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EP0599800B1 - Automatic cut-out switch - Google Patents

Automatic cut-out switch Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0599800B1
EP0599800B1 EP93890207A EP93890207A EP0599800B1 EP 0599800 B1 EP0599800 B1 EP 0599800B1 EP 93890207 A EP93890207 A EP 93890207A EP 93890207 A EP93890207 A EP 93890207A EP 0599800 B1 EP0599800 B1 EP 0599800B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
conductor pole
neutral
contact apparatus
contact
circuit
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP93890207A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0599800A1 (en
Inventor
Franz Ing. Reil
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Felten and Guilleaume Austria AG
Original Assignee
Felten and Guilleaume Austria AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Felten and Guilleaume Austria AG filed Critical Felten and Guilleaume Austria AG
Publication of EP0599800A1 publication Critical patent/EP0599800A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0599800B1 publication Critical patent/EP0599800B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H73/00—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches in which excess current opens the contacts by automatic release of mechanical energy stored by previous operation of a hand reset mechanism
    • H01H73/02—Details
    • H01H73/18—Means for extinguishing or suppressing arc
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
    • H01H71/002—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00 with provision for switching the neutral conductor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
    • H01H71/02—Housings; Casings; Bases; Mountings
    • H01H2071/0292—Housing or frames containing grooves or slots for guiding movable parts

