EP0198728B1 - Canon for obtaining a coherent water jet - Google Patents
Canon for obtaining a coherent water jet Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0198728B1 EP0198728B1 EP86400421A EP86400421A EP0198728B1 EP 0198728 B1 EP0198728 B1 EP 0198728B1 EP 86400421 A EP86400421 A EP 86400421A EP 86400421 A EP86400421 A EP 86400421A EP 0198728 B1 EP0198728 B1 EP 0198728B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- liquid
- axial channel
- channel
- rest
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 14
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021183 entrée Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004597 plastic additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41B—WEAPONS FOR PROJECTING MISSILES WITHOUT USE OF EXPLOSIVE OR COMBUSTIBLE PROPELLANT CHARGE; WEAPONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F41B9/00—Liquid ejecting guns, e.g. water pistols, devices ejecting electrically charged liquid jets, devices ejecting liquid jets by explosive pressure
- F41B9/0003—Liquid ejecting guns, e.g. water pistols, devices ejecting electrically charged liquid jets, devices ejecting liquid jets by explosive pressure characterised by the pressurisation of the liquid
- F41B9/0031—Liquid ejecting guns, e.g. water pistols, devices ejecting electrically charged liquid jets, devices ejecting liquid jets by explosive pressure characterised by the pressurisation of the liquid the liquid being pressurised at the moment of ejection
- F41B9/0043—Pressurisation by explosive pressure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
- B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
- B26F1/26—Perforating by non-mechanical means, e.g. by fluid jet
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
- B26F3/00—Severing by means other than cutting; Apparatus therefor
- B26F3/004—Severing by means other than cutting; Apparatus therefor by means of a fluid jet
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41B—WEAPONS FOR PROJECTING MISSILES WITHOUT USE OF EXPLOSIVE OR COMBUSTIBLE PROPELLANT CHARGE; WEAPONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F41B9/00—Liquid ejecting guns, e.g. water pistols, devices ejecting electrically charged liquid jets, devices ejecting liquid jets by explosive pressure
- F41B9/0003—Liquid ejecting guns, e.g. water pistols, devices ejecting electrically charged liquid jets, devices ejecting liquid jets by explosive pressure characterised by the pressurisation of the liquid
- F41B9/0031—Liquid ejecting guns, e.g. water pistols, devices ejecting electrically charged liquid jets, devices ejecting liquid jets by explosive pressure characterised by the pressurisation of the liquid the liquid being pressurised at the moment of ejection
- F41B9/0043—Pressurisation by explosive pressure
- F41B9/0046—Disruptors, i.e. for neutralising explosive devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B33/00—Manufacture of ammunition; Dismantling of ammunition; Apparatus therefor
- F42B33/06—Dismantling fuzes, cartridges, projectiles, missiles, rockets or bombs
- F42B33/062—Dismantling fuzes, cartridges, projectiles, missiles, rockets or bombs by high-pressure water jet means
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cannon for obtaining a jet of liquid at high speed and in particular a water cannon capable of producing on a target located at a distance an energy shock sufficient to cause its destruction.
- such a cannon does not make it possible to project at a speed greater than a few hundred meters per second a cylindrical water jet which remains coherent over a path of the order of a meter or more.
- the present invention achieves these objectives by presenting a liquid jet gun reaching very high speeds, of the order of 1000 to 1500 m / s for example, the jets practically retaining their cylindrical shape until their impact with the object. to destroy.
- the present invention specifically aims a cannon for obtaining a jet of liquid at high speed using particularly simple means to implement.
- This gun essentially comprises a metallic enclosure of generally elongated cylindrical shape, hollowed out with an axial channel, closed at one end by a nozzle adjacent to a chamber filled with a reserve of explosive powder, said axial channel being closed at its other end by a tearable lid, and containing the liquid to be projected, characterized in that the enclosure is provided, at its ends opposite to that of the end piece, with a nozzle hollowed out from a convergent axial channel separated from the channel by the lid and empty of liquid at rest and in that the axial channel filled with water at rest contains a piston adjacent to the chamber and movable in this channel under the action of the explosion of the explosive charge, the lengths of the column d water contained at rest in the axial channel and the axial channel converging empty at rest being substantially equal.
