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EP0518880B1 - Device for indirectly heating fluids - Google Patents

Device for indirectly heating fluids Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0518880B1
EP0518880B1 EP91904137A EP91904137A EP0518880B1 EP 0518880 B1 EP0518880 B1 EP 0518880B1 EP 91904137 A EP91904137 A EP 91904137A EP 91904137 A EP91904137 A EP 91904137A EP 0518880 B1 EP0518880 B1 EP 0518880B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat
radiation
equipment
meandering pipe
accordance
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP91904137A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0518880A1 (en
Inventor
Quintiliano Valenti
Francesco Giacobbe
Raffaele Villante
Maurizio Bezzeccheri
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Vodafone GmbH
Technip Holding Benelux BV
Original Assignee
Mannesmann AG
KTI Group BV
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Publication of EP0518880A1 publication Critical patent/EP0518880A1/en
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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H1/00Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
    • F24H1/22Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating
    • F24H1/40Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating with water tube or tubes
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/047Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag
    • F28D1/0477Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag the conduits being bent in a serpentine or zig-zag
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/14Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/04Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of ceramic; of concrete; of natural stone
    • F28F21/045Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of ceramic; of concrete; of natural stone for domestic or space-heating systems

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for the indirect heating of fluids according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
  • the fluid to be heated for example liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons or a hydrocarbon / steam mixture
  • the fluid to be heated is usually passed through a boiler room in heat exchanger tubes and heated through the tube wall of the heat exchanger tubes without coming into direct contact with the heating medium.
  • the heat transfer to the pipe wall mostly takes place mainly through heat radiation, which emanates from a free flame of a fuel burned in the boiler room, and to a lesser extent through the hot combustion gases by means of convection.
  • the heat exchanger tubes run through the boiler room in the form of coils.
  • gaseous fuels gases or vaporized liquid fuels
  • a heat radiation surface by passing the gaseous fuel mixed with an oxygen-containing gas (e.g. air) through a porous radiation body and igniting and burning it on its outer surface.
  • the ignition takes place through the glow of this outer surface (heat radiation surface).
  • the heat radiation surface has a regular shape which, in contrast to an open flame, does not change when the fuel supply is changed.
  • the temperature distribution within the heat radiation area is very even.
  • Such a burner with a heat radiation surface is known, for example, from US Pat. No. 4,722,681. Its radiant body is formed from a ceramic fiber matrix and has a large length and width compared to the overall depth of the burner, so that there is a large heat radiation area. This burner is intended for the heat treatment of long webs of paper or fabric.
  • a heating apparatus is known from EP 0 385 963 A1, which is formed from a cylindrical housing in which a likewise cylindrical ceramic hollow body with a porous wall is arranged. At a distance from the cylindrical surface of the ceramic body, a again cylindrical heat exchanger is installed in the housing, through which a heat transfer medium flows.
  • a pressurized mixture of a gaseous fuel and an oxygen-containing gas can be introduced into the space between the housing jacket and the outer surface of the ceramic body, which flows through the ceramic body and burns on the inner surface of the ceramic body after ignition.
  • the hot flue gases resulting from the combustion can enter the cavity surrounded by the heat exchanger through suitable through-openings in the lateral surface of the cylindrical heat exchanger, and can be discharged from there to the outside.
  • This heater in which a large part of the heat absorbed by the heat exchanger is transferred by convection, is primarily intended as a boiler for heating buildings and is not suitable for carrying out high-temperature processes.
  • the fluid to be heated is introduced into the heat exchanger from above and drawn off again at the bottom, so that the “transport direction” of the coil is opposite to the upward flow of the combustion exhaust gases.
  • Vaporized liquid fuels such as kerosene, diesel, naphtha or alcohols are intended for combustion.
  • the object of the invention is to propose a generic device for the indirect heating of fluids, in which a much more uniform heat flow in the heat exchanger is guaranteed.
  • the invention provides that the tubes of the heat exchanger coils through which the fluid to be heated is passed are each irradiated by two heat radiators which are on opposite sides with respect to the tube axis and with respect to the area into which the coil extends, each coil is thus arranged between two heat radiators directed towards one another with their heat radiation, so that there are no longer any unexposed surfaces facing away from the tube circumference. Since the heat radiation surfaces of the heat radiators each have a shape corresponding to the areal extent of the heat exchanger tube coil, uniform radiation can also take place in the transport direction of the heat exchanger.
  • the heat exchanger coils generally do not represent a closed area, but that there is a free space between the individual turns. This means that the heat radiation from the two opposite heat radiators can pass through these gaps and lead to undesirable temperature increases in the corresponding areas of the two heat radiation surfaces. This would not only impair the uniformity of the temperature distribution of the heat radiation surfaces, but could also cause damage to the radiation body of the heat radiators.
  • the invention therefore provides to arrange two diametrically opposed longitudinal ribs on the outside of the heat exchanger tubes, which extend over the entire or almost the entire length of the tubes and each protrude into the spaces between the coils. These longitudinal ribs thus represent an obstacle to the passage of the heat radiation through the spaces between the coils. It should be ensured that these spaces are covered as completely as possible.
  • the longitudinal ribs also have another important purpose within the scope of the invention. Since the longitudinal ribs can absorb significant amounts of heat due to the heat radiation, the heat flow can be intensified through the areas of the tube walls lying laterally to the direction of radiation of the heat radiators, i.e. through the less strongly irradiated tube wall areas, in that additional heat flows from these longitudinal ribs into these lateral areas by heat conduction.
  • the longitudinal ribs should therefore have the best possible contact with the pipe surface (eg welded connection). It can also be expedient to use a material with a higher thermal conductivity than the tube material for the longitudinal ribs.
  • the thickness of the longitudinal ribs should be designed so that the heat input from the longitudinal ribs almost completely compensates for the reduction in heat input into the lateral areas of the pipes due to the lower direct heat radiation.
  • the minimum thickness of the longitudinal ribs required for this can be determined by calculation in a known manner.
  • the coil of the heat exchanger through which the fluid is guided expediently has a flat extension, ie the coils of the coil lie in one plane.
  • the heat exchanger can also extend into curved surfaces, since the heat radiation surface can be adapted to this surface by appropriate shaping of the radiation body.
  • a cylindrical surface is recommended in such a case, the heat exchanger tubes being able to be arranged, for example, in a helical shape.
  • the term “pipe coil” is also intended to include this embodiment.
  • the tubes can also run parallel to the cylinder jacket lines, for example.
  • coils can also be provided as heat exchangers in the boiler room of the device according to the invention.
  • a version is recommended in which the coils are arranged parallel to one another in vertical planes.
  • the principle of the invention remains unchanged in that each coil surface is assigned two heat radiators located opposite one another. It is possible to combine the heat radiators located between two adjacent coils in a single burner housing with two heat radiation surfaces radiating in the opposite direction.
  • the heating conditions for a heat exchanger are virtually completely independent of the heating conditions of other heat exchangers in planes arranged in parallel because of the assignment of the heat radiators in the construction according to the invention, it is easily possible, in contrast to the prior art, to have individual heat exchangers with one another within the same boiler room operate at different temperatures.
  • even one and the same heat exchanger can be divided with respect to its direction of transport into, for example, two or three zones with specifically different heating by dividing the assigned heat radiation area accordingly and feeding it with a different amount of fuel. This is equivalent to a corresponding series connection of smaller, independently operable heat radiators, the individual heat radiation surfaces of which add up to a total heat radiation surface corresponding to the surface of the heat exchanger.
  • the conventional design does not allow such specifically different heating, since the combustion gases rising upwards from the burners arranged below in the boiler room inevitably influence the effect of the burners arranged above.
  • the invention allows the temperature gradient of the fluid to be changed in a controlled manner on its way through the coils.
  • burners with porous radiation bodies are particularly suitable for economic reasons, on the glowing surface of which gaseous fuels can be burned flameless with oxygen-containing gas. Ceramic fiber burners are particularly preferred.
  • This type of heat radiation source is characterized not only by simple handling, low pressure drops, quick response to load fluctuations and low noise levels, but also by extremely low levels of nitrogen oxides (less than 20 ppm), carbon monoxide and unburned fuel in the combustion exhaust gas.
  • heat radiators and heat exchangers can be brought very close to one another without the risk of uncontrolled local overheating. As a result, the heat exchange can be kept at an extremely efficient level, even if the system is to be operated with low output.
  • Heat radiators with a vertically arranged heat radiation surface are preferred. However, the invention can also be carried out with horizontal heat radiation surfaces.
  • FIG. 1 shows in cross section a pipe coil 4 lying in a vertical plane of a boiler room 14, to which heat radiation 1 is applied laterally by two heat radiators 1.
  • the tubes of the coil 4 each have on their top and bottom diametrically opposed and vertically outwardly projecting longitudinal ribs 5 which are welded to the outside of the tube.
  • the heat radiators 1 have a radiation body 15 made of a porous material (eg ceramic fiber material), which is embedded in a burner housing, which is open to the side facing the coil 4.
  • a gas inlet 2 a mixture of a gaseous fuel and an oxygen-containing gas can enter the burner housing and flows in a uniform surface distribution through the radiation body 15, the heat radiation surface 3 glows and causes the ignition and combustion of the supplied gas mixture. This combustion takes place in the immediate vicinity of the radiation surface 3, so that there is practically no flame.
  • the heat radiation of the heat radiation surface 3 strikes the tubes of the coil 4 and their longitudinal ribs 5 and heats them. Since the longitudinal fins 5 of pipe sections of the pipe coil 4 arranged directly one above the other lie close together or even meet with their outer end faces, the space between the pipes of the pipe coil 4 is practically completely shielded from direct passage of heat radiation from one heat radiator 1 to the other heat radiator 1 , so that they cannot influence each other negatively.
  • the heat absorbed by the longitudinal ribs 5 is in each case introduced into the wall of the tubes of the tube coil 4 by heat conduction and from there passed on to the fluid passed through.
  • the thickness of the longitudinal ribs 5 is designed taking into account their thermal conductivity so that the heat flow that can be passed through them is sufficient to the otherwise in the upper and lower surface areas (in the 12 o'clock and 6 o'clock position) because of the to compensate for the reduced heat radiation (compared to the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock position) and to at least significantly reduce the differences.
  • FIGS. 2a and 2b a reaction furnace is shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b, for example for the pyrolysis of acetic acid for the production of ketenes.
  • the heating chamber 14 is surrounded by a heat-insulated housing 7.
  • the coils, designated 6, of the two heat exchangers arranged in parallel vertical planes, through which the acetic acid is passed, are mounted on a hanging device 10 in the heating chamber 14.
  • the lowermost heat exchanger tubes of the coils 6 are connected to the feed lines 8 and the uppermost heat exchanger tubes to the discharge lines 9, so that the direction of transport of the acetic acid through the heat exchanger is in principle directed from bottom to top, although the coils 6 are in the run essentially horizontally.
  • burners 11 Arranged in the housing wall 7 on both sides of the coils 6 are burners 11 (indicated schematically by dash-dotted lines), the free flames of which are directed towards the heat exchanger tubes.
  • the combustion exhaust gases resulting from the combustion are led out of the heating chamber 14 through the flue gas opening 12.
  • the considerably more uniform introduction of heat into the heat exchanger tubes in the embodiment according to the invention entails that the heat exchangers can be operated with higher efficiency overall. This means that either with the same heat exchange surface of a coil, a larger amount of heat or with the same maximum permissible pipe wall temperature, the same amount of heat can be transferred with a smaller heat exchange surface.
  • the heat transfer capacity is always approximately an average between the maximum heat flow in the areas most exposed to heat radiation and the minimum heat flow in the areas of the heat exchanger tubes least exposed to heat radiation.
  • the ratio of the average to the maximum heat flow in conventional heat exchangers is approximately 1: 1.2.
  • the design according to the invention allows this ratio to be brought to almost 1: 1, since the entire surface of the heat exchanger tubes has an almost equally high temperature.
  • the maximum permissible pipe wall temperature does not only depend on the temperature resistance of the pipe material, but is also very significantly determined by the thermal properties of the heated fluid.
  • decomposition reactions eg coke formation
  • the invention enables an operating mode in which even exceeding the critical temperature limit, which is strictly local, can be reliably avoided, without the temperature level of the heat exchanger having to be reduced significantly below this critical limit.
  • FIGS. 3a and 3b show a furnace according to the present invention corresponding to the furnace from FIGS. 2a and 2b in a vertical longitudinal or cross section.
  • the heating chamber 14 enclosed by the housing 7 four coils 4 are arranged as heat exchanger tubes in mutually parallel vertical planes.
  • the supply 8 of the fluid to be heated to the coils 4 takes place through a common line (feed collector 13).
  • a discharge collector (not shown) is provided for the discharge line 9 of the heated fluid.
  • the heat exchanger tubes of the coil 4 attached to the hanging devices 10 on the housing 7 do not run essentially horizontally but vertically within the vertical plane (in the parallel tube sections).
  • the general direction of transport of the fluid through the heat exchanger is therefore horizontal.
  • a heat radiator 1 is arranged in parallel at a distance, the heat radiation surfaces 3 of which correspond in their extent to the areal extent of the coil 4.
  • the gas inlet 2 for supplying the heat radiators 1 designed as a fiber burner is designed as a common manifold.
  • the resulting hot combustion gases are led out of the heating chamber 14 through the flue gas opening 12.
  • the other heat radiators 1 are each provided with 2 heat radiation surfaces 3 acting in the opposite direction, i.e. they act like two separate heat radiators 1.
  • the longitudinal fins attached to the heat exchanger tubes of the coils 4 close 5 by a complete shielding of the intermediate space lying between the individual opposing pipe strands, an undesirable mutual influence of the heat radiators 1 directed against each other in their radiation direction.
  • longitudinal ribs 5 ensure the already described increase in the heat flow in the areas of the heat exchanger tube walls which are less affected by the direct heat radiation.
  • the heat radiation surfaces 3 may be brought relatively close to the coils 4. This enables an exceptionally compact design of the device. With the conventional design, a similar approach of the burners with a free flame would inevitably lead to local overheating on the heat exchanger tubes. A conventional furnace therefore has a much larger boiler room volume with the same heat transfer capacity. For the embodiment according to the invention, this results in a reduction in the required space to only a third of the previous value, as can be seen approximately from a comparison of FIGS. 2b and 3b. In addition, the smaller volume means that the radiation losses to the outside are correspondingly lower. Together with the increase in the efficiency of the heat transfer as a result of the proximity of the heat radiation surfaces 3 to the surface of the heat exchanger tubes, this leads overall to significant savings in fuel consumption.
  • FIG. 4 shows a single heat exchanger tube of a tube coil 4, the longitudinal ribs 5a of which are approximately trapezoidal in cross section, the cross section widening towards the tube surface.
  • This shape takes into account the fact that the heat dissipation only has to take place in the direction of the heat exchanger tube and the amount of heat to be dissipated to the tube surface increases steadily over the height of the longitudinal fin.
  • the thickness of the longitudinal ribs is thus designed as a function of the distance to the pipe surface in such a way that the minimum cross section required for the respective amount of heat is ensured.
  • This type of design leads to material and weight savings compared to a design based on the maximum required cross section (constant over the entire height of the longitudinal ribs), without impairing the thermal conductivity of the longitudinal ribs 5a.
  • FIG. 5 shows a modification in which the longitudinal ribs 5b extend vertically (from the pipe surface). overlap each other.
  • This has the advantage that a complete shielding of the spaces between the strands of the coil 4 can always be guaranteed.
  • the solution according to FIG. 5 permits free expansion of the tubes and longitudinal ribs 5b without a gap being created in the space through which the heat radiation could pass directly.
  • FIG. 6 shows a section of an embodiment of the invention, in which the tube coil 4, like the heat radiation surfaces 3 of the radiation bodies 15 of the heat radiators 1, have a curved shape, namely a cylindrical jacket shape.
  • the pipe coil 4 can be designed in the form of parallel rings or in the form of a helix. The basic principle corresponds completely to the representations of Figures 1, 3a and 3b.
  • the fuel consumption of the furnace according to the invention is 37% lower and the emission of nitrogen oxides is more than 80% lower than in the conventional furnace.
  • the considerably more compact design which is documented by the fact that the coil area is around 30% smaller, the volume of the boiler room is 66% smaller and the surface of the boiler room is 54% smaller.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Thermotherapy And Cooling Therapy Devices (AREA)
  • General Induction Heating (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Gas Burners (AREA)
  • Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
  • Central Heating Systems (AREA)

