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EP0607529A3 - Aqeous softeners for the treatment of textiles. - Google Patents

Aqeous softeners for the treatment of textiles. Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0607529A3
EP0607529A3 EP93118805A EP93118805A EP0607529A3 EP 0607529 A3 EP0607529 A3 EP 0607529A3 EP 93118805 A EP93118805 A EP 93118805A EP 93118805 A EP93118805 A EP 93118805A EP 0607529 A3 EP0607529 A3 EP 0607529A3
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
treatment
softeners
textiles
aqeous
stabilised
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP93118805A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0607529B1 (en
EP0607529A2 (en
Inventor
Heike Dr Kelkenberg
Michael Dr Brock
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wintershall Dea International AG
Original Assignee
Chemische Werke Huels AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=6478581&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0607529(A3) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Chemische Werke Huels AG filed Critical Chemische Werke Huels AG
Publication of EP0607529A2 publication Critical patent/EP0607529A2/en
Publication of EP0607529A3 publication Critical patent/EP0607529A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0607529B1 publication Critical patent/EP0607529B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Revoked legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/66Non-ionic compounds
    • C11D1/667Neutral esters, e.g. sorbitan esters
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/66Non-ionic compounds
    • C11D1/662Carbohydrates or derivatives
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/66Non-ionic compounds
    • C11D1/72Ethers of polyoxyalkylene glycols
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/0005Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
    • C11D3/001Softening compositions
    • C11D3/0015Softening compositions liquid
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16Organic compounds
    • C11D3/20Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C11D3/22Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof
    • C11D3/222Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin
    • C11D3/227Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin with nitrogen-containing groups
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16Organic compounds
    • C11D3/37Polymers
    • C11D3/3746Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C11D3/3769(Co)polymerised monomers containing nitrogen, e.g. carbonamides, nitriles or amines
    • C11D3/3773(Co)polymerised monomers containing nitrogen, e.g. carbonamides, nitriles or amines in liquid compositions
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M13/00Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M13/10Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing oxygen
    • D06M13/165Ethers
    • D06M13/17Polyoxyalkyleneglycol ethers
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M13/00Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M13/10Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing oxygen
    • D06M13/184Carboxylic acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M13/00Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M13/10Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing oxygen
    • D06M13/224Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic acid
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M13/00Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M13/10Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing oxygen
    • D06M13/224Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic acid
    • D06M13/2243Mono-, di-, or triglycerides
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/01Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with natural macromolecular compounds or derivatives thereof
    • D06M15/03Polysaccharides or derivatives thereof
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/01Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with natural macromolecular compounds or derivatives thereof
    • D06M15/03Polysaccharides or derivatives thereof
    • D06M15/11Starch or derivatives thereof
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/19Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D06M15/21Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06M15/285Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated carboxylic acid amides or imides
    • D06M15/29Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated carboxylic acid amides or imides containing a N-methylol group or an etherified N-methylol group; containing a N-aminomethylene group; containing a N-sulfidomethylene group

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)

Abstract

Aqueous softeners for the treatment of textiles based on non-ionic surfactants which are insoluble in water, their emulsions or dispersions, are stabilised by addition of protective colloids which contain cationic groups.
EP93118805A 1993-01-20 1993-11-23 Use of aqeous softeners for the treatment of textiles Revoked EP0607529B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4301459 1993-01-20
DE4301459A DE4301459A1 (en) 1993-01-20 1993-01-20 Aqueous fabric softener for the treatment of textiles

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0607529A2 EP0607529A2 (en) 1994-07-27
EP0607529A3 true EP0607529A3 (en) 1995-03-22
EP0607529B1 EP0607529B1 (en) 1998-06-24

Family

ID=6478581

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP93118805A Revoked EP0607529B1 (en) 1993-01-20 1993-11-23 Use of aqeous softeners for the treatment of textiles

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US5447643A (en)
EP (1) EP0607529B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH06294073A (en)
AT (1) ATE167698T1 (en)
CA (1) CA2113687A1 (en)
DE (2) DE4301459A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2119850T3 (en)
NO (1) NO940182L (en)