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a circuit breaker with a thermally and magnetically protected outer conductor pole, an unprotected neutral conductor pole and with an arc quenching device for the outer conductor pole, a contact apparatus of the outer conductor pole being arranged essentially parallel to a contact apparatus of the neutral conductor pole, separated from it by an inner shell and coupled to the latter .
  • circuit breakers are known (see e.g. EP-A-0 042 778).
  • a circuit breaker is known from EP-A-0 045 672, wherein no arc quenching device is provided for the neutral conductor.
  • the contact apparatus of the neutral conductor pole is arranged above two arc extinguishing devices of the outer conductor pole which essentially cover the entire width of the circuit breaker.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a generic circuit breaker whose size does not exceed that of a circuit breaker without a contact device for a neutral conductor pole, i.e. a "pitch" is wide without other essential components of the circuit breaker, e.g. the magnetic trigger and the arc extinguishing device, considerably reduced in size and thus severely weakened in their effect.
  • this object is achieved in a generic circuit breaker by the characterizing features of claim 1.
  • the arc quenching device for the neutral conductor as is known from EP-A-42778, was performed.
  • the invention takes advantage of the fact that in addition to the contact apparatus of the outer conductor pole u. U. by a slight lateral displacement of the same, in front of the arc quenching device for the outer conductor pole, there is sufficient space for the contact apparatus of the neutral conductor pole.
  • the arc quenching device for the outer conductor pole nor the other thermal and magnetic protective devices of the circuit breaker are limited in size.
  • Appropriate insulation i.e.
  • an angled inner shell is provided which fulfills this task.
  • ceramic or plastic plates are often used to limit the arc and to create return flow channels between these ceramic or plastic plates and the housing walls for better circulation of the ionized gases and acceleration of the arc running Contact point to the arc quenching chamber provided.
  • this can therefore be characterized in that a plate is provided for the outer conductor pole on the side of the contact apparatus opposite the inner shell and that a return flow channel is formed between this plate and the housing wall of the circuit breaker.
  • the contact apparatus for the neutral conductor pole takes the place of a return flow channel, which, however, can be largely compensated for by a streamlined design of the other return flow channel, so that practically no significant deterioration of this function occurs.
  • the width of the arc extinguishing device corresponds essentially to the sum of the width of the contact apparatus of the neutral conductor pole, the thickness of the inner shell, the width of the contact apparatus of the outer conductor pole, the thickness of the plate and the width of the backflow channel.
  • This embodiment ensures that the arc quenching chamber, which is preferably designed as described in AT-PS 382 741, can be dimensioned very large in order to ensure quick and safe quenching of the arc.
  • this is characterized in that the switching bridge of the contact apparatus of the outer conductor pole is mechanically coupled to the switching bridge of the contact apparatus of the neutral conductor pole, the invention being particularly characterized in that the switching bridge of the outer conductor pole is connected to the switching bridge via a slide of the neutral conductor pole is connected, which preferably carries coaxial bearing axes for the switching bridges and which is slidably mounted in the inner shell.
  • the slide can preferably be designed as described in AT-PS 380 751.
  • the arcs of the outer conductor pole and the neutral conductor pole influence each other when the contact apparatus is opened.
  • This effect can be used according to the invention in that the arc of the neutral conductor pole accelerates the arc of the outer conductor pole in the direction of the arcing chamber.
  • the small distance between the contact points of the outer conductor pole and the neutral conductor pole has a very favorable effect due to the design according to the invention.
  • the circuit breaker can therefore be developed so that the distance between the arc extinguishing device and the contact for the outer conductor pole is smaller than the distance between the arc quenching device and the contact for the neutral conductor pole. If the two contact apparatuses are opened at the same time, the arc of the neutral conductor pole is located behind the arc of the outer conductor pole with respect to the arc quenching chamber and accelerates it in the direction of the arc quenching chamber.
  • the switching bridge of the outer conductor pole with its end opposite the contact is in contact with a housing-fixed bearing when the switch is open
  • the switching bridge of the neutral conductor pole lies with its end opposite the contact is in contact with a housing-fixed bearing when the switch is open
  • the distance between the end of the switching bridge of the outer conductor pole and the housing-fixed bearing is approximately the same or smaller than the distance between the end of the switching bridge for the neutral conductor pole and the housing-fixed bearing when the contacts are closed , at approximately the same distance between the corresponding bearing axes of the switching bridges on the slide and the fixed bearings.
  • the contact apparatus of the neutral conductor pole is opened in time after the contact apparatus of the outer conductor pole, which likewise results in the arc of the neutral conductor pole lagging behind the arc of the outer conductor pole and accelerating the latter towards the arc quenching chamber.
  • a circuit breaker shown in FIGS. 1 to 5 has a structure known per se and is accommodated in a housing 11 with a lower shell 1 and an upper shell 2.
  • a housing 11 In the housing 11 (FIG. 5) there is a conventional magnetic release, a bimetallic release, an arc quenching chamber 24 and a mechanism for actuating the contact apparatus. Since these components of the circuit breaker can have a conventional structure, only the parts essential for understanding the invention are briefly explained below with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • a movable switching bridge 18 for an outer conductor pole which can be clamped to the circuit breaker via terminals 30, the latter is coupled via a bridge bracket 5 and an articulated bracket 6 to an actuating button 3 pivotably mounted in the housing 11.
  • the end of the hinge bracket 6 which is adjacent to the switching bridge 18 is coupled via a jack bracket 4 to a jack 16 which is pivotably mounted in the housing 11. If the operating button 3 is pivoted, the switching bridge 18 moves against the force of a spring 31 in contact with a fixed contact 19 and the pawl 16 is held by a pawl rest 17 loaded by a spring 7.
  • the switching bridge 18 is mounted at its end 13 opposite the contact 19 via a slot-like bore 14 on a housing-fixed bearing 15, in the exemplary embodiment a bearing pin, with play.
  • a contact apparatus for the neutral conductor pole consisting of switching bridge 53 and contact 55 is arranged, which is separated by an inner shell 48 from the contact apparatus 18, 19 for the outer conductor pole and the arc quenching chamber 24 arranged in front of it is separated.
  • the neutral conductor pole can be connected to the circuit breaker via terminals 29.
  • the inner shell 48 has a substantially Z-shaped cross-section, a first leg 56 separating the contact apparatus for the outer conductor pole and the neutral conductor pole, the central web 57 separating the contact apparatus 53, 55 of the neutral conductor pole from the arc quenching chamber 24 and the second free leg 58 Z-shaped inner shell 48 delimits the arc quenching chamber 24 on the same side on which the contact apparatus for the neutral conductor pole is located next to the contact apparatus for the outer conductor pole. In this way it is ensured that the contact apparatus for the neutral conductor pole is completely separated from the contact apparatus for the outer conductor pole and from the arc quenching chamber 24, so that no overflowing, ionized gases can cause a flashover. In addition, it is not necessary for the arc quenching chamber 24 to be reduced in size.
  • a plate 38 made of plastic or ceramic is arranged which, like the leg 56 of the inner shell 48, limits the arc when running from the contact apparatus 18, 19 to the arc quenching chamber 24. Furthermore, a backflow channel 13 is formed by the plate 38 and the lower shell 1 of the housing 11, through which the ionized gases can flow away from the arc quenching chamber into the rear part of the circuit breaker, as a result of which better circulation of the ionized gases and thus an acceleration of the arcing of the contact point 18, 19 to the arc extinguishing chamber 24 is reached.
  • the switching bridge 18 of the outer conductor pole is mechanically coupled to the switching bridge 53 of the neutral conductor pole via a slide 49 which is in a slot in the inner shell 48 is that there can be no undesired overflow of ionized gases through this slot.
  • Two bearing axes 50, 52 for the switching bridges 18, 53 are arranged coaxially on the slide 49, the bearing axis 50 for the switching bridge 18 also simultaneously forming the connecting axis between the switching bridge 18 and the bridge tab 5.
  • the end 62 of the switching bridge 53 opposite the fixed contact 55 of the neutral conductor pole is assigned a bearing 63 fixed to the housing (FIGS. 3 and 4), on which the end 62 of the switching bridge 53 is supported when the switching bridge 53 is separated from the fixed contact 55 by the slide 49 is moved away and is pivoted about the bearing axis 52 on the slide 49.
  • a "lagging" of the arc of the neutral conductor pole behind the arc of the outer conductor pole is achieved in that the Switching bridge 53 of the neutral conductor pole is opened later than the switching bridge 18 of the outer conductor pole. This is done in that in the closed state of the contacts 18, 19 and 53, 55, the distance between the end 62 of the switching bridge 53 and the housing-fixed bearing 63 is equal to or slightly larger than the distance between the housing-fixed bearing 15 and the lower end of the Elongated hole 14 in the switching bridge 18 for the outer conductor pole.
  • the slide 49 is also moved upwards via the bearing axis 50, whereby it also follows the switching bridge 53 of the neutral conductor pole via the bearing axis 52 moved up. Due to the distance between the end 62 of the switching bridge 53 and the support 63 fixed to the housing, the switching bridge 53 of the neutral conductor pole is not immediately lifted from the fixed contact 55, but only after the end 62 is in contact with the bearing 63 and the switching bridge 53 by the force of the spring 26 or the movement of the slide 49 is pivoted away from the fixed contact 55. This results in a slight delay in opening the contact apparatus 53, 55 compared to that of the contact apparatus 18, 19 of the outer conductor pole, which leads to a lag of the arc of the neutral conductor pole behind the arc of the outer conductor pole.
  • the invention specifies a circuit breaker with a contact apparatus for a neutral conductor pole which, compared to a circuit breaker without a contact apparatus for a neutral conductor pole, has only slightly deteriorated performance characteristics with the same size, the arrangement of the contact apparatuses for the outer conductor pole and the inventive arrangement Neutral conductor pole the arc extinguishing can be supported significantly.

Landscapes

  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
  • Breakers (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Leitungsschutzschalter mit einem thermisch und magnetisch geschützten Außenleiterpol, einem ungeschützten Neutralleiterpol und mit einer Lichtbogenlöscheinrichtung für den Außenleiterpol, wobei ein Kontaktapparat des Außenleiterpols im wesentlichen parallel neben einem Kontaktapparat des Neutralleiterpols angeordnet, von diesem durch eine Innenschale getrennt und mit diesem gekuppelt ist.The invention relates to a circuit breaker with a thermally and magnetically protected outer conductor pole, an unprotected neutral conductor pole and with an arc quenching device for the outer conductor pole, a contact apparatus of the outer conductor pole being arranged essentially parallel to a contact apparatus of the neutral conductor pole, separated from it by an inner shell and coupled to the latter .

