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EP0298494B1 - Submunitions-Wirkteil, sowie Flechettes-Gefechtskopf und Flechettes dafür - Google Patents

Submunitions-Wirkteil, sowie Flechettes-Gefechtskopf und Flechettes dafür Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0298494B1
EP0298494B1 EP88110917A EP88110917A EP0298494B1 EP 0298494 B1 EP0298494 B1 EP 0298494B1 EP 88110917 A EP88110917 A EP 88110917A EP 88110917 A EP88110917 A EP 88110917A EP 0298494 B1 EP0298494 B1 EP 0298494B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
warhead
shaft
carrier
dart
ejection
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88110917A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0298494A2 (de
EP0298494A3 (de
Inventor
Jürgen-Michael Busch
Georg Stammel
Siegfried Rhau
Bernd Gundel
Karl Rudolf
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Diehl Verwaltungs Stiftung
Original Assignee
Diehl GmbH and Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Diehl GmbH and Co filed Critical Diehl GmbH and Co
Publication of EP0298494A2 publication Critical patent/EP0298494A2/de
Publication of EP0298494A3 publication Critical patent/EP0298494A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0298494B1 publication Critical patent/EP0298494B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
    • F42B12/56—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information for dispensing discrete solid bodies
    • F42B12/58—Cluster or cargo ammunition, i.e. projectiles containing one or more submissiles
    • F42B12/62—Cluster or cargo ammunition, i.e. projectiles containing one or more submissiles the submissiles being ejected parallel to the longitudinal axis of the projectile
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
    • F42B12/56—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information for dispensing discrete solid bodies
    • F42B12/58—Cluster or cargo ammunition, i.e. projectiles containing one or more submissiles
    • F42B12/62—Cluster or cargo ammunition, i.e. projectiles containing one or more submissiles the submissiles being ejected parallel to the longitudinal axis of the projectile
    • F42B12/64—Cluster or cargo ammunition, i.e. projectiles containing one or more submissiles the submissiles being ejected parallel to the longitudinal axis of the projectile the submissiles being of shot- or flechette-type

