide the requisite crushability and cushioning absorption of energy at shock accelerations and vibration accelerations imparted to a package approaching the design threshold or design limit of shock acceleration or vibration acceleration at which damage or breakage may occur to the sensitive element of a product.
  • the invention is intended to meet such design requirements reliably and predictably according to ASTM test procedures and standards, and test procedures of the National Safe Transit Association (NSTA).
  • NSTA National Safe Transit Association
  • IPC Structure is a molded pulp fiber internal or interior package cushioning structure used to protect products during shipping in a package.
  • the IPC structure is generally formed with a cavity to receive a product.
  • Cushioning structures such as crushable ribs, pods, rows of pods, podded ribs, etc. are molded in the IPC structure around the cavity.
  • IPC structures also include corner protectors and insert protectors which are not necessarily formed with a cavity and which are added to a package to provide supplementary protection of products shipped in a package.
  • Package A package is the external container for shipping products. Products are first placed in the cavities of IPC structures. The product enveloping IPC structures are then stacked in a package although an individual or single product enclosed or surrounded by IPC structures may also be shipped in a package.
  • Cavity is a space with walls molded in the molded pulp fiber IPC structure to receive and hold a product to be shipped in a package.
  • the cavity generally has an unusual or irregular configuration, custom shaped to accommodate a particular product.
  • the cavity walls may incorporate shapes such as shelves, gables, shallow cones, and arches which reinforce the cavity walls to protect a product and transmit stacking and loading forces around a product in the cavity.
  • the cavity is generally surrounded by one or more of the new molded pulp fiber crushable cushioning structures such as ribs, pods, rows of pods, podded ribs, etc. molded in the IPC structure.
  • Ribs are elongate hollow ridges molded in the IPC structure, extending or “bridging” between different locations on the IPC structure for "crushable" reinforcement between the locations. Ribs are positioned around a cavity to provide product protection from mechanical shock, vibrations, and stacking and loading forces, and sometimes to avert bending or hinging. Ribs are crushable structures which crush and absorb energy at package accelerations from mechanical shock and vibration which approach a specified design threshold or limit of mechanical shock and vibration acceleration at which damage or breakage may occur to a sensitive element of a product shipped in the package.
  • Anti-hinge ribs are ribs formed at locations on the IPC structure which may be vulnerable to bending or hinging in order to resist such bending or hinging. Anti-hinge ribs may also perform a beam-like function in supporting a product retained in a cavity.
  • Pods Pods are hollow recesses or wells substantially symmetrical in cross section molded with selected depths in the IPC structure. Pods are positioned at locations around a cavity to enhance product protection from mechanical shock, vibrations, and stacking and loading forces. Pods are generally tapered in cross section from a greater dimension at the opening of the recess or well to a smaller dimension at the bottom of the recess or well. Pods are crushable structures designed to crush and absorb energy at package accelerations from mechanical shock and vibration which approach a specified design threshold or limit of shock and vibration acceleration at which damage or breakage may occur to a sensitive element of a product shipped in the package.
  • a row of pods is a linear sequence of at least three pods spaced closely together with the distance between pods less than the width of a pod.
  • An array of pods is a set of at least three pods spaced closely together not necessarily in a linear sequence.
  • Fillets may be deposited in the valleys between the outside of adjacent pods to provide increased crush resistance, resistance to bending or hinging at joints between pods, for increased product protection, and for transmitting lateral forces around a cavity. Fillets may be used to adjust the crushability of a crushable row or array of pods over a range from high compliance crushing to structural rigidity according to the added mass of material.
  • the fillets may also perform a denesting function to prevent locking of nested IPC structures.
  • Podded rib is a rib formed with a row of at least three rib pods along the rib. The depth of the rib pod is shallower than the depth of the rib. This distinguishes a podded rib from a row of pods. Fillets may be deposited between the rib pods of a podded rib as well as between the pods of a row of pods.
  • a podded rib provides a rib which affords increased crush protection, increased product protection, diversion of stacking and loading forces, and resistance to bending and hinging.
  • Fillet A fillet or gusset is an accumulation of molded pulp fiber deposited in the valley between the outsides of adjacent pods in a row of pods or a podded rib.
  • Fillets can perform a reinforcing function for increased product protection, for transmitting stacking and loading forces, and for increased crush resistance and resistance to bending or hinging at joints between pods.
  • Fillets can be used to adjust the level of crushability of crushable structures over a range from high compliance crushing and cushioning to structural rigidity. Fillets also provide a denesting function to avert locking of nested IPC structures.
  • Posts are pods of extended depth greater than the depth or width of a cavity. Posts generally perform a post-like function by supporting a product packed in a cavity and by transmitting stacking and loading forces around a product containing pocket or cavity to the base of a package. Posts are also crushable structures for responding to mechanical shock accelerations and vibration accelerations approaching a design limit or threshold for cushioning and protecting a product by crushing and by absorbing energy.
  • Shelves are effectively half ribs taken in the elongate direction of a rib. Shelves are molded in the IPC structure and form a step structure between one level of an IPC structure and another level. Shelves are generally formed in the wall of a cavity to support a product, reinforce the cavity, transmit stacking and loading forces around the product, and increase product protection.
  • Scalloped edges or reinforced edges are edges of a molded pulp fiber IPC structure formed with periodic scallops or depressions to impart edge strength for increased resistance to crushing, increased product protection, and for transmitting lateral forces.
  • Stacking ribs and pods are ribs and pods molded in the IPC structure at locations arranged for complementary abutting contact when IPC structures loaded with products are stacked back to back in a package.
  • the stacking ribs and pods transmit stacking and loading forces around the product containing cavities to the base of the package.
  • Nesting is the back to front interfitting placement of IPC structures on top of each other when facing in the same direction and without products in the respective cavities. IPC structures are nested to conserve space for shipping the internal package cushioning structures to product manufacturers for use in shipping products.
  • Stacking is the interfitting back to back placement of IPC structures on top of each other in a package after loading products in the cavities. In stacking, the stacked IPC structures face in opposite directions. The manufacturer stacks product loaded IPC structures in a package for shipping.
  • a friction fit or crush fit pocket or cavity is a pocket formed with protruding crush ribs that protrude into the pocket and define a width dimension sized slightly smaller than a width dimension of a product to be inserted in the pocket.
  • a crush rib is a rib formed to protrude into a friction fit pocket and constructed to crush slightly when the product is pushed into the friction fit pocket.
  • the crush rib and friction fit pocket combination has been found to impart excellent vibration damping characteristics to the package/product system for critically damping vibrations originating from the transport mode, for preventing vibration magnification, and for isolating a product from vibrations. When the product is forcibly inserted in the friction fit pocket, the pocket also expands stressing and partially separating fibers and further contributing to vibration isolation and protection of the product in the crush fit pocket.
  • Suspended Pocket or Suspension Pocket A suspended pocket is a pocket or cavity suspended between two or more ribs, pods, or similar support structures to support a product in the pocket by suspension.
  • the suspended pocket suspends and protects products so that no part of the product or suspending pocket touches the external container package or any other IPC structure during shipping and handling.
  • a rib cage is a network of a plurality of intersecting crushable ribs extending in two or three orthogonal directions or axes around at least a portion of a cavity for protecting a product in a cavity from mechanical shock and vibrations.
  • Mechanical Shock Mechanical shock is the abrupt motion imparted to a package by impact of the package with the floor in corner drops, edge drops and face drops, as well as by horizontal impacts during shipping and handling. Mechanical shock is characterized by rapid change in the acceleration, velocity and displacement of the package.
  • a package shock may typically impart to the package a shock acceleration in the range of, for example, 150 g's (where g is the acceleration due to the earth's gravitational field) with a short duration in the range of for example 20 milliseconds (mS).
