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EP0206253B1 - Circuit supplying an electric load from a solar generator - Google Patents

Circuit supplying an electric load from a solar generator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0206253B1
EP0206253B1 EP86108341A EP86108341A EP0206253B1 EP 0206253 B1 EP0206253 B1 EP 0206253B1 EP 86108341 A EP86108341 A EP 86108341A EP 86108341 A EP86108341 A EP 86108341A EP 0206253 B1 EP0206253 B1 EP 0206253B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
circuit
solar generator
generator
current
short
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP86108341A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0206253A1 (en
Inventor
Günther Dipl.-Ing. Mieth (FH)
Ulf Dipl.-Ing. Schwarz
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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Filing date
Publication date
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Priority to AT86108341T priority Critical patent/ATE58603T1/en
Publication of EP0206253A1 publication Critical patent/EP0206253A1/en
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Publication of EP0206253B1 publication Critical patent/EP0206253B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/66—Regulating electric power
    • G05F1/67—Regulating electric power to the maximum power available from a generator, e.g. from solar cell
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S136/00—Batteries: thermoelectric and photoelectric
    • Y10S136/291—Applications
    • Y10S136/293—Circuits
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S323/00—Electricity: power supply or regulation systems
    • Y10S323/906—Solar cell systems

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a circuit arrangement as specified in the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such a circuit arrangement is already known from DE-OS 2 043 423.
  • the known circuit arrangement is a two-point controller, which is fed from a solar generator.
  • the two-point controller is designed and dimensioned so that the current emitted by the solar generator is in a predetermined ratio to the short-circuit current of a reference solar generator.
  • This ratio is determined using the characteristic field of the solar generator as the factor by which the short-circuit current is to be multiplied in order to obtain the current at the operating point of maximum power.
  • a test cell belonging to the solar cell generator serves as the reference solar generator.
  • the solar generator feeding the consumer and the solar generator whose short-circuit current is measured are therefore of the same design. In this way, the operating point of maximum power is achieved with good approximation in a large temperature range of the solar generator and this with relatively simple means.
  • the circuit arrangement is used in particular for charging a battery or for feeding consumers that are buffered with the aid of a battery.
  • the proposed type of current adjustment can also be advantageous for other consumers if the greatest possible utilization of the solar generator is aimed for.
  • the circuit arrangement can be part of a regulator or an arrangement for so-called forward regulation, in which the actuator is controlled in a predetermined dependence on the measured short-circuit current. Since the test cell is permanently loaded by a measuring resistor, it is not available for supplying the consumer. In addition, the measured value of the short-circuit current of the test cell, which serves as a criterion for the short-circuit current of the solar generator, is only an approximate value, since the properties of the test cell are used to infer that of the entire solar generator.
  • a switching regulator is connected to a solar generator, with the aid of which the output voltage of the circuit arrangement is kept at a predetermined value. This is achieved in that the actual value input of the switching regulator is connected to the tap of a first voltage divider which is parallel to the output of the circuit arrangement.
  • the switching regulator has another control input that is routed internally to a reference voltage source. This control input is due to a tap of a second voltage divider, which is connected to the solar generator.
  • a photodiode is attached directly next to the solar generator and is arranged in parallel with a resistor of the second voltage divider.
  • the solar generator is to be given a maximum of power in that the reference voltage effective in connection with a voltage regulation is correspondingly influenced by the photodiode when the light irradiation changes.
  • the temperature in addition to the radiation density, the temperature also has a significant influence on the generator voltage at the operating point of maximum power.
  • the latter is not taken into account in the known circuit arrangement.
  • a typical characteristic field of a solar generator is e.g. from the brochure Solar Modules, Type Series SM36 from Interatom.
  • a particularly simple type of adaptation would be to determine the current drawn for a frequent average radiation intensity.
  • this would have the disadvantage that the possible higher current could not be used in the case of stronger radiation and the voltage would collapse in the case of weaker radiation and charging would no longer be possible.
  • the object of the invention is to design a circuit arrangement of the type mentioned at the outset in such a way that it ensures, with comparatively little effort, that the solar generator operates at a working point which in a large working area largely comes close to the working point of maximum power.
  • the object is achieved by the measures specified in the characterizing part of claim 1.
  • the short-circuit current of the solar generator feeding the load is evaluated periodically.
  • the short-circuit current of the solar generator is measured particularly precisely and with particularly low power consumption.
  • the circuit arrangement therefore works with a particularly good efficiency.
  • circuit arrangement is expediently designed in the manner specified in the characterizing part of patent claim 2.
  • the pulse-pause ratio of the pulse train that closes the first controllable switch can in particular be 1: 1000, so that the efficiency is practically not impaired.
  • the battery 9 is fed from the solar generator 1 via a control device.
  • the main circuit H runs from the positive pole of the solar generator 1 via the diode 31 which is polarized in the forward direction, the inductor 4 and the diode 5 which is polarized in the forward direction to the positive pole of the battery 9 and from the negative pole of the battery 9 via the measuring resistor 7 to the negative pole of the solar generator 1.
  • a series connection of the electronic switch 24 controlled by the clock generator 21 and the short-circuit current measured value 2 is located in a first shunt branch.
  • the resistor 22 can be arranged in a longitudinal branch between the solar generator 1 and the first transverse branch instead of in the first transverse branch. Lower losses result from an arrangement in the first transverse branch.
  • the capacitor 32 lies between the connection point of the diode 31 with the inductor 4 on the one hand and the connection point of the resistor 7 and the load 9 on the other hand.
  • the electronic switch 6 which is controlled by the control circuit 8, is located in a third transverse branch.
  • the control circuit 8 is supplied with voltage from the solar generator 1 in a manner not shown.
  • the negative pole of the battery 9 also serves as a ground connection or reference potential.
  • the setpoint input 82 of the control circuit 8 is connected to the output of the sample and hold circuit 23 of the setpoint generator 2a.
  • the actual value input 81 of the control circuit 8 is connected to the terminal of the current measuring resistor 7 facing away from the battery 9.
  • the storage choke 4, the electronic switch 6 and the rectifier 5 represent the power components of a step-up converter known per se.
  • the switch expediently consists of a semiconductor component.
  • the converter charges the battery 9 from the solar generator 1.
  • the control device or control circuit 8 compares the current of the solar generator measured at the measuring resistor 7 with the value of the short-circuit current measuring resistor 22 measured at the short-circuit current measuring resistor 22 and regulates the current to a predetermined fraction of the respective measured value of the short-circuit current.
  • the regulated current results from the pulse-pause ratio of the pulses that close the second switch.
  • the pulse-pause ratio can be achieved by pulse duration modulation for a fixed switching frequency or by varying the frequency for a fixed pulse duration.
  • the capacitor 32 serves to provide the step-up converter with the necessary current pulses and also with a sufficient input voltage during the short periods in which the short-circuit current is measured.
  • the diode 31 ensures that the capacitor 32 is not discharged when the electronic switch 24 is closed.
  • control circuit 8 switches to voltage regulation and prevents a further rise in voltage or switches back to the lower value for trickle charging, as a result of which the current consumed can decrease.
  • the productivity of the solar generator is then no longer fully utilized.
  • the measuring resistor 7 measures the direct current output by the solar generator 1. If the measuring resistor is arranged in deviation from FIG. 1 between the capacitor 32 and the switch 6, a voltage corresponding to the direct current can be obtained by averaging or eliminating the alternating current component caused by the switch 6.