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an active part according to the preamble of claim 1 as well as warheads therefor and flechettes, which are preferably brought over the targets by means of such warheads, according to the preamble of claims 4 or 10 or 12.
  • Modern artillery rocket systems such as the MLRS weapon family are designed to be used against semi-hard to hard-armored targets over long distances for target attack from above with an active part equipped with so-called bomblets with mechanical impact-distance detonators.
  • the jet effect of the deposit of each individual shaped charge bomblet in the target area is low; in the case of dense bomblet scattering over the target object, however, a multiple hit effect with a correspondingly increased effect in the target object is expected.
  • a disadvantage of such an active part concept is that the underlying multiple effect of small active charges per se causes a very dense spread of the submunition bomblets over the target area. This can result in false triggers when descending to the target area due to mutual collisions between the densely scattered bomblets; and in particular, only a limited target area can be covered with a given active part volume, the probability of multiple hits in distributed target objects is therefore relatively low. Above all, however, the effect of such conventional bomblet active parts is reduced drastically if they are used against target objects in the protected state, for example against armored vehicles or against traffic routes and concrete taxiways under natural foliage protection, under light canopies or under artificial camouflage devices.
  • the invention is based on the object of designing an active part of the generic type which can be brought over a target area in such a way that it can be used more effectively against the widest possible range of target objects and in particular also against targets in the protected state.
  • the active part according to claim 1 is equipped with at least one Flechettes warhead according to the characterizing part in particular of claim 4.
  • Each warhead according to claim 4 is preferably equipped with a mixture of flechettes of the design characterized in claims 10 and 12, respectively.
  • a Flechettes warhead is known as such from US Pat. No. 4,211,169. In this case, however, flow-stabilized flechettes are arranged radially in front of individual, small plate-shaped ejection pistons around a central ejection charge. Because of the horizontally oriented radiation-shaped exit, the warhead housing remains essentially at rest when the flechettes are accelerated. The speed that can be achieved with an acceptable dimensioning of the housing and the ejection charge, ie the achievable effectiveness of the flechettes in, in particular, semi-hard to hard-armored target objects is relatively limited. This well-known Flechettes warhead can therefore only be used as a wide-area blocking weapon against soft targets.
  • the launch speed could be increased significantly despite the apparatus limitations, on the other hand, the high exit speed over a short acceleration distance would lead to flight dynamics instabilities, i.e. not the necessary axial penetration into hard-armored target objects.
  • a Flechettes warhead according to the invention on the other hand, with its double re-acceleration of the flechettes once due to the acceleration of its housing in the flechettes effective direction and then additionally due to acceleration when ejecting flechettes from the housing, now enables the high without flight dynamics stability problems over a relatively short distance
  • the Flechettes now penetrating natural cover conditions and artificial protective measures over the target objects practically without loss of energy and without influencing the direction of flight (see DE-OS 33 37 115).
  • the Flechettes warhead 51 sketched in FIG. 1 essentially consists of a hollow cylindrical housing 52. In the interest of low mass to be accelerated, this is preferably made of glass fiber reinforced plastic, with additional fiber winding reinforcement 53 for reinforcing wall areas which are particularly stressed radially.
  • an insulating plate 54 In front of an insulating plate 54, which is axially and radially fixed approximately in the transverse center plane of the housing 52, there is an ejection charge 55 - here dimensioned as a flat cylindrical ring - for accelerating a plate-shaped ejection piston 56 in the direction of the housing axis 57 towards the front housing opening 58.
  • the flechettes 60 are accelerated to such a speed by means of the ejection piston 56 that their arrow tips 63 penetrate with semi-hard to hard armored target objects or into the subsurface, even into concrete subsurface, with high kinetic energy. Since camouflages and similar coverings (such as leaves from trees or light roofs from shelter sheds) can be penetrated without significant loss of energy, such a Flechettes warhead 51 can be used effectively, particularly against targets in the protected state.
  • the cross-sectionally round or polygonal Flechettes shafts 66 are mass stabilized (by shifting the center of gravity from the geometric center towards the tip 63) or, as sketched, stabilized according to the preferred implementation example by tail fins 67.
  • the shaft 66 (in the case of mass-stabilized flechette 60 in any case the more massive front part of the shaft 66) is made preferably from a high density penetration material such as tungsten or other heavy metal.
  • a high density penetration material such as tungsten or other heavy metal.
  • the flechettes 60 are equipped with stabilizing fins 67, as indicated in the drawing, it is expedient to provide that the flechettes 60 are alternately axially offset in the housing 52 for tight, axially parallel packing.
  • the rear-lying flechettes 60 can be supported with their fins 67 directly against the front surface of the ejection piston 56, while the fins 67, from further to the front and in between, flechettes 60 partially enclose the adjacent shafts 66 and on the rear against the front lugs 68 of the ones behind Fins 67, that is to say indirectly via these, are supported only against the ejection piston 56.
