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EP0628321B1 - Flexible strip with bail for suspending containers - Google Patents

Flexible strip with bail for suspending containers Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0628321B1
EP0628321B1 EP94108292A EP94108292A EP0628321B1 EP 0628321 B1 EP0628321 B1 EP 0628321B1 EP 94108292 A EP94108292 A EP 94108292A EP 94108292 A EP94108292 A EP 94108292A EP 0628321 B1 EP0628321 B1 EP 0628321B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
container
flexible strip
handle portion
bottle
structure consisting
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP94108292A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0628321A1 (en
Inventor
Silvio Zoni
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Columbus Sas Di Zoni Silvio & C
Original Assignee
Columbus Sas Di Zoni Silvio & C
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Columbus Sas Di Zoni Silvio & C filed Critical Columbus Sas Di Zoni Silvio & C
Publication of EP0628321A1 publication Critical patent/EP0628321A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D23/00—Details of bottles or jars not otherwise provided for
    • B65D23/003—Suspension means
    • B65D23/005—Suspension means in the form of a label hanger
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
    • G09F3/00—Labels, tag tickets, or similar identification or indication means; Seals; Postage or like stamps
    • G09F3/02—Forms or constructions
    • G09F2003/027—Forms or constructions used to hang up an item, e.g. a perfusion bottle