- a liquid cannon according to the invention which essentially comprises a metal enclosure 1 of elongated cylindrical shape, hollowed out in its central part of an axial channel 2 intended to contain the liquid that is to be projected in the form of a high energy jet at high speed towards the outside 10 of the barrel.
- this axial channel 2 is closed at one of its ends by a nozzle 3 for example screwed onto the external wall of the enclosure 1 and at the other end 10 of the barrel or ejection end, by a nozzle 4 also screwed at 5 onto the opposite external wall of the enclosure 1.
- the nozzle 4 is hollowed out along its axis with a portion 6 in the form of a convergent and which follows the axial channel 2 of the enclosure 1.
- the optimization of the convergent 6 was obtained by taking a value of the ratio of the length of the water column / length of the convergent close to 1.
- the convergent 6 has a useful length of 200 mm, an angle of 2 ° 20. interior surface finish is perfect. The tests carried out have shown that better efficiency is obtained with a convergent 6 vacuum of water.
- the channel 2 of the enclosure 1 also comprises at its end situated towards the end piece 3 a chamber 8 filled with explosive powder and between the chamber 8 and the liquid 2, a movable piston 9 capable of sliding longitudinally in the channel 2.
- a conduit 8a makes it possible to connect the chamber 8 to the outside for igniting the powder by mechanical or electrical means.
- Optimizing the efficiency of the water cannon, object of the invention also follows from the particular shape given to the piston 9.
- This shape drawn in FIG. 2 where an arrow represents the direction of movement, essentially comprises a base cylindrical 11 having the diameter of the channel 2 and, at the front, a concave part 12 serving to push the water column.
- the ignition by any known means of the powder contained in the chamber 8 produces in a very short time a very high pressure which propels the piston 9 at high speed in the channel 2 thus ensuring the compression of the liquid which it contains .
- the pressure of this liquid is such that the resulting force on the seal 7 is greater than the mechanical resistance of this seal, there is rupture of the latter and the liquid contained in the channel 2 is violently expelled through the converge 6, thus forming a high speed jet which spurts at the end 10 of the liquid cannon.
- the characteristics of the liquid jet thus obtained depend directly on the nature and the quantity of the powder contained in the chamber 8, on the shape and the length of the convergent 6, as well as on the possible presence of a visco-plastic additive. to the liquid used.
- the consistency of the liquid jet was greatly increased by the addition of 2% soluble polyethylene to water.
- a cannon such as the one just described made it possible to obtain water jets capable of piercing a stack of six steel plates 1 mm thick each at a distance of 1 m. Such jets reach a speed of 1500 m / s and keep an almost constant diameter over a distance of 1 meter.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Disintegrating Or Milling (AREA)
- Nozzles (AREA)
Description
La présente invention a pour objet un canon pour l'obtention d'un jet de liquide à grande vitesse et notamment un canon à eau capable de produire sur une cible située à distance un choc énergétique suffisant pour provoquer sa destruction.The present invention relates to a cannon for obtaining a jet of liquid at high speed and in particular a water cannon capable of producing on a target located at a distance an energy shock sufficient to cause its destruction.
On connaît déjà des canaux à eau utilisés pour détruire à courte distance des objets dangereux ou indésirables, tels que, notamment, les charges explosives. Un tel canon fait l'objet, par exemple, du brevet GB-A-2 083 894 ou du brevet US-A 4 369 850.There are already known water channels used to destroy dangerous or unwanted objects at short range, such as, in particular, explosive charges. Such a barrel is the subject, for example, of patent GB-A-2,083,894 or of patent US-A 4,369,850.
Si l'on étudie toutefois de façon approfondie le fonctionnement d'un tel canon, on s'aperçoit que l'énergie mise en réserve dans la charge explosive est mal utilisée et que les effetsproduits sont médiocres car, d'une part, l'action directe de la charge explosive sur la colonne liquide ne permet pas une bonne transmission de l'énergie à l'ensemble de cette colonne liquide, et, d'autre part, la forme cylindrique de la bouche du canon conduit à une dispersion rapide de la colonne après son éjection.If we however study in depth the operation of such a gun, we will see that the energy stored in the explosive charge is misused and that the effects produced are poor because, on the one hand, the direct action of the explosive charge on the liquid column does not allow good transmission of energy to the whole of this liquid column, and, on the other hand, the cylindrical shape of the muzzle of the barrel leads to a rapid dispersion of the column after ejection.