  • Shock acceleration, change in velocity, and deflection generally refer to the maximum acceleration, change in velocity, and deflection or displacement imparted to the package by a shock pulse.
  • Shock Amplification and Shock Transmissibility Shock amplification is the multiplication or enhancement of shock acceleration, change in velocity and deflection caused by the spring constant characteristics of the package/product system and particularly the interior package cushioning structures of the product/package system at or near a resonance condition.
  • a resonance condition occurs when the frequency (f 2 ) of the shock pulse and a natural frequency (f 1 ) of the product package system substantially coincide.
  • the amplification factor is the multiple increase in maximum shock acceleration, change in velocity and deflection experienced by a product or transmitted to a product by a package/product system and in particular by the interior package cushion structures as a result of a mechanical shock applied to a package.
  • Shock amplification by the package/product system is also referred to as shock transmissibility of the package/product system.
  • Vibrations are the periodic or random motions imparted to a package by vehicles and transport modes during shipping and distribution of the package.
  • the vibration acceleration, velocity, and displacement generally refer to the peak acceleration, velocity, and displacement imparted to a package by the shipping vibrations.
  • Vibration accelerations are generally measured in g's, (units of the earth's gravitational acceleration).
  • Vibration Magnification and Vibration Transmissibility is the multiplication or enhancement in vibration acceleration, change in velocity, and displacement caused by the spring constant characteristics of the package/product system and particularly by the interior package cushioning structures of the product/package system at or near a resonance condition.
  • a resonance condition occurs when the frequency (f f ) of the forcing vibrations of the transport mode and a natural frequency (f n ) of the product/package system substantially coincide.
  • the vibration magnification factor is the multiple increase in vibration acceleration, change in velocity, and displacement experienced by a packaged product and links the vibrations of the transport mode to the product inside the package/product system.
  • Crushable Structure including ribs and pods according to the invention are hollow geometrical shapes and configurations distributed around product receiving cavities of IPC structures.
  • the crushable structures are designed for crushability and cushioning absorption of energy at accelerations imparted to a package by mechanical shock and vibration approaching the design limit or threshold of shock and vibration accelerations at which damage or breakage may occur to a sensitive element of a product shipped in the package.
  • the hollow crushable structures of molded pulp fiber material according to the invention are effectively inelastic upon crushing and cushioning absorption of energy thereby effectively eliminating rebound and coefficient restitution. Below the design limit or threshold, however the crushable structures retain some memory and recoverability to maintain the structure and integrity of the IPC structure.
  • Crushability at or approaching the design limit in g's refers to the capability of crushing by fiber breaking, tearing, fracturing and pulling apart. Crushability may be viewed as a design characteristic selected or specified over a range from highly compliant crushing to structural rigidity.
  • the crushability of crushable structures according to the invention is established by empirical methods to achieve product protection at the specified design limits or threshold of shock and vibration acceleration typically in a range from 20 g's to 200 g's.
  • the invention provides a new structure for interior package cushioning to protect products shipped in a package.
  • the interior package cushioning (IPC) structure is molded from pulp fiber and preferably recycled pulp fiber.
  • the IPC structure defines a cavity or pocket custom shaped for receiving and holding a product to be shipped.
  • a plurality of structural ribs are incorporated in the IPC structure in the form of elongate hollow ridges molded in the IPC structure extending between different locations on the IPC structure for crushable reinforcement of the IPC structure between the locations.
  • the IPC structure incorporates different ribs extending in at least two orthogonal directions or axes relative to each other and intersecting with each other to form a crushable "rib cage". In some examples the ribs extend in three orthogonal directions along three axes with intersecting ribs.
  • the ribs are positioned and distributed around at least a portion of the cavity of the IPC structure for protecting a product in the cavity from mechanical shock caused by corner drops, edge drops, face drops, and horizontal impacts of a package, for damping vibrations imparted by transport modes, and for transmitting stacking and loading forces around the cavity.
  • a feature of the invention is that the hollow ribs are crushable structures constructed for crushing and absorbing energy at accelerations caused by mechanical shock and vibration imparted to a package which approach a specified design limit or threshold acceleration at which damage or breakage may occur to a sensitive element of a product shipped in the package.
  • the crushability and inelastic cushioning absorption of energy is established by empirical methods to assure predictable and reliable protection of products at the specified design limit of mechanical shock acceleration and vibration acceleration.
  • the IPC structure also incorporates a plurality of structural pods in the form of hollow recesses or wells substantially symmetrical in cross section and molded with selected depths in the IPC structure at different locations.
  • the pods are positioned and distributed around the cavity to provide additional protection for a product in the cavity from mechanical shock, vibrations, and stacking and loading forces.
  • the pods are also crushable structures constructed for crushing and cushioning absorption of energy at mechanical shock accelerations and vibration accelerations approaching a design limit or threshold in "g's".
  • the structural pods may be arranged in a row of pods having at least three pods closely spaced in a linear sequence.
  • the row of pods is positioned on the IPC structure to enhance product protection and to resist crushing.
  • the molded pods are tapered from a greater dimension at the opening of the recess or well of the pod to a smaller dimension at the bottom of the recess or well.
  • the row of pods may be formed in a rib to form a podded rib of a row of at least three rib pods.
  • the row of rib pods reinforces the podded rib to provide additional product protection by sequential crushability and sequential crushing and absorption of energy from a single impact or multiple impacts.
  • Pods may also be formed in arrays to form a reinforced two dimensional grid. Rows of pods and arrays of pods may permit a package to bear multiple impacts at the design limit or threshold of "g's" while protecting the product from breakage or damage.
  • fillets of molded pulp fiber are deposited in valleys between the outsides of adjacent pods to increase resistance to crushing and bending or hinging at the valleys between pods. Such fillets are used to add an additional level of crushable protection to the packaged products.
  • the fillets are also used to adjust the crushability of crushable structures.
  • Ribs and pods molded in the IPC structure may be arranged for nesting of a plurality of IPC structures facing in the same direction thereby minimizing the space requirements for shipping the IPC structures without products in the cavities.
  • the fillets also function as denesting fillets performing a denesting function to prevent locking of IPC structures.
  • Denesting lugs may also be molded in the IPC structures to prevent locking engagement of nested IPC structures.
  • a variety of rib and pod structures are provided for performing a variety of functions. For example stacking ribs and pods are arranged for back to back mating of ribs and pods of adjacent IPC structures. The ribs and pods on the outside of one IPC structure rest on the ribs and pods on the outside of another for stacking of products retained in the cavities of the IPC structures. The ribs and pods are arranged to transmit stacking forces and loading forces through ribs and pods around the product containing cavities to the base of a package.
  • ribs include anti-hinge ribs formed at locations on the IPC structure to counteract hinging or bending motion at such locations.
  • Crush ribs are formed to protrude into friction fit cavities to define a pocket width less than a width dimension of a product to be received in the pocket for imparting critical vibration damping and vibration isolating characteristics.
  • Support ribs are provided to support a product in a suspended pocket between two locations.
  • Elongate pods having a depth dimension greater than a cavity provide posts for transmitting stacking and loading forces around the cavity.
  • a variety of crushable reinforcing cavity shapes are also disclosed.
  • the invention also provides IPC structures not necessarily formed with a cavity such as a corner protector structure to supplement the interior package cushioning.
  • the molded pulp fiber IPC corner protector structure is constructed for positioning at corners of a package for protecting a product from mechanical shock, vibrations, and stacking and loading forces and for providing energy absorbing and cushioning crushability at the corners.
  • the corner protector structure incorporates an array of a plurality of structural pods molded in the IPC corner protector structure in the form of hollow recesses or wells substantially symmetrical in cross section and molded with selected depths in the IPC corner protector structure. The pods are tapered from a greater dimension at the opening of the recess or well to a smaller dimension at the bottom of the recess or well.