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a flexible strip with bail for suspending containers, bottles or the like in particular bottles containing pharmaceutical products for drip-injection into a patient's vein.
  • the flexible strip is substantially in the form of a self-adhesive label applicable to the outer surface of a bottle, in proximity to its base or bottom. It comprises a cut which separates the main part of the label from a narrower portion acting as a handle for hooking the bottle to a support element. This handle (without adhesive or with the adhesive neutralized) remains attached and connected at its two ends to the main part of the label.
  • EP-B-99376 and its equivalent US-A-4396128, and in EP-A-386753 which is very similar to EP-B-99376, to which reference will now be made.
  • EP-B-99376 describes a bail structure comprising an elongate-polymeric strip including a handle portion and two end anchor portions adapted to be adhered to opposite sides of a container.
  • the bail structure is fixed, by an adhesive previously spread over it, to the outer surface in proximity to its bottom end.
  • the handle portion is free of adhesive, or the adhesive which was applied to it is neutralized by various known methods.
  • the handle portion can be moved from a storage position adjacent the bottom end of a container to a use position extending across the bottom end of the container, thus enabling the handle portion to be used to suspend the container.
  • the handle portion (which is formed from the polymeric strip material and is necessarily of very small transverse dimensions) has to be sufficiently strong to support the weight of the container to which it is applied, without danger of breaking.
  • the thickness of the strip material cannot be too great otherwise it would lose the flexibility necessary to allow it to be easily and rapidly applied to containers by automatic machines operating at high speed.
  • the handle portion has to be rotated about its two end anchor portions, by passing beyond the free edge of the container at its bottom end.
  • the material with which the handle portion is constructed must necessarily be somewhat stretchable, otherwise it could be impossible or very difficult to move it into its use position.
  • the handle portion must be sufficiently strong to support the load suspended from it without danger of breakage.
  • the bail structure disclosed therein must be tough (see specification, all the examples and claims) and may be of solid, woven or nonwoven construction (see the disclosure of such patents).
  • EP-B-99376 and US-A-4396128 are polyurethanes, polybutylene, polypropylenes and modified polyethylene ionomers.
  • a drawback deriving from a handle portion of very strong and substantially rigid structure is that it can be moved into the use position only with difficulty, so much so that a pull structure can be contemplated to facilitate moving the handle portion to its use position (see the final part of the description of the two patents, just before the claims).
  • a further drawback derives from the fact that when in its storage position, the handle portion can be gripped only by inserting a fingernail between it and the container surface (to lift it and then grip it with the fingers, to be able to move it to its use position), with the result that often the handle portion breaks because the fingernail can damage it, so triggering its tearing.
  • the main object of the present invention is to provide a flexible strip with handle portion similar to those described in the aforesaid prior art, but in which the handle portion (in addition to being strong enough to support the weight of the bottle or container suspended from it without danger) can be easily and considerably elongated even as the result of a relatively small pull.
  • the handle portion in addition to being strong enough to support the weight of the bottle or container suspended from it without danger
  • any knock or jolt against the container easily causes further elongation (without breakage) of the handle portion, with a consequent damping effect which prevents damage to the container and to the parts connected to it.
  • a further object is to provide a flexible strip with handle portion of the stated type which can be applied to any point of a container or bottle, even far from its bottom end, while still being able to very easily move the handle portion from the storage position to the use position.
  • a further object is to provide a flexible strip the handle portion of which can be easily gripped and lifted from the storage position by a finger without danger of damaging the handle portion during this operation.
  • the flexible strip in the form of a self-adhesive label stickable to the outer surface of a bottle or phial, the flexible strip made of a material that is resistant and elongable under traction and provided of a cut which defines a narrower portion, whose deformation and elongation by stretching produces a bail structure.
  • a bail structure may be elongated at least three times its original length before its breakage, this breakage occurring under a load substantially greater than the weight of the container to which the flexible strip is applied".
  • the flexible strip with its handle portion is constructed of polyamide material, preferably polycaprolactam such as nylon 6.
  • the flexible strip thickness is between 40 and 120 microns and the width of the handle portion is between 3 and 6 mm.
  • the flexible strip shown on the drawings comprises a main part 1 and a handle portion 2 separated from the main part by a profiled cut 3, the handle portion 2 being connected at its two ends to the main part 1 by a strip portion in which there is no cut.
  • One surface of the main part 1 is printed with information relative to the product contained in the container to which it is applied, its opposite surface receiving a layer of self-adhesive glue (shown by a plurality of dots in Figure 1 only), which however is either not applied to the handle portion 2 or, if applied, is made inactive by applying to it a layer of printing ink or varnish in known manner.
  • a layer of self-adhesive glue shown by a plurality of dots in Figure 1 only
  • the glue is also not present or is made inactive on those portions of the strip extending from both ends of the handle portion 2. This is to prevent the pull exerted by the handle portion on the main part 1 of the flexible strip (when the bottle to which the flexible strip is applied is suspended from a hook by its handle portion) from triggering rolling or lifting of the flexible strip, which could hence become detached from the bottle.
  • a continuous succession of flexible strips of the described type is applied to a continuous siliconed paper tape 4, one portion of which is shown in Figure 1, and from which the flexible strips can be easily removed in conventional manner.
  • the described flexible strip is applied (in known manner by conventional automatic machines) to the outer surface of a drip bottle 7, in proximity to ifs bottom end.
  • the handle portion 2 and its appendix 5 are positioned at the bottom end of the bottle 7 as shown in Figure 2.
  • a fingernail is inserted below the appendix 5 of the handle portion, to easily lift it from the bottle surface and enable it to be easily gripped by two fingers and pulled until it has stretched (Figure 3) sufficiently to enable the handle portion to be rotated into its use position ( Figure 4) in which it can be easily hooked on a hook or door handle or any other support, even of relatively large irregular size.
  • the handle portion 2 is able to resist the load which it is required to support, and that it can be easily and considerably elongated, including in several stages.
  • This subsequent elongation of the handle portion acts as a damper and reduces or eliminates damage which the bottle or the parts connected to it could undergo.
  • Polyamide materials such as polycaprolactam or nylon 6.
  • This material (with a density of 1.13) has a very high ultimate tensile stress ( ⁇ 60 N/mm 2 ), a considerable ultimate elongation (exceeding 300%) and high dimensional stability with varying temperature (less than 1.5 for a temperature variation from 150°C to 30°C).
  • flexible strips of the described type can be constructed able to support bottles of up to 250 g total weight for a thickness of 80 microns and a handle portion of only 3 mm width.
  • This handle portion has a yield strength (ie at which it begins to stretch) which is very low (only 1.7 kg) whereas its ultimate tensile stress is as much as 4.9 kg (the elongation being 300% as already stated).
  • the flexible strip can have a thickness of 100 microns and the handle portion a width of only 5 mm, in which case the yield strength is 4.2 kg and the ultimate tensile stress is 7.3 kg (the ultimate elongation again being about 300%).
  • the exceptional elongation and strength of the handle portion enables the flexible strip to be also applied to containers of elaborate shape and also in a position far from their bottom end, which is not possible with analogous known flexible strips.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Details Of Rigid Or Semi-Rigid Containers (AREA)
  • Supports Or Holders For Household Use (AREA)
  • Labeling Devices (AREA)