En d'autres termes, un tel canon ne permet pas de projeter à une vitesse supérieure à quelques centaines de mètres par seconde un jet d'eau cylindrique qui reste cohérent sur un trajet de l'ordre de un mètre ou plus.In other words, such a cannon does not make it possible to project at a speed greater than a few hundred meters per second a cylindrical water jet which remains coherent over a path of the order of a meter or more.
La présente invention réalise ces objectifs en présentant un canon à jet de liquide atteignant des vitesses très élevées, de l'ordre de 1000 à 1500 m/s par exemple, les jets conservant pratiquement leur forme cylindrique jusqu'à leur impact avec l'objet à détruire.The present invention achieves these objectives by presenting a liquid jet gun reaching very high speeds, of the order of 1000 to 1500 m / s for example, the jets practically retaining their cylindrical shape until their impact with the object. to destroy.
Il est connu que lorsqu'une colonne de liquide fortement comprimée est éjectée au travers d'un dispositif ou d'une buse ayant la forme d'un convergent, elle acquiert une grande énergie cinétique avec formation d'un jet dont la vitesse est donnée par l'équation
- P est la pression du liquide à l'entrée du convergent et
- p est la densité du liquide.
- P is the pressure of the liquid at the inlet of the convergent and
- p is the density of the liquid.
Pour obtenir des vitesses d'éjection très élevées du jet du liquide, il importe donc de créer des pressions dynamiques également très élevées l'entrée du convergent. On obtient ainsi une augmentation considérable de la vitesse du jet de liquide que l'on peut utiliser alors avec une distance d'action importante pour obtenir des pressions dynamiques très élevées sur une cible que l'on souhaite détruire par choc de ce jet de liquide.To obtain very high ejection speeds of the liquid jet, it is therefore important to create dynamic pressures which are also very high at the inlet of the convergent. A considerable increase is thus obtained in the speed of the jet of liquid which can then be used with a significant distance of action to obtain very high dynamic pressures on a target which it is desired to destroy by shock of this jet of liquid. .
A cet effet, la présente invention a précisément pour but un canon permettant l'obtention d'un jet de liquide à grande vitesse à l'aide de moyens particulièrement simples à mettre en oeuvre.To this end, the present invention specifically aims a cannon for obtaining a jet of liquid at high speed using particularly simple means to implement.
Ce canon comporte essentiellement une enceinte métallique de forme générale cylindrique allongée, creusée d'un canal axial, fermé à une extrémité par un embout adjacent à une chambre remplie d'une réserve de poudre explosive, ledit canal axial étant fermé à son autre extrémité par un opercule déchirable, et contenant le liquide à projeter, caractérisé en ce que l'enceinte est munie, à sont extrémité opposée à celle de l'embout, d'une buse creusée d'un canal axial convergent séparé du canal par l'opercule et vide de liquide au repos et en ce que le canal axial remplie d'eau au repos renferme un piston adjacent à la chambre et mobile dans ce canal sous l'action de l'explosion de la charge explosive, les longueurs de la colonne d'eau contenue au repos dans le canal axial et du canal axial convergent vide au repos étant sensiblement égales.This gun essentially comprises a metallic enclosure of generally elongated cylindrical shape, hollowed out with an axial channel, closed at one end by a nozzle adjacent to a chamber filled with a reserve of explosive powder, said axial channel being closed at its other end by a tearable lid, and containing the liquid to be projected, characterized in that the enclosure is provided, at its ends opposite to that of the end piece, with a nozzle hollowed out from a convergent axial channel separated from the channel by the lid and empty of liquid at rest and in that the axial channel filled with water at rest contains a piston adjacent to the chamber and movable in this channel under the action of the explosion of the explosive charge, the lengths of the column d water contained at rest in the axial channel and the axial channel converging empty at rest being substantially equal.
De toute façon, l'invention sera mieux comprise en se référant à la description qui suit d'un exemple de mise en oeuvre du canon à liquide, description qui sera faite à titre illustratif et non limitatif en se référant aux figures 1 et 2 ci-jointes.Anyway, the invention will be better understood by referring to the following description of an example of implementation of the liquid cannon, description which will be given by way of illustration and without limitation with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 below. -joint.
