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EP0539297B1 - Device with adjustable frequency selective surface - Google Patents

Device with adjustable frequency selective surface Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0539297B1
EP0539297B1 EP19920402888 EP92402888A EP0539297B1 EP 0539297 B1 EP0539297 B1 EP 0539297B1 EP 19920402888 EP19920402888 EP 19920402888 EP 92402888 A EP92402888 A EP 92402888A EP 0539297 B1 EP0539297 B1 EP 0539297B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
components
layer
elementary patterns
insulator
deposited
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP19920402888
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0539297A1 (en
Inventor
Alain Résidence Parc Caudéran France
Jean-Jacques Résidence Rosiers Bellevue Niez
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0013—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective
    • H01Q15/002—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective said selective devices being reconfigurable or tunable, e.g. using switches or diodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q17/00—Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an antenna; Combinations of such devices with active antenna elements or systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device with frequency selective surface comprising at least one network of conductive elements constituting elementary patterns.
  • the price to be paid expressed in kilograms per square meter of coating, may appear high compared to the reduction in reflectivity obtained, and the power to be dissipated.
  • the frequency selective surfaces constituted by conductive patterns isolated from each other and repeating periodically on the same surface, can be used to constitute very effective non-reflecting structures for a very narrow frequency or band. of given frequency.
  • the operating wavelength is very closely linked to the dimensions of the patterns, and it is therefore impossible to obtain with such surfaces a low reflectivity in very wide frequency ranges.
  • the object of the present invention is to remedy these drawbacks
  • US-A-3 955 201 describes an antenna system comprising an array of conductive elements and means of coupling between these elements selected by control means. These coupling means comprise a first series of electronic components, a second series of electronic components making it possible to actuate the components of the first series and to control their conduction. The components of the second series are connected by an addressing wire to the control means, or to two addressing wires making it possible to obtain a matrix addressing.
  • the components of the first series are photodiodes, that is to say photosensitive switches which can be triggered by a photoluminescent diode, as well as components with two inputs and with non-linear transfer function or triacs, i.e. components with 3 inputs.
  • This antenna system can be used as a radar antenna, and be connected to radio-frequency supply means so as to be able to operate as a transmit-receive antenna.
  • the subject of the invention is a device with frequency selective surface comprising at least one row-column network of elementary conductive patterns, characterized in that it comprises at least one row-column network of coupling components, each coupling component being suitable for coupling between two neighboring conductive elementary patterns along a line or a column, to which it is connected, at least one network of electronic components connected to conductive lines and to conductive columns, allowing the addressing-line and the column addressing of these electronic components, each electronic component enabling a coupling component to be actuated, control means comprising a processor and a memory containing the different possible configurations to be given to the network of elementary patterns as a function of the selected frequency, the processor allowing to read the corresponding configuration in the memory and send the control signals to the conductive lines and to the conductive columns to obtain this configuration.
  • the coupling means comprise a first series of electronic components and a second series of electronic components making it possible to actuate the components of the first series and to control their conduction.
  • FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a device according to the invention.
  • This device is a device with frequency selective surface tunable. It comprises a network 1 of conductive elements bearing the reference 2. These conductive elements 2 constitute elementary patterns such as those which are for example represented in this figure in a cruciform form.
  • the network is capable of absorbing radiofrequency radiation at a given desired frequency and of behaving as a mirror, that is to say as a reflecting surface for radiofrequency radiation. frequency other than this given frequency.
  • the elementary patterns will be able to be coupled together according to predetermined configurations which will make the surface, that is to say the network of conductive elements, tunable over a wide range of frequencies.
  • the device with frequency selective surface is made tunable, that is to say that it can be absorbent with respect to radiofrequency radiation in a wide frequency range.
  • this device also makes it possible, as will be described later, to act as a broadband transmit-receive antenna.
  • FIG. 1 also shows control means 3 and means 4 making it possible to establish couplings between the conductive elements of the various elementary patterns.
  • the control means 3 are capable of receiving different frequencies over a wide range of frequencies and of controlling and selecting the coupling means 4 so as to modify the apparent dimension of the elementary patterns making thus the selective network tunable on each of the input frequencies f1, f2, ... fn.
  • control means 3 make it possible to perform a matrix addressing of the network in order to select and control the couplings between elementary patterns.
  • control means 3 instead of performing a matrix addressing it will be possible under certain conditions to perform a parallel addressing.
  • control means comprise a memory 31 and a processor 32.
  • the memory contains the different possible configurations to be given to the network as a function of the input frequencies which the processor can receive.
  • the processor makes it possible to go read in the memory the configuration to be given to this network according to the frequency it receives and to address the network accordingly to order or control the couplings to be carried out.
  • FIG. 2A illustrates a portion of the network and shows in more detail the coupling means according to the invention.
  • These coupling means comprise a first series of electronic components 44 capable of establishing a coupling and a second series of electronic components 45 making it possible to actuate the components of the first series.