Description

This invention relates to a flexible strip with bail for suspending containers, bottles or the like in particular bottles containing pharmaceutical products for drip-injection into a patient's vein.
The flexible strip is substantially in the form of a self-adhesive label applicable to the outer surface of a bottle, in proximity to its base or bottom. It comprises a cut which separates the main part of the label from a narrower portion acting as a handle for hooking the bottle to a support element. This handle (without adhesive or with the adhesive neutralized) remains attached and connected at its two ends to the main part of the label.
Many containers, in particular bottles containing substances to be injected into the patient's vein by drip, have to be suspended from a support with their mouth facing downwards for use.
For this purpose devices of various kinds are used, such as cages (generally of plastics construction), spirals etc., which have to be fitted to the bottle immediately before its use. The drawbacks of these systems are well known and will not be further described, being amply illustrated in DE-A-3631021, EP-A-386753, EP-B-99376 and in its corresponding US-A-4396128. The aforesaid patents all describe container and bottle hooking and support systems consisting of thin flexible plastics labels which are applied (via an adhesive previously spread over each label) to the outer surface of the bottle, in proximity to its bottom end.
Of the various devices proposed, those of most interest are described in EP-B-99376 and its equivalent US-A-4396128, and in EP-A-386753 which is very similar to EP-B-99376, to which reference will now be made.
EP-B-99376 describes a bail structure comprising an elongate-polymeric strip including a handle portion and two end anchor portions adapted to be adhered to opposite sides of a container.
During use, the bail structure is fixed, by an adhesive previously spread over it, to the outer surface in proximity to its bottom end. The handle portion is free of adhesive, or the adhesive which was applied to it is neutralized by various known methods. The handle portion can be moved from a storage position adjacent the bottom end of a container to a use position extending across the bottom end of the container, thus enabling the handle portion to be used to suspend the container.
The handle portion (which is formed from the polymeric strip material and is necessarily of very small transverse dimensions) has to be sufficiently strong to support the weight of the container to which it is applied, without danger of breaking.
Again, the thickness of the strip material cannot be too great otherwise it would lose the flexibility necessary to allow it to be easily and rapidly applied to containers by automatic machines operating at high speed.
In addition it should be noted that to pass from the storage position (in which the handle portion adheres to the lateral surface of the container) to the use position the handle portion has to be rotated about its two end anchor portions, by passing beyond the free edge of the container at its bottom end. In order for this to be possible, the material with which the handle portion is constructed must necessarily be somewhat stretchable, otherwise it could be impossible or very difficult to move it into its use position. There remains the basic fact that the handle portion must be sufficiently strong to support the load suspended from it without danger of breakage.
Consequently, according to the teachings of EP-B-99376 and US-A-4396128, the bail structure disclosed therein must be tough (see specification, all the examples and claims) and may be of solid, woven or nonwoven construction (see the disclosure of such patents).
The aforestated is confirmed by EP-A-386753 in which the handle portion is reinforced with a strip of fabric material.
The materials indicated as suitable in EP-B-99376 and US-A-4396128 are polyurethanes, polybutylene, polypropylenes and modified polyethylene ionomers.
A drawback deriving from a handle portion of very strong and substantially rigid structure is that it can be moved into the use position only with difficulty, so much so that a pull structure can be contemplated to facilitate moving the handle portion to its use position (see the final part of the description of the two patents, just before the claims). A further drawback derives from the fact that when in its storage position, the handle portion can be gripped only by inserting a fingernail between it and the container surface (to lift it and then grip it with the fingers, to be able to move it to its use position), with the result that often the handle portion breaks because the fingernail can damage it, so triggering its tearing.
An even more serious drawback deriving from the total or substantial rigidity of the handle portion is consequent on the fact that the container which it suspends from a support hook is in practice linked into a rigid system. As in many cases the container suspended from the described bail structure is a drip bottle in which the stopper which closes the bottle mouth is traversed by a needle connected by a tube to a needle inserted into the patient's vein, it follows that any knock against the bottle, against its support or against the connection tube between the two needles can easily break or damage the needle traversing the bottle stopper or withdraw it from the stopper.
The main object of the present invention is to provide a flexible strip with handle portion similar to those described in the aforesaid prior art, but in which the handle portion (in addition to being strong enough to support the weight of the bottle or container suspended from it without danger) can be easily and considerably elongated even as the result of a relatively small pull. In this manner, after the container has been suspended from a support hook by the handle portion, which has undergone only a part of its possible elongation, any knock or jolt against the container easily causes further elongation (without breakage) of the handle portion, with a consequent damping effect which prevents damage to the container and to the parts connected to it.
A further object is to provide a flexible strip with handle portion of the stated type which can be applied to any point of a container or bottle, even far from its bottom end, while still being able to very easily move the handle portion from the storage position to the use position.