  • the array of pods includes a set of first pods molded with a first selected depth, and a set of second pods molded with a second selected depth less than the first selected depth.
  • the array of pods affords a lesser resistance to crushing or lower acceleration level crushability by the first set of pods for absorbing shocks and vibrations, and a greater resistance to crushing and higher acceleration level crushability after the first set of pods are crushed to the depth of the second set of pods. Additional sets of pods may be incorporated in the array affording additional levels of crushability.
  • the array of pods therefore provides an IPC corner protector structure with at least two different sequential levels of resistance to crushing and crushability by mechanical shocks, vibrations, and stacking and loading forces.
  • the array of pods in the IPC corner protector structure may be formed with fillets of molded pulp fiber deposited in the valleys between the outsides of adjacent pods to provide yet a third level or greater level of crushability with increased resistance to crushing and to bending or hinging at the valleys between pods.
  • the invention also provides cavity IPC structures incorporating the array of multilevel pods for multiple levels of crushability.
  • This feature of the invention is particularly applicable for IPC structures used in shipping heavy products with delicate or sensitive elements such as television sets and electronic equipment.
  • arrays of multilevel pods are molded directly in the IPC structure and distributed around the product receiving cavity.
  • the array of pods with multiple depths or lengths are designed for crushing and absorbing energy at multiple design limits or thresholds of mechanical shock acceleration and vibration acceleration imparted to the package.
  • the IPC structures respond by crushing at the successive levels. Furthermore fillets between the pods may be deposited to afford a final level of crushability.
  • the invention provides crushable structures in the form of a variety of hollow geometrical shapes and configurations formed in molded IPC structures for crushing and cushioning absorption of energy at design limits and thresholds of mechanical shock accelerations and vibration accelerations imparted to a package.
  • the crushable structures afford reliable and predictable product protection at the design limits and requirements.
  • the crushability and cushioning absorption of energy is established by empirical and heuristic methods and procedures and ultimately satisfies design requirements for product protection according to ASTM and NSTA test procedures.
  • the adjustable parameters of the crushable structures such as ribs and pods available for adjustment to achieve design requirements for protection at specified g levels include the thickness of the molded pulp fiber walls, referred to as the gauge or caliper of the molded pulp fiber walls or shelves.
  • the caliper is generally in the range of 0.08 - 0.51 cm (0.030 - 0.200 inches) and more typically in the range of 0.08 - 0.24 cm (0.030 -0.095 inches). Fillets may be used to increase the caliper or gauge to the higher level thickness of the range at selected locations such as the valleys between the outsides of pods. Varying the caliper of the shell and adding fillets may be used to increase material rigidity and change the crushability of the crushable structure over a range from compliant cushioning to structural rigidity.
  • crushability Other factors in determining crushability include the depth and area of the crushable structures. Factors in determining the design crushability include the weight, size and area of the product to be protected, design drop height and design limit or threshold in g's at which breakage or damage may occur to a sensitive element of the product. Contents of the molded pulp fiber including fiber length and moisture content may also be a factor.
  • the molded pulp fiber IPC structures of the invention are generally formed with a final moisture content of about 10%.
  • the internal package cushioning structures are vacuum molded from a slurry of recycled fiber.
  • the slurry of pulp fiber is formed by a major portion of newspaper, a minor portion of white ledger office paper to enhance fiber length, a vegetable base starch for a binding compound, and water. The mixture is repulped to provide the slurry of recycled pulp fiber from which the IPC structures are molded by vacuum molding machines.
  • one recipe for a molded pulp fiber slurry according to the invention is as follows. 31,75 Kg (seventy pounds) of newspaper/newsprint, 13,6 Kg (thirty pounds) of white ledger office paper, 0,9 Kg (two pounds) of potato base starch, and 0,9 cubic meter (two hundred forty gallons) of water are added to a rotary pulping tank. The rotor pulps the mixture for example for twenty minutes after which it is transferred to a holding tank for use as the vacuum molding slurry.
  • the vacuum molding heads immersed in the slurry are generally of the type with a perforated screen surface for distributing negative pressure for molding and positive pressure for releasing a molded article.
  • FIGs. 1-4 An internal package cushioning structure for shipping bottles in a bottle shipping package is illustrated in Figs. 1-4.
  • the internal package cushioning structure is particularly adapted for shipping wine bottles in a wine bottle shipping package.
  • the lower half 10 of the IPC structure is illustrated in Figs. 1,1A and 2 and is formed with half cavities 12 for receiving three wine bottles in a single tier or level.
  • An upper half of the IPC structure not shown in Figs. 1 and 2, but identical to the lower half IPC structure 10 in a mirror image orientation, is then placed over the top to complete the tier of three wine bottles. Multiple tiers are then stacked back to back as hereafter described with reference to Figs. 3 and 4 to form a multi-tier wine bottle shipping package.
  • the half IPC structure 10 is formed with numerous elongate cross ribs including end ribs 15 positioned at respective ends of the bottle receiving cavities 12 and mid-ribs 16 positioned at interior locations along the cavities 12.
  • the cross ribs 15,16 are distributed at locations around the cavities from one end to the other with the elongate directions of the ribs 15,16 oriented across the elongate direction of the IPC structure 10 and cavities 12 (i.e. along the left/right axis in Figs 1 & 2).
  • the half IPC structure 10 is also formed with elongate longitudinal ribs 18 between the cavities 12 oriented with the respective elongate directions along the elongate direction of the cavities 12 and IPC structure 10 (i.e. along the top/bottom axis as shown in Fig. 1).
  • the end ribs 15, mid ribs 16, and longitudinal ribs 18 are distributed around the cavities 12 to afford protection of bottles housed in the cavities 12 from impact shocks and transportation mode vibrations.
  • Rows 20 of pods 22 are also formed at the ends of the wine bottle shipping package IPC structures 10.
  • the rows 20 are formed at alternately opposite ends of the cavities coinciding with the bottom end of bottles retained in the cavities 12. It is noted that the end ribs 15 are also formed at alternately opposite ends of the cavities 12 coinciding with the top ends of bottles retained in the cavities 12.
  • the rows of pods substantially enhance product protection and perform a stacking function hereafter described.
  • fillets of pulp fiber material may be deposited between the outsides of adjacent pods 22 further reinforcing the rows 20 and resisting bending or hinging at the valleys between the pods 22.
  • Individual pods 25 are also distributed through interior locations of the IPC structure 10, particularly in the interior longitudinal ribs 18 adjacent to cavities 12 for increased product protection.
  • the IPC structure 10 of Figs. 1-4 is also formed with podded ribs 26 incorporating respective rows of pods 28.
  • the depth of the rib pods 28 is less than the overall depth of the rib 26 so that the overall resulting structure is a reinforced rib.
  • the rows of rib pods 28 confer particular strength to the podded ribs 26 in the form of crushable reinforcement for protecting bottles in the cavities from impact shock and vibrations and for directing stacking and loading forces around the cavities.
  • the podded ribs 26 are distributed at intervals along the cavities 12 at interior locations of the IPC structure 10.
  • the podded ribs 26 are distributed at alternately opposite lower mid cavity locations. The stacking locations and depths are hereafter described in further detail.
  • the rib pods 28 are also formed with fillets 30 of the molded pulp fiber material deposited in the valleys between the outsides of the rib pods for further reinforcement of the padded ribs 26.
  • the cavities 12 also incorporate reinforcing cavity shapes.
  • the cavities or pockets 12 are formed with molded pulp fiber arches 32 between ribs 16,26 and between ribs 26 and pod rows 20, conforming to the cylindrical shape of the bottle.
  • the neck receiving portion of the cavity is formed with a narrowed arch 34 and a spherical arch region 35 of compound curvature joins the cylindrical arch shapes 32,34 of different diameter.