  • a coupling component 44 is provided between the ends of the patterns (cruciform) lying in the same alignment. According to the embodiment which is represented in FIG. 2, we therefore have coupling components 44 along lines and according to columns, lines and columns which will make it possible, as will be detailed, to select these components to control them so as to produce or not to produce coupling between the two elementary patterns to which they are connected.
  • the second series of components 45 makes it possible to select and command or control the coupling carried out by the components 44.
  • a component 45 is provided per component 44. These components 45 are therefore found in a matrix form and are connected to conductor lines 42 and to conductive columns 41. The lines 42 allow the row addressing in coupling components and the columns 41 allow the column addressing of these components.
  • the processor 32 of FIG. 1 makes it possible to send control signals to these addressing control wires which will allow the components 45 to control the components 44 so that these components 44 assume the logic state corresponding to the logic state which has been recorded in memory 31 for the input frequency received by processor 32.
  • FIG. 2B makes it possible to detail, in a functional manner, the connections made by the components 44 and by the components 45.
  • a component 44 has two connection points bearing the references 1 and 2 and a connection point 3.
  • the component receives a signal on its input 3, it performs the coupling symbolized by the switch between points 1 and 2 which in the network corresponds in fact to a coupling between two elementary patterns according to a given alignment.
  • Component 45 has two addressing inputs which are inputs 1 and 2, a control voltage output which is point 3 and an input which is the supply voltage VCC.
  • the address entry points are connected to the address control wires 41 and 42 of the network.
  • the components used to establish the couplings and establish the selection and coupling commands are of the switch type.
  • the device according to the invention can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional. In the latter case the two networks which it comprises are on two superimposed planes.
  • FIG. 1 shows a single network of conductive elements constituting metallic elementary patterns (possibly endowed with magnetic properties of ferromagnetic type) cruciform, square or stick-shaped. Their repetition step in the directions of the plane can be equal or different.
  • These elementary patterns can be associated with each other locally. For this they will be coupled together so as to form groups of elementary patterns.
  • the coupling when it is carried out between these different elementary patterns makes it possible to conduct the air gap between certain contiguous crosses, while respecting a periodicity in the two directions of the plane.
  • These couplings have the effect of change the size and possibly the shape of the elementary patterns and consequently modify the tuning frequencies of the electromagnetic filter thus produced.
  • an appropriate control signal of the coupling components 44 will be used depending on the choice of these components so that they do not operate in all or nothing. This control will make it possible to pass continuously from the short circuit to an open circuit, which also relatively modifies the electromagnetic properties of the filter without necessarily the effective electromagnetic pitch of the network being modified.
  • the invention makes it possible to obtain a possible decoupling of the magnetic properties and electrical associated with the shapes of the elementary patterns.
  • the components of the switch type 44 are controlled at the level of their control by switches 45 of the MOSFET type for example, one end of which is connected to a power source and the controls of which (these are grids for MOSFET transistors) are independently controlled from one another by the matrix addressing mode which has been previously described and which is of the type found in DRAM memories as already described.
  • the memory provided in the control means is loaded by the various configurations of the patterns which it is desired to implement on the network. This memory may contain the pitch of the patterns, the radioelectric properties of the air gap.
  • the processor is capable of going to read in the memory the information which will enable it to supply addressing command signals to obtain this configuration.
  • a network it is possible, for example, to deposit the elementary patterns, the components and the addressing lines on or in an insulating surface (constituting a substrate).
  • This substrate can for example be silicon oxide.
  • Such a network behaves electromagnetically and or infrared as a frequency selective surface.
  • coupling means in said network makes it possible to control the equivalent dielectric properties of the material located between the elementary patterns and which has been called air gap. This control can lead to extreme situations which are complete electrical insulation or short circuit.
  • components 44 and 45 and of the addressing lines 1, 2 which is carried out by conventional deposition and etching techniques used in microelectronics can be carried out on separate planes from that on which the patterns 2 are placed. components and lines can therefore be in the insulating surface (substrate) or on this insulating surface.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a possible configuration obtained for the device according to the invention.
  • the continuity of the air gaps between the different elementary patterns has been symbolized by a continuity of the patterns.
  • Figure 4 illustrates another possible configuration in which the network has independent elementary patterns on its periphery.
  • the interior of the network constitutes a mesh of rectangular shape.
  • This configuration can be used to make a radiofrequency transmit-receive antenna.
  • the network will further comprise, as can be seen in section AA 'shown diagrammatically below the network, means 6 for radiofrequency supply of the radiating elements.
  • This section AA therefore shows the radiating elements 2 on the surface of the dielectric substrate 10.
  • the radiating elements 2 are supplied by conductive lines 6 which pass through the substrate.
  • the substrate also includes for this, for example on its underside, a conductive structure 7 constituting an electrical mass for the device.
  • the device as described with reference to FIG. 4 can have a configuration for operating as an antenna only for the time strictly necessary for the transmission-reception function, which only changes the reflectivity of the surface for very short times. Outside these transmission-reception periods, the device remains a tunable frequency selective surface.