Derartige Leitungsschutzschalter sind bekannt (siehe z.B. EP-A-0 042 778).Such circuit breakers are known (see e.g. EP-A-0 042 778).

Aus der EP-A-0 045 672 ist ein Schutzschalter bekannt, wobei für den Neutralleiter keine Lichtbogenlöscheinrichtung vorgesehen ist. Der Kontaktapparat des Neutralleiterpols ist oberhalb zweier im wesentlichen die gesamte Breite der Leistungsschutzschalters einnehmender Lichtbogenlöscheinrichtungen des Außenleiterpols angeordnet.A circuit breaker is known from EP-A-0 045 672, wherein no arc quenching device is provided for the neutral conductor. The contact apparatus of the neutral conductor pole is arranged above two arc extinguishing devices of the outer conductor pole which essentially cover the entire width of the circuit breaker.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, einen gattungsgemäßen Leitungsschutzschalter anzugeben, dessen Baugröße die eines Leitungsschutzschalters ohne Kontaktapparat für einen Neutralleiterpol nicht überschreitet, d.h. eine "Teilungsbreite" breit ist, ohne daß andere wesentliche Komponenten des Leitungsschutzschalters, wie z.B. der magnetische Auslöser und die Lichtbogenlöscheinrichtung, beträchtlich verkleinert und somit in ihrer Wirkung stark geschwächt werden.The object of the invention is to provide a generic circuit breaker whose size does not exceed that of a circuit breaker without a contact device for a neutral conductor pole, i.e. a "pitch" is wide without other essential components of the circuit breaker, e.g. the magnetic trigger and the arc extinguishing device, considerably reduced in size and thus severely weakened in their effect.

Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe bei einem gattungsgemäßen Leitungsschutzschalter durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.According to the invention, this object is achieved in a generic circuit breaker by the characterizing features of claim 1.

Beim erfindungsgemäßen Leistungsschutzschalter wurde auf die Lichtbogenlöscheinrichtung für den Neutralleiter, wie sie aus der EP-A-42778 bekannt ist, verrichtet. Die Erfindung nützt die Tatsache aus, daß neben dem Kontaktapparat des Außenleiterpols u. U. durch eine geringfügige seitliche Verschiebung desselben, vor der Lichtbogenlöscheinrichtung für den Außenleiterpol, ausreichend Platz für den Kontaktapparat des Neutralleiterpols vorhanden ist. Weder die Lichtbogenlöscheinrichtung für den Außenleiterpol noch die anderen thermischen und magnetischen Schutzeinrichtungen des Leitungsschutzschalters sind in ihrer Größe beschränkt. Um eine geeignete Isolierung, d.h. Trennung des Kontaktapparats für den Neutralleiterpol vom Kontaktapparat für den Außenleiterpol und von der Lichtbogenlöscheinrichtung zu schaffen, ist eine gewinkelte Innenschale vorgesehen, welche diese Aufgabe erfüllt.In the circuit breaker according to the invention, the arc quenching device for the neutral conductor, as is known from EP-A-42778, was performed. The invention takes advantage of the fact that in addition to the contact apparatus of the outer conductor pole u. U. by a slight lateral displacement of the same, in front of the arc quenching device for the outer conductor pole, there is sufficient space for the contact apparatus of the neutral conductor pole. Neither the arc quenching device for the outer conductor pole nor the other thermal and magnetic protective devices of the circuit breaker are limited in size. Appropriate insulation, i.e. To separate the contact apparatus for the neutral conductor pole from the contact apparatus for the outer conductor pole and from the arc quenching device, an angled inner shell is provided which fulfills this task.

Bei Leitungsschutzschaltern des Standes der Technik sind häufig neben dem Kontaktapparat für den Außenleiterpol Keramik- oder Kunststoffplatten zur Begrenzung des Lichtbogens und zur Schaffung von Rückströmkanälen zwischen diesen Keramik- oder Kunststoffplatten und den Gehäusewänden für eine bessere Umwälzung der ionisierten Gase und die Beschleunigung des Lichtbogenlaufes von der Kontaktstelle zur Lichtbogenlöschkammer hin vorgesehen.In the case of circuit breakers of the prior art, in addition to the contact apparatus for the outer conductor pole, ceramic or plastic plates are often used to limit the arc and to create return flow channels between these ceramic or plastic plates and the housing walls for better circulation of the ionized gases and acceleration of the arc running Contact point to the arc quenching chamber provided.

Gemäß einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung der Erfindung kann diese daher dadurch gekennzeichnet sein, daß auf der der Innenschale gegenüberliegenden Seite des Kontaktapparats für den Außenleiterpol eine Platte vorgesehen ist und daß zwischen dieser Platte und der Gehäusewand des Leitungsschutzschalters ein Rückströmkanal gebildet ist. In diesem Fall nimmt der Kontaktapparat für den Neutralleiterpol den Platz eines Rückströmkanales ein, was jedoch durch eine strömungsgünstige Gestaltung des anderen Rückströmkanals größtenteils kompensiert werden kann, so daß praktisch keine wesentliche Verschlechterung dieser Funktion auftritt.According to an advantageous development of the invention, this can therefore be characterized in that a plate is provided for the outer conductor pole on the side of the contact apparatus opposite the inner shell and that a return flow channel is formed between this plate and the housing wall of the circuit breaker. In this case, the contact apparatus for the neutral conductor pole takes the place of a return flow channel, which, however, can be largely compensated for by a streamlined design of the other return flow channel, so that practically no significant deterioration of this function occurs.