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/DE91/00183 Sec. 371 Date Nov. 9, 1992 Sec. 102(e) Date Nov. 9, 1992 PCT Filed Feb. 27, 1991 PCT Pub. No. WO91/14139 PCT Pub. Date Sep. 19, 1991.A device for indirectly heating fluids, particularly for high temperature processes, includes a heating space in which at least one tube coil is arranged. The tube coil is constructed in a planar manner and the fluid to be heated can be conducted through the tube coil. Heat radiators act from the outside on the tube coil. The heat radiators have a heat radiation surface shaped corresponding to the planar extension of the tube coil. The heat radiators are arranged on opposite sides of the tube coil. Longitudinal ribs are provided on two opposite sides of the tube of the tube coil with respect to the tube cross section. The longitudinal ribs extend along the entire or almost entire length of the tube coil into the intermediate space situated between the loops of the tube coil

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur indirekten Beheizung von Fluiden gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to a device for the indirect heating of fluids according to the preamble of patent claim 1.

Derartige Vorrichtungen werden insbesondere benötigt zur Durchführung von Hochtemperaturprozessen, wie sie in der Erdölverarbeitung und in der Petrochemie häufig vorkommen. Das zu beheizende Fluid, beispielsweise flüssige oder gasförmige Kohlenwasserstoffe oder ein Kohlenwasserstoff/Dampf-Gemisch, wird dabei üblicherweise in Wärmetauscherrohren durch einen Heizraum geführt und dabei durch die Rohrwand der Wärmetauscherrohre erwärmt, ohne mit dem Heizmedium in einen direkten Kontakt zu kommen. Die Wärmeübertragung auf die Rohrwand erfolgt meistens überwiegend durch Wärmestrahlung, die von einer freien Flamme eines im Heizraum verbrannten Brennstoffs ausgeht, und zu einem geringeren Teil durch die heißen Verbrennungsgase im Wege der Konvektion. Die Wärmetauscherrohre verlaufen in Form von Rohrschlangen durch den Heizraum.Devices of this type are required, in particular, for carrying out high-temperature processes, such as are frequently encountered in petroleum processing and in petrochemicals. The fluid to be heated, for example liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons or a hydrocarbon / steam mixture, is usually passed through a boiler room in heat exchanger tubes and heated through the tube wall of the heat exchanger tubes without coming into direct contact with the heating medium. The heat transfer to the pipe wall mostly takes place mainly through heat radiation, which emanates from a free flame of a fuel burned in the boiler room, and to a lesser extent through the hot combustion gases by means of convection. The heat exchanger tubes run through the boiler room in the form of coils.

Der große Nachteil offener Flammen ist darin zu sehen, daß eine gewünschte geometrische Form der Flamme und eine möglichst gleichförmige Temperaturverteilung nur sehr schwierig einstellbar sind. Insbesondere unter sich verändernden Betriebsbedingungen sind daher gleichmäßige Heizverhältnisse kaum erreichbar. Praktisch sind die Grenzen für entsprechende steuernde Eingriffe sehr eng gesetzt. Änderungen der Flammengeometrie sind gleichbedeutend mit Änderungen des Abstandes einzelner Stellen der Wärmetauscherrohre von der "Flammenoberfläche". Das bedeutet, daß der Wärmefluß durch die Wärmetauscherrohre nicht nur entlang der Rohrschlange stets beträchtliche Schwankungen aufweist. Ein ungleichmäßiger Wärmefluß ist insbesondere auch über den Umfang der Wärmetauscherrohre feststellbar, da die einzelnen Teilstücke der Rohroberfläche zwangsläufig eine unterschiedliche Ausrichtung zur Flamme haben, teilweise sogar von der Flamme abgewandt sind und somit unterschiedlich stark bestrahlt werden. Dies kann dazu führen, daß es an den Wärmetauscherrohren an einzelnen Stellen zu örtlichen Überhitzungen und gleichzeitig an anderen Stellen zu erheblichen Unterschreitungen der gewünschten Rohrwandtemperatur kommt. Dadurch können einerseits thermische Schädigungen der Wärmetauscherrohre von der Außenseite her auftreten, andererseits aber auch unerwünschte Effekte in bezug auf das zu beheizende Fluid ausgelöst werden (beispielsweise Verkokung der Rohrinnenoberfläche). In herkömmlichen Öfen für Hochtemperaturprozesse sind die Unterschiede vielfach so groß, daß das Verhältnis des maximalen zum mittleren Wärmefluß in den Wänden der Wärmetauscherrohre in einem Bereich von 3 : 1 bis 4 : 1 liegt.The major disadvantage of open flames is that a desired geometric shape of the flame and a temperature distribution that is as uniform as possible can only be set with great difficulty. Even under changing operating conditions, uniform heating conditions can hardly be achieved. In practice, the limits for corresponding control interventions are very narrow. Changes in the flame geometry are synonymous with changes in the distance of individual points of the heat exchanger tubes from the "flame surface". This means that the heat flow through the heat exchanger tubes always shows considerable fluctuations not only along the coil. An uneven heat flow is particularly noticeable over the circumference of the heat exchanger tubes, since the individual sections of the tube surface inevitably have a different orientation to the flame, and in some cases even face away from the flame and are therefore irradiated to different extents. This can lead to local overheating at individual points on the heat exchanger tubes and, at the same time, significant drops below the desired tube wall temperature at other points. As a result, thermal damage to the heat exchanger tubes can occur from the outside on the one hand, but on the other hand undesirable effects in relation to the fluid to be heated can also be triggered (for example coking of the tube inner surface). In conventional furnaces for high-temperature processes, the differences are often so great that the ratio of the maximum to the average heat flow in the walls of the heat exchanger tubes is in a range from 3: 1 to 4: 1.