  • a series circuit comprising the source-drain path of the field-effect transistor 24a and the short-circuit current measuring resistor 22 is connected in parallel to the 36-volt solar generator 1.
  • the field-effect transistor 24a forms the electronic switch 24 1 and is periodically closed by clock pulses from the clock generator 21.
  • the clock 21 consists of the clock module 21 a and the external circuit shown.
  • the field effect transistor 24a is driven by the clock generator 21 via an inverter stage.
  • the clock generator 21 emits pulses at intervals of 100 msec, the duration of which is 100 Ilsec in each case.
  • the pulse duty factor of the measuring pulses with which the short-circuit current of the solar generator 1 is measured is therefore 1: 1000.
  • the time module 21 b derives scanning pulses from the 100 Ilsec pulses of the clock module 21a, the duration of which is only about 85 to 90 Ilsec, so that the last 10 to 15% of the pulse width of the measuring pulse is not evaluated.
  • the sampling and holding circuit 23 is connected with its sampling pulse input c3 to the output b3 of the time module 21b. Since the scanning pulse always ends before the short-circuit current measuring pulse, decay processes of the measuring pulse cannot falsify the value to be stored in the sample and hold circuit.
  • the source electrode of the field effect transistor 24 connected to the measuring resistor 22 is led to the measuring pulse input c7 of the sample and hold circuit 23.
  • the sample and hold circuit 23 outputs a reference voltage proportional to the short-circuit current of the solar generator 1 at its output 82.
  • FIG. 2 An embodiment of the device for measuring the solar generator short-circuit current with design information is shown in FIG. 2.
  • connection number for the integrated circuit concerned.
  • connection number is preceded by an “a” for the clock module 21 a and a “b” in the time module 21 b.
  • the positive auxiliary voltage + U H and the negative auxiliary voltage - U H are, for example, ⁇ 12 V.
  • the auxiliary voltages are generated using a conventional device, which is not shown in the figures.
  • This device can contain a charging capacitor connected to the solar generator via a decoupling diode.
  • a stabilizing circuit with a transistor in the series branch and a Zener diode as setpoint generator in the cross branch can be connected to the charging capacitor.
  • a constant current diode is expediently located parallel to the base collector path of the transistor.
  • the voltage stabilized in this way is expediently fed to a converter module which outputs the positive auxiliary voltage + U H and the negative auxiliary voltage -U H.
  • An integrated circuit of type SI 7661 can be used as a converter module.
  • FIG. 3 shows a control circuit for controlling a field effect transistor 6a, which forms the switch 6 of the circuit arrangement according to FIG. 1.
  • the operational amplifier 84 is connected with its plus input to the output 82 of the sample and hold circuit 23 according to FIG. 1 or FIG. 2.
  • the measuring resistor 7 is on one side at the reference potential of the operational amplifier 84.
  • the other side of the measuring resistor 7 is connected to the minus input of the operational amplifier 84 via a further resistor.
  • There is a voltage across the measuring resistor 7 which is proportional to the instantaneous value of the current which is taken from the solar generator.
  • the residual ripple of the measuring voltage is reduced with the help of the RC element 7a.
  • the output of the operational amplifier 84 is connected to the connection d5 of the pulse width modulator 87.
  • the pulse width modulator 87 outputs permanently modulated control pulses for controlling the field effect transistor 6a at its output d7 as a function of the control deviation. This is achieved by comparing the quantity supplied to the input d5, which is proportional to the control deviation, with a sawtooth voltage supplied to the input d6.
  • the sawtooth voltage is generated using the oscillator 85, the frequency of which is e.g. Is 50 kHz.
  • the inverter 86 Between the output of the oscillator 85 and the input d5 of the pulse width modulator 87 there is the inverter 86, which distributes the edges of the output pulses of the oscillator 85. Between the output of the pulse width modulator 87 and the gate electrode of the field effect transistor 6a there is a chain circuit comprising the inverter 88, which also serves to increase the pulse edges, and the inverter 89, which serves as a driver.
  • a voltage proportional to the control deviation is obtained from the reference voltage coming from the sample and hold circuit 23 and from the actual value measured at the measuring resistor 7.
  • the value of the measuring resistor is, for example, 8 m Q
  • the short-circuit current measuring resistor 22 has, for example, a value of 6.8 m Q.
  • the resistance ratio of the resistors 7 and 22 is 0.85 in this case. This is the predetermined ratio of the current drawn from the solar generator to the measured short-circuit current of the solar generator.
  • the storage capacitor 32 has, for example, a capacity of 8000 li F and forms a low-resistance voltage source for the charge controller connected to it.
  • the rectifier 31 prevents the storage capacitor 32 from being able to discharge via the short-circuit current measuring resistor 22.
  • FIG. 3 An embodiment of the control circuit with design information is shown in FIG. 3.
  • An integrated module LM 393 serves both as oscillator 85 and as pulse width modulator 87.
  • An integrated component 4049 B is used as the inverter 86 and 88 and as the driver 89, the driver being formed by four inverters connected in parallel.
  • the designations of the connections of the oscillator 85 and the pulse width modulator 87 contain the connection numbers customary in the integrated modules LM 393. These connection numbers are preceded by a "d".
  • the characteristic curve field of a solar generator shown in FIG. 4 shows characteristic curves for different radiation densities E as parameters.
  • the voltage depends to a large extent on the temperature and the operating point of maximum power is therefore significantly influenced by the temperature of the solar generator.
  • the influence of temperature on the current is comparatively small.
  • an operating point is to be obtained at which, depending on the radiation and temperature, the largest possible product of voltage and current is utilized and made usable for battery charging.
  • Problematic when adapting to the productivity of the Ge nerators is that the power that can be supplied by the generator depends on the type and size of the radiation intensity and the temperature.
  • an operating point is selected at which the load current is in a predetermined ratio to the measured short-circuit current.
  • the predefined ratio can be determined for the solar generator used in each case by dividing the current at the operating point of maximum power by the associated short-circuit current for the relevant characteristic curves and forming an average value from the quotients obtained in this way.
  • Fig. 1 shows a preferred embodiment of the invention, which contains a step-up converter as a current regulator.
  • the generator voltage is increased to the required charging or consumer voltage.
  • step-up converters with exclusive regulation of the output voltage there is the advantage that the controller does not attempt to draw such a large current from the solar generator that the generator voltage breaks down.
  • step-up converter instead of the step-up converter shown, other known control arrangements, in particular blocking and flow-through converters, can also be used in a corresponding manner. These are usually implemented with pulse width control and have a transformer.
  • the current emitted by the solar generator is regulated.
  • a commercially available controller module designed as an integrated circuit can serve as the control circuit 8.
  • An advantageous modification of the circuit arrangement according to FIG. 1 consists in particular in that the load current measuring resistor 7 is replaced by a short circuit and the input 81 of the control circuit 8 is omitted.
  • the control circuit 8 is designed as a so-called forward regulator, which forms a predetermined control variable for controlling the actuator 6 for each measured value of the solar generator short-circuit current.
  • the control circuit 8 expediently contains a comparator which compares a sawtooth voltage with the measuring voltage proportional to the short-circuit current or a voltage derived therefrom and switches the electronic switch 6, which was switched on at the beginning of the sawtooth, in the event of equality of voltages.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
  • Electromechanical Clocks (AREA)

Abstract

A circuit arrangement for feeding an electrical load, solar generator provides that the current output by the solar generator has a prescribed ratio to the measured value which is a measure for the short-circuit current of the solar generator. Such a circuit arrangement has an optimally-high efficiency. This is achieved with comparatively low expense in that the short-circuit current of the solar generator is measured pulse-wise. The circuit arrangement can be employed with particular advantage for charging batteries in solar systems.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine wie im Oberbegriff des Patentanspruches 1 angegebene Schaltungsanordnung.The invention relates to a circuit arrangement as specified in the preamble of claim 1.