Es ist dabei gemäß der Erfindung bevorzugt, daß die Breite der Lichtbogenlöscheinrichtung im wesentlichen der Summe der Breite des Kontaktapparates des Neutralleiterpols, der Dicke der Innenschale, der Breite des Kontaktapparats des Außenleiterpols, der Dicke der Platte und der Breite des Rückströmkanals entspricht. Durch diese Ausführungsform ist sichergestellt, daß die Lichtbogenlöschkammer, die bevorzugt wie in der AT-PS 382 741 beschrieben ausgebildet ist, sehr groß dimensioniert werden kann, um eine schnelle und sichere Löschung des Lichtbogens zu gewährleisten.It is preferred according to the invention that the width of the arc extinguishing device corresponds essentially to the sum of the width of the contact apparatus of the neutral conductor pole, the thickness of the inner shell, the width of the contact apparatus of the outer conductor pole, the thickness of the plate and the width of the backflow channel. This embodiment ensures that the arc quenching chamber, which is preferably designed as described in AT-PS 382 741, can be dimensioned very large in order to ensure quick and safe quenching of the arc.

Gemäß einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist diese dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schaltbrücke des Kontaktapparats des Außenleiterpols mit der Schaltbrücke des Kontaktapparats des Neutralleiterpols mechanisch gekuppelt ist, wobei sich die Erfindung insbesondere dadurch auszeichnen kann, daß die Schaltbrücke des Außenleiterpols über einen Schieber mit der Schaltbrücke des Neutralleiterpols verbunden ist, der vorzugsweise koaxiale Lagerachsen für die Schaltbrücken trägt und der verschiebbar in der Innenschale gelagert ist. Der Schieber kann dabei bevorzugt wie in der AT-PS 380 751 beschrieben, ausgebildet sein. Durch diese Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist gewährleistet, daß der Kontaktapparat des Neutralleiterpols auf technisch einfache Weise immer mit dem Kontaktapparat des geschützten Außenleiterpols geöffnet und geschlossen wird.According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, this is characterized in that the switching bridge of the contact apparatus of the outer conductor pole is mechanically coupled to the switching bridge of the contact apparatus of the neutral conductor pole, the invention being particularly characterized in that the switching bridge of the outer conductor pole is connected to the switching bridge via a slide of the neutral conductor pole is connected, which preferably carries coaxial bearing axes for the switching bridges and which is slidably mounted in the inner shell. The slide can preferably be designed as described in AT-PS 380 751. This embodiment of the invention ensures that the contact apparatus of the neutral conductor pole is always opened and closed in a technically simple manner with the contact apparatus of the protected outer conductor pole.

Basierend auf dem physikalischen Prinzip, daß sich gegensinnig vom Strom durchflossene Leiter abstoßen, beeinflussen sich der Lichtbogen des Außenleiterpols und des Neutralleiterpols, wenn die Kontaktapparate geöffnet werden. Dieser Effekt kann gemäß der Erfindung dadurch genutzt werden, daß der Lichtbogen des Neutralleiterpols den Lichtbogen des Außenleiterpols in Richtung zur Löschkammer hin beschleunigt. Dabei wirkt sich der geringe Abstand zwischen den Kontaktstellen des Außenleiterpols und des Neutralleiterpols durch die erfindungsgemäße Bauweise sehr günstig aus.Based on the physical principle that conductors through which current flows in opposite directions repel one another, the arcs of the outer conductor pole and the neutral conductor pole influence each other when the contact apparatus is opened. This effect can be used according to the invention in that the arc of the neutral conductor pole accelerates the arc of the outer conductor pole in the direction of the arcing chamber. The small distance between the contact points of the outer conductor pole and the neutral conductor pole has a very favorable effect due to the design according to the invention.

Erfindungsgemäß kann der Leitungsschutzschalter daher so weitergebildet sein, daß der Abstand zwischen der Lichtbogenlöscheinrichtung und dem Kontakt für den Außenleiterpol kleiner ist als der Abstand zwischen der Lichtbogenlöscheinrichtung und dem Kontakt für den Neutralleiterpol. Wenn die beiden Kontaktapparate gleichzeitig geöffnet werden, befindet sich der Lichtbogen des Neutralleiterpols bezüglich der Lichtbogenlöschkammer hinter dem Lichtbogen des Außenleiterpols und beschleunigt diesen in Richtung zur Lichtbogenlöschkammer.According to the invention, the circuit breaker can therefore be developed so that the distance between the arc extinguishing device and the contact for the outer conductor pole is smaller than the distance between the arc quenching device and the contact for the neutral conductor pole. If the two contact apparatuses are opened at the same time, the arc of the neutral conductor pole is located behind the arc of the outer conductor pole with respect to the arc quenching chamber and accelerates it in the direction of the arc quenching chamber.

Gemäß einer anderen Ausführungsform der Erfindung zur Nutzung des oben erwähnten physikalischen Prinzips kann vorgesehen sein, daß die Schaltbrücke des Außenleiterpols mit ihrem dem Kontakt gegenüberliegenden Ende im geöffneten Zustand des Schalters an einem gehäusefesten Lager anliegt, daß die Schaltbrücke des Neutralleiterpols mit ihrem dem Kontakt gegenüberliegenden Ende im geöffneten Zustand des Schalters an einem gehäusefesten Lager anliegt und daß im geschlossenen Zustand der Kontaktapparate der Abstand zwischen dem Ende der Schaltbrücke des Außenleiterpols und dem gehäusefesten Lager etwa gleich oder kleiner als der Abstand zwischen dem Ende der Schaltbrücke für den Neutralleiterpol und dem gehäusefesten Lager ist, bei etwa gleichem Abstand zwischen den entsprechenden Lagerachsen der Schaltbrücken am Schieber und den gehäusefesten Auflagern. Dadurch wird der Kontaktapparat des Neutralleiterpols zeitlich nach dem Kontaktapparat des Außenleiterpols geöffnet, wodurch sich ebenfalls ein "Nacheilen" des Lichtbogens des Neutralleiterpols hinter dem Lichtbogen des Außenleiterpols ergibt und letzterer in Richtung zur Lichtbogenlöschkammer hin beschleunigt wird.According to another embodiment of the invention for using the above-mentioned physical principle, it can be provided that the switching bridge of the outer conductor pole with its end opposite the contact is in contact with a housing-fixed bearing when the switch is open, and that the switching bridge of the neutral conductor pole lies with its end opposite the contact is in contact with a housing-fixed bearing when the switch is open and that the distance between the end of the switching bridge of the outer conductor pole and the housing-fixed bearing is approximately the same or smaller than the distance between the end of the switching bridge for the neutral conductor pole and the housing-fixed bearing when the contacts are closed , at approximately the same distance between the corresponding bearing axes of the switching bridges on the slide and the fixed bearings. As a result, the contact apparatus of the neutral conductor pole is opened in time after the contact apparatus of the outer conductor pole, which likewise results in the arc of the neutral conductor pole lagging behind the arc of the outer conductor pole and accelerating the latter towards the arc quenching chamber.