  • Overall the arches 32,34, and 35 form a cavity in the configuration of an elongate rib 32,35,34, perpendicular to and intersecting the cross ribs 15,16 and podded ribs 26.
  • bottle shipping package half IPC structure 10 Other structural features of the bottle shipping package half IPC structure 10 include shelves 36 and 37 formed adjacent to and reinforcing the end ribs 15. Coupling shelves 38 connect the top end of the bottle cavities 12 to end ribs 16. The lower ends of bottle cavities are supported by the end rows 20 of pods 22. A folded rib edge 40 is formed around the entire perimeter of the IPC structure 10 for edge strength.
  • FIG. 1 An important feature of the bottle shipping package half IPC structure 10 shown in Figs. 1-4 is the construction and arrangement of the cross ribs including end ribs 15, interior ribs 16, rows 20 of pods 22, and podded ribs 26 for stacking of tiers of bottles in the shipping package.
  • the podded ribs 26 at the lower half or lower mid section of a bottle cavity 12 of a first half IPC structure 10 are aligned with interior cross ribs 16 at the upper half or upper mid section of an adjacent cavity 12 of a second half IPC structure 11 rotated 180° for stacking.
  • the depths of the podded ribs 26 and cross ribs 16 are selected for abutting each other and transmitting stacking and loading forces around the product containing cavities in the back to back stacking relationship.
  • four sets of complementary aligned mating podded ribs 26 and interior cross ribs or mid ribs 16 form four stacking support rows extending completely across the back to back IPC structures 10,11.
  • the four stacking support rows are substantially evenly distributed along the length of the interior of the back to back IPC structures 10,11.
  • podded ribs 26 abut against interior ribs 16 and vice versa.
  • two partial stacking support rows are formed at the respective ends of the back to back IPC structures 10,11 formed by the abutting faces of end ribs 15 and end rows 20 of pods 22.
  • the end ribs 15 are formed with sufficient depth to constitute stacking ribs abutting against the pods 22 of the rows 20 of the back to back abutting IPC structure 11.
  • a total of six stacking support rows of abutting or mating podded ribs 26, mid portion cross ribs 16, end rows 20 of pods 22 and end ribs 15 provide ample support for the stacking and loading forces of multiple tiers of bottles, directing the stacking and loading forces to the base of the bottle shipping package.
  • the design requirement for the bottle shipping package IPC structure was selected so that the package could withstand impact shock acceleration of 67 g's or greater from edge drops, corner drops, face drops, and horizontal impacts without transmitting more than 67 g's to the product and without wine bottle damage or breakage.
  • This is accomplished by deployment of the foregoing crushable structures in the geometrical shapes and configurations distributed about the cavities as illustrated in Figs. 1-4.
  • ASTM and NSTA Test Procedure Project 1A it has been determined that this deployment of crushable structures affords a predictable and reliable crushability and cushioning absorption of energy to prevent product damage by mechanical shock accelerations imparted to a package which approach or exceed the design limits of 67 g's.
  • the molded fiber shell of the IPC structure is formed with a caliper of 0.15 cm (0.060 inches).
  • the pods of each of the row of pods and the rib pods of each of the podded ribs are formed approximately 0.3 cm (0.125 inches) apart at the valleys or closest points of approach of adjacent pods. This in turn results in the formation of fillets between the pods of the rows of pods and the rib pods of the podded ribs forming an additional caliper thickness at the fillet locations of approximately 125 thousandths of an inch 0.3cm (0.125 inches).
  • the fillets adjust the crushability of the crushable structures to the desired range for achieving the design requirements of the package and IPC structures.
  • the IPC structure 45 is the lower tray or lower end cap of a camera receiving IPC structure for a camera shipping package.
  • the tray 45 is formed with intersecting lateral ribs 46 and longitudinal ribs 48 leaving plateaus 50 and shelves 52,53 which define the camera cavity wall along with a projecting end rib 54 projecting from shelf 53.
  • the lateral ribs 46 at respective ends intersect with vertical ribs 55 which extend in a third orthogonal direction or axis relative to the lateral ribs 46 and longitudinal ribs 48.
  • the longitudinal ribs 48 also terminate at one end in vertical ribs 56 extending in the third orthogonal direction.
  • the tray therefore incorporates three dimensional ribs 46,48,55,56 providing intersecting and interlocking reinforcement along the three orthogonal axes which form an effective crushable "rib cage".
  • the end of the tray 45 opposite the vertical ribs 56 which intersect with longitudinal ribs 48 is formed with a pair of shallow pods 58 which in turn intersect with vertical ribs 60 at the end of the tray opposite vertical ribs 56.
  • the pods 58 and ribs 60 form an end of the tray extending beyond the projecting rib 54.
  • the overall effect of the example of Figs. 5-9 is to provide an IPC structure shallow tray or end cap with crushable reinforcing ribs and structures intersecting in three dimensions around the cavity for surrounding and protecting the product or a contacting end of the product.
  • the three dimensional ribs provide product protection from impact shock and transport mode vibrations and direct stacking and loading forces around the product containing cavity.
  • the perimeter 62 of the tray or end cap 45 is also formed with scallops 64. The scalloped edge perimeter 62 strengthens the edges and provides further protection from lateral forces impacting the product containing IPC structure.
  • a nesting configuration of multiple trays 45 is illustrated in Figure 9.
  • the tapered configuration of the respective ribs permits nesting of trays facing in the same direction for efficient use of space in shipping empty trays.
  • the projecting rib 54 also performs an anti-locking or denesting function preventing the nested trays 45 from locking together and making it difficult to separate the trays.
  • the camera tray IPC structure was constructed to provide product protection from mechanical shock or vibration acceleration of 80 g's or greater imparted to the package.
  • this design limit or threshold it was determined that the flash element of the camera would be released, pop up, and be exposed to potential damage and breakage. Protection of this sensitive element was achieved by deploying the crushable structure geometrical shapes and configurations around the product containing cavity as illustrated in Figs. 5-9. This construction provides the requisite crushability and cushioning energy absorption at mechanical shock accelerations from edge drops, corner drops, and face drops approaching the design requirement limit or threshold limit of 80 g's.
  • the camera tray IPC structure shell was vacuum molded with a shell caliper of 0.15cm (0,060 inches).
  • FIG. 10-13 A laser printer toner cartridge end cap IPC structure 70 for a toner cartridge shipping package is illustrated in Figs. 10-13.
  • the end cap IPC structure 70 is formed with a cavity 72 of unusual configuration conforming to the unusual or irregular shape at the end of the toner cartridge.
  • the deep cavity 72 is formed with various shelves 74a,74b to accommodate and support the irregular three dimensional shape.
  • the base of the cavity is also formed around its perimeter with a variety of pods 75 which support the cavity and provide product protection from impact shocks and transport mode vibrations.
  • the pods 75 also have portions extending the full depth of the cavity 72 so that the pods 75 form posts 80,81.
  • the post like function of the pods 75 supports and directs stacking and loading forces around the cavity in the case of vertical orientation in the shipping package. For lateral or horizontal orientation the pods 75 provide product protection from horizontal impact shock and vibrations.
  • the perimeter 76 at the top of the end cap IPC structure may also be formed with a recess or scallop at necessary locations to increase edge strength and product protection.
  • the pods 75 are arranged as double pods 75a,75b of a single post 80.
  • the advantage of this configuration is that fillets 82 of molded pulp fiber material may be deposited in the valley between the outsides of the double pods 75a and 75b to reinforce the post for adjusting the crushability of the posts and bearing greater crushing forces and lateral forces.
  • the double pod post also reinforces the capacity of the posts 80 for directing stacking and loading forces.