Sur la figure 1, on a représenté en coupe éclatée selon son axe AA un canon à liquide selon l'invention qui comporte essentiellement une enceinte métallique 1 de forme cylindrique allongée, creusée dans sa partie centrale d'un canal axial 2 destiné à renfermer le liquide que l'on veut projeter sous la forme d'un jet de grande énergie à vitesse élevée vers l'extérieur 10 du canon.In Figure 1, there is shown in exploded section along its axis AA a liquid cannon according to the invention which essentially comprises a metal enclosure 1 of elongated cylindrical shape, hollowed out in its central part of an axial channel 2 intended to contain the liquid that is to be projected in the form of a high energy jet at high speed towards the
Selon l'invention, ce canal axial 2 est fermé à l'une de ses extrémités par un embout 3 par exemple vissé sur la paroi externe de l'enceinte 1 et à l'autre extrémité 10 du canon ou extrémité d'éjection, par une buse 4 également vissée en 5 sur la paroi externe opposée de l'enceinte 1.According to the invention, this axial channel 2 is closed at one of its ends by a nozzle 3 for example screwed onto the external wall of the enclosure 1 and at the
Conformément à l'invention, la buse 4 est creusée selon son axe d'une partie 6 en forme de convergent et qui fait suite au canal axial 2 de l'enceinte 1. Un opercule déchirable 7, par exemple en matière plastique, ferme le canal axial 2 de l'enceinte 1 en assurant la séparation entre celui-ci et le canal convergent 6 de la buse 4.In accordance with the invention, the nozzle 4 is hollowed out along its axis with a portion 6 in the form of a convergent and which follows the axial channel 2 of the enclosure 1. A tearable lid 7, for example made of plastic, closes the axial channel 2 of the enclosure 1 ensuring separation between the latter and the converging channel 6 of the nozzle 4.
L'optimisation du convergent 6 a été obtenue en prenant une valeur du rapport longueur de la colonne d'eau/longueur du convergent voisine de 1. Le convergent 6 a une longueur utile de 200 mm, un angle de 2°20. L'état de surface intérieure est parfait. Les essais effectués ont montré qu'une meilleure efficacité est obtenue avec un convergent 6 vide d'eau.The optimization of the convergent 6 was obtained by taking a value of the ratio of the length of the water column / length of the convergent close to 1. The convergent 6 has a useful length of 200 mm, an angle of 2 ° 20. interior surface finish is perfect. The tests carried out have shown that better efficiency is obtained with a convergent 6 vacuum of water.
Selon l'invention, le canal 2 de l'enceinte 1 comporte encore à son extrémité située vers l'embout 3 une chambre 8 remplie de poudre explosive et entre la chambre 8 et le liquide 2, un piston mobile 9 apte à coulisser longitudinalement dans le canal 2. Un conduit 8a permet de relier la chambre 8 à l'extérieur pour la mise à feu de la poudre par des moyens mécaniques ou électriques.According to the invention, the channel 2 of the enclosure 1 also comprises at its end situated towards the end piece 3 a
L'optimisation de l'efficacité du canon à eau, objet de l'invention, découle également de la forme particulière donnée au piston 9. Cette forme, dessinée sur la figure 2 où une flèche figure le sens du mouvement, comporte essentiellement une base cylindrique 11 ayant le diamètre du canal 2 et, à l'avant, une partie concave 12 servant à pousser la colonne d'eau.Optimizing the efficiency of the water cannon, object of the invention, also follows from the particular shape given to the
Dans ces conditions, le fonctionnement du canon à liquide est le suivant:Under these conditions, the operation of the liquid cannon is as follows:
La mise à feu par un moyen quelconque connu de la poudre contenue dans la chambre 8 produit en un temps très court une pression très élevée qui propulse le piston 9 à grande vitesse dans le canal 2 en assurant ainsi la compression du liquide qu'il contient. Lorsque la pression de ce liquide est telle que la force résultante sur l'opercule 7 est supérieure à la résistance mécanique de cet opercule, il y a rupture de celui-ci et le liquide contenu dans le canal 2 est expulsé avec violence à travers le convergent 6, formant ainsi un jet à grande vitesse qui jaillit à l'extrémité 10 du canon à liquide.The ignition by any known means of the powder contained in the
Les caractéristiques du jet de liquide ainsi obtenu dépendent directement de la nature et de la quantité de la poudre contenue dans la chambre 8, de la forme et de la longueur du convergent 6, ainsi que de la présence éventuelle d'un additif visco-plastique au liquide utilisé. C'est ainsi que la cohérence du jet liquide a été grandement augmentée par l'addition à l'eau de 2% de polyéthylène soluble.The characteristics of the liquid jet thus obtained depend directly on the nature and the quantity of the powder contained in the
Un canon tel que celui qui vient d'être décrit a permis d'obtenir des jets d'eau capables de percer un empilement de six plaques d'acier de 1 mm d'épaisseur chacune à une distance de 1 m. De tels jets atteignent une vitesse de 1500 m/s et gardent un diamètre pratiquement constant sur une distance de 1 mètre.A cannon such as the one just described made it possible to obtain water jets capable of piercing a stack of six steel plates 1 mm thick each at a distance of 1 m. Such jets reach a speed of 1500 m / s and keep an almost constant diameter over a distance of 1 meter.