Weitere Merkmale und Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich aus dem nachfolgend beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung unter Bezugnahme auf die Zeichnungen.Further features and advantages of the invention result from the exemplary embodiment of the invention described below with reference to the drawings.

Es zeigt:

  • Fig. 1 einen Schnitt durch einen Leitungsschutzschalter, wobei der Kontaktapparat des Außenleiterpols in der geöffneten Stellung dargestellt ist,
  • Fig. 2 einen Fig. 1 entsprechenden Schnitt mit geschlossenem Kontaktapparat des Außenleiterpols,
  • Fig. 3 einen Schnitt durch den Leitungsschutzschalter, wobei der Kontaktapparat für den Neutralleiterpol in geöffneter Stellung dargestellt ist,
  • Fig. 4 einen Fig. 3 entsprechenden Schnitt, wobei der Kontaktapparat in der geschlossenen Stellung gezeigt ist und
  • Fig. 5 einen Schnitt durch den Leitungsschutzschalter entlang Linie V-V in Fig. 2.
It shows:
  • 1 shows a section through a circuit breaker, the contact apparatus of the outer conductor pole being shown in the open position,
  • Fig. 2 shows a Fig. 1 corresponding section with the closed Contact device of the outer conductor pole,
  • 3 shows a section through the circuit breaker, the contact apparatus for the neutral conductor pole being shown in the open position,
  • Fig. 4 is a Fig. 3 corresponding section, wherein the contact apparatus is shown in the closed position and
  • 5 shows a section through the circuit breaker along line VV in FIG. 2.

Ein in den Fig. 1 bis 5 gezeigter Leitungsschutzschalter besitzt einen an sich bekannten Aufbau und ist in einem Gehäuse 11 mit einer Unterschale 1 und einer Oberschale 2 untergebracht. Im Gehäuse 11 (Fig. 5) befindet sich ein üblicher Magnetauslöser, ein Bimetallauslöser, eine Lichtbogenlöschkammer 24 und eine Mechanik zur Betätigung des Kontaktapparates. Da diese Bauteile des Leitungsschutzschalters einen herkömmlichen Aufbau besitzen können, werden nachstehend unter Bezugnahme auf die Fig. 1 und 2 bloß die für das Verständnis der Erfindung wesentlichen Teile kurz erläutert.A circuit breaker shown in FIGS. 1 to 5 has a structure known per se and is accommodated in a housing 11 with a lower shell 1 and an upper shell 2. In the housing 11 (FIG. 5) there is a conventional magnetic release, a bimetallic release, an arc quenching chamber 24 and a mechanism for actuating the contact apparatus. Since these components of the circuit breaker can have a conventional structure, only the parts essential for understanding the invention are briefly explained below with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.

Zur Betätigung einer beweglichen Schaltbrücke 18 für einen Außenleiterpol, der über Klemmen 30 am Schutzschalter angeklemmt werden kann, ist diese über eine Brückenlasche 5 und einen Gelenkbügel 6 mit einem im Gehäuse 11 verschwenkbar gelagerten Betätigungsknopf 3 gekuppelt. Das der Schaltbrücke 18 benachbarte Ende des Gelenkbügels 6 ist über eine Klinkenlasche 4 mit einer im Gehäuse 11 verschwenkbar gelagerten Klinke 16 gekuppelt. Wird der Betätigungsknopf 3 verschwenkt, dann bewegt sich die Schaltbrücke 18 gegen die Kraft einer Feder 31 in Anlage an einen festen Kontakt 19 und die Klinke 16 wird von einer durch eine Feder 7 belasteten Klinkenauflage 17 festgehalten.To actuate a movable switching bridge 18 for an outer conductor pole, which can be clamped to the circuit breaker via terminals 30, the latter is coupled via a bridge bracket 5 and an articulated bracket 6 to an actuating button 3 pivotably mounted in the housing 11. The end of the hinge bracket 6 which is adjacent to the switching bridge 18 is coupled via a jack bracket 4 to a jack 16 which is pivotably mounted in the housing 11. If the operating button 3 is pivoted, the switching bridge 18 moves against the force of a spring 31 in contact with a fixed contact 19 and the pawl 16 is held by a pawl rest 17 loaded by a spring 7.

Die Schaltbrücke 18 ist an ihrem dem Kontakt 19 gegenüberliegenden Ende 13 über eine langlochartige Bohrung 14 an einem gehäusefesten Lager 15, im Ausführungsbeispiel einem Lagerzapfen, mit Spiel gelagert.The switching bridge 18 is mounted at its end 13 opposite the contact 19 via a slot-like bore 14 on a housing-fixed bearing 15, in the exemplary embodiment a bearing pin, with play.

