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EP0093424A2 - Method of manufacture of a contact element - Google Patents

Method of manufacture of a contact element Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0093424A2
EP0093424A2 EP83104208A EP83104208A EP0093424A2 EP 0093424 A2 EP0093424 A2 EP 0093424A2 EP 83104208 A EP83104208 A EP 83104208A EP 83104208 A EP83104208 A EP 83104208A EP 0093424 A2 EP0093424 A2 EP 0093424A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
contact
openings
contacts
core
sides
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP83104208A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0093424A3 (en
EP0093424B1 (en
Inventor
Herbert Bauer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Inovan GmbH and Co KG Metalle und Bauelemente
Original Assignee
Inovan Stroebe KG
Inovan GmbH and Co KG Metalle und Bauelemente
Inovan Stroebe GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Inovan Stroebe KG, Inovan GmbH and Co KG Metalle und Bauelemente, Inovan Stroebe GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Inovan Stroebe KG
Priority to AT83104208T priority Critical patent/ATE46790T1/en
Publication of EP0093424A2 publication Critical patent/EP0093424A2/en
Publication of EP0093424A3 publication Critical patent/EP0093424A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0093424B1 publication Critical patent/EP0093424B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H11/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches
    • H01H11/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches of switch contacts
    • H01H11/041—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches of switch contacts by bonding of a contact marking face to a contact body portion
    • H01H11/042—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches of switch contacts by bonding of a contact marking face to a contact body portion by mechanical deformation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a contact element consisting of a contact plate with point-inserted contacts with one-sided or two-sided contact surface, the contacts preferably consisting of a contact core which is coated on one or both sides with contact material, and a method for producing such contact elements.
  • the contacts are riveted into the contact plate, the contacts being flush with the contact plate and also being able to protrude beyond the plane of the contact plate.
  • the riveting process not only results in a firm mechanical fit of the contact rivet in the contact plate, but also a low contact resistance between the contact plate and Contact.
  • the riveting process is also suitable for producing such contact elements in automated operation.
  • the riveting of the contacts and the necessary deformation of the contact material have a disadvantage in particular if no solid contact material is used, but only contact rivets whose contact surface is only coated with contact material. Due to the deformation during riveting, this contact layer can tear or at least deform so that the necessary thickness of the contact layer no longer remains on the contact surface. This risk exists particularly in the case of contact rivets with contact surfaces on both sides (changeover contacts).
  • the production of the contact rivets in particular the bimetal or the trimetal rivets, is relatively expensive.
  • the object of the invention is to provide such a contact element, which can also be produced in automated operation, the contacts of which can consist of solid contact material as well as of bimetal * of the trimetal with one or both-sided contact surfaces, in which the contacts are mechanically secure the contact plate are kept with low contact resistance and its production ultimately also causes the lowest possible costs.
  • this object is achieved in that the contact core is cold welded to the contact plate, which is achieved in that the contact plate is provided with openings corresponding to the cross-sectional dimensions of the contact core, the openings being designed such that rod-shaped strips protruding into the openings remain and that the contact core is pressed into the openings while pushing the strips away.
  • the desired cold welding takes place when the contact core is pressed in, which not only ensures a tight fit of the contact in the contact plate, but also an extremely low contact resistance between the material of the contact plate and that of the contact core.
  • this tight fit can be further improved in that the contact is compressed after being pressed in, if appropriate at the same time as a desired surface deformation of the contact.
  • contact plates produced according to this method can in turn also be equipped with contacts which are flush with the contact plate or protrude above its level, again with contact surfaces on one or both sides.
  • the making of the contacts is extremely simple; they are simply punched out of a corresponding material as contact pins or plates.
  • the openings in the contact plate can also be easily produced in the stamping process, the openings being simultaneously chamfered on one or both sides in order to allow the contact material to be pressed into this chamfer.
  • the contact core is also slightly chamfered at its introducer, on the one hand to facilitate the insertion of the contact core into the openings and, on the other hand, to avoid the strips protruding into the openings being sheared off instead of being pushed away.
  • a contact strip (contact plate) 1 is provided with an opening 2 into which strips 3 protrude.
  • the opening 2 is slightly chamfered on both sides 4.
  • Contacts 5 in this case bimetallic contacts with a round contact core, are now pressed into these openings 2, the strips 3 projecting into the opening 2 being pressed away.
  • the manufacture of the openings 2 and the pressing of the contacts 5 can be carried out immediately one after the other, so that an additional cleaning of the cold Areas to be welded to one another between the material of the contact plate 1 and that of the contact 5 are not required. This is not necessary in particular if the contacts 5 are also punched out of a contact material strip immediately beforehand.
  • Fig. 4 shows two contacts with one-sided contact surface 6, inserted in openings 2 according to Figs. 1 and 2.
  • the contact shown on the left is beyond the level of the contact plate; the contact shown on the right is flush with the level of the contact plate 1.
  • By upsetting the contacts 5 it is achieved that the chamfered part of the opening 2 is filled or it is achieved in that the contact 5 always assumes the correct position in the contact plate 1.
  • FIG. 5 again shows, like FIG. 4, two contacts 5 inserted into the openings 2, but which have contact surfaces 6 on both sides.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Switches (AREA)

Abstract

1. A process for the production of a contact element comprising a contact plate (1) with contacts (5) which are inserted therein in a punctiform fashion and which have a contact surface at one or both sides, wherein the contacts comprise a contact core which is coated with contact material on one or both sides, characterised in that the contact plate (1) is provided with openings (2) therethrough, which correspond to the cross-sectional dimensions of the contact core and at the inside walls of which remain ribs which extend in the longitudinal direction of the through openings (2) and which project into the interior of the through openings (2), and that the contact core is pressed into the through openings (2), with the ribs undergoing deformation causing cold welding, wherein the through opening is chamferred at one or both sides and/or the contact core is chamferred at its insertion end.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Kontaktelement, bestehend aus einer Kontaktplatte mit punktförmig darin eingefügten Kontakten mit einseitiger oder beidseitiger Kontaktfläche, wobei die Kontakte vorzugsweise aus einem Kontaktkern bestehen, der ein- oder beidseitig mit Kontaktmaterial beschichtet ist, sowie ein Verfahren zur Herstellung derartiger Kontaktelemente.The invention relates to a contact element consisting of a contact plate with point-inserted contacts with one-sided or two-sided contact surface, the contacts preferably consisting of a contact core which is coated on one or both sides with contact material, and a method for producing such contact elements.