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8503206A FR2578475B1 (en) | 1985-03-05 | 1985-03-05 | CANON FOR OBTAINING A JET OF HIGH SPEED LIQUID |
| FR8503206 | 1985-03-05 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0198728A1 EP0198728A1 (en) | 1986-10-22 |
| EP0198728B1 true EP0198728B1 (en) | 1989-11-02 |
Family
ID=9316871
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP86400421A Expired EP0198728B1 (en) | 1985-03-05 | 1986-02-27 | Canon for obtaining a coherent water jet |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0198728B1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3666680D1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2578475B1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3902073A1 (en) * | 1989-01-25 | 1990-07-26 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | DEVICE FOR THE FAST GENERATION OF LARGE AREA |
| FR2661490B1 (en) * | 1990-04-26 | 1992-07-03 | Lavoix Pierre | VERSATILE CANON FOR NEUTRALIZING TRAPPED PACKAGES. |
| GB9020378D0 (en) * | 1990-09-18 | 1990-10-31 | Richmond Electronics & Enginee | A device for firing a projectile |
| GB9323460D0 (en) * | 1993-11-13 | 1994-03-09 | Richmond Electronics & Enginee | Projectile |
| FR2726355B1 (en) * | 1994-10-27 | 1996-12-06 | France Etat | WATER CANON TO NEUTRALIZE IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES |
| FR2726638B1 (en) * | 1994-11-04 | 1996-12-13 | France Etat | DEVICE FOR Firing a propellant charge for a water cannon |
| GB2317677A (en) * | 1996-09-30 | 1998-04-01 | Anthony Dewhurst | Discharge baton |
| DE19641711A1 (en) * | 1996-10-10 | 1998-04-16 | Lothar Dipl Ing Huegin | Pulse extinguisher |
| CN101158563B (en) * | 2007-11-09 | 2010-07-14 | 杨德智 | Explosive substance destroy machine and special warhead thereof |
| CA2921708C (en) | 2016-02-24 | 2020-04-14 | Simon Tremblay | Electric projection weapons system |
| US9976838B1 (en) * | 2016-06-16 | 2018-05-22 | F. Richard Langner | Methods and apparatus for disarming an explosive device |
| CN110701952B (en) * | 2019-10-25 | 2021-11-02 | 哈尔滨工业大学（威海） | An experimental device for underwater equalizing exhaust emission |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2030684B (en) * | 1978-09-28 | 1983-01-06 | Hanson R | Bonb circuit disrupting device and method |
| US4369850B2 (en) * | 1980-07-28 | 1989-06-06 | High pressure fluid jet cutting and drilling apparatus | |
| DE3035190A1 (en) * | 1980-09-18 | 1982-04-29 | Gerd 6200 Wiesbaden Ester | SHOT DEVICE FOR DAMAGING SPREG BODIES AND THE LIKE |
-
1985
- 1985-03-05 FR FR8503206A patent/FR2578475B1/en not_active Expired
-
1986
- 1986-02-27 EP EP86400421A patent/EP0198728B1/en not_active Expired
- 1986-02-27 DE DE8686400421T patent/DE3666680D1/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0198728A1 (en) | 1986-10-22 |
| FR2578475B1 (en) | 1988-07-01 |
| DE3666680D1 (en) | 1989-12-07 |
| FR2578475A1 (en) | 1986-09-12 |
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