Es ist bekannt, gasförmige Brennstoffe (Gase oder verdampfte Flüssigbrennstoffe) praktisch ohne Flammbildung in einem Brenner mit Wärmestrahlungsfläche zu verbrennen, indem der gasförmige Brennstoff vermischt mit einem sauerstoffhaltigen Gas (z.B. Luft) durch einen porösen Strahlungskörper hindurchgeführt und auf dessen Außenoberfläche gezündet und verbrannt wird. Die Zündung erfolgt dabei durch das Glühen dieser Außenoberfläche (Wärmestrahlungsfläche). Entsprechend der geometrischen Form des Strahlungskörpers weist die Wärmestrahlungsfläche eine regelmäßige Form auf, die sich im Unterschied zu einer offenen Flamme bei Veränderung der Brennstoffzufuhr nicht ändert. Außerdem ist die Temperaturverteilung innerhalb der Wärmestrahlungsfläche sehr gleichmäßig.It is known to burn gaseous fuels (gases or vaporized liquid fuels) practically without flame formation in a burner with a heat radiation surface, by passing the gaseous fuel mixed with an oxygen-containing gas (e.g. air) through a porous radiation body and igniting and burning it on its outer surface. The ignition takes place through the glow of this outer surface (heat radiation surface). According to the geometrical shape of the radiation body, the heat radiation surface has a regular shape which, in contrast to an open flame, does not change when the fuel supply is changed. In addition, the temperature distribution within the heat radiation area is very even.

Ein derartiger Brenner mit Wärmestrahtungsfläche (Wärmestrahler) ist beispielsweise aus der US 4 722 681 bekannt. Sein Strahlungskörper ist aus einer Keramikfasermatrix gebildet und weist eine im Vergleich zur Bautiefe des Brenners große Länge und Breite auf, so daß sich eine große Wärmestrahlungsfläche ergibt. Dieser Brenner ist vorgesehen für die Wärmebehandlung von langen Papier- oder Gewebebahnen.Such a burner with a heat radiation surface (heat radiator) is known, for example, from US Pat. No. 4,722,681. Its radiant body is formed from a ceramic fiber matrix and has a large length and width compared to the overall depth of the burner, so that there is a large heat radiation area. This burner is intended for the heat treatment of long webs of paper or fabric.

Weiterhin ist es aus der US 4 865 543 bekannt, einen Brenner mit Wärmestrahlungsfläche zur Beheizung eines Apparates zu verwenden, durch dessen Heizraum eine flache Rohrschlange als Wärmetauscher geführt ist. In der Rohrschlange fließt das zu behandelnde Fluid und wird infolge der Wärmestrahlung indirekt erwärmt. Der Wärmestrahler, der als Faserbrenner ausgebildet und am Boden des Heizraums angeordnet ist, setzt durch die Verbrennung heiße Verbrennungsgase frei, die hochsteigen und oben aus dem Heizraum abgeführt werden. Die Rohrschlange des Wärmetauschers liegt in einer vertikalen Ebene, wobei die Rohre der einzelnen Windungen der Rohrschlange im wesentlichen horizontal angeordnet sind.Furthermore, it is known from US Pat. No. 4,865,543 to use a burner with a heat radiation surface for heating an apparatus, through the heating chamber of which a flat coil is passed as a heat exchanger. The fluid to be treated flows in the coil and is indirectly heated as a result of the heat radiation. The heat radiator, which is designed as a fiber burner and is arranged on the floor of the boiler room, releases hot combustion gases through the combustion, which rise and are discharged from the top of the boiler room. The coil of the heat exchanger lies in a vertical plane, the tubes of the individual turns of the coil being arranged essentially horizontally.

Schließlich ist aus der EP 0 385 963 A1 ein Heizapparat bekannt, der aus einem zylindrischen Gehäuse gebildet ist, in dem ein ebenfalls zylindrischer Keramikhohlkörper mit poröser Wandung angeordnet ist. Im Abstand von der zylindrischen Oberfläche des Keramikkörpers ist in das Gehäuse außerdem ein wiederum zylinderförmiger Wärmetauscher eingebaut der von einem Wärmeträgermedium durchströmt wird. In dem Zwischenraum zwischen dem Gehäusemantel und der Außenoberfläche des Keramikkörpers kann ein unter überdruck stehendes Gemisch aus einem gasförmigen Brennstoff und einem sauerstoffhaltigen Gas eingeführt werden, das den Keramikkörper durchströmt und nach Zündung auf der Innenoberfläche des Keramikkörpers verbrennt. Die durch die Verbrennung entstehenden heißen Rauchgase können durch geeignete Durchtrittsöffnungen in der Mantelfläche des zylindrischen Wärmetauschers unter Wärmeabgabe in den von dem Wärmetauscher umgebenen Hohlraum eintreten und von dort nach außen abgeführt werden. Dieser Heizapparat, bei dem ein großer Teil der vom Wärmetauscher aufgenommenen Wärme durch Konvektion übertragen wird, ist in erster Linie als Heizkessel für Gebäudeheizungen gedacht und nicht geeignet für die Durchführung von Hochtemperaturprozessen.Finally, a heating apparatus is known from EP 0 385 963 A1, which is formed from a cylindrical housing in which a likewise cylindrical ceramic hollow body with a porous wall is arranged. At a distance from the cylindrical surface of the ceramic body, a again cylindrical heat exchanger is installed in the housing, through which a heat transfer medium flows. A pressurized mixture of a gaseous fuel and an oxygen-containing gas can be introduced into the space between the housing jacket and the outer surface of the ceramic body, which flows through the ceramic body and burns on the inner surface of the ceramic body after ignition. The hot flue gases resulting from the combustion can enter the cavity surrounded by the heat exchanger through suitable through-openings in the lateral surface of the cylindrical heat exchanger, and can be discharged from there to the outside. This heater, in which a large part of the heat absorbed by the heat exchanger is transferred by convection, is primarily intended as a boiler for heating buildings and is not suitable for carrying out high-temperature processes.

Das zu beheizende Fluid wird von oben in den Wärmetauscher eingeleitet und unten wieder abgezogen, so daß die "Transportrichtung" der Rohrschlange dem aufwärtsgerichteten Strom der Verbrennungsabgase entgegengesetzt ist. Für die Verbrennung ist der Einsatz verdampfter Flüssigbrennstoffe wie Kerosin, Diesel, Naphta oder Alkohole vorgesehen.The fluid to be heated is introduced into the heat exchanger from above and drawn off again at the bottom, so that the “transport direction” of the coil is opposite to the upward flow of the combustion exhaust gases. Vaporized liquid fuels such as kerosene, diesel, naphtha or alcohols are intended for combustion.

Bei diesem bekannten Apparat sind die unteren Teile der Wärmetauscherrohrschlange einer starken Wärmestrahlung ausgesetzt, während die oberen Teile nicht mehr von der Wärmestrahlung des Brenners erreicht werden können und im wesentlichen durch Konvektion erwärmt werden. Aber selbst beim untersten Wärmetauscherrohr kann die Wärmestrahlung nur auf einen Teil der Rohroberfläche einwirken.In this known apparatus the lower parts of the heat exchanger tube coil are exposed to strong heat radiation, while the upper parts can no longer be reached by the heat radiation from the burner and are essentially heated by convection. But even with the lowest heat exchanger tube, the heat radiation can only affect part of the tube surface.

Während die Seitenbereiche der horizontal liegenden Rohre erheblich weniger bestrahlt werden als die Unterseite des untersten Wärmetauscherrohres, werden die Oberseiten der Wärmetauscherrohre überhaupt nicht direkt bestrahlt. Das bedeutet, daß der Wärmefluß sowohl in Umfangsrichtung der Wärmetauscherrohre als auch in Transportrichtung des Wärmetauschers erheblichen Schwankungen unterliegt.While the side areas of the horizontally lying tubes are irradiated considerably less than the underside of the lowest heat exchanger tube, the top sides of the heat exchanger tubes are not directly irradiated at all. This means that the heat flow is subject to considerable fluctuations both in the circumferential direction of the heat exchanger tubes and in the transport direction of the heat exchanger.

Aus der EP 0 233 030 A2 ist eine Vorrichtung zur indirekten Beheizung von Fluiden bekannt, in dessen Heizraum im Abstand voneinander mehrere Reihen von flachen übereinander angeordneten Strahlungsbrennern parallel zueinander montiert sind. In den Zwischenräumen dieser Brennerreihen befindet sich jeweils ein Röhrenwärmetauscher mit einer Vielzahl von im wesentlichen horizontal verlaufenden Rohrwindungen, die im wesentlichen jeweils in zwei vertikalen Parallelebenen zu den Strahlungsbrennern angeordnet sind. Die Zwischenräume zwischen zwei unmittelbar benachbarten Rohrwindungen sind jeweils frei. Über den Rohrumfang der Rohrwindungen gesehen variieren sowohl die Entfernungen zu den wirksamen Strahlungsflächen der Strahlungsbrenner als auch der Einstrahlwinkel der Wärmestrahlung, so daß die Temperatur der Rohrwand über den Rohrumfang ungleichmäßig ist.From EP 0 233 030 A2 a device for indirect heating of fluids is known, in the heating space of which several rows of flat radiation burners arranged one above the other are mounted parallel to one another. In the spaces between these rows of burners there is in each case a tubular heat exchanger with a multiplicity of essentially horizontally extending pipe windings which are each arranged essentially in two vertical planes parallel to the radiant burners. The spaces between two immediately adjacent pipe turns are free. Seen over the pipe circumference of the pipe coils, both the distances to the effective radiation surfaces of the radiant burners and the angle of incidence of the thermal radiation vary, so that the temperature of the pipe wall is uneven across the pipe circumference.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eine gattungsgemäße Vorrichtung zur indirekten Beheizung von Fluiden vorzuschlagen, bei der ein wesentlich gleichmäßigerer Wärmefluß im Wärmetauscher gewährleistet ist.The object of the invention is to propose a generic device for the indirect heating of fluids, in which a much more uniform heat flow in the heat exchanger is guaranteed.