  • the end cap IPC structure is formed with double podded post 81 with relatively large area pods 77a and 77b at the fourth corner of the IPC structure.
  • FIG. 13-15 An interior package cushion structure for receiving and cushioning speakers in a speaker shipping package is illustrated in Figs. 13-15.
  • the speaker receiving IPC structure 85 is formed with major lateral ribs 86 which define plateaus 88 between the ribs 86 and shelves 90 that form portions of the cavity wall for receiving the speaker.
  • the lateral ribs 86 intersect at respective ends with vertical ribs 92 which extend at right angles to the lateral ribs 86.
  • the lateral ribs 86 at the respective ends of the cavity also merge with orthogonal rib sections 94 which extend in a third orthogonal direction.
  • the ribs 86,92,94, and 95 provide three dimensional rib reinforcement effectively forming a crushable "rib cage" around the cavity structure.
  • the orthogonal rib sections 94 intersect with additional vertical ribs 95 at the ends of the IPC structure. Additional shelves 96 and narrow ribs 98 may be formed in the plateaus 88 providing additional relief in the cavity walls to strengthen the cavity walls, provide product protection, and accommodate any irregular shapes in the speaker to be fitted in the cavity.
  • a nesting configuration of successive speaker receiving IPC structures facing in the same direction is illustrated in ghosted outline at the left side of Figure 14.
  • Denesting lugs 100 may be added to shelves 90 to prevent locking engagement of nested structures.
  • the cavity ribs 98 may similarly perform a denesting function.
  • the primary function of the cavity ribs 98 is in supporting a product 102 seated in the cavity on the cavity wall plateaus 88 as illustrated in Figure 15.
  • FIG. 16-17 An IPC structure 105 for shipping wine glasses in a wine glass shipping package is illustrated in Figs. 16-17.
  • the wine glass shipping IPC structure consists of two mirror image half IPC structures 105a and 105b hinged together by an integrally molded, molded pulp fiber hinge 106 for enclosing a wine glass 107 in the IPC structure 105.
  • a tab 108 is provided to secure the wine glass receiving IPC structure in closed position through the tab receiving opening 110.
  • the major features of the wine glass shipping IPC structure include a wine glass globe receiving and enclosing cavity 112 formed with a shelf 114 which engages the rim of the globe to offset the globe from the side wall 112 of the cavity.
  • the cavity 112 is also formed with subsidiary shelves 115 at the upper corners.
  • the stem supporting bridging rib 116 which crosses the halves 105a and 105b at approximately the center of the IPC structure.
  • the bridging ribs 116 which cross the half IPC structures are formed with appropriate recesses 116a to accommodate the stem of the wine glass. While the bridging rib 116 is a horizontal rib, it is supported or reinforced by selected vertical ribs 118 extending from the side of the bridge rib 116 into the cavity 112.
  • each half IPC structure 105a,105b there is formed a bridge rib 120 extending across the half IPC structure adjacent to a recessed rib 122 for receiving and accommodating the base of the wine glass.
  • the combination of structural shapes in the wine glass shipping IPC structure 105 including the cavity shelves 114,115, stem bridging rib 116, base support bridging rib 120 and recess rib 122 provide distributed product protection, absorbing impact shocks and vibrations and distributing impact shocks and vibrations that are transmitted, to the regions of the wine glass structure best able to withstand them.
  • the wine glass shipping IPC structure was designed to achieve product protection approaching a design limit or threshold of 60 g's shock acceleration from a 1,5 m (five foot) drop.
  • the deployment of crushable structured geometric shapes and configurations as illustrated in Figs. 16 and 17 with a molded pulp fiber shell caliper of 0.15cm (0,060 inches) achieve the required crushability and cushioning absorption of energy for predictable and reliable product protection at the design limit threshold.
  • a corner protector IPC structure 125 is illustrated in Figures 18-21.
  • the corner protector 125 is formed with an outer base 126 and an inner base 128 joined together at a flexible molded pulp fiber hinge 130.
  • the corner protector 125 is shown in open position in Figs. 18 and 19 for stacking as shown in Fig. 21.
  • the outer and inner bases 126, 128 are joined together by the complementary tab 132 and tab notch 134.
  • the corner protector 125 is formed with an array of pods 135, 136 in the outer base 126 and pods 138 in the inner base 128.
  • the corner protector 125 with its outer and inner bases 126,128 and array of pods 135,136,138 is essentially constructed in a corner cube configuration for seating at the corners of a package and defining a corner cube space 140 for fitting over the corner of a product or a corner of a stack of IPC structures to be shipped in the package.
  • the corner protectors are constructed to support a product or a stack of products contained in IPC structures, spacing the contents from the corners of the package. Corner protectors may be inserted at all corners of the package.
  • the array of structural pods projecting from the base 126 of the corner protector 125 incorporates a first set of pods 135 molded with a first selected depth, and a second set of pods 136 molded with a second selected depth less than the first.
  • the array of pods 135,136 may project from one side of the base 126.
  • the first set of pods 135 presents a first level of crushability with a lesser resistance to crushing from corner drop, edge drop, and face drop impacts for absorbing impact shock and transport vibrations.
  • the second set of pods present a second level of crushability with a greater resistance to further crushing.
  • the configuration of the corner protector 125 therefore provides two different sequential levels of resistance to crushing by mechanical shock, vibrations, and stacking and loading forces.
  • the corner protector 125 may be further reinforced by depositing fillets 142 of fiber material in the valleys between the outsides of pods 135,136 in the array.
  • the fillets 142 substantially increase resistance to hinging or bending at the valleys between pods and resistance to lateral and longitudinal crushing.
  • the fillets or gussets 142 effectively add a third level of crushability with even greater resistance to further crushing from mechanical impacts for absorbing impact shock and transport vibrations with higher levels of shock acceleration.
  • the fillets buildup the thickness of molded fiber material at the valleys between pods to approximately 0.9cm (0.375 inch) to provide this third level of crushability.
  • the larger pods 138 formed on the inner base 128 of corner protector 125 add yet another controllable parameter for crushability and cushioning absorption of energy.
  • the larger pods 138 face the product or stack of IPC structures and may be constructed, for example, to afford the greatest crushing compliance and least resistance to crushing for product protection. It is apparent, in any event, that the array of different size pods of the corner protector of Figs. 18-21 affords multiple levels of crushability and absorption of energy for multiple impacts or successive impacts at different shock accelerations for meeting the requirements of different design limits and thresholds.
  • the array of pods 135,136,138 and fillets 142 formed on the bases 126,128 of corner protector 125 may also be molded directly into molded pulp fiber IPC structures for shipping relatively heavy but delicate and sensitive equipment such as television sets and other electronic equipment.
  • the array of pods as illustrated in Figs. 18 and 19 is formed at locations distributed around a product receiving cavity for relatively heavy products and equipment with relatively delicate sensitive elements.
  • the array of pods 135,136,138 and fillets 142 design into the IPC structure multiple levels of crushability affording multiple levels of product protection.
  • the multilevel pod array is constructed to provide the requisite crushability and cushioning absorption of energy for product protection at multiple design limits and thresholds for shock acceleration at which damage or breakage to sensitive elements may occur. As impact shock accelerations approach the respective design limits and thresholds, successive crushing and absorption of energy reduces transmission of shock accelerations to the product within acceptable limits.
  • a large cosmetic kit tray IPC structure 150 is illustrated in Fig. 22 showing the use of friction fit pockets and crush ribs.
  • the large cosmetic kit tray includes a base 152 formed with friction fit pockets 154 for receiving and containing bottles, jars, and other containers of cosmetic materials.
  • the crush fit cavities 154 are formed with crush ribs 155 as hereafter described.
  • the large cosmetic kit tray 150 is formed with a cover 156 hingedly connected to the base 152 by a flexible molded pulp fiber hinge 158.