Families Citing this family (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4433597C2 (en) * 1993-09-28 1996-10-02 Clariant Finance Bvi Ltd Process for increasing the wet lubricity of textile material and wet lubricant therefor
DE4440620A1 (en) * 1994-11-14 1996-05-15 Henkel Kgaa Textile softeners
DE4446137A1 (en) * 1994-12-23 1996-06-27 Huels Chemische Werke Ag Quaternized triethanolamine difatty acid esters
JP3069884B2 (en) * 1995-01-24 2000-07-24 日本コーンスターチ株式会社 Cationized starch and size liquid for papermaking and methods for producing them
DE19532542B4 (en) * 1995-09-04 2008-12-18 Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa Rinse aid with cationic polymers
DE19607847C1 (en) * 1996-03-01 1997-11-20 Suedzucker Ag Aliphatic carboxylic acid esters of inulin
DE19712978A1 (en) * 1997-03-27 1998-10-01 Henkel Kgaa Chitosan microspheres
DE19741721A1 (en) * 1997-09-22 1999-03-25 Huels Chemische Werke Ag Detergent and cleaning agent formulations with chitin / chitosan derivatives as a soil release polymer
KR100462336B1 (en) * 1997-12-26 2005-05-31 주식회사 엘지생활건강 Transparent liquid fabric softener composition
DE69927832T3 (en) * 1998-08-07 2011-05-05 Mallard Creek Polymers, Inc. NEW LATEX COMPOSITION FOR COATING OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES
GB9911437D0 (en) 1999-05-17 1999-07-14 Unilever Plc Fabric softening compositions
GB9930435D0 (en) * 1999-12-22 2000-02-16 Unilever Plc Fabric softening compositions
BR0110113A (en) * 2000-04-20 2003-07-15 Procter & Gamble Wire resistance enhancing agents and compositions and methods employing the same
GB2363614A (en) * 2000-04-20 2002-01-02 Procter & Gamble Modified chitosan fabric treatment agents
KR100419603B1 (en) * 2001-02-21 2004-02-25 주식회사 아르테크플러스 The textile softener containing aroma capsule and chitosan
US6849586B2 (en) 2001-10-26 2005-02-01 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Hard surface cleaners containing chitosan
GB0213263D0 (en) * 2002-06-10 2002-07-17 Unilever Plc Improvements relating to fabric detergent compositions
US6949500B2 (en) 2002-12-16 2005-09-27 Colgate-Palmolive Company Fabric softener compositions containing a mixture of cationic polymers as rheology modifiers
US7135451B2 (en) * 2003-03-25 2006-11-14 The Procter & Gamble Company Fabric care compositions comprising cationic starch
CA2523058A1 (en) * 2003-05-21 2004-12-02 Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding Inc. A process for the preparation of carnitine esters and their use
US7981946B2 (en) 2003-07-03 2011-07-19 Mallard Creek Polymers, Inc. Antimicrobial and antistatic polymers and methods of using such polymers on various substrates
US7491753B2 (en) * 2003-07-03 2009-02-17 Mallard Creek Polymers, Inc. Antimicrobial and antistatic polymers and methods of using such polymers on various substrates
US7781498B2 (en) 2003-07-03 2010-08-24 Mallard Creek Polymers, Inc. Cationic latex as a carrier for bioactive ingredients and methods for making and using the same
CA2439436A1 (en) * 2003-09-03 2005-03-03 George Sutherland Treatment of aqueous compositions containing contaminants
JP4342899B2 (en) * 2003-10-14 2009-10-14 花王株式会社 Wrinkle remover composition for textile products
US7776813B2 (en) * 2004-09-15 2010-08-17 The Procter & Gamble Company Fabric care compositions comprising polyol based fabric care materials and deposition agents
WO2006132872A1 (en) * 2005-06-03 2006-12-14 The Procter & Gamble Company Fabric care compositions
US20070048249A1 (en) 2005-08-24 2007-03-01 Purdue Research Foundation Hydrophilized bactericidal polymers
PL2079762T3 (en) * 2005-12-08 2013-04-30 Chemigate Oy A process for the preparation of hydroxy polymer esters and their use
WO2008077395A1 (en) * 2006-12-22 2008-07-03 Lothar Ernst Wilhelm Weber Fabric softener
JP5368561B2 (en) 2008-08-15 2013-12-18 ザ プロクター アンド ギャンブル カンパニー Beneficial composition comprising polyglycerol ester
EP3404086B1 (en) * 2017-05-18 2020-04-08 The Procter & Gamble Company Fabric softener composition
US20180340046A1 (en) 2017-05-27 2018-11-29 Poly Group LLC Dispersible antimicrobial complex and coatings therefrom
PL3638740T3 (en) 2017-06-16 2024-10-14 Poly Group LLC Polymeric antimicrobial surfactant
CN112813691B (en) * 2020-12-31 2023-05-12 武汉奥克特种化学有限公司 Refining agent and preparation method thereof