Eine derartige Schaltungsanordnung ist bereits aus der DE-OS 2 043 423 bekannt. Bei der bekannten Schaltungsanordnung handelt es sich um einen Zweipunktregler, der aus einem Solargenerator gespeist wird. Der Zweipunktregler ist so ausgebildet und bemessen, daß der vom Solargenerator abgegebene Strom in einem vorgegebenen Verhältnis zum Kurzschlußstrom eines Referenz-Solargenerators steht.Such a circuit arrangement is already known from DE-OS 2 043 423. The known circuit arrangement is a two-point controller, which is fed from a solar generator. The two-point controller is designed and dimensioned so that the current emitted by the solar generator is in a predetermined ratio to the short-circuit current of a reference solar generator.

Dieses Verhältnis ist mit Hilfe des Kennlinienfeldes des Solargenerators als der Faktor ermittelt, mit dem der Kurzschlußstrom zu multiplizieren ist, um den Strom im Arbeitspunkt maximaler Leistung zu erhalten. Als Referenz-Solargenerator dient eine dem Solarzellengenerator angehörende Testzelle. Der den Verbraucher speisende Solargenerator und der Solargenerator, dessen Kurzschlußstrom gemessen wird, sind daher von gleicher Bauart. Auf diese Weise wird der Arbeitspunkt maximaler Leistung mit guter Näherung in einem großen Temperaturbereich des Solargenerators und dies mit relativ einfachen Mitteln erzielt. Die Schaltungsanordnung dient insbesondere zum Laden einer Batterie oder zur Speisung von Verbrauchern, die mit Hilfe einer Batterie gepuffert sind. Die vorgeschlagene Art der Stromanpassung kann jedoch auch bei anderen Verbrauchern von Vorteil sein, wenn eine möglichst große Auslastung des Solargenerators angestrebt wird. Die Schaltungsanordnung kann Bestandteil eines Reglers oder einer Anordnung zur sogenannten Vorwärtsregelung sein, bei der das Stellglied in vorgegebener Abhängigkeit von dem gemessenen Kurzschlußstrom gesteuert wird. Da die Testzelle durch einen Meßwiderstand dauernd belastet ist, steht sie für eine Speisung des Verbrauchers nicht zur Verfügung. Außerdem stellt der Meßwert des Kurzschlußstromes der Testzelle, der als Kriterium für den Kurzschlußstrom des Solargenerators dient, nur einen Näherungswert dar, da von den Eigenschaften der Testzelle auf die des ganzen Solargenerators geschlossen wird.This ratio is determined using the characteristic field of the solar generator as the factor by which the short-circuit current is to be multiplied in order to obtain the current at the operating point of maximum power. A test cell belonging to the solar cell generator serves as the reference solar generator. The solar generator feeding the consumer and the solar generator whose short-circuit current is measured are therefore of the same design. In this way, the operating point of maximum power is achieved with good approximation in a large temperature range of the solar generator and this with relatively simple means. The circuit arrangement is used in particular for charging a battery or for feeding consumers that are buffered with the aid of a battery. However, the proposed type of current adjustment can also be advantageous for other consumers if the greatest possible utilization of the solar generator is aimed for. The circuit arrangement can be part of a regulator or an arrangement for so-called forward regulation, in which the actuator is controlled in a predetermined dependence on the measured short-circuit current. Since the test cell is permanently loaded by a measuring resistor, it is not available for supplying the consumer. In addition, the measured value of the short-circuit current of the test cell, which serves as a criterion for the short-circuit current of the solar generator, is only an approximate value, since the properties of the test cell are used to infer that of the entire solar generator.

Bei einer aus der Zeitschrift Elektronik 19/21.9.84, Seite 96 bekannten Schaltungsanordnung ist an einen Solargenerator ein Schaltregler angeschlossen, mit dessen Hilfe die Ausgangsspannung der Schaltungsanordnung auf einem vorgegeben Wert gehalten wird. Dies wird dadurch erreicht, daß der Istwert-Eingang des Schaltreglers an den Abgriff eines ersten Spannungsteilers angeschlossen ist, der parallel zum Ausgang der Schaltungsanordnung liegt. Der Schaltregler besitzt einen weiteren Steuereingang, der intern an eine Referenzspannungsquelle geführt ist. Dieser Steuereingang liegt an einem Abgriff eines zweiten Spannungsteilers, der an den Solargenerator angeschlossen ist. Direkt neben dem Solargenerator ist eine Photodiode angebracht, die parallel zu einem Widerstand des zweiten Spannungsteilers angeordnet ist.In a circuit arrangement known from the electronics magazine 19 / 21.9.84, page 96, a switching regulator is connected to a solar generator, with the aid of which the output voltage of the circuit arrangement is kept at a predetermined value. This is achieved in that the actual value input of the switching regulator is connected to the tap of a first voltage divider which is parallel to the output of the circuit arrangement. The switching regulator has another control input that is routed internally to a reference voltage source. This control input is due to a tap of a second voltage divider, which is connected to the solar generator. A photodiode is attached directly next to the solar generator and is arranged in parallel with a resistor of the second voltage divider.

Mit Hilfe der bekannten Schaltungsanordnung soll dem Solargenerator dadurch ein Maximum an Leistung abgewonnen werden, daß die in Verbindung mit einer Spannungsregelung wirksamen Referenzspannung bei sich ändernder Lichteinstrahlung durch die Photodiode entsprechend beeinflußt wird. Bei einem Solargenerator beeinflußt neben der Strahlungsdichte auch die Temperatur die Generatorspannung im Arbeitspunkt maximaler Leistung wesentlich. Letztere wird jedoch bei der bekannten Schaltungsanordnung nicht berücksichtigt.With the aid of the known circuit arrangement, the solar generator is to be given a maximum of power in that the reference voltage effective in connection with a voltage regulation is correspondingly influenced by the photodiode when the light irradiation changes. In the case of a solar generator, in addition to the radiation density, the temperature also has a significant influence on the generator voltage at the operating point of maximum power. However, the latter is not taken into account in the known circuit arrangement.

Ein typisches Kennlinienfeld eines Solargenerators geht z.B. aus dem Prospekt Solar Modules, Type Series SM36 der Fa. Interatom hervor.A typical characteristic field of a solar generator is e.g. from the brochure Solar Modules, Type Series SM36 from Interatom.