  • each of the product receiving friction fit cavities 154 is formed with a plurality of crush ribs 155 protruding into the cavity or pocket 154.
  • the juxtaposed crush ribs 155 define a pocket width less than the width dimension of a product to be inserted and contained in the pocket 154.
  • the forcible insertion may have two effects. The primary effect is to cause breaking, tearing, or parting of fibers in the respective crush ribs 155.
  • the crush ribs are permanently deformed in the process of forcible insertions. Second, the forcible insertion also causes some widening of the pocket 154 itself stressing pocket fibers and perhaps in some instances causing some breaking or parting of the pocket fibers.
  • ribs 158 are provided at the ends of one of the elongate crush fit pockets 154 to provide further product protection.
  • the cover 156 on hinge 158 is secured in place by tabs 160 which engage tab notches 162.
  • the cavities 154 are formed with pods 164 for supporting the tray on a base and for stacking trays on each other with pods of one tray resting on the cover of another tray.
  • a small cosmetic tray IPC structure 170 is illustrated in Fig. 28 showing the use of a suspended pocket structure.
  • the small cosmetic kit tray 170 is formed with a base 172 in which are molded various pockets for receiving cosmetic containers.
  • the base 172 is formed with pockets 174 for receiving nail polish bottles, pockets 175 for retaining lipstick containers, pockets 176 for eye brow pencils, and a suspended pocket 178 for containing an eye shadow beauty compact.
  • the tray 170 is also formed with a cover 180 flexibly hinged to the base 172 by a molded pulp fiber hinge 182. The cover can be secured over the base 172 by securing tabs 184 in tab notches 185.
  • the suspended pocket 178 for receiving the eye shadow compact is distinguished from pockets and cavities previously described in other examples in that the suspended pocket 178 is formed with no other contiguous structures or shapes including ribs, pods, or shaped cavity elements.
  • the suspended pocket 178 is suspended between the other pockets 174,175,176 which effectively form suspension ribs for suspension pocket 178.
  • a further distinguishing feature is that no part of the product, in this case the eye shadow compact, and no part of the suspended pocket 178 touches an external package or any other IPC structure during shipping, distribution, and handling.
  • pods 186 formed in the nail polish pockets 174 elongate pods or rib pods 188 formed in the lipstick pockets 175, and pods 190 formed in the eye brow pencil pockets 176.
  • the pods 186,188, and 190 provide supports for the tray 170 and also function as stacking pods for stacking the trays 170 in closed position one on top of another.
  • the stacking pods 186,188 and 190 rest on the cover 180 of the tray below.
  • the cover 180 is in turn supported by ribs 192 left in the molded fiber shell of the tray between adjacent pockets 174,175,176 and 178.
  • the raised lands or ribs 192 between pockets effectively form the stacking ribs mating with stacking pods 186,188,190 through the tray cover 180.
  • These stacking features of the small compact kit tray 170 of Figs. 28 - 30 are also true of the large cosmetic kit tray 150 of Figs. 22-27.
  • the pockets 174,175,176 and 178 of the small cosmetic tray 170 may be formed as crush fit pockets or friction fit pockets with crush ribs in the manner similar to crush ribs 155 of the large cosmetic kit tray 150.
  • the stacking configuration for multiple small cosmetic kit trays 170 in open position is illustrated in Fig. 30.
  • testing procedures and testing criteria for establishing the design requirements for molded pulp fiber IPC structures according to the invention are described in the article "ASTM and NSTA: Testing Criteria We Can Live With” The LAB INNOVATOR, Volume 2. No. 2, June, 1992 Published by LAB, 1326 New Skaneateles Turnpike, Skaneateles, New York 13152-8801. This article provides a general description of ASTM and NSTA test procedures and requirements.
  • the test procedures of the National Safe Transit Association are set forth in "Test Procedure Project 1A" Published by the National Safe Transit Association, P.O. Box 10744, Chicago, Illinois 60610-0744.

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Claims (37)

  1. Structure d'amortissement interne de paquets en fibre de pâte moulée (IPC) pour protéger un produit expédié dans un paquet, comprenant :
    au moins une cavité (12) définissant une surface de cavité (32) pour recevoir et maintenir un produit à expédier, et
    une pluralité de structures creuses, susceptibles d'être écrasées comprenant une pluralité de logements (22, 28) ayant des côtés en communication avec un fond et étant placés autour de la cavité (12) de la structure IPC avec les fonds, au moins certaines des structures susceptibles d'être écrasées, étant espacées de la surface de la cavité (32), dans laquelle chaque structure susceptible d'être écrasée commence à s'écraser lorsqu'elle est soumise à une force égale ou supérieure à une force prédéterminée, dans laquelle la force prédéterminée est la force minimale expérimentalement déterminée suffisante pour casser le produit, caractérisée en ce que des congés (30) de fibre de pâte moulée sont déposés entre les logements adjacents (22, 28) pour régler leur aptitude à l'écrasement.
  2. Structure IPC selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle les logements structurels (22) sont prévus sous forme de creux ou de puits, chacun étant sensiblement de coupe transversale symétrique autour d'un axe central et étant moulé avec des profondeurs choisies dans la structure IPC (10) en des endroits choisis.
  3. Structure IPC selon la revendication 2, dans laquelle la pluralité de logements structurels (22) comprend au moins une rangée (20) de logements comprenant au moins trois logements (22) très rapprochés adjacents les uns aux autres dans un ordre linéaire formant des creux entre les logements de la rangée sur l'extérieur de la rangée (20) de logements (22).
  4. Structure IPC selon la revendication 3, dans laquelle les congés (30) sont déposés dans des creux entre les logements (22) adjacents sur l'extérieur de la rangée (20) de logements (22), formant une épaisseur de fibre de pâte moulée dans lesdits creux plus importante que l'épaisseur de la fibre de pâte moulée au niveau de logements adjacents (22), lesdits congés (30) remplissant une partie des creux entre les logements adjacents réunissant partiellement les logements (22).
  5. Structure IPC selon la revendication 3, dans laquelle la rangée de logements moulés dans la structure IPC (10) est formée dans une nervure formant les logements nervurés (28), lesdits logements nervurés (28) étant entièrement contenus à l'intérieur de la nervure (26) et étant agencés dans un ordre linéaire, alignés dans la même direction le long de la nervure (26), ladite nervure (26) et lesdits logements nervurés (28) partageant une paroi commune et formant une structure nervurée monobloc comprenant des logements.
  6. Structure IPC selon la revendication 4, dans laquelle les logements (22, 28) sont amincis à partir d'une dimension de zone de coupe transversale plus importante au niveau de l'ouverture du creux ou du puits du logement (22, 28) jusqu'à une dimension de zone de coupe transversale plus petite au niveau du fond du creux ou du puits, ledit amincissement étant sensiblement symétrique autour d'un axe central du logement (22, 28).
  7. Structure IPC selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre des nervures de logement (54) et des logements moulés dans la structure IPC (10) pour loger une pluralité de structures IPC (10) tournées dans la même direction, minimisant ainsi le besoin d'espace pour l'envoi des structures IPC (10), sans produits dans les cavités respectives (12), lesdits nervures, logements et cavités structurels (12) étant moulés par rapport aux creux respectifs qui sont formés dans la même direction de profondeur pour une imbrication efficace.
  8. Structure IPC selon la revendication 7, comprenant en outre des pattes de délogement (100) moulées dans la structure IPC (10) pour empêcher une mise en prise par blocage de structures IPC imbriquées (10).
  9. Structure IPC selon la revendication 7, dans laquelle lesdits congés (30) effectuant une fonction de délogement pour empêcher le blocage des structures IPC imbriquées (10).