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  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Waveguide Switches, Polarizers, And Phase Shifters (AREA)

Description

L'invention concerne un dispositif à surface sélective en fréquence comportant au moins un réseau d'éléments conducteurs constituant des motifs élémentaires.The invention relates to a device with frequency selective surface comprising at least one network of conductive elements constituting elementary patterns.

La réduction de la surface équivalente radar d'une cible peut être obtenue de façon classique, en la revêtant de matériaux absorbant les ondes électromagnétiques. De nombreuses catégories de revêtements existent et présentent malheureusement toutes des inconvénients. Par exemple :

  • les revêtements absorbants minces par rapport à la longueur d'onde doivent présenter des pertes magnétiques. Ils sont donc très denses et ne peuvent être accordés que dans des gammes de fréquences limitées : l'octave, ou quelques octaves au plus, selon l'absorption recherchée,
  • les revêtements absorbants épais permettent de résoudre ce problème de la bande passante, mais à condition toutefois que le coefficient de réflexion à l'interface vide-matériau soit faible. Ce coefficient fixe les performances d'ensemble de la structure absorbante. Ceci ne peut être obtenu qu'avec des matériaux très peu denses, surtout si une très faible réflectivité est recherchée. Il s'agit alors de produits fragiles, qui doivent être nécessairement placés à la surface de l'objet à protéger,
  • dans tous les cas, la meilleure efficacité n'est obtenue qu'en revêtant à peu près complètement la cible, ce qui présente de nombreux inconvénients de conception,
  • et enfin, l'efficacité des absorbants est très variable selon la forme de la cible, l'angle d'arrivée des ondes ainsi que leur polarisation.
The reduction of the radar equivalent surface of a target can be obtained in a conventional manner, by coating it with materials absorbing electromagnetic waves. Many categories of coatings exist and unfortunately all have drawbacks. For example :
  • the absorbent coatings thin with respect to the wavelength must exhibit magnetic losses. They are therefore very dense and can only be tuned in limited frequency ranges: the octave, or a few octaves at most, depending on the absorption sought,
  • thick absorbent coatings make it possible to solve this problem of bandwidth, but on condition however that the reflection coefficient at the vacuum-material interface is low. This coefficient fixes the overall performance of the absorbent structure. This can only be obtained with very sparse materials, especially if very low reflectivity is desired. These are fragile products, which must necessarily be placed on the surface of the object to be protected,
  • in all cases, the best efficiency is obtained only by coating the target almost completely, which has many design drawbacks,
  • and finally, the efficiency of the absorbents is very variable depending on the shape of the target, the angle of arrival of the waves and their polarization.

Le prix à payer, exprimé en kilogramme par mètre carré de revêtement, peut paraître élevé en regard de la réduction de réflectivité obtenue, et de la puissance à dissiper.The price to be paid, expressed in kilograms per square meter of coating, may appear high compared to the reduction in reflectivity obtained, and the power to be dissipated.

Il est par ailleurs connu que les surfaces sélectives en fréquences, constituées par des motifs conducteurs isolés les uns des autres et se répétant périodiquement sur la même surface, peuvent être utilisées pour constituer des structures non réfléchissantes très efficaces pour une fréquence ou une bande très étroite de fréquence donnée.It is moreover known that the frequency selective surfaces, constituted by conductive patterns isolated from each other and repeating periodically on the same surface, can be used to constitute very effective non-reflecting structures for a very narrow frequency or band. of given frequency.

En effet la longueur d'onde de fonctionnement est très étroitement liée aux dimensions des motifs, et il est par conséquent impossible d'obtenir avec de telles surfaces une réflectivité basse dans de très larges gammes de fréquences.In fact, the operating wavelength is very closely linked to the dimensions of the patterns, and it is therefore impossible to obtain with such surfaces a low reflectivity in very wide frequency ranges.

La présente invention a pour but de remédier à ces inconvénientsThe object of the present invention is to remedy these drawbacks

Le brevet US-A-3 955 201 décrit un système d'antenne comportant un réseau d'éléments conducteurs et des moyens de couplage entre ces éléments sélectionnés par des moyens de commande. Ces moyens de couplage comportent une première série de composants électroniques, une deuxième série de composants électroniques permettant d'actionner les composants de la première série et de contrôler leur conduction. Les composants de la deuxième série sont reliés par un fil d'adressage aux moyens de commande, ou à deux fils d'adressage permettant d'obtenir un adressage matriciel. Les composants de la première série sont des photodiodes, c'est-à-dire des interrupteurs photosensibles pouvant être déclenchés par une diode photoluminescente, ainsi que des composants à deux entrées et à fonction de transfert non linéaire ou des triacs, c'est-à-dire des composants à 3 entrées. Ce système d'antenne peut être utilisé comme antenne radar, et être relié à des moyens d'alimentation radio-fréquence de manière à pouvoir fonctionner en antenne d'émission-réception.US-A-3 955 201 describes an antenna system comprising an array of conductive elements and means of coupling between these elements selected by control means. These coupling means comprise a first series of electronic components, a second series of electronic components making it possible to actuate the components of the first series and to control their conduction. The components of the second series are connected by an addressing wire to the control means, or to two addressing wires making it possible to obtain a matrix addressing. The components of the first series are photodiodes, that is to say photosensitive switches which can be triggered by a photoluminescent diode, as well as components with two inputs and with non-linear transfer function or triacs, i.e. components with 3 inputs. This antenna system can be used as a radar antenna, and be connected to radio-frequency supply means so as to be able to operate as a transmit-receive antenna.