Eine besonders einfache Art der Anpassung wäre, den entnommenen Strom für eine Häufige mittlere Strahlungsintensität festzulegen. Das hätte aber den Nachteil, daß der mögliche höhere Strom bei stärkerer Strahlung nicht ausgenutzt werden könnte und bei schwächerer Strahlung die Spannung zusammenbrechen würde und keine Ladung mehr möglich wäre.A particularly simple type of adaptation would be to determine the current drawn for a frequent average radiation intensity. However, this would have the disadvantage that the possible higher current could not be used in the case of stronger radiation and the voltage would collapse in the case of weaker radiation and charging would no longer be possible.

Man kann andererseits daran denken, die Ergiebigkeit des Solargenerators fortwährend zu prüfen und den Strom an den aus der Ergiebigkeit resultierenden Wert maximaler Leistung anzupassen, um eine Regelung auf maximal mögliche Leistung zu erzielen. Ein solcher Regler ist jedoch wegen des erforderlichen Schaltungsaufwandes mit einem relativc großen Aufwand verbunden.On the other hand, one can think of continuously checking the yield of the solar generator and adapting the current to the value of maximum power resulting from the yield in order to achieve regulation of the maximum possible power. However, such a controller is associated with a relatively large amount of effort because of the circuitry required.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eine Schaltungsanordnung der eingangs genannten Art so auszubilden, daß sie bei vergleichsweise geringem Aufwand einen Betrieb des Solargenerators in einem Arbeitspunkt gewährleistet, der in einem großen Arbeitsbereich dem Arbeitspunkt maximaler Leistung weitgehend nahekommt.The object of the invention is to design a circuit arrangement of the type mentioned at the outset in such a way that it ensures, with comparatively little effort, that the solar generator operates at a working point which in a large working area largely comes close to the working point of maximum power.

Gemäß der Erfindung wird die gestellte Aufgabe durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Patentanspruches 1 angegebenen Maßnahmen gelöst. Auf diese Weise wird der Kurzschlußstrom des die Last speisenden Solargenerators periodisch ausgewertet. Der Kurzschlußstrom des Solargenerators wird besonders exakt und mit besonders geringem Leistungsverbrauch gemessen. Die Schaltungsanordnung arbeitet daher mit einem besonders guten Wirkungsgrad.According to the invention, the object is achieved by the measures specified in the characterizing part of claim 1. In this way, the short-circuit current of the solar generator feeding the load is evaluated periodically. The short-circuit current of the solar generator is measured particularly precisely and with particularly low power consumption. The circuit arrangement therefore works with a particularly good efficiency.

Im Falle einer Regelung wird die Schaltungsanordnung zweckmäßigerweise in der im kennzeichnenden Teil des Patentanspruches 2 angegebenen Weise ausgebildet.In the case of regulation, the circuit arrangement is expediently designed in the manner specified in the characterizing part of patent claim 2.

Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung gehen aus den Patentansprüchen 3 und 4 hervor. Das Impuls-Pausen-Verhältnis der Impulsfolge, die den ersten steuerbaren Schalter schließt, kann insbesondere 1:1000 sein, so daß der Wirkungsgrad praktisch nicht beeinträchtigt wird.Advantageous embodiments of the invention emerge from patent claims 3 and 4. The pulse-pause ratio of the pulse train that closes the first controllable switch can in particular be 1: 1000, so that the efficiency is practically not impaired.

Die Erfindung wird anhand der in den Figuren 1-3 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiele' sowie anhand des in Fig. 4 gezeigten Kennlinienfeldes näher erläutert.The invention is further illustrated by the embodiment shown in the Figures 1-3 embodiments' and from the map shown in Fig. 4 of characteristics.

Es zeigenShow it

  • Fig. 1 eine Schaltungsanordnung zur Speisung einer Batterie aus einem Solargenerator, bei der der Kurzschlußstrom des speisenden Solargenerators selbst gemessen und zur Bildung der Bezugsgröße für eine Stromregelung herangezogen wird,Fig. 1 shows a circuit arrangement for feeding a battery from a solar generator, in which the Short-circuit current of the feeding solar generator itself is measured and used to form the reference variable for current regulation,
  • Fig. 2 eine Vorrichtung zur Messung des Solargenerator-Kurzschlußstromes für eine Schaltungsanordnung nach Fig. 1,2 shows a device for measuring the solar generator short-circuit current for a circuit arrangement according to FIG. 1,
  • Fig. 3 eine Steuerschaltung zur Steuerung des elektroninischen Schalters eines Umrichters, ebenfalls für eine Schaltungsanordnung nach Fig. 1 undFig. 3 shows a control circuit for controlling the electronic switch of a converter, also for a circuit arrangement according to Fig. 1 and
  • Fig. 4 ein typisches Kennlinienfeld eines Solargenerators, das insbesondere die Temperaturabhängigkeit des Kurzschlußstromes zeigt.Fig. 4 shows a typical characteristic field of a solar generator, which shows in particular the temperature dependence of the short-circuit current.

Bei der Schaltungsanordnung nach Fig. 1 wird die Batterie 9 aus dem Solargenerator 1 über eine Regeleinrichtung gespeist. Der Hauptstromkreis H verläuft vom Pluspol des Solargenerators 1 über die in Durchlaßrichtung gepolte Diode 31, die Drossel 4 und die in Durchlaßrichtung gepolte Diode 5 zum Pluspol der Batterie 9 und vom Minuspol der Batterie 9 über den Meßwiderstand 7 zum Minuspol des Solargenerators 1.In the circuit arrangement according to FIG. 1, the battery 9 is fed from the solar generator 1 via a control device. The main circuit H runs from the positive pole of the solar generator 1 via the diode 31 which is polarized in the forward direction, the inductor 4 and the diode 5 which is polarized in the forward direction to the positive pole of the battery 9 and from the negative pole of the battery 9 via the measuring resistor 7 to the negative pole of the solar generator 1.

Parallel zum Solargenerator 1 liegt in einem ersten Querzweig eine Reihenschaltung aus dem durch den Taktgeber 21 gesteuerten elektronischen Schalter 24 und dem Kurzschlußstrom-Meßwert 2. An den Kurzschlußstrom-Meßwiderstand 22 ist die ebenfalls durch den Taktgeber 21 steuerbare Abtast-und Halteschaltung 23 angeschlossen. In Abwandlung dieser Anordnung kann der Widerstand 22 anstatt im ersten Querzweig in einem Längszweig zwischen Solargenerator 1 und erstem Querzweig angeordnet sein. Geringere Verluste ergeben sich bei einer Anordnung im ersten Querzweig.In parallel to the solar generator 1, a series connection of the electronic switch 24 controlled by the clock generator 21 and the short-circuit current measured value 2 is located in a first shunt branch. In a modification of this arrangement, the resistor 22 can be arranged in a longitudinal branch between the solar generator 1 and the first transverse branch instead of in the first transverse branch. Lower losses result from an arrangement in the first transverse branch.

Zwischen dem Verbindungspunkt der Diode 31 mit der Drossel 4 einerseits und dem Verbindungspunkt des Widerstandes 7 und der Last 9 andererseits liegt in einem zweiten Querzweig der Kondensator 32.The capacitor 32 lies between the connection point of the diode 31 with the inductor 4 on the one hand and the connection point of the resistor 7 and the load 9 on the other hand.