  • the acceleration path of the ejection piston 56 is comparatively short in practical implementation. If Flechettes 60 experience high acceleration over a relatively short distance in order to be able to be brought to the necessary departure speed which is to be aimed for for the kinetic energy to be converted at the target impact, flight-dynamic instabilities can result from this. Therefore, the flechettes 60 are not started from a quasi-stationary warhead housing 52, but from a warhead 51 which has been pre-accelerated in the direction of the flechettes 69. In order not to have to rely on the movement that occurs when ejected from a carrier system the warhead 51 behind the ejection piston 56 is equipped with a recoil engine 70 to accelerate the entire warhead 51 in the direction of action 69.
  • the rear part of the warhead housing 52 which receives the propellant 73 for this acceleration system, thus acts as its combustion chamber. If the axes 74 of eccentrically arranged nozzles 72 have only a slight (in the order of magnitude of one degree) inclination with respect to the system longitudinal axis 57, this causes a twist moment on the warhead 51 about its longitudinal axis 57; or a twist that is already present at delivery from the carrier 75 is amplified.
  • FIG. 2 shows a rough sketch of a carrier 75 in the manner of an artillery missile, as is known, for example, as an MLRS missile from the MARS weapon system.
  • a plurality of sub-ammunition warheads 51 are coaxially arranged in the casing 76 as a container for the active parts, encased in plastic profiled shells 77 for radial clearance compensation.
  • a gas generator 79 is initiated behind the projectile ogive 80 via a time-controlled or remote-controlled igniter 78 and pushes the stack of warheads 51 out of the shell 76, for example axially on the rear side.
  • a hose 81 inflatable by the gas generator 79 runs along the inner wall of the casing 76 in a meandering manner, alternatingly on different sides of the warheads 51 arranged one behind the other. This covers an effective radius which is not covered by an active part 90 in the form of a single warhead 51, at least not with a comparable one Effectiveness would be operable.
  • the carrier sleeve 76 has predetermined breaking points 82 opposite the course of the hose 81, which, by means of pyrotechnic sets controlled by the igniter 78 (or by the radial pressure loading of the inflated hose 81), lead to the shell parts 83 being blown off to the side, around the carrier sleeve here 76 open for the lateral ejection of the warheads 51 in different directions.
  • Rigid feed pipes 84 are expediently used as diametrical connections between the inflatable hoses 81 lying on different sides, and also as a blow pipe for connection to the gas generator 79, in order not to hinder the radial ejection process by axial expansion stress between the warheads 51.
  • Each warhead 51 expediently (FIG. 1) has an aerodynamic braking device 85, for example a small braking parachute or ballut, in the region of its base 71. This is released when the warhead 51 has been released from the carrier 75.
  • the braking effect leads to aligning the warhead longitudinal axis 57, and thus its direction of action 69, more quickly in the direction of descent, that is to say to the target area; ibs. in the event that the warheads 51 are deployed with the carrier 75 stretched (and not from a steep descent path).
  • the tensile stress exerted by the braking action on a holder 86 starts a timer 87 for delayed initiation of an ignition charge 88 in order to ignite the propellant charge 73, that is to say to start the engine 70.
  • the braking device 85 is released from its holder 86 and the warhead 51 is accelerated in the Flechettes direction of action 69.
  • the propellant charge 73 has burned down to the insulation plate 54, it ignites the discharge charge 55 through a channel 89 passing through it, for example by means of a transfer charge.
  • the discharge piston 56 is accelerated in the effective direction 68 thereof.
  • the impulse causes the cover 62 to be pushed forward out of its housing connections 64 and to be flung away to the side due to the warhead twist.
  • the cuff cups 61 are also flung sideways after leaving the housing opening 58, and the flechettes 60 can move to the target area at high axial speed with radial distribution.
  • larger-caliber carrier 75 it is expedient, in the interest of a wide stray field of the ejected warheads 51, to arrange sub-caliber warheads 51 as eccentrically parallel stacks eccentrically next to one another. If, as in the case of the tactical army rocket ATACMS, the ammunition active part 90, realized by the warheads 51, has to be accommodated in the region of the carrier 75 which tapers conically towards the front (cf. FIG. 3), then it is for reasons of production technology and logistics nevertheless expedient to only have to provide cylindrical warheads 51 of the same diameter for the assembly.
  • the foam shells 77 are then profiled in such a way that the conical radial residual distance next to the outermost layer of warheads 51 in front of the inner circumferential surface of the sheath 76 (optionally with the ignition control cable installed there, not included in the drawing) is backfilled.
  • the warheads 51 are expediently preassembled outside the carrier shell 76 in receiving cavities on the inside of two or more axially parallel parts of the shells 77, which are then (with central encirclement of a perforated feed tube 84 ′ surrounded by the hose 81) to form a truncated cone Knitted part 90 assembled, for example glued together.
  • This pre-populated active part 90 can then be inserted rearwards into the conical region of the carrier sleeve 76 until the feed opening 92 of the tube 84 'couples to the gas generator 79.
  • the blasting off of partial shells 83 of the carrier casing 76 at predetermined breaking points 82 for the lateral spreading of the Flechettes warheads 51 then takes place again, as described in connection with FIG. 2, by inflating a displacer hose 81, which is now coaxial around the compressed gas-carrying blowpipe 84 'extends around, or by means of pyrotechnic phrases.
  • the effect of the high-energy target impact of the Flechettes 60 can be increased significantly by a secondary fire mass effect.
  • the latter is expediently constructed as a composite body from materials of different densities, with the specifically heavier material behind the flechettes tip 63.