Gelöst wird diese nufgabe durch die Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 1 Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen 2 bis 14 angegeben.This problem is solved by the features of patent claim 1. Advantageous developments of the invention are specified in subclaims 2 to 14.

Die Erfindung sieht vor, daß die Rohre der Wärmetauscherrohrschlangen, durch die das zu beheizende Fluid hindurchgeführt wird, jeweils von zwei Wärmestrahlern bestrahlt werden, die sich bezüglich der Rohrachse und bezüglich der Fläche, in die sich die Rohrschlange erstreckt, auf gegenüberliegenden Seiten befinden Jede Rohrschlange ist also zwischen zwei mit ihrer Wärmestrahlung aufeinander zu gerichteten Wärmestrahlern angeordnet, so daß es auf dem Rohrumfang keine unbestrahlten abgewandten Flächen mehr gibt. Da die Wärmestrahlungsflächen der Wärmestrahler jeweils eine der flächenhaften Erstreckung der Wärmetauscherrohrschlange entsprechende Form aufweisen, kann auch in Transportrichtung des Wärmetauschers eine gleichmäßige Bestrahlung stattfinden.The invention provides that the tubes of the heat exchanger coils through which the fluid to be heated is passed are each irradiated by two heat radiators which are on opposite sides with respect to the tube axis and with respect to the area into which the coil extends, each coil is thus arranged between two heat radiators directed towards one another with their heat radiation, so that there are no longer any unexposed surfaces facing away from the tube circumference. Since the heat radiation surfaces of the heat radiators each have a shape corresponding to the areal extent of the heat exchanger tube coil, uniform radiation can also take place in the transport direction of the heat exchanger.

Problematisch ist es jedoch, daß die Wärmetauscherrohrschlangen in der Regel keine geschlossene Fläche darstellen, sondern zwischen den einzelnen Windungen ein freier Zwischenraum verbleibt. Das bedeutet, daß die Wärmestrahlung der beiden gegenüberliegenden Wärmestrahler durch diese Zwischenräume hindurchtreten und zu unerwünschten Temperatursteigerungen in den entsprechenden Bereichen der beiden Wärmestrahlungsflächen führen könnte. Dadurch wäre nicht nur die Gleichmäßigkeit der Temperaturverteilung der Wärmestrahlungsflächen beeinträchtigt, sondern es könnten auch Beschädigungen am Strahlungskörper der Wärmestrahler entstehen.It is problematic, however, that the heat exchanger coils generally do not represent a closed area, but that there is a free space between the individual turns. This means that the heat radiation from the two opposite heat radiators can pass through these gaps and lead to undesirable temperature increases in the corresponding areas of the two heat radiation surfaces. This would not only impair the uniformity of the temperature distribution of the heat radiation surfaces, but could also cause damage to the radiation body of the heat radiators.

Die Erfindung sieht daher vor, an der Außenseite der Wärmetauscherrohre jeweils zwei diametral gegenüberliegende Längsrippen anzuordnen, die sich über die gesamte oder nahezu gesamte Länge der Rohre erstrecken und jeweils in die Zwischenräume der Rohrschlangen hineinragen. Damit stellen diese Längsrippen ein Hindernis für den Durchtritt der Wärmestrahlung durch die Zwischenräume der Rohrschlangen dar. Zweckmäßigerweise sollte eine möglichst vollständige Abdeckung dieser Zwischenräume gewährleistet sein.The invention therefore provides to arrange two diametrically opposed longitudinal ribs on the outside of the heat exchanger tubes, which extend over the entire or almost the entire length of the tubes and each protrude into the spaces between the coils. These longitudinal ribs thus represent an obstacle to the passage of the heat radiation through the spaces between the coils. It should be ensured that these spaces are covered as completely as possible.

Neben dem Abschirmeffekt wird mit den Längsrippen im Rahmen der Erfindung noch ein weiterer wesentlicher Zweck verfolgt. Da die Längsrippen durch die Wärmebestrahlung erhebliche Wärmemengen aufnehmen können, kann der Wärmefluß durch die seitlich zur Strahlungsrichtung der Wärmestrahler liegenden Bereiche der Rohrwände, also durch die weniger stark bestrahlten Rohrwandbereiche intensiviert werden, indem durch Wärmeleitung aus den Längsrippen zusätzliche Wärme in diese seitlichen Bereiche fließt. Die Längsrippen sollten daher einen möglichst guten Kontakt zur Rohroberfläche (z.B. Schweißverbindung) aufweisen. Es kann auch zweckmäßig sein, für die Längsrippen einen Werkstoff mit gegenüber dem Rohrwerkstoff höherer Wärmeleitfähigkeit einzusetzen.In addition to the shielding effect, the longitudinal ribs also have another important purpose within the scope of the invention. Since the longitudinal ribs can absorb significant amounts of heat due to the heat radiation, the heat flow can be intensified through the areas of the tube walls lying laterally to the direction of radiation of the heat radiators, i.e. through the less strongly irradiated tube wall areas, in that additional heat flows from these longitudinal ribs into these lateral areas by heat conduction. The longitudinal ribs should therefore have the best possible contact with the pipe surface (eg welded connection). It can also be expedient to use a material with a higher thermal conductivity than the tube material for the longitudinal ribs.

Da der Wärmefluß unmittelbar von der Querschnittsfläche in Fließrichtung abhängt, sollte die Dicke der Längsrippen möglichst so ausgelegt sein, daß durch die Wärmeeinleitung aus den Längsrippen die Verminderung des Wärmeeintrags in die seitlichen Bereiche der Rohre infolge der geringeren direkten Wärmebestrahlung nahezu ausgeglichen wird. Die hierfür erforderliche Mindestdicke der Längsrippen läßt sich durch Berechnung in bekannter Weise ermitteln. In manchen Fällen kann es zweckmäßig sein, anstelle von Längsrippen mit gleichbleibender Dicke solche Längsrippen einzusetzen, die einen etwa trapezförmigen Querschnitt aufweisen, wobei die Dicke der Längsrippen in Richtung auf die Rohroberfläche zunimmt. Auf diese Weise läßt sich bei verringertem Gesamtgewicht und verringertem Materialaufwand eine gleichgute Wärmeleitung erzielen wie bei Längsrippen, die über ihre gesamte Höhe konstant eine Dicke aufweisen, die der dicksten Stelle der trapezförmigen Längsrippe entspricht.Since the heat flow depends directly on the cross-sectional area in the direction of flow, the thickness of the longitudinal ribs should be designed so that the heat input from the longitudinal ribs almost completely compensates for the reduction in heat input into the lateral areas of the pipes due to the lower direct heat radiation. The minimum thickness of the longitudinal ribs required for this can be determined by calculation in a known manner. In some cases, it may be expedient to use longitudinal ribs which have an approximately trapezoidal cross section instead of longitudinal ribs with a constant thickness, the thickness of the longitudinal ribs increasing in the direction of the pipe surface. In this way, with a reduced total weight and reduced material expenditure, heat conduction is as good as that of longitudinal ribs which have a constant thickness over their entire height, which corresponds to the thickest point of the trapezoidal longitudinal rib.

Die Rohrschlange des Wärmetauschers, durch den das Fluid geführt wird, hat zweckmäßigerweise eine ebene Erstreckung, d.h. die Windungen der Rohrschlange liegen in einer Ebene. Grundsätzlich kann sich der Wärmetauscher auch in gekrümmte Flächen erstrecken, da die Wärmestrahlungsfläche durch entsprechende Formgebung des Strahlungskörpers dieser Fläche angepaßt werden kann. Aus Gründen der einfachen Herstellbarkeit empfiehlt sich in einem solchen Fall eine Zylindermantelfläche, wobei die Wärmetauscherrohre beispielsweise in Schraubenlinienform angeordnet werden können. Der Begriff "Rohrschlange" soll auch diese Ausführungsform mit beinhalten. Alternativ können die Rohre z.B. auch parallel zu den Zylindermantellinien verlaufen.The coil of the heat exchanger through which the fluid is guided expediently has a flat extension, ie the coils of the coil lie in one plane. In principle, the heat exchanger can also extend into curved surfaces, since the heat radiation surface can be adapted to this surface by appropriate shaping of the radiation body. For reasons of ease of manufacture, a cylindrical surface is recommended in such a case, the heat exchanger tubes being able to be arranged, for example, in a helical shape. The term “pipe coil” is also intended to include this embodiment. Alternatively, the tubes can also run parallel to the cylinder jacket lines, for example.

Selbstverständlich können im Heizraum der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung auch mehrere Rohrschlangen als Wärmetauscher vorgesehen sein. Empfehlenswert ist eine Ausführung, bei der die Rohrschlangen in vertikalen Ebenen parallel zueinander angeordnet werden. Dabei bleibt das Erfindungsprinzip unverändert, daß jeder Rohrschlangenfläche jeweils zwei einander gegenüberliegende Wärmestrahler zugeordnet sind. Dabei ist es möglich, die zwischen zwei benachbarten Rohrschlangen befindlichen Wärmestrahler jeweils in einem einzigen Brennergehäuse mit zwei in entgegengesetzter Richtung strahlenden Wärmestrahlflächen zusammenzufassen. Um über die gesamte Länge der Rohrschlange etwa konstante Heizbedingungen zu erzielen, empfiehlt es sich, die Rohrschlangen in ihrer vertikalen Ebene so anzuordnen, daß die zueinander parallelen Rohrabschnitte der Rohrschlange vertikal ausgerichtet sind. Das bedeutet, daß das zu beheizende Fluid in den gegenläufigen Rohrabschnitten der einzelnen Windungen der Rohrschlange jeweils abwechselnd nach unten und wieder nach oben geführt wird und bezüglich der Längenerstreckung der Rohrschlange insgesamt in horizontaler Richtung transportiert wird.Of course, several coils can also be provided as heat exchangers in the boiler room of the device according to the invention. A version is recommended in which the coils are arranged parallel to one another in vertical planes. The principle of the invention remains unchanged in that each coil surface is assigned two heat radiators located opposite one another. It is possible to combine the heat radiators located between two adjacent coils in a single burner housing with two heat radiation surfaces radiating in the opposite direction. In order to achieve approximately constant heating conditions over the entire length of the coil, it is advisable to arrange the coils in their vertical plane so that the mutually parallel pipe sections of the coil are vertically aligned. This means that the fluid to be heated in the opposite pipe sections of the individual windings of the pipe coil is alternately guided downwards and upwards and is transported in the horizontal direction as a whole with respect to the length extension of the pipe coil.