Zwischen dem Verbindungspunkt der Drossel 4 mit der Diode 5 einerseits und dem Verbindungspunkt des Laststrom-Widerstandes 7 mit der Batterie andererseits liegt in einem dritten Querzweig der elektronische Schalter 6., der durch die Steuerschaltung 8 gesteuert wird.Between the connection point of the inductor 4 with the diode 5 on the one hand and the connection point of the load current resistor 7 with the battery on the other hand, the electronic switch 6, which is controlled by the control circuit 8, is located in a third transverse branch.

Die Steuerschaltung 8 wird in nicht dargestellter Weise aus dem Solargenerator 1 mit Spannung versorgt. Der Minuspol der Batterie 9 dient zugleich als Masseanschluß bzw. Bezugspotential. Der Sollwert-Eingang 82 der Steuerschaltung 8 ist an den Ausgang der Abtast- und Halteschaltung 23 des Sollwert-Gebers 2a angeschlossen. Der Istwert-Eingang 81 der Steuerschaltung 8 ist mit dem der Batterie 9 abgewandten Anschluß des Strommeßwiderstandes 7 verbunden.The control circuit 8 is supplied with voltage from the solar generator 1 in a manner not shown. The negative pole of the battery 9 also serves as a ground connection or reference potential. The setpoint input 82 of the control circuit 8 is connected to the output of the sample and hold circuit 23 of the setpoint generator 2a. The actual value input 81 of the control circuit 8 is connected to the terminal of the current measuring resistor 7 facing away from the battery 9.

Die Speicherdrossel 4, der elektronische Schalter 6 und der Gleichrichter 5 stellen die Leistungsbauteile eines an sich bekannten Hochsetzumrichters dar. Der Schalter besteht zweckmäßigerweise aus einem Halbleiterbauteil.The storage choke 4, the electronic switch 6 and the rectifier 5 represent the power components of a step-up converter known per se. The switch expediently consists of a semiconductor component.

Der Umrichter lädt die Batterie 9 aus dem Solargenerator 1. Die Regeleinrichtung bzw. Steuerschaltung 8 vergleicht den am Meßwiderstand 7 gemessenen Strom des Solargenerators mit dem am Kurzschlußstrom-Meßwiderstand 22 gemessenen Wert des Kurzschlußstromes des Solargenerators 1 und regelt den Strom auf einen vorgegebenen Bruchteil des jeweils gemessenen Wertes des Kurzschlußstromes. Der geregelte Strom ergibt sich aus dem Impuls-Pausen-Verhältnis der Impulse, die den zweiten Schalter schließen. Das Impuls-Pausen-Verhältnis kann bei fester Schaltfrequenz durch Impulsdauermodulation oder bei fester Impulsdauer durch Variieren der Frequenz erfolgen.The converter charges the battery 9 from the solar generator 1. The control device or control circuit 8 compares the current of the solar generator measured at the measuring resistor 7 with the value of the short-circuit current measuring resistor 22 measured at the short-circuit current measuring resistor 22 and regulates the current to a predetermined fraction of the respective measured value of the short-circuit current. The regulated current results from the pulse-pause ratio of the pulses that close the second switch. The pulse-pause ratio can be achieved by pulse duration modulation for a fixed switching frequency or by varying the frequency for a fixed pulse duration.

Der Kondensator 32 dient dazu, dem Hochsetzumrichter die erforderlichen Stromimpulse und auch während der kurzen Zeitabschnitte, in denen der Kurzschlußstrom gemessen wird, eine ausreichende Eingangsspannung zur Verfügung zu stellen. Die Diode 31 sorgt dafür, daß der Kondensator 32 nicht bei geschlossenem elektronischen Schalter 24 entladen wird.The capacitor 32 serves to provide the step-up converter with the necessary current pulses and also with a sufficient input voltage during the short periods in which the short-circuit current is measured. The diode 31 ensures that the capacitor 32 is not discharged when the electronic switch 24 is closed.

Nach Erreichen der maximalen Ladespannung des Akkus geht die Steuerschaltung 8 auf Spannungsregelung über und verhindert einen weiteren Spannungsanstieg oder schaltet auf den niederen Wert zur Erhaltungsladung zurück, wodurch der aufgenommene Strom absinken kann. Die Ergiebigkeit des Solargenerators wird dann nicht mehr voll ausgenutzt.After the maximum charging voltage of the rechargeable battery has been reached, the control circuit 8 switches to voltage regulation and prevents a further rise in voltage or switches back to the lower value for trickle charging, as a result of which the current consumed can decrease. The productivity of the solar generator is then no longer fully utilized.

Der Meßwiderstand 7 mißt den vom Solargenerator 1 abgegebenen Gleichstrom. Ordnet man den Meßwiderstand in Abweichung von Fig. 1 zwischen dem Kondensator 32 und dem Schalter 6 an, so kann eine dem Gleichstrom entsprechende Spannung durch Mittelwertbildung bzw. Eliminierung des vom Schalter 6 verursachten Wechselstromanteiles gewonnen werden.The measuring resistor 7 measures the direct current output by the solar generator 1. If the measuring resistor is arranged in deviation from FIG. 1 between the capacitor 32 and the switch 6, a voltage corresponding to the direct current can be obtained by averaging or eliminating the alternating current component caused by the switch 6.

Bei der in Fig. 2 gezeigten Vorrichtung zur Messung des Solargenerator-Kurzschlußstromes liegt parallel zum 36 Volt-Solargenerator 1 eine Serienschaltung aus der Source-Drain-Strecke des Feldeffekttransistors 24a und dem Kurzschlußstrom-Meßwiderstand 22. Der Feldeffekttransistor 24a bildet den elektronischen Schalter 24 der Schaltungsanordnung nach Fig. 1 und wird durch Taktimpulse des Taktgebers 21 periodisch geschlossen. Der Taktgeber 21 besteht aus dem Taktbaustein 21 a und der gezeigten äußeren Beschaltung.In the device for measuring the solar generator short-circuit current shown in FIG. 2, a series circuit comprising the source-drain path of the field-effect transistor 24a and the short-circuit current measuring resistor 22 is connected in parallel to the 36-volt solar generator 1. The field-effect transistor 24a forms the electronic switch 24 1 and is periodically closed by clock pulses from the clock generator 21. The clock 21 consists of the clock module 21 a and the external circuit shown.

Der Feldeffekttransistor 24a wird durch den Taktgeber 21 über eine Inverterstufe angesteuert. Der Taktgeber 21 gibt im Abstand von 100msec Impulse ab, deren Dauer jeweils 100 Ilsec beträgt. Das Tastverhältnis der Meßimpulse, mit denen der Kurzschlußstrom des Solargenerators 1 gemessen wird, beträgt daher 1 : 1000.The field effect transistor 24a is driven by the clock generator 21 via an inverter stage. The clock generator 21 emits pulses at intervals of 100 msec, the duration of which is 100 Ilsec in each case. The pulse duty factor of the measuring pulses with which the short-circuit current of the solar generator 1 is measured is therefore 1: 1000.