A further object is to provide a flexible strip the handle portion of which can be easily gripped and lifted from the storage position by a finger without danger of damaging the handle portion during this operation.
"These and further objects are attained by the flexible strip in the form of a self-adhesive label stickable to the outer surface of a bottle or phial, the flexible strip made of a material that is resistant and elongable under traction and provided of a cut which defines a narrower portion, whose deformation and elongation by stretching produces a bail structure. Such a bail structure may be elongated at least three times its original length before its breakage, this breakage occurring under a load substantially greater than the weight of the container to which the flexible strip is applied".
Preferably the flexible strip with its handle portion is constructed of polyamide material, preferably polycaprolactam such as nylon 6.
Again preferably, for common bottles used for drip purposes, the flexible strip thickness is between 40 and 120 microns and the width of the handle portion is between 3 and 6 mm.
For a better understanding of the structure and characteristics of the flexible strip with handle portion according to the present invention, a preferred embodiment thereof is described hereinafter by way of non-limiting example with reference to the accompanying drawing in which:
  • Figure 1 is a front view of a flexible strip with handle portion applied to a paper tape support portion;
  • Figure 2 is a front view of the same flexible strip applied to the outer surface of a bottle in proximity to its bottom end;
  • Figure 3 is similar to Figure 2, but showing the operation of gripping the the handle portion with two fingers and stretching it to move it into its use position;
  • Figure 4 shows the inverted bottle, with the handle portion elongated and hanging from a hook.
    • The flexible strip shown on the drawings comprises a main part 1 and a handle portion 2 separated from the main part by a profiled cut 3, the handle portion 2 being connected at its two ends to the main part 1 by a strip portion in which there is no cut.
    One surface of the main part 1 is printed with information relative to the product contained in the container to which it is applied, its opposite surface receiving a layer of self-adhesive glue (shown by a plurality of dots in Figure 1 only), which however is either not applied to the handle portion 2 or, if applied, is made inactive by applying to it a layer of printing ink or varnish in known manner.
    It is important to note that the glue is also not present or is made inactive on those portions of the strip extending from both ends of the handle portion 2. This is to prevent the pull exerted by the handle portion on the main part 1 of the flexible strip (when the bottle to which the flexible strip is applied is suspended from a hook by its handle portion) from triggering rolling or lifting of the flexible strip, which could hence become detached from the bottle.
    A continuous succession of flexible strips of the described type is applied to a continuous siliconed paper tape 4, one portion of which is shown in Figure 1, and from which the flexible strips can be easily removed in conventional manner.
    From the drawings it can be seen that at the centre of the handle portion 2 there outwardly extends an appendix 5 at which the cut 3 is correspondingly shaped, defining a glue-free tab 6.
    The described flexible strip is applied (in known manner by conventional automatic machines) to the outer surface of a drip bottle 7, in proximity to ifs bottom end. The handle portion 2 and its appendix 5 are positioned at the bottom end of the bottle 7 as shown in Figure 2.
    When the bottle is to be used for drip purposes, a fingernail is inserted below the appendix 5 of the handle portion, to easily lift it from the bottle surface and enable it to be easily gripped by two fingers and pulled until it has stretched (Figure 3) sufficiently to enable the handle portion to be rotated into its use position (Figure 4) in which it can be easily hooked on a hook or door handle or any other support, even of relatively large irregular size.
    As already stated, it is essential that the handle portion 2 is able to resist the load which it is required to support, and that it can be easily and considerably elongated, including in several stages. This enables the handle portion to be easily moved from the storage position (Figure 2) to the use position (Figure 3), to be easily hung on any support and to undergo subsequent further elongation if a violent impact is transmitted to the bottle 7, for example if the bottle is allowed to fall violently onto its support hook. This subsequent elongation of the handle portion acts as a damper and reduces or eliminates damage which the bottle or the parts connected to it could undergo.
    Materials which have been found particularly suitable for constructing the flexible strip are polyamide materials, such as polycaprolactam or nylon 6. This material (with a density of 1.13) has a very high ultimate tensile stress (≥ 60 N/mm2), a considerable ultimate elongation (exceeding 300%) and high dimensional stability with varying temperature (less than 1.5 for a temperature variation from 150°C to 30°C).
    With this material flexible strips of the described type can be constructed able to support bottles of up to 250 g total weight for a thickness of 80 microns and a handle portion of only 3 mm width. This handle portion has a yield strength (ie at which it begins to stretch) which is very low (only 1.7 kg) whereas its ultimate tensile stress is as much as 4.9 kg (the elongation being 300% as already stated).
    To suspend a bottle weighing up to 1.2 kg the flexible strip can have a thickness of 100 microns and the handle portion a width of only 5 mm, in which case the yield strength is 4.2 kg and the ultimate tensile stress is 7.3 kg (the ultimate elongation again being about 300%).
    Finally, the exceptional elongation and strength of the handle portion enables the flexible strip to be also applied to containers of elaborate shape and also in a position far from their bottom end, which is not possible with analogous known flexible strips.