L'invention a pour objet un dispositif à surface sélective en fréquence comportant au moins un réseau lignes-colonnes de motifs élémentaires conducteurs, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte au moins un réseau lignes-colonnes de composants de couplage, chaque composant de couplage étant apte à réaliser le couplage entre deux motifs élémentaires conducteurs voisins selon une ligne ou une colonne, auxquels il est relié, au moins un réseau de composants électroniques reliés à des lignes conductrices et à des colonnes conductrices, permettant l'adressage-ligne et l'adressage-colonne de ces composants électroniques, chaque composant électronique permettant d'actionner un composant de couplage, des moyens de commande comportant un processeur et une mémoire contenant les différentes configurations possibles à donner au réseau de motifs élémentaires en fonction de la fréquence sélectionnée, le processeur permettant d'aller lire la configuration correspondante dans la mémoire et d'envoyer les signaux de commande sur les lignes conductrices et sur les colonnes conductrices pour obtenir cette configuration.The subject of the invention is a device with frequency selective surface comprising at least one row-column network of elementary conductive patterns, characterized in that it comprises at least one row-column network of coupling components, each coupling component being suitable for coupling between two neighboring conductive elementary patterns along a line or a column, to which it is connected, at least one network of electronic components connected to conductive lines and to conductive columns, allowing the addressing-line and the column addressing of these electronic components, each electronic component enabling a coupling component to be actuated, control means comprising a processor and a memory containing the different possible configurations to be given to the network of elementary patterns as a function of the selected frequency, the processor allowing to read the corresponding configuration in the memory and send the control signals to the conductive lines and to the conductive columns to obtain this configuration.

Ce dispositif permet d'obtenir une modulation à volonté de la dimension apparente des motifs et ainsi :

  • de réaliser une surface sélective à fréquence d'accord variable,
  • de réaliser des structures absorbantes à profondeur "électrique" (celle vue par les ondes) variables,
  • de réaliser des antennes d'émission/réception non réfléchissantes entre deux émission- réception.
This device makes it possible to obtain an unlimited modulation of the apparent dimension of the patterns and thus:
  • to create a selective surface with variable tuning frequency,
  • to make absorbent structures with variable "electric" depth (the one seen by waves),
  • to make non-reflective transmit / receive antennas between two transmit-receive.

Une autre caractéristique de l'invention consiste en ce que les moyens de couplage comportent une première série de composants électroniques et une deuxième série de composants électroniques permettant d'actionner les composants de la première série et de contrôler leur conduction.Another characteristic of the invention consists in that the coupling means comprise a first series of electronic components and a second series of electronic components making it possible to actuate the components of the first series and to control their conduction.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront à la lecture de la description suivante faite à titre illustratif et non limitatif et en regard des dessins sur lesquels :

  • la figure 1 représente un schéma de principe du dispositif selon l'invention,
  • la figure 2A représente un schéma partiel plus détaillé du réseau de motifs élémentaire du dispositif conforme à l'invention,
  • la figure 2B représente le schéma d'un détail selon la figure 2A,
  • la figure 3 représente le schéma du réseau du dispositif selon l'invention correspondant à une configuration donnée,
  • la figure 4 illustre le schéma d'un dispositif conforme à l'invention dans le cas où ce dispositif peut aussi être utilisé en tant qu'antenne radiofréquence d'émission-réception.
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear on reading the following description given by way of illustration and not limitation and with reference to the drawings in which:
  • FIG. 1 represents a block diagram of the device according to the invention,
  • FIG. 2A represents a more detailed partial diagram of the network of elementary patterns of the device according to the invention,
  • FIG. 2B represents the diagram of a detail according to FIG. 2A,
  • FIG. 3 represents the diagram of the network of the device according to the invention corresponding to a given configuration,
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the diagram of a device according to the invention in the case where this device can also be used as a radiofrequency transmit-receive antenna.

On a représenté sur la figure 1 le schéma d'un dispositif conforme à l'invention. Ce dispositif est un dispositif à surface sélective en fréquence accordable. Il comporte un réseau 1 d'éléments conducteurs portant la référence 2. Ces éléments conducteurs 2 constituent des motifs élémentaires tels que ceux qui sont par exemple représentés sur cette figure sous une forme cruciforme.FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a device according to the invention. This device is a device with frequency selective surface tunable. It comprises a network 1 of conductive elements bearing the reference 2. These conductive elements 2 constitute elementary patterns such as those which are for example represented in this figure in a cruciform form.

Avec une telle configuration et en fonction de la taille des motifs élémentaires, le réseau est susceptible d'absorber un rayonnement radiofréquence à une fréquence donnée désirée et de se comporter en miroir c'est-à-dire en surface réfléchissante pour des rayonnements radiofréquence de fréquence autres que cette fréquence donnée.With such a configuration and as a function of the size of the elementary patterns, the network is capable of absorbing radiofrequency radiation at a given desired frequency and of behaving as a mirror, that is to say as a reflecting surface for radiofrequency radiation. frequency other than this given frequency.

Cependant, conformément à l'invention les motifs élémentaires vont pouvoir être couplés entre eux selon des configurations prédéterminées qui vont rendre la surface, c'est-à-dire le réseau d'éléments conducteurs, accordable dans une large gamme de fréquences.However, in accordance with the invention, the elementary patterns will be able to be coupled together according to predetermined configurations which will make the surface, that is to say the network of conductive elements, tunable over a wide range of frequencies.

Ainsi le dispositif à surface sélective en fréquence est rendu accordable c'est-à-dire qu'il pourra être absorbant vis-à-vis d'un rayonnement radiofréquence dans une large gamme de fréquence.Thus the device with frequency selective surface is made tunable, that is to say that it can be absorbent with respect to radiofrequency radiation in a wide frequency range.