Auf diese Weise läßt sich ein störender Einfluß der nach oben steigenden heißen Rauchgase, die bei im wesentlichen horizontaler Führung der Rohrabschnitte zu unterschiedlichen Heizbedingungen führen können, weitgehend vermeiden. Wenn mehrere parallele Wärmetauscher vorgesehen sind, bietet es sich an, die Zuleitungen und Ableitungen des Fluids zu den einzelnen Wärmetauschern jeweils mit einer Sammelleitung, also einem Zuführsammler bzw. einem Abführsammler zu verbinden.In this way, a disruptive influence of the rising hot flue gases, which can lead to different heating conditions when the pipe sections are essentially horizontal, can be largely avoided. If several parallel heat exchangers are provided, it is advisable to connect the supply lines and discharge lines of the fluid to the individual heat exchangers in each case with a collecting line, that is to say a supply collector or a discharge collector.

Es ist auch möglich, mehrere Wärmetauscher innerhalb derselben Ebene anzuordnen, wobei die Windungen der Wärmetauscher ineinander verschachtelt sind. In einem solchen Fall wird die Abdeckung der Zwischenräume zwischen den Wärmetauscherrohren jeweils durch das Zusammenwirken der Längsrippen mehrerer Wärmetauscher erreicht.It is also possible to arrange a plurality of heat exchangers within the same plane, the turns of the heat exchangers being interleaved. In such a case, the interstices between the heat exchanger tubes are covered by the interaction of the longitudinal ribs of several heat exchangers.

Da die Heizbedingungen für einen Wärmetauscher wegen der Zuordnung der Wärmestrahler bei der erfindungsgemäßen Bauweise praktisch vollständig unabhängig sind von den Heizbedingungen anderer Wärmetauscher in parallel dazu angeordneten Ebenen, ist es im Unterschied zum bisherigen Stand der Technik ohne weiteres möglich, innerhalb desselben Heizraums einzelne Wärmetauscher mit untereinander unterschiedlichen Temperaturen zu betreiben. Darüber hinaus kann sogar ein und derselbe Wärmetauscher bezüglich seiner Transportrichtung in beispielsweise zwei oder drei Zonen mit gezielt unterschiedlicher Beheizung unterteilt werden, indem die zugeordnete Wärmestrahlungsfläche entsprechend unterteilt und mit unterschiedlicher Brennstoffmenge gespeist wird. Dies ist gleichbedeutend mit einer entsprechenden Serienschaltung von kleineren, unabhängig betreibbaren Wärmestrahlern, deren einzelne Wärmestrahlungsflächen sich zu einer der Fläche des Wärmetauschers entsprechenden Gesamtwärmestrahlungsfläche ergänzen.Since the heating conditions for a heat exchanger are virtually completely independent of the heating conditions of other heat exchangers in planes arranged in parallel because of the assignment of the heat radiators in the construction according to the invention, it is easily possible, in contrast to the prior art, to have individual heat exchangers with one another within the same boiler room operate at different temperatures. In addition, even one and the same heat exchanger can be divided with respect to its direction of transport into, for example, two or three zones with specifically different heating by dividing the assigned heat radiation area accordingly and feeding it with a different amount of fuel. This is equivalent to a corresponding series connection of smaller, independently operable heat radiators, the individual heat radiation surfaces of which add up to a total heat radiation surface corresponding to the surface of the heat exchanger.

Die herkömmliche Bauweise erlaubt eine solche gezielt unterschiedliche Beheizung nicht, da die nach oben steigenden Verbrennungsabgase der unten im Heizraum angeordneten Brenner unvermeidbar die Wirkung der oben angeordneten Brenner beeinflussen. Dagegen gestattet es die Erfindung, den Temperaturgradienten des Fluids auf seinem Weg durch die Rohrschlangen kontrolliert zu verändern.The conventional design does not allow such specifically different heating, since the combustion gases rising upwards from the burners arranged below in the boiler room inevitably influence the effect of the burners arranged above. In contrast, the invention allows the temperature gradient of the fluid to be changed in a controlled manner on its way through the coils.

Obwohl die Erfindung mit beliebigen flächenhaft ausgebildeten Wärmestrahlern durchführbar ist (z.B. elektrisch beheizte Strahlungselemente) eignen sich insbesondere aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen vor allem Brenner mit porösen Strahlungskörpern, auf deren glühender Oberfläche gasförmige Brennstoffe mit sauerstoffhaltigem Gas flammlos verbrannt werden können. Besonders bevorzugt werden Keramikfaserbrenner.Although the invention can be carried out with any area-shaped heat radiators (for example electrically heated radiation elements), burners with porous radiation bodies are particularly suitable for economic reasons, on the glowing surface of which gaseous fuels can be burned flameless with oxygen-containing gas. Ceramic fiber burners are particularly preferred.

Diese Art der Wärmestrahlungsquelle zeichnet sich nicht nur durch einfache Handhabung, geringe Druckverluste, rasches Ansprechen auf Lastschwankungen und geringen Geräuschpegel sondern insbesondere auch durch außerordentlich niedrige Werte an Stickstoffoxiden (weniger als 20 ppm), Kohlenmonoxid und unverbranntem Brennstoff im Verbrennungsabgas aus. Durch die Möglichkeit zur Anpassung der Geometrie der Wärmestrahlungsfläche an die Wärmetauschergeometrie und durch das Vermeiden der Unregelmäßigkeiten einer freien Flamme als Wärmequelle können Wärmestrahler und Wärmetauscher sehr nahe aneinandergebracht werden, ohne daß die Gefahr unkontrollierter örtlicher Überhitzungen besteht. Dadurch kann der Wärmetausch auf einem außerordentlich effizienten Niveau gehalten werden, und zwar auch dann, wenn die Anlage nur mit geringer Leistung betrieben werden soll. Bevorzugt werden Wärmestrahler mit vertikal angeordneter Wärmestrahlungsfläche. Die Erfindung ist jedoch auch mit horizontalen Wärmestrahlungsflächen ausführbar.This type of heat radiation source is characterized not only by simple handling, low pressure drops, quick response to load fluctuations and low noise levels, but also by extremely low levels of nitrogen oxides (less than 20 ppm), carbon monoxide and unburned fuel in the combustion exhaust gas. By the possibility of adapting the geometry of the heat radiation surface to the heat exchanger geometry and by avoiding the irregularities of a free flame as a heat source, heat radiators and heat exchangers can be brought very close to one another without the risk of uncontrolled local overheating. As a result, the heat exchange can be kept at an extremely efficient level, even if the system is to be operated with low output. Heat radiators with a vertically arranged heat radiation surface are preferred. However, the invention can also be carried out with horizontal heat radiation surfaces.

Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand der Figuren 1 bis 7, in denen funktionsgleiche Teile mit gleichen Bezugszeichen versehen sind, näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

Figur 1
einen schematischen Querschnitt durch eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung,
Figur 2a und 2b
einen Quer- bzw. Längsschnitt durch einen herkömmlichen Ofen für die Pyrolyse von Essigsäure,
Figur 3a und 3b
einen Quer- bzw. Längsschnitt durch einen erfindungsgemäßen Ofen für die Pyrolyse von Essigsäure,
Figur 4
einen Querschnitt durch ein Wärmetauscherrohr mit trapezförmigen Längsrippen,
Figur 5
einen Querschnitt durch eine Windung einer Wärmetauscherrohrschlange mit überlappten Längsrippen,
Figur 6
einen Teil eines Querschnitts durch eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung mit zylindermantelförmig ausgebildeter Wärmetauscherrohrschlange und
Figur 7
einen Schnitt durch einen herkömmlichen Ofen für die Vorwärmung und Verdampfung einer Flüssigkeit.
The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 1 to 7, in which parts with the same function are provided with the same reference numerals. Show it:
Figure 1
2 shows a schematic cross section through a device according to the invention,
Figure 2a and 2b
a cross or longitudinal section through a conventional furnace for the pyrolysis of acetic acid,
Figure 3a and 3b
2 shows a cross-sectional or longitudinal section through an oven according to the invention for the pyrolysis of acetic acid,
Figure 4
a cross section through a heat exchanger tube with trapezoidal longitudinal ribs,
Figure 5
2 shows a cross section through a turn of a heat exchanger tube coil with overlapped longitudinal ribs,
Figure 6
a part of a cross section through a device according to the invention with a cylinder jacket-shaped heat exchanger tube coil and
Figure 7
a section through a conventional furnace for preheating and evaporation of a liquid.

Figur 1 zeigt im Querschnitt eine in einer vertikalen Ebene eines Heizraums 14 liegende Rohrschlange 4, die von zwei Wärmestrahlern 1 seitlich mit Wärmestrahlung beaufschlagt wird. Die Rohre der Rohrschlange 4 weisen an ihrer Ober- und Unterseite jeweils diametral gegenüberliegende und vertikal nach außen abstehende Längsrippen 5 auf, die außen mit dem Rohr verschweißt sind.FIG. 1 shows in cross section a pipe coil 4 lying in a vertical plane of a boiler room 14, to which heat radiation 1 is applied laterally by two heat radiators 1. The tubes of the coil 4 each have on their top and bottom diametrically opposed and vertically outwardly projecting longitudinal ribs 5 which are welded to the outside of the tube.

Die Wärmestrahler 1 haben einen Strahlungskörper 15 aus einem porösen Material (z.B. Keramikfaserwerkstoff), das in ein Brennergehäuse eingebettet ist, welches zu der der Rohrschlange 4 zugewandten Seite hin offen ist. Durch einen Gaseinlaß 2 kann ein Gemisch aus einem gasförmigen Brennstoff und einem sauerstoffhaltigen Gas in das Brennergehäuse eintreten und durchströmt in gleichmäßiger Flächenverteilung den Strahlungskörper 15, dessen Wärmestrahlungsfläche 3 glüht und die Zündung und Verbrennung des zugeführten Gasgemisches bewirkt. Diese Verbrennung findet in unmittelbarer Nähe der Strahlungsfläche 3 statt, so daß praktisch keine Flamme entsteht.The heat radiators 1 have a radiation body 15 made of a porous material (eg ceramic fiber material), which is embedded in a burner housing, which is open to the side facing the coil 4. Through a gas inlet 2, a mixture of a gaseous fuel and an oxygen-containing gas can enter the burner housing and flows in a uniform surface distribution through the radiation body 15, the heat radiation surface 3 glows and causes the ignition and combustion of the supplied gas mixture. This combustion takes place in the immediate vicinity of the radiation surface 3, so that there is practically no flame.