Wie aus Fig. 3 und 5 ersichtlich, ist neben dem aus Schaltbrücke 18 und Kontakt 19 bestehenden Kontaktapparat für den Außenleiterpol ein aus Schaltbrücke 53 und Kontakt 55 bestehender Kontaktapparat für den Neutralleiterpol angeordnet, der durch eine Innenschale 48 vom Kontaktapparat 18, 19 für den Außenleiterpol und der vor diesem angeordneten Lichtbogenlöschkammer 24 getrennt ist. Der Neutralleiterpol kann über Klemmen 29 an den Leitungsschutzschalter angeklemmt werden. Die Innenschale 48 weist einen im wesentlichen Z-förmigen Querschnitt auf, wobei ein erster Schenkel 56 die Kontaktapparate für den Außenleiterpol und den Neutralleiterpol trennt, der Mittelsteg 57 den Kontaktapparat 53, 55 des Neutralleiterpols von der Lichtbogenlöschkammer 24 trennt und der zweite freie Schenkel 58 der Z-förmigen Innenschale 48 die Lichtbogenlöschkammer 24 auf der gleichen Seite begrenzt, auf der sich der Kontaktapparat für den Neutralleiterpol neben dem Kontaktapparat für den Außenleiterpol befindet. Auf diese Weise ist gewährleistet, daß der Kontaktapparat für den Neutralleiterpol vom Kontaktapparat für den Außenleiterpol und von der Lichtbogenlöschkammer 24 völlig getrennt ist, so daß keine überströmenden, ionisierten Gase einen Überschlag verursachen können. Außerdem ist es nicht erforderlich, daß die Lichtbogenlöschkammer 24 verkleinert wird.As can be seen from FIGS. 3 and 5, in addition to the contact apparatus for the outer conductor pole consisting of switching bridge 18 and contact 19, a contact apparatus for the neutral conductor pole consisting of switching bridge 53 and contact 55 is arranged, which is separated by an inner shell 48 from the contact apparatus 18, 19 for the outer conductor pole and the arc quenching chamber 24 arranged in front of it is separated. The neutral conductor pole can be connected to the circuit breaker via terminals 29. The inner shell 48 has a substantially Z-shaped cross-section, a first leg 56 separating the contact apparatus for the outer conductor pole and the neutral conductor pole, the central web 57 separating the contact apparatus 53, 55 of the neutral conductor pole from the arc quenching chamber 24 and the second free leg 58 Z-shaped inner shell 48 delimits the arc quenching chamber 24 on the same side on which the contact apparatus for the neutral conductor pole is located next to the contact apparatus for the outer conductor pole. In this way it is ensured that the contact apparatus for the neutral conductor pole is completely separated from the contact apparatus for the outer conductor pole and from the arc quenching chamber 24, so that no overflowing, ionized gases can cause a flashover. In addition, it is not necessary for the arc quenching chamber 24 to be reduced in size.

Auf der der Innenschale 48 gegenüberliegenden Seite des Kontaktapparats 18, 19 des Außenleiterpols ist eine Platte 38 aus Kunststoff oder Keramik angeordnet, welche ebenso wie der Schenkel 56 der Innenschale 48 den Lichtbogen beim Lauf vom Kontaktapparat 18, 19 zur Lichtbogenlöschkammer 24 hin begrenzt. Weiters wird durch die Platte 38 und die Unterschale 1 des Gehäuses 11 ein Rückströmkanal 13 gebildet, durch welchen die ionisierten Gase von der Lichtbogenlöschkammer weg in den hinteren Teil des Leitungsschutzschalters strömen können, wodurch eine bessere Umwälzung der ionisierten Gase und somit eine Beschleunigung des Lichtbogenlaufes von der Kontaktstelle 18, 19 zur Lichtbogenlöschkammer 24 erreicht wird.On the opposite side of the inner shell 48 of the contact apparatus 18, 19 of the outer conductor pole, a plate 38 made of plastic or ceramic is arranged which, like the leg 56 of the inner shell 48, limits the arc when running from the contact apparatus 18, 19 to the arc quenching chamber 24. Furthermore, a backflow channel 13 is formed by the plate 38 and the lower shell 1 of the housing 11, through which the ionized gases can flow away from the arc quenching chamber into the rear part of the circuit breaker, as a result of which better circulation of the ionized gases and thus an acceleration of the arcing of the contact point 18, 19 to the arc extinguishing chamber 24 is reached.

Die Schaltbrücke 18 des Außenleiterpols ist mit der Schaltbrücke 53 des Neutralleiterpols über einen Schieber 49 mechanisch gekuppelt, der in einem Schlitz in der Innenschale 48 so geführt ist, daß es nicht zu einem unerwünschten Überströmen von ionisierten Gasen durch diesen Schlitz kommen kann. Am Schieber 49 sind koaxial zwei Lagerachsen 50, 52 für die Schaltbrücken 18, 53 angeordnet, wobei die Lagerachse 50 für die Schaltbrücke 18 gleichzeitig auch die Verbindungsachse zwischen der Schaltbrücke 18 und der Brückenlasche 5 bildet.The switching bridge 18 of the outer conductor pole is mechanically coupled to the switching bridge 53 of the neutral conductor pole via a slide 49 which is in a slot in the inner shell 48 is that there can be no undesired overflow of ionized gases through this slot. Two bearing axes 50, 52 for the switching bridges 18, 53 are arranged coaxially on the slide 49, the bearing axis 50 for the switching bridge 18 also simultaneously forming the connecting axis between the switching bridge 18 and the bridge tab 5.

Dem dem festen Kontakt 55 des Neutralleiterpols gegenüberliegenden Ende 62 der Schaltbrücke 53 ist ein gehäusefestes Lager 63 zugeordnet (Fig. 3 und 4), an welchem sich das Ende 62 der Schaltbrücke 53 abstützt, wenn die Schaltbrücke 53 durch den Schieber 49 vom festen Kontakt 55 wegbewegt wird und dabei um die Lagerachse 52 am Schieber 49 verschwenkt wird.The end 62 of the switching bridge 53 opposite the fixed contact 55 of the neutral conductor pole is assigned a bearing 63 fixed to the housing (FIGS. 3 and 4), on which the end 62 of the switching bridge 53 is supported when the switching bridge 53 is separated from the fixed contact 55 by the slide 49 is moved away and is pivoted about the bearing axis 52 on the slide 49.