Conformément à l'invention ce dispositif permet également comme cela sera décrit ultérieurement de se comporter en antenne d'émission-réception large bande.In accordance with the invention, this device also makes it possible, as will be described later, to act as a broadband transmit-receive antenna.

Sur la figure 1, on a également représenté des moyens de commande 3 et des moyens 4 permettant d'établir des couplages entre les éléments conducteurs des différents motifs élémentaires.FIG. 1 also shows control means 3 and means 4 making it possible to establish couplings between the conductive elements of the various elementary patterns.

Les moyens de commande 3 sont susceptibles de recevoir différentes fréquences dans une large gamme de fréquences et de commander et sélectionner les moyens de couplage 4 de manière à modifier la dimension apparente des motifs élémentaires rendant ainsi le réseau sélectif accordable sur chacune des fréquences d'entrée f1, f2,...fn.The control means 3 are capable of receiving different frequencies over a wide range of frequencies and of controlling and selecting the coupling means 4 so as to modify the apparent dimension of the elementary patterns making thus the selective network tunable on each of the input frequencies f1, f2, ... fn.

Selon un aspect de l'invention les moyens de commande 3 permettent de réaliser un adressage matriciel du réseau pour sélectionner et commander les couplages entre motifs élémentaires. Selon un autre aspect de l'invention qui sera détaillé ultérieurement, au lieu de réaliser un adressage matriciel l'on pourra dans certaines conditions réaliser un adressage parrallèle.According to one aspect of the invention, the control means 3 make it possible to perform a matrix addressing of the network in order to select and control the couplings between elementary patterns. According to another aspect of the invention which will be detailed later, instead of performing a matrix addressing it will be possible under certain conditions to perform a parallel addressing.

Selon un autre aspect de l'invention les moyens de commande comportent une mémoire 31 et un processeur 32. La mémoire contient les différentes configurations possibles à donner au réseau en fonction des fréquences d'entrée qu'est succeptible de recevoir le processeur.According to another aspect of the invention, the control means comprise a memory 31 and a processor 32. The memory contains the different possible configurations to be given to the network as a function of the input frequencies which the processor can receive.

Le processeur permet d'aller lire dans la mémoire la configuration à donner à ce réseau suivant la fréquence qu'il reçoit et d'adresser le réseau en conséquence pour commander ou contrôler les couplages à réaliser.The processor makes it possible to go read in the memory the configuration to be given to this network according to the frequency it receives and to address the network accordingly to order or control the couplings to be carried out.

La description va maintenant être détaillée simplement à partir du schéma des figures 2A et 2B. Le schéma de la figure 2A illustre une portion du réseau et fait apparaître plus en détail les moyens de couplage conformes à l'invention.The description will now be detailed simply from the diagram in FIGS. 2A and 2B. The diagram in FIG. 2A illustrates a portion of the network and shows in more detail the coupling means according to the invention.

Ces moyens de couplage comportent une première série de composants électroniques 44 susceptibles d'établir un couplage et une deuxième série de composants électroniques 45 permettant d'actionner les composants de la première série.These coupling means comprise a first series of electronic components 44 capable of establishing a coupling and a second series of electronic components 45 making it possible to actuate the components of the first series.

Un composant de couplage 44 est prévu entre les extrémités des motifs (cruciformes) se trouvant suivant le même alignement. Selon le mode de réalisation qui est représenté sur la figure 2, on a donc des composants de couplage 44 suivant des lignes et suivant des colonnes, lignes et colonnes qui vont permettre comme cela va être détaillé de sélectionner ces composants pour les commander de manière à réaliser ou à ne pas réaliser de couplage entre les deux motifs élémentaires auxquels ils sont reliés.A coupling component 44 is provided between the ends of the patterns (cruciform) lying in the same alignment. According to the embodiment which is represented in FIG. 2, we therefore have coupling components 44 along lines and according to columns, lines and columns which will make it possible, as will be detailed, to select these components to control them so as to produce or not to produce coupling between the two elementary patterns to which they are connected.

La deuxième série de composants 45 permet de sélectionner et de commander ou de contrôler le couplage effectué par les composants 44. Un composant 45 est prévu par composant 44. Ces composants 45 se retrouvent donc sous une forme matricielle et sont reliés à des lignes de conductrices 42 et à des colonnes conductrices 41. Les lignes 42 permettent l'adressage ligne en composants de couplage et les colonnes 41 permettent l'adressage colonne de ces composants.The second series of components 45 makes it possible to select and command or control the coupling carried out by the components 44. A component 45 is provided per component 44. These components 45 are therefore found in a matrix form and are connected to conductor lines 42 and to conductive columns 41. The lines 42 allow the row addressing in coupling components and the columns 41 allow the column addressing of these components.

Ces lignes 42 et ces colonnes 41 constituent des fils de commande d'adressage.These lines 42 and these columns 41 constitute addressing control wires.

Le processeur 32 de la figure 1 permet d'envoyer des signaux de commande sur ces fils de commande d'adressage qui vont permettre aux composants 45 de commander les composants 44 de manière à ce que ces composants 44 prennent l'état logique correspondant à l'état logique qui a été enregistré dans la mémoire 31 pour la fréquence d'entrée qu'a reçu le processeur 32.The processor 32 of FIG. 1 makes it possible to send control signals to these addressing control wires which will allow the components 45 to control the components 44 so that these components 44 assume the logic state corresponding to the logic state which has been recorded in memory 31 for the input frequency received by processor 32.