Der Zeitbaustein 21 b leitet aus den 100 Ilsec-Impulsen des Taktbausteines 21a Abtastimpulse ab, deren Dauer nur etwa 85 bis 90 Ilsec beträgt, so daß die letzten 10 bis 15% der Impulsbreite des Meßimpulses nicht ausgewertet werden. Die Abtast-und Halteschaltung 23 ist mit ihrem Abtastimpuls-Eingang c3 an den Ausgang b3 des Zeitbausteines 21 b angeschlossen. Da der Abtastimpuls stets vor dem Kurzschlußstrom-Meßimpuls endet, können Ausschwingvorgänge des Meßimpulses den in der Abtast- und Halteschaltung zu speichernden Wert nicht verfälschen.The time module 21 b derives scanning pulses from the 100 Ilsec pulses of the clock module 21a, the duration of which is only about 85 to 90 Ilsec, so that the last 10 to 15% of the pulse width of the measuring pulse is not evaluated. The sampling and holding circuit 23 is connected with its sampling pulse input c3 to the output b3 of the time module 21b. Since the scanning pulse always ends before the short-circuit current measuring pulse, decay processes of the measuring pulse cannot falsify the value to be stored in the sample and hold circuit.

Die mit dem Meßwiderstand 22 verbundene Source-Elektrode des Feldeffekttransistors 24 ist an den Meßimpulseingang c7 der Abtast- und Halteschaltung 23 geführt. Die Abtast- und Halteschaltung 23 gibt an ihrem Ausgang 82 eine dem Kurzschlußstrom des Solargenerators 1 proportionale Referenzspannung ab.The source electrode of the field effect transistor 24 connected to the measuring resistor 22 is led to the measuring pulse input c7 of the sample and hold circuit 23. The sample and hold circuit 23 outputs a reference voltage proportional to the short-circuit current of the solar generator 1 at its output 82.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Vorrichtung zur Messung des Solargenerator-Kurzschlußstromes mit Bemessungsangaben geht aus Fig. 2 hervor.An embodiment of the device for measuring the solar generator short-circuit current with design information is shown in FIG. 2.

Dabei dient alsIt serves as

  • Taktbaustein 21 a : der integrierte Schaltkreis TCL 555 C, alsClock block 21 a: the integrated circuit TCL 555 C, as
  • Zeitbaustein 21 b : der integrierte Schaltkreis TCL 555 C und alsTime module 21 b: the integrated circuit TCL 555 C and as
  • Feldeffekttransistor 24a ein solcher vom Typ BUZ 27.Field effect transistor 24a is of the BUZ 27 type.

Die Bezeichnungen der Anschlüsse des Taktbausteines 21 a und des Zeitbausteines 21 b enthalten die bei dem betreffenden integrierten Schaltkreis übliche Anschlußnummer.The designations of the connections of the clock module 21 a and the time module 21 b contain the usual connection number for the integrated circuit concerned.

Um Doppelbezeichnungen zu vermeiden, ist der Anschlußnummer bei dem Taktbaustein 21 a jeweils ein "a" und bei dem Zeitbaustein 21 b ein "b" vorausgestellt.In order to avoid duplicate designations, the connection number is preceded by an "a" for the clock module 21 a and a "b" in the time module 21 b.

Die positive Hilfsspannung + UH und die negative Hilfsspannung - UH betragen z.B. ± 12 V. Die Hilfsspannungen werden mit Hilfe einer üblichen Vorrichtung erzeugt, die in den Figuren nicht dargestellt ist. Diese Vorrichtung kann einen an den Solargenerator über eine Entkopplungsdiode angeschlossenen Ladekondensator enthalten. An den Ladekondensator kann eine Stabilisierungsschaltung mit einem Transistor im Längszweig und einer Z-Diode als Sollwertgeber im Querzweig angeschlossen sein. Parallel zur Basis-Kollektorstrecke des Transistors liegt zweckmäßigerweise eine Konstantstromdiode. Die derart stabilisierte Spannung wird zweckmäßigerweise einem Konverterbaustein zugeführt, der die positive Hilfsspannung +UHund die negative Hilfsspannung -UH abgibt. Als Konverterbaustein kann z.B. ein integrierter Schaltkreis vom Typ SI 7661 Verwendung finden.The positive auxiliary voltage + U H and the negative auxiliary voltage - U H are, for example, ± 12 V. The auxiliary voltages are generated using a conventional device, which is not shown in the figures. This device can contain a charging capacitor connected to the solar generator via a decoupling diode. A stabilizing circuit with a transistor in the series branch and a Zener diode as setpoint generator in the cross branch can be connected to the charging capacitor. A constant current diode is expediently located parallel to the base collector path of the transistor. The voltage stabilized in this way is expediently fed to a converter module which outputs the positive auxiliary voltage + U H and the negative auxiliary voltage -U H. An integrated circuit of type SI 7661 can be used as a converter module.

Fig. 3 zeigt eine Steuerschaltung zur Steuerung eines Feldeffekttransistors 6a, der den Schalter 6 der Schaltungsanordnung nach Fig. 1 bildet.FIG. 3 shows a control circuit for controlling a field effect transistor 6a, which forms the switch 6 of the circuit arrangement according to FIG. 1.

Der Operationsverstärker 84 ist mit seinem Pluseingang an den Ausgang 82 der Abtast- und Halteschaltung 23 nach Fig. 1 bzw. Fig. 2 angeschlossen. Der Meßwiderstand 7 liegt auf der einen Seite am Bezugspotential des Operationsverstärkers 84. Die andere Seite des Meßwiderstandes 7 ist über einen weiteren Widerstand an den Minuseingang des Operationsverstärkers 84 geführt. Am Meßwiderstand 7 liegt eine Spannung, die dem Momentanwert des Stromes proportional ist, der dem Solargenerator entnommen wird.The operational amplifier 84 is connected with its plus input to the output 82 of the sample and hold circuit 23 according to FIG. 1 or FIG. 2. The measuring resistor 7 is on one side at the reference potential of the operational amplifier 84. The other side of the measuring resistor 7 is connected to the minus input of the operational amplifier 84 via a further resistor. There is a voltage across the measuring resistor 7 which is proportional to the instantaneous value of the current which is taken from the solar generator.

Die Restwelligkeit der Meßspannung wird mit Hilfe des RC-Gliedes 7a reduziert. Am Ausgang des Operationsverstärkers 84 liegt eine Spannung, die der Regelabweichung proportional ist.The residual ripple of the measuring voltage is reduced with the help of the RC element 7a. At the output of the operational amplifier 84 there is a voltage which is proportional to the system deviation.

Der Ausgang des Operationsverstärkers 84 ist an den Anschluß d5 des Impulsbreitenmodulators 87 geführt. Der Impulsbreitenmodulator 87 gibt an seinem Ausgang d7 in Abhängigkeit von der Regelabweichung dauermodulierte Steuerimpulse zur Steuerung des Feldeffekttransistors 6a ab. Dies wird dadurch erreicht, daß die dem Eingang d5 zugeführte, der Regelabweichurig proportionale Größe mit einer dem Eingang d6 zugeführten Sägezahnspannung verglichen wird. Die Sägezahnspannung wird mit Hilfe des Oszillators 85 erzeugt, dessen Frequenz z.B. 50 kHz beträgt.The output of the operational amplifier 84 is connected to the connection d5 of the pulse width modulator 87. The pulse width modulator 87 outputs permanently modulated control pulses for controlling the field effect transistor 6a at its output d7 as a function of the control deviation. This is achieved by comparing the quantity supplied to the input d5, which is proportional to the control deviation, with a sawtooth voltage supplied to the input d6. The sawtooth voltage is generated using the oscillator 85, the frequency of which is e.g. Is 50 kHz.