Da sich die Lichtbogen des Neutralleiterpols und des Außenleiterpols, wie bereits weiter oben erwähnt, durch ihre räumliche Nähe gegenseitig beeinflussen, d.h. voneinander abstoßen, wird gemäß der dargestellten Ausführungsform ein "Nacheilen" des Lichtbogens des Neutralleiterpols hinter dem Lichtbogen des Außenleiterpols dadurch erzielt, daß die Schaltbrücke 53 des Neutralleiterpols später geöffnet wird als die Schaltbrücke 18 des Außenleiterpols. Dies erfolgt dadurch, daß im geschlossenen Zustand der Kontaktapparate 18, 19 bzw. 53, 55 der Abstand zwischen dem Ende 62 der Schaltbrücke 53 und dem gehäusefesten Lager 63 gleich oder etwas größer ist als der Abstand zwischen dem gehäusefesten Lager 15 und dem unteren Ende des Langloches 14 in der Schaltbrücke 18 für den Außenleiterpol. Wird nun der Kontaktapparat 18, 19 geöffnet, d.h. bewegt sich die Schaltbrücke durch die Kraft der Feder 31 nach oben, so wird über die Lagerachse 50 der Schieber 49 ebenfalls nach oben verschoben, wobei er über die Lagerachse 52 die Schaltbrücke 53 des Neutralleiterpols ebenfalls nach oben bewegt. Durch den Abstand zwischen dem Ende 62 der Schaltbrücke 53 und dem gehäusefesten Auflager 63 wird die Schaltbrücke 53 des Neutralleiterpols jedoch nicht sofort vom festen Kontakt 55 abgehoben, sondern erst nachdem das Ende 62 am Lager 63 anliegt und die Schaltbrücke 53 durch die Kraft der Feder 26 bzw. die Bewegung des Schiebers 49 vom ortsfesten Kontakt 55 weggeschwenkt wird. Dadurch ergibt sich eine geringfügige zeitliche Verzögerung des Öffnens des Kontaktapparates 53, 55 gegenüber dem des Kontaktapparates 18, 19 des Außenleiterpols, was zu einem Nacheilen des Lichtbogens des Neutralleiterpols hinter dem Lichtbogen des Außenleiterpols führt.Since the arcs of the neutral conductor pole and the outer conductor pole, as already mentioned above, influence one another by their spatial proximity, ie repel one another, according to the illustrated embodiment, a "lagging" of the arc of the neutral conductor pole behind the arc of the outer conductor pole is achieved in that the Switching bridge 53 of the neutral conductor pole is opened later than the switching bridge 18 of the outer conductor pole. This is done in that in the closed state of the contacts 18, 19 and 53, 55, the distance between the end 62 of the switching bridge 53 and the housing-fixed bearing 63 is equal to or slightly larger than the distance between the housing-fixed bearing 15 and the lower end of the Elongated hole 14 in the switching bridge 18 for the outer conductor pole. If the contact apparatus 18, 19 is now opened, ie if the switching bridge moves upwards due to the force of the spring 31, the slide 49 is also moved upwards via the bearing axis 50, whereby it also follows the switching bridge 53 of the neutral conductor pole via the bearing axis 52 moved up. Due to the distance between the end 62 of the switching bridge 53 and the support 63 fixed to the housing, the switching bridge 53 of the neutral conductor pole is not immediately lifted from the fixed contact 55, but only after the end 62 is in contact with the bearing 63 and the switching bridge 53 by the force of the spring 26 or the movement of the slide 49 is pivoted away from the fixed contact 55. This results in a slight delay in opening the contact apparatus 53, 55 compared to that of the contact apparatus 18, 19 of the outer conductor pole, which leads to a lag of the arc of the neutral conductor pole behind the arc of the outer conductor pole.

Es ist ersichtlich, daß durch die Erfindung ein Leitungsschutzschalter mit einem Kontaktapparat für einen Neutralleiterpol angegeben wird, der gegenüber einem Leitungsschutzschalter ohne einen Kontaktapparat für einen Neutralleiterpol bei gleicher Baugröße nur geringfügig verschlechterte Leistungsmerkmale aufweist, wobei durch die erfindungsgemäße Anordnung der Kontaktapparate für den Außenleiterpol und den Neutralleiterpol die Lichtbogenlöschung wesentlich unterstützt werden kann.It can be seen that the invention specifies a circuit breaker with a contact apparatus for a neutral conductor pole which, compared to a circuit breaker without a contact apparatus for a neutral conductor pole, has only slightly deteriorated performance characteristics with the same size, the arrangement of the contact apparatuses for the outer conductor pole and the inventive arrangement Neutral conductor pole the arc extinguishing can be supported significantly.

Claims (9)