Le schéma de la figure 2B permet de détailler, de façon fonctionnelle, les connexions réalisées par les composants 44 et par les composants 45.The diagram in FIG. 2B makes it possible to detail, in a functional manner, the connections made by the components 44 and by the components 45.

Comme on peut le voir sur cette figure 2B un composant 44 a deux points de connexion portant les références 1 et 2 et un point de connexion 3. Lorsque le composant reçoit un signal sur son entrée 3, il réalise le couplage symbolisé par l'interrupteur entre les points 1 et 2 qui dans le réseau correspond en fait à un couplage entre deux motifs élémentaires suivant un alignement donné.As can be seen in this figure 2B, a component 44 has two connection points bearing the references 1 and 2 and a connection point 3. When the component receives a signal on its input 3, it performs the coupling symbolized by the switch between points 1 and 2 which in the network corresponds in fact to a coupling between two elementary patterns according to a given alignment.

Le composant 45 comporte deux entrées d'adressage qui sont les entrées 1 et 2, une sortie de tension de commande qui est le point 3 et une entrée qui est la tension d'alimentation VCC. Les points d'entrée d'adressage sont reliés aux fils de commande d'adressage 41 et 42 du réseau.Component 45 has two addressing inputs which are inputs 1 and 2, a control voltage output which is point 3 and an input which is the supply voltage VCC. The address entry points are connected to the address control wires 41 and 42 of the network.

Conformément à l'invention les composants utilisés pour établir les couplages et établir les commandes de sélection et de couplage sont du type interrupteur.In accordance with the invention, the components used to establish the couplings and establish the selection and coupling commands are of the switch type.

Le dispositif conforme à l'invention peut être bidimensionnel ou tridimensionnel. Dans ce dernier cas les deux réseaux qu'il comporte sont sur deux plans superposés.The device according to the invention can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional. In the latter case the two networks which it comprises are on two superimposed planes.

De façon pratique les schémas tels que représentés par exemple sur la figure 1 et qui a également été représenté de façon partielle sur la figure 2A montre un seul réseau d'éléments conducteurs constituant des motifs élémentaires métalliques (éventuellement doté de propriétés magnétiques de type ferromagnétique) de forme cruciforme, carrée ou en forme de bâton. Leur pas de répétition dans les directions du plan peuvent être égaux ou différents.In practical terms, the diagrams as shown for example in FIG. 1 and which has also been shown partially in FIG. 2A shows a single network of conductive elements constituting metallic elementary patterns (possibly endowed with magnetic properties of ferromagnetic type) cruciform, square or stick-shaped. Their repetition step in the directions of the plane can be equal or different.

Ces motifs élémentaires peuvent être associés entre eux de façon locale. Pour cela ils seront couplés entre eux de manière à former des groupes de motifs élémentaires.These elementary patterns can be associated with each other locally. For this they will be coupled together so as to form groups of elementary patterns.

Le couplage, lorsqu'il est réalisé entre ces différents motifs élémentaires permet de rendre conducteur l'entrefer entre certaines croix contigues et ce, en respectant une périodicité dans les deux directions du plan. Ces couplages ont pour effet de changer la taille et éventuellement la forme des motifs élémentaires et en conséquence de modifier les fréquences d'accord du filtre électromagnétique ainsi réalisé.The coupling, when it is carried out between these different elementary patterns makes it possible to conduct the air gap between certain contiguous crosses, while respecting a periodicity in the two directions of the plane. These couplings have the effect of change the size and possibly the shape of the elementary patterns and consequently modify the tuning frequencies of the electromagnetic filter thus produced.

Pour obtenir un contrôle des propriétés de l'entrefer on utilisera un signal de commande approprié des composants de couplages 44 en fonction du choix de ces composants pour qu'ils ne fonctionnent pas en tout ou rien. Ce contrôle va permettre de passer de façon continue du court-circuit à un circuit ouvert ce qui relativement modifie aussi les propriétés électromagnétiques du filtre sans que nécessairement le pas électromagnétique efficace du réseau se trouve modifié.To obtain a control of the properties of the air gap, an appropriate control signal of the coupling components 44 will be used depending on the choice of these components so that they do not operate in all or nothing. This control will make it possible to pass continuously from the short circuit to an open circuit, which also relatively modifies the electromagnetic properties of the filter without necessarily the effective electromagnetic pitch of the network being modified.

Selon le type de composants électroniques utilisé dans l'entrefer entre les motifs élémentaires et en particulier comme on va le voir dans la suite dans le cas où l'on utilise des diodes, l'invention permet d'obtenir un découplage possible des propriétés magnétiques et électriques associées aux formes des motifs élémentaires.According to the type of electronic components used in the air gap between the elementary patterns and in particular as will be seen below in the case where diodes are used, the invention makes it possible to obtain a possible decoupling of the magnetic properties and electrical associated with the shapes of the elementary patterns.