Zwischen dem Ausgang des Oszillators 85 und dem Eingang d5 des Impulsbreitenmodulators 87 liegt der Inverter 86, der die Flanken der Ausgangsimpulse des Oszillators 85 versteilert. Zwischen dem Ausgang des Impulsbreitenmodulators 87 und der Gate-Elektrode des Feldeffekttransisstors 6a liegt eine Kettenschaltung aus dem ebenfalls zur Versteilerung von Impulsflanken dienenden Inverter 88 und dem als Treiber dienenden Inverter 89.Between the output of the oscillator 85 and the input d5 of the pulse width modulator 87 there is the inverter 86, which distributes the edges of the output pulses of the oscillator 85. Between the output of the pulse width modulator 87 and the gate electrode of the field effect transistor 6a there is a chain circuit comprising the inverter 88, which also serves to increase the pulse edges, and the inverter 89, which serves as a driver.

Im Operationsverstärker 84 wird aus der von der Abtast- und Halteschaltung 23 kommenden Referenzspannung und aus dem am Meßwiderstand 7 gemessenen Istwert eine der Regelabweichung proportionale Spannung gewonnen. Der Wert des Meßwiderstandes beträgt z.B. 8 m Q, der Kurzschlußstrom-Meßwiderstand 22 hat z.B. einen Wert von 6,8 m Q. Das Widerstandsverhältnis der Widerstände 7 und 22 beträgt in diesem Fall 0,85. Dies ist das vorgegebene Verhältnis von dem dem Solargenerator entnommenen Strom zum jeweils gemessenen Kurzschlußstrom des Solargenerators.In the operational amplifier 84, a voltage proportional to the control deviation is obtained from the reference voltage coming from the sample and hold circuit 23 and from the actual value measured at the measuring resistor 7. The value of the measuring resistor is, for example, 8 m Q , the short-circuit current measuring resistor 22 has, for example, a value of 6.8 m Q. The resistance ratio of the resistors 7 and 22 is 0.85 in this case. This is the predetermined ratio of the current drawn from the solar generator to the measured short-circuit current of the solar generator.

Der Speicherkondensator 32 hat z.B. eine Kapazität von 8000 liF und bildet eine niederohmige Spannungsquelle für den daran angeschlossenen Laderegler. Der Gleichrichter 31 verhindert, daß sich der Speicherkondensator 32 über den Kurzschlußstrom-Meßwiderstand 22 entladen kann.The storage capacitor 32 has, for example, a capacity of 8000 li F and forms a low-resistance voltage source for the charge controller connected to it. The rectifier 31 prevents the storage capacitor 32 from being able to discharge via the short-circuit current measuring resistor 22.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Steuerschaltung mit Bemessungsangaben geht aus Fig. 3 hervor.An embodiment of the control circuit with design information is shown in FIG. 3.

Dabei dient sowohl als Oszillator 85 als auch als Impulsbreitenmodulator 87 ein integrierter Baustein LM 393.An integrated module LM 393 serves both as oscillator 85 and as pulse width modulator 87.

Als Inverter 86 und 88 sowie als Treiber 89 findet ein integrierter Baustein 4049 B Verwendung, wobei der Treiber durch vier parallel geschaltete Inverter gebildet ist. Die Bezeichnungen der Anschlüsse des Oszillators 85 und des Impulsbreitenmodulators 87 enthalten die bei dem integrierten Bausteine LM 393 üblichen Anschlußnummern. Diesen Anschlußnummern ist jeweils ein "d" vorangestellt.An integrated component 4049 B is used as the inverter 86 and 88 and as the driver 89, the driver being formed by four inverters connected in parallel. The designations of the connections of the oscillator 85 and the pulse width modulator 87 contain the connection numbers customary in the integrated modules LM 393. These connection numbers are preceded by a "d".

Das in Fig. 4 gezeigte Kennlinienfeld eines Solargenerators zeigt Kennlinien für verschiedene Strahlungsdichten E als Parameter. Wie das Kennlinienfeld zeigt, hängt die Spannung in erheblichem Maße von der Temperatur ab und der Arbeitspunkt maximaler Leistung wird daher wesentlich von der Temperatur des Solargenerators beeinflußt. Andererseits ist der Einfluß der Temperatur auf den Strom vergleichsweise gering.The characteristic curve field of a solar generator shown in FIG. 4 shows characteristic curves for different radiation densities E as parameters. As the characteristic field shows, the voltage depends to a large extent on the temperature and the operating point of maximum power is therefore significantly influenced by the temperature of the solar generator. On the other hand, the influence of temperature on the current is comparatively small.

In dem in Fig. 4 gezeigten Kennlinienfeld soll sich jeweils ein Arbeitspunkt ergeben, bei dem je nach Strahlung und Temperatur ein möglichst großes Produkt aus Spannung und Strom verwertet und zur Batterieladung nutzbar gemacht wird. Problematisch bei der Anpassung an die Ergiebigkeit des Generators ist dabei, daß die vom Generator lieferbare Leistung außer von dessen Art und Größe von der Strahlungsintensität und von der Temperatur abhängig ist.In the characteristic field shown in FIG. 4, an operating point is to be obtained at which, depending on the radiation and temperature, the largest possible product of voltage and current is utilized and made usable for battery charging. Problematic when adapting to the productivity of the Ge nerators is that the power that can be supplied by the generator depends on the type and size of the radiation intensity and the temperature.

Bei der in Fig. 1 gezeigten Schaltungsanordnung wird ein Arbeitspunkt gewählt, bei dem der Laststrom in einem vorgegebenen Verhältnis zum gemessenen Kurzschlußstrom steht. Das vorgegebene Verhältnis läßt sich für den jeweils zur Anwendung kommenden Solargenerator dadurch ermitteln, daß für die relevanten Kennlinien jeweils der Strom im Arbeitspunkt maximaler Leistung durch den zugehörigen Kurzschlußstrom geteilt und aus den so gewonnenen Quotienten ein Mittelwert gebildet wird.In the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 1, an operating point is selected at which the load current is in a predetermined ratio to the measured short-circuit current. The predefined ratio can be determined for the solar generator used in each case by dividing the current at the operating point of maximum power by the associated short-circuit current for the relevant characteristic curves and forming an average value from the quotients obtained in this way.

Wie Untersuchungen im Rahmen der Erfindung gezeigt haben, lassen sich mit einem Bruchteil in der Größe von zwischen 80% und 90% Ergebnisse erzielen, die von dem Fall einer exakten Berechnung des Arbeitspunktes maximaler Leistung in einem vergleichsweise geringen Maße abweichen.As studies within the scope of the invention have shown, results can be obtained with a fraction in the size of between 80% and 90%, which deviate from the case of an exact calculation of the operating point of maximum power to a comparatively small extent.

Die Fig. 1 zeigt ein bevorzugtes Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung, das als Stromregler einen Hochsetzumrichter enthält. Dabei wird die Generatorspannung auf die erforderliche Lade- bzw. Verbraucherspannung hochgesetzt. Im Vergleich zu Hochsetzumrichtern mit ausschließlicher Regelung der Ausgangsspannung ergibt sich der Vorteil, daß der Regler nicht versucht, dem Solargenerator einen so großen Strom zu entnehmen, daß die Generatorspannung zusammenbricht.Fig. 1 shows a preferred embodiment of the invention, which contains a step-up converter as a current regulator. The generator voltage is increased to the required charging or consumer voltage. Compared to step-up converters with exclusive regulation of the output voltage, there is the advantage that the controller does not attempt to draw such a large current from the solar generator that the generator voltage breaks down.