Die Wärmestrahlung der Wärmestrahlungsfläche 3 trifft auf die Rohre der Rohrschlange 4 und deren Längsrippen 5 und erwärmt diese. Da die Längsrippen 5 unmittelbar übereinander angeordneter Rohrleitungsabschnitte der Rohrschlange 4 mit ihren außen liegenden Stirnflächen dicht beieinander liegen oder sogar aufeinander stoßen, ist der Zwischenraum zwischen den Rohren der Rohrschlange 4 gegen einen unmittelbaren Durchtritt von Wärmestrahlung des einen Wärmestrahlers 1 zum anderen Wärmestrahler 1 praktisch vollständig abgeschirmt, so daß diese sich nicht gegenseitig negativ beeinflussen können. Die von den Längsrippen 5 aufgenommene Wärme wird durch Wärmeleitung jeweils in die Wand der Rohre der Rohrschlange 4 eingetragen und von dieser an das durchgeleitete Fluid weitergegeben. Die Dicke der Längsrippen 5 ist unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Wärmeleitfähigkeit so ausgelegt, daß der durch sie hindurchleitbare Wärmefluß ausreicht, um die an sich in den oberen und unteren Oberflächenbereichen (im Bereich der 12-Uhr- und der 6-Uhr-Lage) sonst wegen der dort verminderten Wärmeeinstrahlung (im Vergleich zum Bereich der 3-Uhr- und 9-Uhr-Lage) eintretende geringere Wärmeaufnahme in etwa auszugleichen oder die Unterschiede doch zumindest erheblich zu vermindern. Das bedeutet, daß das durch die Rohrschlange 4 geführte Fluid bezüglich der gesamten Innenoberfläche des Wärmetauschers auf etwa gleiche thermische Bedingungen trifft. Dies ist bei herkömmlichen Apparaten für Hochtemperaturprozesse nicht der Fall.The heat radiation of the heat radiation surface 3 strikes the tubes of the coil 4 and their longitudinal ribs 5 and heats them. Since the longitudinal fins 5 of pipe sections of the pipe coil 4 arranged directly one above the other lie close together or even meet with their outer end faces, the space between the pipes of the pipe coil 4 is practically completely shielded from direct passage of heat radiation from one heat radiator 1 to the other heat radiator 1 , so that they cannot influence each other negatively. The heat absorbed by the longitudinal ribs 5 is in each case introduced into the wall of the tubes of the tube coil 4 by heat conduction and from there passed on to the fluid passed through. The thickness of the longitudinal ribs 5 is designed taking into account their thermal conductivity so that the heat flow that can be passed through them is sufficient to the otherwise in the upper and lower surface areas (in the 12 o'clock and 6 o'clock position) because of the to compensate for the reduced heat radiation (compared to the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock position) and to at least significantly reduce the differences. This means that the fluid passed through the coil 4 meets approximately the same thermal conditions with respect to the entire inner surface of the heat exchanger. This is not the case with conventional apparatus for high temperature processes.

Um dies zu verdeutlichen, ist in den Figuren 2a und 2b ein Reaktionsofen z.B. für die Pyrolyse von Essigsäure zur Herstellung von Ketenen dargestellt. Der Heizraum 14 ist von einem wärmeisolierten Gehäuse 7 umgeben. Die mit 6 bezeichneten Rohrschlangen der beiden in parallelen vertikalen Ebenen angeordneten Wärmetauscher, durch die die Essigsäure geführt wird, sind im Heizraum 14 auf einer Hängevorrichtung 10 gelagert.In order to clarify this, a reaction furnace is shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b, for example for the pyrolysis of acetic acid for the production of ketenes. The heating chamber 14 is surrounded by a heat-insulated housing 7. The coils, designated 6, of the two heat exchangers arranged in parallel vertical planes, through which the acetic acid is passed, are mounted on a hanging device 10 in the heating chamber 14.

Wie aus Figur 2b hervorgeht, sind die untersten Wärmetauscherrohre der Rohrschlangen 6 an die Zuführleitungen 8 und die obersten Wärmetauscherrohre an die Abführleitungen 9 angeschlossen, so daß die Transportrichtung der Essigsäure durch den Wärmetauscher im Prinzip von unten nach oben gerichtet ist, obwohl die Rohrschlangen 6 im wesentlichen horizontal verlaufen. In der Gehäusewand 7 sind zu beiden Seiten der Rohrschlangen 6 Brenner 11 (schematisch durch strichpunktierte Linien angedeutet) angeordnet, deren freie Flammen auf die Wärmetauscherrohre gerichtet sind. Die durch die Verbrennung enstehenden Verbrennungsabgase werden durch die Rauchgasöffnung 12 oben aus dem Heizraum 14 geführt. Es ist offensichtlich, daß die einzelnen Oberflächenbereiche der Rohre der Rohrschlangen 6 wie oben bereits erläutert in unterschiedlicher Intensität mit Wärme bestrahlt werden. Dies gilt sowohl für die Längserstreckung der Rohre als auch bezüglich ihrer Umfangsrichtung, da die Wärmestrahler (Brenner 11) nicht großflächig ausgebildet sind und auch keine Längsrippen an den Rohren vorgesehen sind, die in den weniger stark bestrahlten Bereichen eine Verstärkung des Wärmeflusses bewirken könnten.As can be seen from Figure 2b, the lowermost heat exchanger tubes of the coils 6 are connected to the feed lines 8 and the uppermost heat exchanger tubes to the discharge lines 9, so that the direction of transport of the acetic acid through the heat exchanger is in principle directed from bottom to top, although the coils 6 are in the run essentially horizontally. Arranged in the housing wall 7 on both sides of the coils 6 are burners 11 (indicated schematically by dash-dotted lines), the free flames of which are directed towards the heat exchanger tubes. The combustion exhaust gases resulting from the combustion are led out of the heating chamber 14 through the flue gas opening 12. It is obvious that the individual surface areas of the tubes of the coils 6 are irradiated with heat in different intensities, as already explained above. This applies both to the longitudinal extent of the tubes and to their circumferential direction, since the heat radiators (burner 11) are not designed to be large and there are also no longitudinal ribs on the tubes which could increase the heat flow in the less strongly irradiated areas.

Die erheblich gleichmäßigere Wärmeeinbringung in die Wärmetauscherrohre bei der erfindungsgemäßen Ausführung bringt es mit sich, daß die Wärmetauscher insgesamt mit höherer Effizienz betreibbar sind. Das bedeutet, daß entweder bei gleicher Wärmetauschfläche einer Rohrschlange eine größere Wärmemenge oder bei gleicher maximal zulässiger Rohrwandtemperatur die gleiche Wärmemenge mit einer kleineren Wärmetauschfläche übertragen werden kann.The considerably more uniform introduction of heat into the heat exchanger tubes in the embodiment according to the invention entails that the heat exchangers can be operated with higher efficiency overall. This means that either with the same heat exchange surface of a coil, a larger amount of heat or with the same maximum permissible pipe wall temperature, the same amount of heat can be transferred with a smaller heat exchange surface.

Bei jedem durch Wärmestrahler beheizten Wärmetauscher ist die Wärmeübertragungsleistung stets etwa ein Mittelwert zwischen dem maximalen Wärmefluß in den der Wärmestrahlung am stärksten und dem minimalen Wärmefluß in den der Wärmestrahlung am wenigsten ausgesetzten Bereichen der Wärmetauscherrohre. Im günstigsten Fall liegt bei herkömmlichen Wärmetauschern das Verhältnis des mittleren zum maximalen Wärmefluß bei etwa 1 : 1,2. Dagegen gestattet es die erfindungsgemäße Ausführung, dieses Verhältnis auf nahezu 1 : 1 zu bringen, da die gesamte Oberfläche der Wärmetauscherrohre eine fast gleichhohe Temperatur aufweist.In each heat exchanger heated by heat radiators, the heat transfer capacity is always approximately an average between the maximum heat flow in the areas most exposed to heat radiation and the minimum heat flow in the areas of the heat exchanger tubes least exposed to heat radiation. In the best case, the ratio of the average to the maximum heat flow in conventional heat exchangers is approximately 1: 1.2. In contrast, the design according to the invention allows this ratio to be brought to almost 1: 1, since the entire surface of the heat exchanger tubes has an almost equally high temperature.

Die Bedeutung der Vergleichmäßigung des Wärmeflusses zeigt sich auch darin, daß die maximal zulässige Rohrwandtemperatur nicht allein von der Temperaturbeständigkeit des Rohrmaterials abhängt, sondern ganz wesentlich auch durch die thermischen Eigenschaften des beheizten Fluids bestimmt wird. So können beispielsweise oberhalb bestimmter kritischer Temperaturen Zersetzungsreaktionen stattfinden (z.B. Koksbildung), die zu Ablagerungen auf der Innenoberfläche der Wärmetauscherrohre führen und damit eine zunehmende Verschlechterung der Wärmeübertragungseigenschaften des Wärmetauschers mit sich bringen. Durch die Erfindung ist eine Betriebsweise möglich, bei der sogar örtlich eng begrenzte Überschreitungen der kritischen Temperaturgrenze sicher vermieden werden, ohne daß dabei gleichzeitig das Temperaturniveau des Wärmetauschers im Mittel deutlich unter diese kritische Grenze abgesenkt werden müßte. Durch die Vergleichmäßigung des Wärmeflusses auf dem Umfang der Wärmetauscherrohre kann die Rohrwandtemperatur praktisch auf dem gesamten Umfang auf dem maximal zulässigen Wert gehalten werden.The importance of the equalization of the heat flow is also evident in the fact that the maximum permissible pipe wall temperature does not only depend on the temperature resistance of the pipe material, but is also very significantly determined by the thermal properties of the heated fluid. For example, decomposition reactions (eg coke formation) can take place above certain critical temperatures, which lead to deposits on the inner surface of the heat exchanger tubes and thus to an increasing deterioration in the heat transfer properties of the heat exchanger. The invention enables an operating mode in which even exceeding the critical temperature limit, which is strictly local, can be reliably avoided, without the temperature level of the heat exchanger having to be reduced significantly below this critical limit. By equalizing the heat flow on the circumference of the heat exchanger tubes, the tube wall temperature can be kept practically over the entire circumference at the maximum permissible value.