Les composants pouvant être utilisés pour constituer l'entrefer entre les motifs élémentaires sont des composants de type interrupteur. Ces composants peuvent être :

  • soit un composant photosensible déclenché par une diode photoluminescente le composant photosensible étant le composant 44 et la diode photoluminescente étant alors le composant 45,
  • soit un composant à trois entrées. On utilisera par exemple des transistors MOS ou bipolaire en technologie silicium ou MESFET en technologie semi-conducteur III, V,
  • soit un composant à deux entrées à fonction de transfert non linéaire de type diode.
The components that can be used to constitute the air gap between the elementary patterns are switch type components. These components can be:
  • either a photosensitive component triggered by a photoluminescent diode, the photosensitive component being component 44 and the photoluminescent diode then being component 45,
  • or a component with three inputs. For example, MOS or bipolar transistors in silicon technology or MESFET in III, V semiconductor technology will be used,
  • or a component with two inputs with a non-linear diode transfer function.

Conformément à l'invention les composants de type interrupteurs 44 sont pilotés au niveau de leur commande par des interrupteurs 45 de type MOSFET par exemple, dont une des extrémités est reliée à une source de puissance et dont les commandes (il s'agit des grilles pour des transistors MOSFET) sont pilotées indépendament les une des autres par le mode d'adressage matriciel qui a été précédement décrit et qui est du type de celui que l'on trouve dans les mémoires DRAM comme cela a déjà été décrit. La mémoire prévue dans les moyens de commande est chargée par les diverses configurations des motifs que l'on désire implémenter sur le réseau. Cette mémoire pourra contenir le pas des motifs, les propriétés radioélectriques de l'entrefer. Le processeur est capable d'aller lire dans la mémoire les informations qui vont lui permettre de fournir des signaux de commandes d'adressage pour obtenir cette configuration.In accordance with the invention, the components of the switch type 44 are controlled at the level of their control by switches 45 of the MOSFET type for example, one end of which is connected to a power source and the controls of which (these are grids for MOSFET transistors) are independently controlled from one another by the matrix addressing mode which has been previously described and which is of the type found in DRAM memories as already described. The memory provided in the control means is loaded by the various configurations of the patterns which it is desired to implement on the network. This memory may contain the pitch of the patterns, the radioelectric properties of the air gap. The processor is capable of going to read in the memory the information which will enable it to supply addressing command signals to obtain this configuration.

Pour réaliser un tel réseau on pourra par exemple déposer les motifs élémentaires les composants et les lignes d'adressage sur ou dans une surface isolante (constituant un substrat). Ce substrat peut être par exemple de l'oxyde de silicium. Pour la réalisation du (ou des réseaux) on utilise les techniques de dépôt et de gravure qui sevent à la réalisation de circuits microélectroniques.To make such a network, it is possible, for example, to deposit the elementary patterns, the components and the addressing lines on or in an insulating surface (constituting a substrate). This substrate can for example be silicon oxide. For the realization of (or networks) we use the deposition and etching techniques which seventy to the realization of microelectronic circuits.

Un tel réseau se comporte au plan électromagnétique et ou infrarouge comme une surface sélective en fréquence.Such a network behaves electromagnetically and or infrared as a frequency selective surface.

L'implémentation de moyens de couplage dans ledit réseau permet de contrôler les propriétés diélectriqes équivalentes du matériau situé entre les motifs élémentaires et que l'on a appellé entrefer. Ce contrôle peut aboutir aux situations extrèmes qui sont l'isolation électrique complète ou le court circuit.The implementation of coupling means in said network makes it possible to control the equivalent dielectric properties of the material located between the elementary patterns and which has been called air gap. This control can lead to extreme situations which are complete electrical insulation or short circuit.

L'implémentation des composants 44 et 45 et des lignes d'adressage 1, 2 qui est réalisée par des techniques de dépôt et de gravure classiques utilisées en microélectronique peut être réalisée sur des plans distincts de celui sur lequel sont placés les motifs 2. Les composants et les lignes peuvent donc être dans la surface isolante (substrat) ou sur cette surface isolante.The implementation of components 44 and 45 and of the addressing lines 1, 2 which is carried out by conventional deposition and etching techniques used in microelectronics can be carried out on separate planes from that on which the patterns 2 are placed. components and lines can therefore be in the insulating surface (substrate) or on this insulating surface.

Dans le cas d'une réalisation tridimensionnelle les deux réseaux réalisés seront superposés.In the case of a three-dimensional embodiment, the two networks produced will be superimposed.

Le schéma de la figure 3 permet d'illustrer une configuration possible obtenu pour le dispositif conformément à l'invention. Sur cette figure on a symbolisé par une continuité des motifs la fermeture des entrefers entre les différents motifs élémentaires.The diagram in Figure 3 illustrates a possible configuration obtained for the device according to the invention. In this figure, the continuity of the air gaps between the different elementary patterns has been symbolized by a continuity of the patterns.

Les entrefers pour lesquels les interrupteurs ont été fermés n'apparaissent donc plus sur ce schéma les interrupteurs assurant le couplage entre les motifs élémentaires n'ont pas non plu été représentés.The air gaps for which the switches have been closed therefore no longer appear on this diagram. The switches ensuring the coupling between the elementary patterns have also not been shown.