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4179382A (en) * 1977-11-21 1979-12-18 The Procter & Gamble Company Textile conditioning compositions containing polymeric cationic materials
EP0017120A1 (en) * 1979-03-26 1980-10-15 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien Textile detergent acting as a finishing agent
EP0017149A1 (en) * 1979-03-31 1980-10-15 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien Use of a liquid composition for cleaning hard surfaces
EP0115252A2 (en) * 1982-12-29 1984-08-08 Ciba-Geigy Ag Mixtures of quaternary polymer ammonium salts, surfactants and fatty acids, their preparation and use in cosmetic compositions
EP0337354A1 (en) * 1988-04-12 1989-10-18 Kao Corporation Low-irritation detergent composition
EP0530959A1 (en) * 1991-09-06 1993-03-10 Colgate-Palmolive Company Fabric softening compositions based on pentaerythritol compound and dispersant for such a compound

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GR67665B (en) * 1979-05-21 1981-09-02 Unilever Nv
DE3026090A1 (en) * 1980-07-10 1982-02-18 Henkel KGaA, 4000 Düsseldorf LIQUID DETERGENT WITH A CONTENT OF DISABLING-INHIBITING
US4311601A (en) * 1980-08-13 1982-01-19 Merck & Co., Inc. Use of heteropolysaccharide S-119 as a warp size
PH18436A (en) * 1980-11-07 1985-07-08 Unilever Nv A fabric softening composition and a process for preparing it
ATE13562T1 (en) * 1981-01-16 1985-06-15 Procter & Gamble TEXTILE TREATMENT AGENTS.
NZ203172A (en) * 1982-02-10 1986-03-14 Unilever Plc Method of softening fabrics
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US4851141A (en) * 1984-12-12 1989-07-25 Colgate-Palmolive Company Concentrated stable nonaqueous fabric softener composition
GB8722540D0 (en) * 1987-09-24 1987-10-28 Unilever Plc Composition for softening fabrics
US4795032A (en) * 1987-12-04 1989-01-03 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Wash-added, rinse-activated fabric conditioner and package
JPH0227279A (en) * 1988-07-15 1990-01-30 Sharp Corp Superconductor magnetic measuring apparatus
GB8909069D0 (en) * 1989-04-21 1989-06-07 Bp Chem Int Ltd Fabric conditioners
US5290475A (en) * 1990-05-08 1994-03-01 Colgate Palmolive Liquid softening and anti-static nonionic detergent composition with soil release promoting PET-POET copolymer
US5246611A (en) * 1990-05-09 1993-09-21 The Procter & Gamble Company Non-destructive carriers for cyclodextrin complexes
US5185088A (en) * 1991-04-22 1993-02-09 The Procter & Gamble Company Granular fabric softener compositions which form aqueous emulsion concentrates

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4179382A (en) * 1977-11-21 1979-12-18 The Procter & Gamble Company Textile conditioning compositions containing polymeric cationic materials
EP0017120A1 (en) * 1979-03-26 1980-10-15 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien Textile detergent acting as a finishing agent
EP0017149A1 (en) * 1979-03-31 1980-10-15 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien Use of a liquid composition for cleaning hard surfaces
EP0115252A2 (en) * 1982-12-29 1984-08-08 Ciba-Geigy Ag Mixtures of quaternary polymer ammonium salts, surfactants and fatty acids, their preparation and use in cosmetic compositions
EP0337354A1 (en) * 1988-04-12 1989-10-18 Kao Corporation Low-irritation detergent composition
EP0530959A1 (en) * 1991-09-06 1993-03-10 Colgate-Palmolive Company Fabric softening compositions based on pentaerythritol compound and dispersant for such a compound

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO940182D0 (en) 1994-01-18
CA2113687A1 (en) 1994-07-21
NO940182L (en) 1994-07-21
ES2119850T3 (en) 1998-10-16
JPH06294073A (en) 1994-10-21
DE59308712D1 (en) 1998-07-30
US5447643A (en) 1995-09-05
EP0607529B1 (en) 1998-06-24
DE4301459A1 (en) 1994-07-21
ATE167698T1 (en) 1998-07-15
EP0607529A2 (en) 1994-07-27

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