  • wing-stabilized flechettes 60 as in the example case of FIG 1 and 4, at least the entire shaft 66 is formed homogeneously from a high-density material behind the ballistically optimized geometry of the tip 63.
  • the shaft 66 is designed as a hollow body for receiving a fire-active mass 94.
  • the cavity 95 expediently even extends as a concentric bore through the entire length of the shaft 66 into the area of the tip 61, in order to be able to safely introduce the largest possible volume of fire mass 94 into the opened target object.
  • the mass 94 ignites at the latest due to the heating when the target is hit, but possibly also because of the frictional heat during the high-speed run through the air; an ignition does not yet take place due to the mere acceleration by means of the ejection piston 56 relative to the warhead housing 52 (FIG. 1), so that welding interactions between the flechettes 60 that have not yet been spread out are avoided during the exit.
  • a mixture of materials with zirconium or, because of the higher burning temperatures, with aluminum oxide can serve as the fire mass 94.
  • the cavity 95 coaxially surrounded by the shaft 66 is filled with a so-called active fire mass 94, which essentially consists only of reducing agents, which react with hot material particles and thereby maintain the fire reaction, because the surrounding air is sufficient as an oxidizer.
  • Such active fire masses 94 which burn off at high temperature are inexpensive and available in large quantities in the form of titanium alloys from the residual recycling of welding electrodes and can be welded into cavity 95 in a technologically unproblematic manner.
  • cautonide i.e. highly fire-active substances can also be used here, such as, in particular, the so-called cerium mixed metals, i.e. mixtures of rare earth metals that react easily with oxygen, as they are on the market as a base material for pocket lighter flints because of their flammability and high heat of combustion.
  • warheads 51 instead of the flechettes 60 with a secondary fire mass effect or in addition, i.e. in the assembly mix, to hinder the logistical or deployment movements of the opponent in the target area or even largely impossible do.
  • the active parts 90 can also be used for this purpose, the warheads 51 of which, in particular, also act against target objects in the protected state through the camouflage of covered positions.
  • FIG. 5 shows the example of the penetration of a concrete ceiling 96 (for example a taxiway for aircraft) with penetration of the flechette shaft 66 into the compacted soil 97 underneath.
  • the penetration movement is particularly radial outstanding front shoulder 68 for the stabilizing fins 67 braked in the rear region of the shaft 66.
  • the fins 67 which thus rise slightly above the concrete ceiling 96 at the rear, are equipped with razor-sharp edges 98 and thereby cut undercarriage tires, insofar as the undercarriage does not even get caught in this protruding rear part of the flechettes 60.
  • the razors 67 with sharp edges are braked when the penetration movement into the soil 97 is braked to be sheared along predetermined breaking points 99, so that they are scattered over the area around the point of impact as cutting fragments and thereby at least considerably obstruct driving with pneumatic tires.
  • a small gas generator 101 can be initiated by a delayed-time igniter 102 a certain time after penetration into the soil 97.
  • the latter can also ignite an inflation charge 103 in the front part of the shaft 66 in order to fix the shaft 66 here as rigidly as possible by wedging in the impact channel. This hinders a rearward pulling out of the shaft 66 to clear the impact point 111.
  • the rear locking device 104 of the mandrel 100 moved out of the shaft rear 59 can at the same time be designed to ignite a fragmentary explosive charge 105 if, in the course of clearing efforts, such a great bending stress acts on the mandrel 100 that a e.g. biased-locked ignition mechanism is released. This is an effective area lock for such a runway blockage.
  • a (further) predetermined breaking point 119 is provided in front of the rear radially protruding front extension 68 transversely to the longitudinal extension of the shaft 66. This tears apart here due to the penetration braking of the tail 59, and the front area penetrates further (in terms of direction and depth in accordance with the deformation of the shaft tip 63) into the soil 97.
  • a connection 106 for transmitting an ignition signal remains between the rear 59 and the front shaft part 66 when a sensor 107 arranged in the rear 59 detects the rollover by means of a heavy vehicle, in particular by means of the chains of an armored vehicle.
  • An igniter 108 is then initiated via the connection 106 and a combat charge 109 with a projectile-forming insert 110 is ignited, which was exposed on the shaft side from the predetermined breaking point 119 backwards, that is to say oriented toward the rear 59.
  • the combat charge 109 thus acts directly against the chassis of the vehicle, over which the sensor 107 responds.
  • connection 106 (or an additional connection) can at the same time be designed as a relatively stiff tension spring in order to prevent the separated sensor rear 59 from jumping out of the impact point 111 as a result of rebound effects.
  • a compact warhead 51 can also be realized, particularly against targets in the protected state, under broadly spread mechanisms of action, which is in any case lighter than a conventional bomblet active part 90 with the same space requirement in the carrier 75. Since a conventional active part 90, as stated, even with little effectiveness through natural or artificial camouflage, it is therefore possible under the same apparatus-specific transport conditions with warheads 51 of the type described above over longer ranges to combat enemy positions, in particular covered positions and deployment areas more effectively.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
EP88110917A 1987-07-10 1988-07-08 Submunitions-Wirkteil, sowie Flechettes-Gefechtskopf und Flechettes dafür Expired - Lifetime EP0298494B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3722833 1987-07-10
DE3722833 1987-07-10
DE3806731 1988-03-02
DE3806731A DE3806731A1 (de) 1987-07-10 1988-03-02 Submunitions-wirkteil, sowie flechettes-gefechtskopf und flechettes dafuer