La figure 4 permet d'illustrer une autre configuration possible dans laquelle le réseau comporte des motifs élémentaires indépendants sur sa périphérie. L'intérieur du réseau constitue un maillage de forme rectangulaire. Cette configuration peut servir à réaliser une antenne d'émission-réception radiofréquence. Pour cela le réseau va comporter en plus comme on peut le voir sur la coupe AA' schématisée au-dessous du réseau des moyens 6 d'alimentation radiofréquence des éléments rayonnant. On voit donc sur cette coupe AA les éléments rayonnants 2 en surface du substrat diélectrique 10. L'alimentation des éléments rayonnant 2 est réalisée par des lignes conductrices 6 qui traversent le substrat.Figure 4 illustrates another possible configuration in which the network has independent elementary patterns on its periphery. The interior of the network constitutes a mesh of rectangular shape. This configuration can be used to make a radiofrequency transmit-receive antenna. For this, the network will further comprise, as can be seen in section AA 'shown diagrammatically below the network, means 6 for radiofrequency supply of the radiating elements. This section AA therefore shows the radiating elements 2 on the surface of the dielectric substrate 10. The radiating elements 2 are supplied by conductive lines 6 which pass through the substrate.

Le substrat comporte également pour cela, par exemple sur sa face inférieure, une structure conductrice 7 constituant une masse électrique pour le dispositif.The substrate also includes for this, for example on its underside, a conductive structure 7 constituting an electrical mass for the device.

Le dispositif tel qu'il est décrit à propos de la figure 4 peut avoir une configuration pour fonctionner en antenne uniquement pendant le temps strictement nécessaire à la fonction émission-réception se qui ne modifie la réflectivité de la surface que pendant des temps très brefs. En dehors de ces périodes d'émission-réception le dispositif reste une surface sélective en fréquence accordable.The device as described with reference to FIG. 4 can have a configuration for operating as an antenna only for the time strictly necessary for the transmission-reception function, which only changes the reflectivity of the surface for very short times. Outside these transmission-reception periods, the device remains a tunable frequency selective surface.

Claims (12)

  1. Device with a frequency-selective surface, including at least one row/column array (1) of conducting elementary patterns (2), characterized in that it includes at least one row/column array of coupling components (44), each coupling component being capable of coupling together two conducting elementary patterns (2) which are adjacent along a row or a column, to which patterns it is connected, at least one array of electronic components (45) which are connected to conductive rows (42) and to conductive columns (41), allowing row addressing and column addressing of these electronic components (45), each electronic component (45) making it possible to actuate a coupling component (44), control means including a processor (32) and a memory (31) containing the various possible configurations to be given to the array of elementary patterns as a function of the selected frequency, the processor making it possible to read the corresponding configuration from the memory and send the control signals onto the conductive rows (42) and onto the conductive columns (41) in order to obtain this configuration.
  2. Device according to Claim 1, characterized in that the components (44, 45) are of the switch type.
  3. Device according to either of the preceding claims, characterized in that the components (44) of the first series are photosensitive components triggered by a photoluminescent diode.
  4. Device according to either of Claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the components (44) of the first series are three-input components.
  5. Device according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the components (44) of the first series are two-input components with a non-linear transfer function.
  6. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the components (45) of the second series are transistors of the MOSFET type, one electrode of which is connected to a supply voltage (VCC) and the control electrodes of which are connected to the addressing control wires (41, 42).
  7. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the elementary patterns (2) are deposited on a layer of insulator (10).
  8. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electronic components (44, 45) are deposited on the layer of insulator (10) bearing the elementary patterns (2).
  9. Device according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the electronic components (44, 45) are deposited on a first layer of insulator, the conducting elements being deposited on a second layer of insulator, the second layer being superposed with the first.
  10. Device according to any one of Claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the device includes a plurality of arrays of elementary patterns, each being deposited on a layer of insulator, the various layers being superposed, the device thus constituting an absorbent structure with variable electrical depth.
  11. Device according to Claim 10, characterized in that the electronic components which perform the couplings for a given array are deposited on the layer of insulator bearing the corresponding conducting elements.
  12. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the conducting elements are connected to radiofrequency supply means (6) so as to be capable of functioning as a transmission/reception antenna.
EP19920402888 1991-10-25 1992-10-22 Device with adjustable frequency selective surface Expired - Lifetime EP0539297B1 (en)

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FR919113202A FR2683050B1 (en) 1991-10-25 1991-10-25 DEVICE WITH SELECTIVE SURFACE IN TUNABLE FREQUENCY.
FR9113202 1991-10-25

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US7298228B2 (en) 2002-05-15 2007-11-20 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Single-pole multi-throw switch having low parasitic reactance, and an antenna incorporating the same
US7245269B2 (en) 2003-05-12 2007-07-17 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Adaptive beam forming antenna system using a tunable impedance surface
US7068234B2 (en) 2003-05-12 2006-06-27 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Meta-element antenna and array
US7253699B2 (en) 2003-05-12 2007-08-07 Hrl Laboratories, Llc RF MEMS switch with integrated impedance matching structure
US7164387B2 (en) 2003-05-12 2007-01-16 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Compact tunable antenna
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US7456803B1 (en) 2003-05-12 2008-11-25 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Large aperture rectenna based on planar lens structures
US7307589B1 (en) 2005-12-29 2007-12-11 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Large-scale adaptive surface sensor arrays
US7868829B1 (en) 2008-03-21 2011-01-11 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Reflectarray
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FR2683050B1 (en) 1994-03-04
EP0539297A1 (en) 1993-04-28
DE69219993T2 (en) 1997-12-18
FR2683050A1 (en) 1993-04-30
DE69219993D1 (en) 1997-07-03

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