  10. Structure IPC selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la pluralité de structures susceptibles d'être écrasées comprend des nervures qui se coupent s'étendant dans au moins trois directions allongées orthogonales formant un dispositif de blocage nervuré en trois dimensions susceptible d'être écrasé s'étendant autour d'au moins une partie d'un produit dans ladite cavité (12).
  11. Structure IPC selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre des nervures et des logements d'empilement répartis autour de la cavité (12) et espacés de la surface de la cavité (32), lesdites nervures et lesdits logements d'empilement étant agencés pour réaliser un accouplement dos à dos des nervures et des logements d'empilement de structures IPC adjacentes (10), les nervures et les logements d'empilement sur l'extérieur d'une structure IPC (10) reposant sur les nervures et logements placés sur l'extérieur d'une autre structure pour empiler des produits maintenus dans les cavités (12) des structures IPC (10), lesdites nervures et lesdits logements d'empilement d'accouplement étant agencés pour transmettre des forces d'empilement et des forces de chargement par l'intermédiaire des nervures et des logements d'empilement et d'accouplement autour des cavités (12) à la base d'un paquet, lesdites nervures et lesdits logements d'empilement et d'accouplement étant formés selon différentes hauteurs pour empêcher tout mouvement latéral des structures IPC (10) empilées adjacentes.
  12. Structure IPC selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la pluralité de structures susceptibles d'être écrasées comprend une pluralité de nervures comprenant des logements (26), chaque nervure comprenant un logement (26) se composant d'une rangée de logements d'au moins trois logements nervurés structurels (28) sous la forme de creux ou puits vides, chacun étant de coupe transversale sensiblement symétrique autour d'un axe central, ladite rangée de logements nervurés (28) étant entièrement contenue à l'intérieur de la nervure comprenant des logements, ladite nervure comprenant des logements (26) et la rangée de logements nervurés (28) partageant des parois communes et formant une structure nervurée monobloc comprenant des logements, lesdits logements nervurés (28) étant moulés selon une profondeur choisie inférieure à la profondeur totale de la nervure comprenant des logements (26) dans la structure IPC (10), lesdits logements nervurés (28) étant rapprochés de manière adjacente les uns aux autres dans un ordre linéaire alignés dans la même direction le long de la nervure comprenant des logements (26), formant des creux entre les logements nervurés (28) de la rangée sur l'extérieur de la nervure comprenant des logements (26), lesdits logements nervurés (28) apportant une protection supplémentaire pour un produit dans la cavité (12) contre les chocs mécaniques et les accélérations vibratoires et les forces d'empilement et de chargement, lesdits logements nervurés (28) étant construits pour réguler l'aptitude de la nervure comprenant des logements (26) à être écrasée en augmentant la résistance à l'écrasement de la nervure comprenant des logements (26).
  13. Structure IPC selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la pluralité de structures susceptibles d'être écrasées comprend des nervures structurelles sous la forme d'arêtes creuses allongées moulées dans la structure IPC (10).
  14. Structure IPC selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre un bord formé d'échancrures périodiques (64) ou d'évidements pour conférer au bord une force de résistance accrue à l'écrasement et pour absorber et transmettre des forces de choc au bord de la structure IPC (10).
  15. Structure IPC selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre au moins un plateau (53) comprenant une structure en gradins formée entre un niveau de la structure IPC (10) et un autre niveau pour supporter un produit dans la cavité (12), renforcer la cavité (12) et accroítre la protection du produit.
  16. Structure IPC selon la revendication 2, comprenant en outre une pluralité de nervures structurelles s'étendant dans trois directions ou axes orthogonaux les uns par rapport aux autres, lesdites nervures se coupant pour former une structure de dispositif de blocage nervuré susceptible d'être écrasée renforcée et en trois dimensions.
  17. Structure IPC selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la cavité comprend une cavité d'insertion par frottement formée avec des nervures d'écrasement (155) faisant saillie dans la cavité, lesdites nervures d'écrasement (155) définissant au moins une dimension en largeur de cavité inférieure à une dimension en largeur correspondante d'un produit devant être contenu dans la cavité, ladite cavité d'insertion par frottement et les nervures d'écrasement (155) étant construites pour entraíner un écrasement partiel des fibres des nervures d'écrasement (155) lorsqu'on place de force un produit dans la cavité d'insertion par frottement, pour fournir une structure non élastique combinant une cavité d'insertion par frottement amortissant les vibrations et une nervure d'écrasement (155).
  18. Structure IPC selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la cavité comprend une poche suspendue (178), suspendue entre des nervures de support allongées, ladite poche suspendue (178) et les nervures de support étant construites pour contenir et supporter un produit en suspension dans la poche suspendue (178) de sorte qu'aucune partie du produit ou de la poche suspendue (178) ne vienne en contact avec l'emballage extérieur ou d'autres structures IPC (170) lors de l'expédition et de la manutention.
  19. Structure IPC selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 18, pour expédier dans un paquet une pluralité de bouteilles, dans laquelle chaque structure IPC (10) définissant une cavité (12) définit une surface de cavité (32) pour recevoir et maintenir une bouteille, la surface de cavité (32) comprenant des nervures en arc de cercle pour accroítre la résistance de la structure IPC (10), la structure IPC (10) et les congés (30) étant formés à l'aide d'un calibre pour fibre de pâte moulée, et les structures susceptibles d'être écrasées réduisent les forces et les accélérations excessives d'une accélération de seuil de conception de 67 g environ jusqu'à au moins 114 g environ impartie aux bouteilles à moins de 67 g environ et dans laquelle la structure IPC comprend en outre des nervures et des logements d'empilement pour empiler plusieurs étages de bouteilles retenues dans une pluralité de structures d'amortissement interne de paquets.
  20. Structure IPC selon la revendication 19, dans laquelle le calibre pour fibre de pâte moulée de la structure IPC est de 0,15 cm environ et dans laquelle le calibre pour fibre de pâte moulée des congés est de 0,3 cm environ.
  21. Structure IPC selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 20, dans laquelle un ensemble de logements comprend un premier jeu de logements (135) moulés selon une première profondeur choisie et un second jeu de logements (136) moulés selon une seconde profondeur choisie inférieure à la première profondeur choisie, ledit ensemble de logements offrant une aptitude à l'écrasement en accélération horizontale inférieure et une résistance moins importante à l'écrasement par le premier jeu de logements (135) et une aptitude à l'écrasement en accélération horizontale supérieure et une résistance plus importante à l'écrasement après que les logements (135) du premier jeu ont été écrasés jusqu'à la profondeur du second jeu de logements (136), ledit ensemble des premier et second jeux de logements (135, 136) fournissant par conséquent deux niveaux séquentiels d'aptitude à l'écrasement et de résistance à l'écrasement.
  22. Structure IPC selon la revendication 21, dans laquelle l'ensemble de logements (135, 136) est muni de congés (142) de fibre de pâte moulée déposée dans les creux entre l'extérieur des logements adjacents, procurant une troisième aptitude à l'écrasement à l'accélération horizontale avec une résistance accrue à l'écrasement et au cintrage ou à l'articulation au niveau des creux entre les logements (135, 136).
  23. Structure IPC selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 22, dans laquelle la pluralité de nervures structurelles comprend des nervures empêchant tout mouvement d'articulation qui compensent le mouvement d'articulation ou de cintrage de la structure IPC.