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0298494A2 EP0298494A2 (de) 1989-01-11
EP0298494A3 EP0298494A3 (de) 1991-10-23
EP0298494B1 true EP0298494B1 (de) 1994-03-30

Family

ID=25857459

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88110917A Expired - Lifetime EP0298494B1 (de) 1987-07-10 1988-07-08 Submunitions-Wirkteil, sowie Flechettes-Gefechtskopf und Flechettes dafür

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0298494B1 (ru)
DE (2) DE3806731A1 (ru)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9068803B2 (en) 2011-04-19 2015-06-30 Lone Star Ip Holdings, Lp Weapon and weapon system employing the same
US9068796B2 (en) 2006-09-29 2015-06-30 Lone Star Ip Holdings, Lp Small smart weapon and weapon system employing the same
US9550568B2 (en) 2006-10-26 2017-01-24 Lone Star Ip Holdings, Lp Weapon interface system and delivery platform employing the same

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3920016A1 (de) * 1989-06-20 1991-01-10 Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm Gefechtskopf zur bekaempfung von seezielen
FR2662240A1 (fr) * 1990-05-18 1991-11-22 Thomson Brandt Armements Projectiles penetrants.
DE19630796C2 (de) * 1996-07-31 1998-07-09 Diehl Stiftung & Co Verbringungseinrichtung für großkalibrige Submunition
DE59704496D1 (de) * 1996-03-08 2001-10-11 Diehl Stiftung & Co Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Verbringen einer grosskalibrigen Nutzlast über ein Einsatzgelände
US5796031A (en) * 1997-02-10 1998-08-18 Primex Technologies, Inc. Foward fin flechette
US7530315B2 (en) 2003-05-08 2009-05-12 Lone Star Ip Holdings, Lp Weapon and weapon system employing the same
US8661980B1 (en) * 2003-05-08 2014-03-04 Lone Star Ip Holdings, Lp Weapon and weapon system employing the same
US7895946B2 (en) 2005-09-30 2011-03-01 Lone Star Ip Holdings, Lp Small smart weapon and weapon system employing the same
US7690304B2 (en) 2005-09-30 2010-04-06 Lone Star Ip Holdings, Lp Small smart weapon and weapon system employing the same
CN109945749A (zh) * 2019-04-18 2019-06-28 永卓防务科技有限公司 一种约束分离装置

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3903804A (en) * 1965-09-27 1975-09-09 Us Navy Rocket-propelled cluster weapon
US3954060A (en) * 1967-08-24 1976-05-04 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Projectile
BE760873A (en) * 1970-12-28 1971-06-28 Zeebrugge Forges Sa Projectile for darts
US4211169A (en) * 1971-07-30 1980-07-08 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Sub projectile or flechette launch system
US3938442A (en) * 1971-09-27 1976-02-17 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Serrated supporting keying system for a beehive projectile
US4036141A (en) * 1976-08-02 1977-07-19 Korr Abraham L Ammunition

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9068796B2 (en) 2006-09-29 2015-06-30 Lone Star Ip Holdings, Lp Small smart weapon and weapon system employing the same
US9482490B2 (en) 2006-09-29 2016-11-01 Lone Star Ip Holdings, Lp Small smart weapon and weapon system employing the same
US9550568B2 (en) 2006-10-26 2017-01-24 Lone Star Ip Holdings, Lp Weapon interface system and delivery platform employing the same
US9068803B2 (en) 2011-04-19 2015-06-30 Lone Star Ip Holdings, Lp Weapon and weapon system employing the same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3888739D1 (de) 1994-05-05
EP0298494A2 (de) 1989-01-11
DE3806731A1 (de) 1989-01-26
EP0298494A3 (de) 1991-10-23
DE3806731C2 (ru) 1989-10-26

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