    Claims (5)

    1. In combination, a container to be suspended from a support with Its mouth facing downwards for use; a structure consisting of a flexible strip of polyamide material in the form of a self-adhesive label applicable to the outer surface of said container (7) comprising a profiled cut (3) which separates a main part (1) of said flexible strip from a narrower portion (2), said cut (3) having its ends lying on the diameter of the container, the narrower portion (2) is provided with a pullable outwardly extending portion
         characterised in that
      the narrower portion (2), under traction of said outwardly extending portion (5), is deformable and elongatable to at least three times the original length before its breakage to form a bail structure for the vertical suspension of the container.
    2. A combination container and a structure consisting of a flexible strip according to claim 1
         further characterised in that
      the narrower portion (2) is glue-free.
    3. A combination container and a structure consisting of a flexible strip according to claim 1 and 2
         further characterised in that
      the width of the narrower portion (2) ranges between 3 and 6 mm.
    4. A combination container and a structure consisting of a flexible strip according to the preceding claims
         characterised in that
      the suspended container is allowed to oscillate freely around the two ends of the elongated narrower portion (2), said ends connected to the main portion of the label.
    5. A combination container and a structure consisting of a flexible strip as claimed in claims 1-4
         characterised in that
      the flexible strip is made of nylon 6 or polycaprolactam.
    EP94108292A 1993-06-08 1994-05-30 Flexible strip with bail for suspending containers Expired - Lifetime EP0628321B1 (en)