In den Figuren 3a und 3b ist in einem vertikalen Längs- bzw. Querschnitt ein dem Ofen aus den Figuren 2a und 2b entsprechender Ofen gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung dargestellt. In dem durch das Gehäuse 7 eingeschlossenen Heizraum 14 sind vier Rohrschlangen 4 als Wärmetauscherrohre in zueinander parallelen vertikalen Ebenen angeordnet. Die Zuführung 8 des zu beheizenden Fluids zu den Rohrschlangen 4 erfolgt durch eine gemeinsame Leitung (Zuführsammler 13). In entsprechender Weise ist für die Ableitung 9 des beheizten Fluids ein (nicht dargestellter) Abführsammler vorgesehen. Im Unterschied zu der herkömmlichen Ausführung entsprechend den Figuren 2a und 2b verlaufen die an Hängevorrichtungen 10 am Gehäuse 7 befestigten Wärmetauscherrohre der Rohrschlange 4 innerhalb der vertikalen Ebene (in den parallelen Rohrabschnitten) nicht im wesentlichen horizontal sondern vertikal. Die generelle Transportrichtung des Fluids durch den Wärmetauscher ist daher horizontal. Auf beiden Flachseiten jeder Rohrschlange 4 ist parallel im Abstand jeweils ein Wärmestrahler 1 angeordnet, dessen Wärmestrahlungsflächen 3 in ihrer Ausdehnung der flächenhaften Erstreckung der Rohrschlange 4 entsprechen. Der Gaseinlaß 2 zur Versorgung der als Faserbrenner ausgeführten Wärmestrahler 1 ist als gemeinsame Sammelleitung ausgebildet. Die entstehenden heißen Verbrennungsabgase werden durch die Rauchgasöffnung 12 oben aus dem Heizraum 14 herausgeführt. Mit Ausnahme der an den Außenseiten angeordneten Wärmestrahler 1 sind die übrigen Wärmestrahler 1 jeweils mit 2 in entgegengesetzter Richtung wirkenden Wärmestrahlungsflächen 3 versehen, wirken also wie zwei voneinander getrennte Wärmestrahler 1. Wie aus Figur 3b hervorgeht, schließen die an den Wärmetauscherrohren der Rohrschlangen 4 angebrachten Längsrippen 5 durch eine vollständige Abschirmung des zwischen den einzelnen gegenläufigen Rohrsträngen liegenden Zwischenraums eine unerwünschte gegenseitige Beeinflussung der in ihrer Strahlungsrichtung gegeneinander gerichteten Wärmestrahler 1 aus.FIGS. 3a and 3b show a furnace according to the present invention corresponding to the furnace from FIGS. 2a and 2b in a vertical longitudinal or cross section. In the heating chamber 14 enclosed by the housing 7, four coils 4 are arranged as heat exchanger tubes in mutually parallel vertical planes. The supply 8 of the fluid to be heated to the coils 4 takes place through a common line (feed collector 13). In a corresponding manner, a discharge collector (not shown) is provided for the discharge line 9 of the heated fluid. In contrast to the conventional embodiment according to FIGS. 2a and 2b, the heat exchanger tubes of the coil 4 attached to the hanging devices 10 on the housing 7 do not run essentially horizontally but vertically within the vertical plane (in the parallel tube sections). The general direction of transport of the fluid through the heat exchanger is therefore horizontal. On both flat sides of each coil 4, a heat radiator 1 is arranged in parallel at a distance, the heat radiation surfaces 3 of which correspond in their extent to the areal extent of the coil 4. The gas inlet 2 for supplying the heat radiators 1 designed as a fiber burner is designed as a common manifold. The resulting hot combustion gases are led out of the heating chamber 14 through the flue gas opening 12. With the exception of the heat radiators 1 arranged on the outer sides, the other heat radiators 1 are each provided with 2 heat radiation surfaces 3 acting in the opposite direction, i.e. they act like two separate heat radiators 1. As can be seen from FIG. 3b, the longitudinal fins attached to the heat exchanger tubes of the coils 4 close 5 by a complete shielding of the intermediate space lying between the individual opposing pipe strands, an undesirable mutual influence of the heat radiators 1 directed against each other in their radiation direction.

Außerdem gewährleisten die Längsrippen 5 die bereits beschriebene Verstärkung des Wärmeflusses in den von der direkten Wärmebestrahlung weniger stark betroffenen Bereichen der Wärmetauscherrohrwände.In addition, the longitudinal ribs 5 ensure the already described increase in the heat flow in the areas of the heat exchanger tube walls which are less affected by the direct heat radiation.

Da bei der erfindungsgemäßen Ausführung keine freien Flammen zur Beheizung eingesetzt werden, dürfen die Wärmestrahlungsflächen 3 relativ dicht an die Rohrschlangen 4 herangeführt werden. Dies ermöglicht eine außergewöhnlich kompakte Bauweise der Vorrichtung. Bei der konventionellen Bauweise würde eine ähnliche Annäherung der Brenner mit freier Flamme unvermeidbar zu örtlichen Überhitzungen an den Wärmetauscherrohren führen. Daher hat ein herkömmlicher Ofen bei gleicher Wärmeübertragungsleistung ein wesentlich größeres Heizraumvolumen. Für die erfindungsgemäße Ausführung resultiert daraus eine Reduzierung des erforderlichen Platzbedarfs auf nur noch ein Drittel des bisherigen Wertes, wie dies näherungsweise auch aus einem Vergleich der Figuren 2b und 3b hervorgeht. Hinzu kommt, daß durch das kleinere Volumen auch die Abstrahlungsverluste nach außen entsprechend geringer ausfallen. Dies führt zusammen mit der Steigerung der Effizienz der Wärmeübertragung infolge der Nähe der Wärmestrahlungsflächen 3 zur Oberfläche der Wärmetauscherrohre insgesamt zu einer deutlichen Einsparung im Brennstoffverbrauch.Since no free flames are used for heating in the embodiment according to the invention, the heat radiation surfaces 3 may be brought relatively close to the coils 4. This enables an exceptionally compact design of the device. With the conventional design, a similar approach of the burners with a free flame would inevitably lead to local overheating on the heat exchanger tubes. A conventional furnace therefore has a much larger boiler room volume with the same heat transfer capacity. For the embodiment according to the invention, this results in a reduction in the required space to only a third of the previous value, as can be seen approximately from a comparison of FIGS. 2b and 3b. In addition, the smaller volume means that the radiation losses to the outside are correspondingly lower. Together with the increase in the efficiency of the heat transfer as a result of the proximity of the heat radiation surfaces 3 to the surface of the heat exchanger tubes, this leads overall to significant savings in fuel consumption.

In Figur 4 ist ein einzelnes Wärmetauscherrohr einer Rohrschlange 4 dargestellt, dessen Längsrippen 5a im Querschnitt etwa trapezförmig sind, wobei sich der Querschnitt zur Rohroberfläche hin verbreitert. Diese Form trägt dem Umstand Rechnung, daß die Wärmeableitung nur in Richtung auf das Wärmetauscherrohr erfolgen muß und die abzuleitende Wärmemenge zur Rohroberfläche hin über die Höhe der Längsrippe stetig zunimmt. Die Dicke der Längsrippen ist also in Abhängigkeit von der Entfernung zur Rohroberfläche so ausgelegt, daß der für die jeweilige Wärmemenge mindestens erforderliche Querschnitt gewährleistet ist.FIG. 4 shows a single heat exchanger tube of a tube coil 4, the longitudinal ribs 5a of which are approximately trapezoidal in cross section, the cross section widening towards the tube surface. This shape takes into account the fact that the heat dissipation only has to take place in the direction of the heat exchanger tube and the amount of heat to be dissipated to the tube surface increases steadily over the height of the longitudinal fin. The thickness of the longitudinal ribs is thus designed as a function of the distance to the pipe surface in such a way that the minimum cross section required for the respective amount of heat is ensured.

Diese Art der Auslegung führt gegenüber einer Auslegung nach dem maximal erforderlichen Querschnitt (konstant über die gesamte Höhe der Längsrippen) zu Material- und Gewichtseinsparungen, ohne die Wärmeleitkapazität der Längsrippen 5a zu beeinträchtigen.This type of design leads to material and weight savings compared to a design based on the maximum required cross section (constant over the entire height of the longitudinal ribs), without impairing the thermal conductivity of the longitudinal ribs 5a.

Während in Figur 1 und Figur 3a die Längsrippen 5 zweier unmittelbar benachbarter Rohrstränge der Rohrschlange 4 an ihren äußeren Stirnseiten jeweils unmittelbar aneinanderstoßen und miteinander fluchten, ist in Figur 5 eine Abwandlung dargestellt, bei der die Längsrippen 5b sich in ihrer Höhenerstreckung (von der Rohroberfläche) gegenseitig überlappen. Damit ist der Vorteil verbunden, daß stets eine vollständige Abschirmung der Zwischenräume zwischen den Strängen der Rohrschlange 4 gewährleistet werden kann. Dies wäre zwar auch dadurch möglich, daß anstelle zweier Längsrippen jeweils ein einziges durchgehendes Blech als gemeinsame Längsrippe für zwei benachbarte gegenläufige Rohrstränge vorgesehen würde. Dies würde jedoch zu erheblichen Problemen infolge der zu erwartenden thermischen Spannungen in der Konstruktion führen. Demgegenüber läßt die Lösung gemäß Figur 5 eine freie Ausdehnung der Rohre und Längsrippen 5b zu, ohne daß ein Spalt im Zwischenraum entsteht, durch den die Wärmestrahlung unmittelbar hindurchtreten könnte.While in FIG. 1 and FIG. 3a the longitudinal ribs 5 of two directly adjacent pipe strands of the pipe coil 4 directly abut each other on their outer end faces and are flush with one another, FIG. 5 shows a modification in which the longitudinal ribs 5b extend vertically (from the pipe surface). overlap each other. This has the advantage that a complete shielding of the spaces between the strands of the coil 4 can always be guaranteed. This would also be possible in that instead of two longitudinal ribs, a single continuous sheet would be provided as a common longitudinal rib for two adjacent, opposing pipe strands. However, this would lead to considerable problems due to the expected thermal stresses in the construction. In contrast, the solution according to FIG. 5 permits free expansion of the tubes and longitudinal ribs 5b without a gap being created in the space through which the heat radiation could pass directly.

Figur 6 zeigt ausschnittsweise eine Ausführungsform der Erfindung, bei der die Rohrschlange 4 ebenso wie die Wärmestrahlungsflächen 3 der Strahlungskörper 15 der Wärmestrahler 1 eine gekrümmte Form, nämlich eine Zylindermantelform aufweisen. Die Rohrschlange 4 ist dabei in Form von parallelen Ringen oder auch in Form einer Schraubenlinie ausführbar. Das Grundprinzip entspricht dabei aber vollständig den Darstellungen der Figuren 1, 3a und 3b.FIG. 6 shows a section of an embodiment of the invention, in which the tube coil 4, like the heat radiation surfaces 3 of the radiation bodies 15 of the heat radiators 1, have a curved shape, namely a cylindrical jacket shape. The pipe coil 4 can be designed in the form of parallel rings or in the form of a helix. The basic principle corresponds completely to the representations of Figures 1, 3a and 3b.