  1. Circuit-breaker having a thermally and magnetically protected outer-conductor pole, an unprotected neutral-conductor pole and an arc-quenching device (24) for the outer-conductor pole, a contact apparatus (18, 19) of the outer-conductor pole being arranged substantially parallel beside a contact apparatus (53, 55) of the neutral-conductor pole, being separated therefrom by an inner shell (48) and coupled (49) thereto, characterised in that only for the outer-conductor pole is an arc-quenching device (24) provided, which substantially occupies the entire width of the circuit-breaker, in that the contact apparatus (53, 55) of the neutral-conductor pole is arranged on the same side in front of the arc-quenching device (24) as the contact apparatus (18, 19) of the outer-conductor pole, and in that the inner shell (48) is angled in the region between the contact apparatus (53, 55) of the neutral-conductor pole and the contact apparatus (18, 19) of the outer-conductor pole and the arc-quenching device (24).
  2. Circuit-breaker according to Claim 1, characterised in that on the side, opposite the inner shell (48), of the contact apparatus (18, 19) for the outer-conductor pole a plate (38) is provided and in that a backflow channel (13) is formed between this plate (38) and the housing wall (1) of the circuit-breaker.
  3. Circuit-breaker according to Claim 2, characterised in that the width of the arc-quenching device (24) corresponds substantially to the sum of the width of the contact apparatus (53, 55) of the neutral-conductor pole, the thickness of the inner shell (48), the width of the contact apparatus (18, 19) of the outer-conductor pole, the thickness of the plate (38) and the width of the backflow channel (13).
  4. Circuit-breaker according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the switching bridge (18) of the contact apparatus (18, 19) of the outer-conductor pole is mechanically coupled to the switching bridge (53) of the contact apparatus (53, 55) of the neutral-conductor pole.
  5. Circuit-breaker according to Claim 4, characterised in that the switching bridge (18) of the outer-conductor pole is connected to the switching bridge (53) of the neutral-conductor pole by a slide (49) which preferably carries coaxial bearing pivots (50, 52) for the switching bridges (18, 53) and which is displaceably mounted in the inner shell (48).
  6. Circuit-breaker according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the inner shell (48) is angled substantially in the shape of a Z, the first arm (56) of the inner shell (48) forming the separating wall between the contact apparatuses (18, 19; 53, 55) for the outer-conductor pole and the neutral-conductor pole, the middle part (57) of the inner shell (48) forming the separating wall between the contact apparatus (53, 55) and the arc-quenching device (24), and the second arm (58), which is parallel to the first arm (56), bounding the arc-quenching device (24) on the side on which the contact apparatus (53, 55) for the neutral-conductor pole is situated.
  7. Circuit-breaker according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the distance between the arc-quenching device (24) and the contact (19) for the outer-conductor pole is less than the distance between the arc-quenching device (24) and the contact (55) for the neutral-conductor pole.
  8. Circuit-breaker according to one of Claims 1 to 7, characterised in that an arrangement is provided which opens the contact apparatus (53, 55) for the neutral-conductor pole later than the contact apparatus (18, 19) for the outer-conductor pole.
  9. Circuit-breaker according to Claim 8, characterised in that in the opened state of the circuit-breaker the switching bridge (18) of the outer-conductor pole rests, by its end (13) opposite the contact (19), against a bearing (15) fixed to the housing, in that in the opened state of the circuit-breaker the switching bridge (53) of the neutral-conductor pole rests, by its end (62) opposite the contact (55), against a bearing (63) fixed to the housing, and in that in the closed state of the contact apparatuses (18, 19; 53, 55) the distance between the end (13) of the switching bridge (18) of the outer-conductor pole and the bearing (15) fixed to the housing is approximately equal to or less than the distance between the end (62) of the switching bridge (53) for the neutral-conductor pole and the bearing (63) fixed to the housing, with the corresponding bearing pivots (50, 52) of the switching bridges (18, 53) on the slide (49) and the bearings (15, 63) fixed to the housing being approximately equidistant.
EP93890207A 1992-11-25 1993-10-22 Automatic cut-out switch Expired - Lifetime EP0599800B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT2336/92 1992-11-25
AT0233692A AT402583B (en) 1992-11-25 1992-11-25 CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH A THERMALLY AND MAGNETICALLY PROTECTED OUTER POLE AND AN UNprotected Neutral Pole

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0599800A1 EP0599800A1 (en) 1994-06-01
EP0599800B1 true EP0599800B1 (en) 1996-07-31

Family

ID=3532457

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP93890207A Expired - Lifetime EP0599800B1 (en) 1992-11-25 1993-10-22 Automatic cut-out switch

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EP (1) EP0599800B1 (en)
AT (1) AT402583B (en)
AU (1) AU672641B2 (en)
CZ (1) CZ285282B6 (en)
DE (1) DE59303359D1 (en)
DK (1) DK0599800T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2095626T3 (en)
FI (1) FI106279B (en)
GR (1) GR3021282T3 (en)
NO (1) NO307160B1 (en)
PL (1) PL172220B1 (en)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19503530B4 (en) * 1995-02-03 2006-07-06 Aeg Niederspannungstechnik Gmbh & Co Kg Circuit breaker
FI116863B (en) 2004-01-19 2006-03-15 Abb Oy Switching device equipped with zero conductor

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3341791A (en) * 1964-06-16 1967-09-12 Square D Co Electric circuit breaker with improved operating mechanism
CH481481A (en) * 1968-04-13 1969-11-15 Bassani Spa Automatic switch with deionizing chamber
JPS56162436A (en) * 1980-05-20 1981-12-14 Matsushita Electric Works Ltd Circuit breaker
FR2485254A1 (en) * 1980-06-19 1981-12-24 Merlin Gerin MINIATURE UNIPOLAR AND NEUTRAL CIRCUIT BREAKER
FR2488440A1 (en) * 1980-08-06 1982-02-12 Merlin Gerin MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH NEUTRAL AND PHASE CUT
AT378283B (en) * 1983-11-28 1985-07-10 Felten & Guilleaume Ag Oester CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH SWITCH FOR A CENTER
AT382741B (en) * 1985-11-15 1987-04-10 Felten & Guilleaume Ag Oester ARC EXTINGUISHING CHAMBER
FR2600210B1 (en) * 1986-06-17 1993-04-16 Telemecanique Electrique CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH TWO SWITCHING CIRCUITS OF WHICH ONE IS PROTECTED
FR2648614B1 (en) * 1989-06-16 1994-03-11 Hager Electro Sa PHASE AND NEUTRAL CIRCUIT BREAKER
FR2674369B1 (en) * 1991-03-20 1996-09-20 Merlin Gerin REDUCED OVERALL, NEUTRAL PHASE AND NEUTRAL CIRCUIT BREAKER.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE59303359D1 (en) 1996-09-05
GR3021282T3 (en) 1997-01-31
DK0599800T3 (en) 1996-08-26
NO307160B1 (en) 2000-02-14
PL172220B1 (en) 1997-08-29
EP0599800A1 (en) 1994-06-01
NO934253D0 (en) 1993-11-24
ATA233692A (en) 1996-10-15
CZ254093A3 (en) 1994-06-15
AU5194193A (en) 1994-06-09
NO934253L (en) 1994-05-26
AU672641B2 (en) 1996-10-10
CZ285282B6 (en) 1999-06-16
PL301021A1 (en) 1994-05-30
FI935152L (en) 1994-05-26
FI106279B (en) 2000-12-29
FI935152A0 (en) 1993-11-19
ES2095626T3 (en) 1997-02-16
AT402583B (en) 1997-06-25

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