    Applications Claiming Priority (2)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    IT93AR000017A ITAR930017A1 (en) 1993-06-08 1993-06-08 LABEL FOR CONTAINERS OF PRODUCTS TO INJECT
    ITAR930017 1993-06-08

    Publications (2)

    Publication Number Publication Date
    EP0628321A1 EP0628321A1 (en) 1994-12-14
    EP0628321B1 true EP0628321B1 (en) 1998-12-16

    Family

    ID=11334775

    Family Applications (1)

    Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
    EP94108292A Expired - Lifetime EP0628321B1 (en) 1993-06-08 1994-05-30 Flexible strip with bail for suspending containers

    Country Status (5)

    Country Link
    EP (1) EP0628321B1 (en)
    DE (1) DE69415215D1 (en)
    DK (1) DK0628321T3 (en)
    ES (1) ES2127848T3 (en)
    IT (1) ITAR930017A1 (en)

    Cited By (3)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    GB2292729A (en) * 1995-11-04 1996-03-06 Ko Pack Ko Bel Europ Ltd Label also serving as a carrying handle
    WO1997002801A2 (en) * 1995-07-07 1997-01-30 Creative Europe Limited A suspension device
    EP1449782A1 (en) 2003-02-20 2004-08-25 Schreiner Group GmbH & Co. KG Hanger label

    Families Citing this family (4)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    DE19534642C2 (en) * 1995-09-19 1998-04-16 Faubel & Co Nachfolger Gmbh Bottle hanging label
    IT246355Y1 (en) * 1998-06-10 2002-04-08 Giuseppe Aluffo HANGER FOR BOTTLES OR OTHER CONTAINER TO HANG Upside down
    DE10311067A1 (en) * 2003-03-13 2004-09-30 Schreiner Group Gmbh & Co. Kg suspension
    EP1686065A1 (en) * 2005-02-01 2006-08-02 Schreiner Group GmbH & Co. KG Foil elements and method of providing a container with a foil suspension device

    Family Cites Families (4)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    DE3741865A1 (en) * 1987-12-10 1989-06-22 Rolf Ritter Kg Suspension device for glass infusion bottles
    DE3907862A1 (en) * 1989-03-10 1990-09-13 Fresenius Ag CONTAINER TO BE HANGED WITH A LABEL
    US5135125A (en) * 1991-02-15 1992-08-04 Tapecon, Inc. Hanging label
    DE9310045U1 (en) * 1993-07-06 1993-08-26 Fresenius Ag, 61350 Bad Homburg Label for a container to be hung upside down

    Cited By (6)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    WO1997002801A2 (en) * 1995-07-07 1997-01-30 Creative Europe Limited A suspension device
    GB2292729A (en) * 1995-11-04 1996-03-06 Ko Pack Ko Bel Europ Ltd Label also serving as a carrying handle
    GB2292729B (en) * 1995-11-04 1996-11-13 Ko Pack Ko Bel Europ Ltd Label device
    EP1449782A1 (en) 2003-02-20 2004-08-25 Schreiner Group GmbH & Co. KG Hanger label
    DE10307252A1 (en) * 2003-02-20 2004-09-09 Schreiner Gmbh & Co. Kg hanger label
    DE10307252B4 (en) * 2003-02-20 2006-09-28 Schreiner Gmbh & Co. Kg hanger label

    Also Published As

    Publication number Publication date
    ITAR930017A0 (en) 1993-06-08
    ITAR930017A1 (en) 1994-12-09
    ES2127848T3 (en) 1999-05-01
    DE69415215D1 (en) 1999-01-28
    EP0628321A1 (en) 1994-12-14
    DK0628321T3 (en) 1999-08-23

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