Die Wirksamkeit der erfindungsgemäßen Bauweise wird besonders deutlich, wenn man diese auf einen Ofen zur Vorwärmung und Verdampfung von Rohöl anwendet, das anschließend einer atmosphärischen Destillation unterzogen werden soll. Die herkömmliche Bauweise ist in Figur 7 dargestellt. Unten im Heizraum 14 dieses Ofens sind Brenner 11 (nur ein Brenner ist dargestellt) angeordnet, die nach oben gerichtete freie Flammen erzeugen, welche die Beheizung der Rohrschlangen 6 bewirken. Das Rohöl wird durch Zuführleitungen 8 in der Nähe der Rauchgasöffnung 12 in die Rohrschlangen 6 eingeleitet und nach erfolgter Erwärmung und teilweiser Verdampfung unten aus dem Heizraum 14 durch die Abführleitungen 9 abgezogen und zur Destillationseinheit (nicht dargestellt) befördert. Da die Rohrschlangen 6 an den Wänden des Heizraums 14 angeordnet sind, erhalten sie nur von einer Seite aus die Strahlungswärme der Brennerflammen. Daher treten in Umfangsrichtung der Wärmetauscherrohre zwangsläufig erhebliche Temperaturdifferenzen auf. Darüber hinaus ergeben sich auch in vertikaler Richtung entlang der Rohrschlange 6 größere Temperaturunterschiede durch die unterschiedliche Entfernung der einzelnen Rohroberflächenbereiche zum Zentrum der Brennerflammen. Aus der nachfolgenden Tabelle geht im einzelnen hervor, welche erheblichen Vorteile eine erfindungsgemäße Ausführung eines solchen Ofens, bei dem also Längsrippen an den Wärmetauscherrohren angebracht sind und die Rohrschlangen von zwei Seiten mit Wärmestrahlung versorgt werden, gegenüber einem Ofen gemäß Figur 7 aufweist:

Figure imgb0001
The effectiveness of the construction according to the invention becomes particularly clear when it is applied to a furnace for preheating and evaporating crude oil, which is then to be subjected to atmospheric distillation. The conventional design is shown in Figure 7. At the bottom of the heating chamber 14 of this furnace there are burners 11 (only one burner is shown) which produce free flames directed upwards which heat the coils 6. The crude oil is introduced into the coils 6 through supply lines 8 near the flue gas opening 12 and, after heating and partial evaporation, is drawn off from the bottom of the heating chamber 14 through the discharge lines 9 and conveyed to the distillation unit (not shown). Since the coils 6 are arranged on the walls of the boiler room 14, they receive the radiant heat of the burner flames only from one side. Therefore, considerable temperature differences inevitably occur in the circumferential direction of the heat exchanger tubes. In addition, there are also larger temperature differences in the vertical direction along the tube coil 6 due to the different distance of the individual tube surface areas from the center of the burner flames. The following table shows in detail the significant advantages of an embodiment of such an oven according to the invention, in which longitudinal fins are attached to the heat exchanger tubes and the tube coils are supplied with heat radiation from two sides, compared to an oven according to FIG. 7:
Figure imgb0001

Bei gleicher Wärmeübertragungsleistung ist der Brennstoffverbrauch des erfindungsgemäßen Ofens um 37 % niedriger und der Ausstoß an Stickstoffoxiden um über 80 % geringer als beim herkömmlichen Ofen. Hinzu kommt die erheblich kompaktere Bauweise, die sich darin dokumentiert, daß die Rohrschlangenfläche um ca. 30 %, das Volumen des Heizraums um 66 % und die Oberfläche des Heizraums um 54 % kleiner ausfallen.With the same heat transfer performance, the fuel consumption of the furnace according to the invention is 37% lower and the emission of nitrogen oxides is more than 80% lower than in the conventional furnace. In addition, there is the considerably more compact design, which is documented by the fact that the coil area is around 30% smaller, the volume of the boiler room is 66% smaller and the surface of the boiler room is 54% smaller.

Claims (14)

  1. Equipment for indirect heating of fluids, for high-temperature processes in particular, with a heating zone, in which at least one laminar, meandering pipe is disposed, through which fluid to be heated can flow and which can have radiated heat applied to it from outside, wherein
    a pair of heat-radiation members (1), which have a heat-radiation surface (3) formed corresponding to the laminar extension of a meandering pipe (4), is in each case associated with a meandering pipe (4), whereby said heat-radiation members (1) are in each case disposed on opposite sides of a said meandering pipe (4) and piping of a said meandering pipe (4) is in each case provided with longitudinal fins (5, 5a, 5b) on two, in relation to the cross-section of said piping, opposing sides on its outer side, whereby said longitudinal fins extend over the whole or nearly the whole length of a said meandering pipe (4) into an intermediate space between windings of a said meandering pipe (4).
  2. Equipment in accordance with claim 1,
    wherein
    longitudinal fins (5, 5a, 5b) have a height which ensures complete or nearly complete covering of an intermediate space between windings of a meandering pipe (4).
  3. Equipment in accordance with claim 1 or 2,
    wherein
    thickness of longitudinal fins (5, 5a, 5b), taking heat-conductivity of material said longitudinal fins are made of and the height of said longitudinal fins (5, 5a, 5b) into account, is designed such that heat-flow occurs via said longitudinal fins (5, 5a, 5b) into a wall of piping of a meandering pipe (4), which largely compensates self-adjusting reduced heat-supply into surface zones of piping of a said meandering pipe (4) inclined in relation to a heat-radiation surface (3) of a heat-radiation member (1) resulting from irregular direct heat-radiation over the periphery of said piping.
  4. Equipment in accordance with claim 3,
    wherein
    longitudinal fins (5a) have an approximately rectangular cross-section, whereby their thickness in each case increases in a direction towards piping of a meandering pipe (4).
  5. Equipment in accordance with any one claims 1 to 4,
    wherein
    a meandering pipe (4) and a heat-radiation member (1) in each case extend in a level surface.
  6. Equipment in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 4,
    wherein
    a meandering pipe (4) and a heat-radiation member (1) in each case extend in a curved surface, a cylindrical, casing-like surface in particular.
  7. Equipment in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 6,
    wherein
    several meandering pipes (4) and several pairs of heat-radiation members (1) are disposed in a heating-zone (14).
  8. Equipment in accordance with claim 7,
    wherein
    a meandering pipe (4) and a heat-radiation body (1) extend, in every case, parallel to each other in a vertical plane.
  9. Equipment in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 8,
    wherein
    piping of a meandering pipe (4) in every case mainly runs vertically.
  10. Equipment in accordance with claim 7,
    wherein
    a feed-collector (13) and an outlet collector are provided, with which fluid to be heated can be guided to or extracted from a meandering pipe (4).
  11. Equipment in accordance with claim 7,
    wherein
    a pair of heat-radiation bodies (1) which is associated in every case with a meandering pipe (4) can be regulated, concerning its heating capacity, independently of heat-radiation bodies (1) of other meandering pipes (4).
  12. Equipment in accordance with claim 1,
    wherein
    a pair of heat-radiation members (1), which is associated in every case with a meandering pipe (4), is divided (as seen in the direction of flow of a said meandering pipe (4)) into sections of a heat-radiation surface (3), which are regulated, concerning heating capacities, independently of each other.
  13. Equipment in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 12,
    wherein
    a heat-radiation member (1) is in each case developed with a burner with a porous radiation-body (15), through which a mixture of gaseous or vaporized fuel and a gas containing oxygen can be guided and be ignited by means of incandescence of a surface of a said radiation-body (15).
  14. Equipment in accordance with claim 13,
    wherein
    a heat-radiation body (1) is developed as a ceramic fibre burner.
EP91904137A 1990-03-05 1991-02-27 Device for indirectly heating fluids Expired - Lifetime EP0518880B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT4772990 1990-03-05
IT47720A IT1240789B (en) 1990-03-05 1990-03-05 APPARATUS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMAL PROCESSES, WITH INCANDESCENT HEAT SOURCE WITH RADIANT SURFACES AND COILS FOR PROCESS FLUID.
PCT/DE1991/000183 WO1991014139A1 (en) 1990-03-05 1991-02-27 Device for indirectly heating fluids

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0518880A1 EP0518880A1 (en) 1992-12-23
EP0518880B1 true EP0518880B1 (en) 1994-09-21

Family

ID=11262092

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91904137A Expired - Lifetime EP0518880B1 (en) 1990-03-05 1991-02-27 Device for indirectly heating fluids

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US5320071A (en)
EP (1) EP0518880B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH05506709A (en)
AT (1) ATE112040T1 (en)
CA (1) CA2077675A1 (en)
DE (1) DE59103050D1 (en)
DK (1) DK0518880T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2060367T3 (en)
IT (1) IT1240789B (en)
NO (1) NO177653C (en)
WO (1) WO1991014139A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5799724A (en) * 1997-07-22 1998-09-01 The Babcock & Wilcox Company Trapezoidal deflectors for heat exchanger tubes
US7440852B2 (en) * 2003-03-31 2008-10-21 Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research Stochastic analytical solution to quantify the earth's subsurface heat flow
US6668762B1 (en) 2003-04-17 2003-12-30 Parviz Khosrowyar Indirect fired process heater
US7856949B2 (en) * 2007-12-18 2010-12-28 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Heat pipes and use of heat pipes in furnace exhaust
WO2009150676A1 (en) * 2008-06-12 2009-12-17 Processi Innovativi Srl Combustion system to transfer heat at high temperature
RU2684293C1 (en) * 2016-07-01 2019-04-05 Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Нижегородский государственный инженерно-экономический университет (НГИЭУ) Device for water storage

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2578136A (en) * 1946-05-24 1951-12-11 Huet Andre Tangentially finned heat exchange tubes
CH305379A (en) * 1952-03-28 1955-02-28 Thermo Mecanique Soc Thermal device.
US3003481A (en) * 1960-06-17 1961-10-10 Yuba Cons Ind Inc Double fired vertical tube heater
GB949758A (en) * 1962-11-28 1964-02-19 Universal Oil Prod Co Fluid heater
SU1250825A1 (en) * 1985-02-21 1986-08-15 Предприятие П/Я Р-6193 Heat-exchange surface
WO1986006155A1 (en) * 1985-04-08 1986-10-23 Miura Co., Ltd. Surface combustion type fluid heater
IT206653Z2 (en) * 1985-12-23 1987-10-01 Ferroli Paolo BOILER ELEMENT WITH FLAT EXCHANGERS WITH OVAL CROSS SECTION OR AIRPLANE WING.
US4658762A (en) * 1986-02-10 1987-04-21 Gas Research Institute Advanced heater

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US5320071A (en) 1994-06-14
NO923440L (en) 1992-09-03
WO1991014139A1 (en) 1991-09-19
ATE112040T1 (en) 1994-10-15
NO177653C (en) 1995-10-25
ES2060367T3 (en) 1994-11-16
CA2077675A1 (en) 1991-09-06
NO923440D0 (en) 1992-09-03
IT9047720A0 (en) 1990-03-05
NO177653B (en) 1995-07-17
DK0518880T3 (en) 1994-10-17
DE59103050D1 (en) 1994-10-27
IT1240789B (en) 1993-12-17
EP0518880A1 (en) 1992-12-23
IT9047720A1 (en) 1991-09-05
JPH05506709A (en) 1993-09-30

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