Anstelle des gezeigten Hochsetzumrichters können in entsprechender Weise auch andere bekannte Regelanordnungen, insbesondere Sperr- und Durchflußumrichter Verwendung finden. Diese werden meist mit Impulsbreitensteuerung ausgeführt und besitzen einen Trafo.Instead of the step-up converter shown, other known control arrangements, in particular blocking and flow-through converters, can also be used in a corresponding manner. These are usually implemented with pulse width control and have a transformer.

Bei den in den Figuren gezeigten Schaltungsanordnungen wird der vom Solargenerator abgegebene Strom geregelt. Als Steuerschaltung 8 kann dabei insbesondere ein handelsüblicher, als integrierte Schaltung ausgeführter Regler-Baustein dienen.In the circuit arrangements shown in the figures, the current emitted by the solar generator is regulated. In particular, a commercially available controller module designed as an integrated circuit can serve as the control circuit 8.

Eine vorteilhafte Abwandlung der Schaltungsanordnung nach Fig. 1 besteht insbesondere darin, daß der Laststrom-Meßwiderstand 7 durch einen Kurzschluß ersetzt wird und der Eingang 81 der Steuerschaltung 8 entfällt. Diese Vereinfachung der Schaltungsanordnung ist möglich, wenn die Steuerschaltung 8 als sogenannter Vorwärtsregler ausgebildet wird, der für jeden Meßwert des Solargenerator-Kurzschlußstromes eine vorgegebene Steuergröße zur Steuerung des Stellgliedes 6 bildet. Die Steuerschaltung 8 enthält dabei zweckmäßigerweise einen Vergleicher, der eine Sägezahnspannung mit der dem Kurzschlußstrom proportionalen Meßspannung oder einer davon abgeleiteten Spannung vergleicht und bei Gleichheit bei Spannungen den elektronischen Schalter 6 abschaltet, der zu Beginn des Sägezahns eingeschaltet wurde. Durch entsprechende Gestaltung des Sägezahns läßt sich dabei eine Steuercharakteristik erzielen, bei der die Forderung, daß der Laststrom des Solargenerators in einem vorgegebenen Verhältnis zum Kurzschlußstrom des Solargenerators steht, mit vergleichsweise geringem Aufwand und mit einer für die Praxis ausreichenden Übereinstimmung erreicht wird.An advantageous modification of the circuit arrangement according to FIG. 1 consists in particular in that the load current measuring resistor 7 is replaced by a short circuit and the input 81 of the control circuit 8 is omitted. This simplification of the circuit arrangement is possible if the control circuit 8 is designed as a so-called forward regulator, which forms a predetermined control variable for controlling the actuator 6 for each measured value of the solar generator short-circuit current. The control circuit 8 expediently contains a comparator which compares a sawtooth voltage with the measuring voltage proportional to the short-circuit current or a voltage derived therefrom and switches the electronic switch 6, which was switched on at the beginning of the sawtooth, in the event of equality of voltages. By designing the sawtooth accordingly, a control characteristic can be achieved in which the requirement that the load current of the solar generator is in a predetermined ratio to the short-circuit current of the solar generator can be achieved with comparatively little effort and with an agreement that is sufficient for practical use.

Claims (5)

1. Circuit arrangement for supplying an electric load (9) from a solar generator (1), having an input (E) for connecting the solar generator (1) and having an output (A) for connecting the electric load (9), a final control element (6) which can be controlled by a control circuit (8) being arranged between the input (E) and the output (A), and the control circuit (8) being connected to a reference voltage input (82) on a reference voltage generator (2), the reference voltage generator (2) being an arrangement for measuring the short-circuit current of the solar generator (1) and the final control element (6) being controllable by the control circuit (8) in such a way that the current taken from the solar generator has a given ratio to the respective measured value of the short-circuit current of the solar generator (1), characterized in that the reference voltage generator (2) is formed by a series circuit consisting of a first controllable switch (24) which can be periodically closed by clock pulses of a clock-pulse generator (21), and of a short-circuit current measuring resistor (22) for measuring the short-circuit current of the solar generator, and of a sample-and-hold circuit (23) connected to the short-circuit current measuring resistor (22), and is connected to the input (E) for connecting the solar generator (1).
2. Circuit arrangement according to claim 1, in which, in known manner, the control circuit (8) contains a comparator which has an actual-value input (81) in addition to the reference voltage input (82), and is connected by this actual-value input (81) to an actual-value pickup, and in which the final control element is controllable in such a way that the measured voltage output by the actual-value pickup assumes at least approximately the value of the reference voltage, characterized in that the control circuit (8) is connected by its actual-value input (81) to a load measuring resistor (7), which is arranged in the main circuit (H) and forms the actual-value pickup, for measuring the current taken from the solar generator, and in that the measuring resistor (7) is dimensioned in such a way that the reference voltage and the measured voltage match one another whenever the current taken from the solar generator (1) has a given ratio to the respective short-circuit current of the solar generator (1).
3. Circuit arrangement according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the load (9) is connected to the first controllable switch (24) via a switching controller, and in that the switching controller contains a storage reactor (4) in a series arm and contains a second controllable switch (6) which can be controlled by the control circuit (8) in a shunt arm, and in that the load (9) is connected to the second controllable switch (6) via a diode (5), and in that there is arranged between the first controllable switch (24) and the switching controller a storage arrangement with a diode (31) in a series arm and with a capacitor (32) in a shunt arm.
4. Circuit arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the mark-to-space ratio of the pulse train controlling the first controllable switch (24) is less than 1:10.
5. Circuit arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the reference voltage generator (2) contains a time module (21 a) connected to the clock-pulse generator (21), and in that the sample-and-hold circuit can be controlled by the time module (21a) in such a way that the voltage pulse occurring at the measuring resistor (22) is only evaluated in part of the time range.
EP86108341A 1985-06-20 1986-06-19 Circuit supplying an electric load from a solar generator Expired - Lifetime EP0206253B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT86108341T ATE58603T1 (en) 1985-06-20 1986-06-19 CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT FOR POWERING AN ELECTRICAL LOAD FROM A SOLAR GENERATOR.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3522080 1985-06-20
DE3522080 1985-06-20

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EP0206253A1 EP0206253A1 (en) 1986-12-30
EP0206253B1 true EP0206253B1 (en) 1990-11-22

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US (1) US4695785A (en)
EP (1) EP0206253B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS6249421A (en)
AT (1) ATE58603T1 (en)
AU (1) AU579804B2 (en)
CA (1) CA1256942A (en)
DE (1) DE3675695D1 (en)

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EP0206253A1 (en) 1986-12-30
DE3675695D1 (en) 1991-01-03
ATE58603T1 (en) 1990-12-15
US4695785A (en) 1987-09-22
CA1256942A (en) 1989-07-04
JPS6249421A (en) 1987-03-04
AU579804B2 (en) 1988-12-08
AU5910586A (en) 1986-12-24

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