  24. Procédé de fabrication d'une structure d'amortissement interne de paquet (IPC) pour protéger un produit expédié dans un paquet comprenant une pièce en fibre de pâte moulée et formant au moins une cavité (12) définissant une surface de cavité (32) pour recevoir et maintenir un produit sur la pièce en fibre de pâte moulée ; dans lequel l'amélioration comprend :
    la détermination expérimentale d'une force minimale suffisante pour casser un produit devant être expédié dans un paquet, le produit ayant un composant cassable ; et
    la formation d'une pluralité de structures creuses susceptibles d'être écrasées comprenant une pluralité de logements (22, 28) ayant des côtés en communication avec un fond autour de la cavité (12) avec les fonds des structures susceptibles d'être écrasées étant espacés de la surface de cavité (32), dans laquelle chaque structure susceptible d'être écrasée présente des dimensions suffisantes pour que la structure commence à s'écraser lorsqu'elle est soumise à une force égale ou supérieure à la force minimale et dans laquelle des congés (30) de fibre de pâte moulée sont déposés entre les logements adjacents (22, 28) pour régler leur aptitude à l'écrasement.
  25. Procédé selon la revendication 24, dans lequel la formation d'une pluralité de structures susceptibles d'être écrasées comprend :
    la formation d'une pluralité de logements structurels sous la forme de creux ou de puits évidés de coupe transversale sensiblement symétrique autour d'un axe central et moulés selon des profondeurs choisies dans la structure IPC (10) dans des emplacements choisis.
  26. Procédé selon la revendication 25, dans lequel la formation d'une pluralité de logements structurels comprend la formation d'au moins une rangée de logements comprenant au moins trois logements très rapprochés adjacents les uns aux autres dans un ordre linéaire formant des creux entre les logements adjacents de la rangée sur l'extérieur de la rangée de logements.
  27. Procédé selon la revendication 24 et 26, caractérisé par le dépôt desdits congés (30) en fibre de pâte moulée dans les creux entre les logements adjacents (22) sur l'extérieur de la rangée (20) de logements (22), la formation d'une épaisseur de fibre de pâte moulée dans lesdits creux supérieure à l'épaisseur des logements adjacents (22), le remplissage d'une partie des creux entre les logements adjacents, réunissant partiellement les logements (22) et le réglage de l'aptitude à l'écrasement de la rangée (20) de logements (22) en formant les congés (30) avec une épaisseur choisie pour accroítre la résistance à l'écrasement et réaliser un cintrage ou une articulation au niveau des creux entre les logements.
  28. Procédé selon la revendication 24, caractérisé par la formation de ladite rangée de logements moulés dans la structure IPC (10) dans une nervure, contenant entièrement la rangée de logements dans la nervure et alignant les logements de la rangées dans la même direction le long de la nervure, et la formation de la nervure et de la rangée de logements comme une structure nervurée monobloc comprenant des logements partageant des parois communes.
  29. Procédé selon la revendication 24, comprenant en outre l'amincissement des logements (22, 24) à partir d'une dimension de zone à coupe transversale supérieure au niveau de l'ouverture du creux ou du puits du logement (22, 24) en une dimension de zone à coupe transversale inférieure au fond du creux ou du puits, ledit amincissement étant sensiblement symétrique autour d'un axe central et l'agencement d'au moins une cavité (12), nervures et logements moulés dans la structure IPC (10) avec des creux moulés respectifs orientés dans la même direction pour loger une pluralité de structures IPC (10) tournées dans la même direction, minimisant ainsi le besoin d'espace pour l'expédition des structures IPC (10) sans produits dans la cavité.
  30. Procédé selon la revendication 24, dans lequel la formation d'une pluralité de structures susceptibles d'être écrasées comprend la formation de nervures qui se coupent s'étendant dans au moins trois directions orthogonales allongées formant un dispositif de blocage nervuré susceptible d'être écrasé s'étendant autour d'au moins une partie d'un produit dans ladite cavité (12).
  31. Procédé selon la revendication 24, comprenant en outre la formation d'un empilement de nervures et de logements agencés pour réaliser un accouplement dos à dos des nervures et des logements d'empilement des structures IPC adjacentes (10), la formation de nervures et de logements d'empilement qui s'accouplent ou viennent en butée avec différentes hauteurs pour limiter le mouvement latéral des structures IPC adjacentes (10) dans une pile, le placement des nervures et des logements d'empilement sur l'extérieur d'une structure IPC (10) sur les nervures et les logements d'empilement sur l'extérieur d'une autre structure pour empiler des produits retenus dans les cavités des structures IPC (10) dans un paquet, et la transmission de forces d'empilement et de forces de chargement au moyen des nervures et des logements d'empilement et d'accouplement autour des cavités à la base du paquet.
  32. Procédé selon la revendication 24, dans lequel un ensemble de logements (135, 136) est une rangée de logements très rapprochés adjacents les uns aux autres dans un ordre linéaire.
  33. Procédé selon la revendication 24, dans lequel la formation d'une pluralité de structures susceptibles de s'écraser comprend en outre la formation d'au moins une nervure avec ladite rangée de logements comprenant au moins trois logements nervurés très rapprochés adjacents les uns aux autres dans un ordre linéaire et alignés dans la même direction le long de ladite nervure, lesdits logements nervurés étant sensiblement symétriques en coupe transversale autour d'un axe central et le moulage des logements nervurés selon une profondeur choisie inférieure à la profondeur de la nervure contenant entièrement la rangée de logements dans la nervure et la formation de la nervure et de la rangée de logements comme une structure nervurée monobloc comprenant des logements partageant des parois communes.
  34. Procédé selon la revendication 24, comprenant en outre la formation de nervures et de logements d'empilement agencés pour réaliser un accouplement dos à dos des nervures et des logements d'empilement des structures IPC (10) adjacentes, la formation des nervures et des logements d'empilement d'accouplement ou de mise en butée selon différentes longueurs pour empêcher tout mouvement latéral des structures IPC (10) adjacentes dans une pile, et le placement des nervures et des logements d'empilement sur l'extérieur d'une structure IPC (10) sur les nervures et les logements d'empilement sur l'extérieur d'une autre structure tout en empilant les structures IPC (10) et les produits retenus dans les cavités des structures IPC (10) dans un paquet, et la transmission de forces d'empilement et de forces de chargement au moyen des nervures et des logements d'empilement et d'accouplement autour des cavités à la base d'un paquet.
  35. Procédé selon la revendication 24, caractérisé par la formation desdites structures pour réduire les forces et les accélérations transmises aux bouteilles dépassant une accélération de seuil de 37 g environ et jusqu'à au moins 114 g environ à moins de 67 g environ.
  36. Procédé selon la revendication 24, comprenant en outre la formation de la structure IPC avec un calibre pour fibre de pâte moulée de 0,15 cm environ et la formation des congés avec un calibre de 0,3 cm environ.
  37. Procédé selon la revendication 24 et 28, comprenant en outre la formation d'une pluralité de nervures structurelles sous la forme d'arêtes creuses allongées moulées dans la structure IPC (10) et s'étendant entre différents emplacements sur la structure IPC pour renforcer la structure IPC (10) entre les emplacements.
EP93918633A 1992-08-06 1993-08-04 Structures d'amortissement internes de paquets, en pate fibreuse moulee Expired - Lifetime EP0654001B1 (fr)

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US927061 1992-08-06
US07/927,061 US5335770A (en) 1992-08-06 1992-08-06 Molded pulp fiber interior package cushioning structures
PCT/US1993/007324 WO1994003377A1 (fr) 1992-08-06 1993-08-04 Structures d'amortissement internes de paquets, en pate fibreuse moulee

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP3335175B2 (ja) 2002-10-15
CA2141784C (fr) 2003-12-09
ATE180733T1 (de) 1999-06-15
US5335770A (en) 1994-08-09
EP0654001A1 (fr) 1995-05-24
US5816409A (en) 1998-10-06
EP0654001A4 (fr) 1996-05-22
JPH08500072A (ja) 1996-01-09
DE69325175D1 (de) 1999-07-08
DE69325175T2 (de) 1999-09-23
CA2141784A1 (fr) 1994-02-17
WO1994003377A1 (fr) 1994-02-17

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