Bei bekannten derartigen Kontaktelementen werden die Kontakte in die Kontaktplatte eingenietet, wobei die Kontakte sowohl bündig mit der Kontaktplatte abschliessen, wie auch über die Ebene der Kontaktplatte herausstehen können. Durch das Nietverfahren ergibt sich nicht nur ein fester mechanischer Sitz der Kontaktniete in der Kontacktplatte, sondern auch ein geringer Übergangswiderstand zwischen Kontaktplatte und Kontakt. Auch eignet sich das Nietverfahren zur Herstellung derartiger Kontaktelemente im automatisierten Betrieb. Nachteilig wirkt sich die Vernietung der Kontakte und die dabei notwendige Verformung des Kontaktmaterials insbesondere dann aus, wenn kein Kontakt-Vollmaterial verwendet wird, sondern nur Kontaktnieten, deren Kontaktfläche lediglich mit Kontaktmaterial beschichtet ist. Durch die Verformung beim Nieten kann diese Kontaktschicht einreißen oder sich doch zumindest so verformen, daß nicht mehr die notwendige Dicke der Kontaktschicht auf der Kontaktfläche verbleibt. Diese Gefahr besteht insbesondere bei Kontaktnieten mit beidseitigen Kontaktflächen (Umschaltkontakte). Schließlich ist auch noch festzuhalten, daß die Herstellung der Kontaktnieten, insbesondere der Bimetall- beziehungsweise der Trimetall-Nieten verhältnismäßig kostenaufwendig ist.In known contact elements of this type, the contacts are riveted into the contact plate, the contacts being flush with the contact plate and also being able to protrude beyond the plane of the contact plate. The riveting process not only results in a firm mechanical fit of the contact rivet in the contact plate, but also a low contact resistance between the contact plate and Contact. The riveting process is also suitable for producing such contact elements in automated operation. The riveting of the contacts and the necessary deformation of the contact material have a disadvantage in particular if no solid contact material is used, but only contact rivets whose contact surface is only coated with contact material. Due to the deformation during riveting, this contact layer can tear or at least deform so that the necessary thickness of the contact layer no longer remains on the contact surface. This risk exists particularly in the case of contact rivets with contact surfaces on both sides (changeover contacts). Finally, it should also be noted that the production of the contact rivets, in particular the bimetal or the trimetal rivets, is relatively expensive.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eindderartiges Kontaktelement anzugeben, das ebenfalls im automatisierten Betrieb hergestellt werden kann, dessen Kontakte sowohl aus Kontakt-Vollmaterial bestehen können, wie auch aus Bimetall *der Trimetall mit ein- oder beidseitigen Kontaktflächen, bei denen die Kontakte mechanisch sicher in der Kontaktplatte mit niederem Übergangswiderstand gehalten sind und dessen Fertigung schließlich auch noch möglichst geringe Kosten verursacht.The object of the invention is to provide such a contact element, which can also be produced in automated operation, the contacts of which can consist of solid contact material as well as of bimetal * of the trimetal with one or both-sided contact surfaces, in which the contacts are mechanically secure the contact plate are kept with low contact resistance and its production ultimately also causes the lowest possible costs.

Nach der Erfindung wird diese Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, daß der Kontaktkern mit der Kontaktplatte kalt verschweißt ist, was dadurch gelingt, daß die Kontaktplatte mit den Querschnittsabmessungen des Kontaktkerns entsprechenden Durchbrechungen versehen wird, wobei die Durchbrechungen so ausgeführt werden, daß in die Durchbrechungen hineinragende stabförmige Leisten verbleiben und daß der Kontaktkern in die Durchbrechungen unter Wegdrücken der Leisten eingepreßt wird. Damit findet die gewünschte Kaltverschweißung beim Einpressen des Kontaktkerns statt, wodurch nicht nur ein fester Sitz des Kontakts in der Kontaktplatte gewährleistet ist, sondern auch ein äußerst geringer Übergangswiderstand zwischen dem Material der Kontaktplatte und demjenigen des Kontaktkerns. Zusätzlich kann dieser feste Sitz noch dadurch verbessert werden, daß der Kontakt nach dem Einpressen gestaucht wird, gegebenenfalls gleichzeitig mit einer gewünschten oberflächigen Verformung des Kontaktes. Selbstverständlich können nach diesem Verfahren hergestellte Kontaktplatten auch wiederrum mit Kontakten bestückt sein, die bündig mit der Kontaktplatte abschließen oder über dessen Ebene herausragen, wiederum mit einseitigen oder beidseitigen Kontaktflächen.According to the invention, this object is achieved in that the contact core is cold welded to the contact plate, which is achieved in that the contact plate is provided with openings corresponding to the cross-sectional dimensions of the contact core, the openings being designed such that rod-shaped strips protruding into the openings remain and that the contact core is pressed into the openings while pushing the strips away. The desired cold welding takes place when the contact core is pressed in, which not only ensures a tight fit of the contact in the contact plate, but also an extremely low contact resistance between the material of the contact plate and that of the contact core. In addition, this tight fit can be further improved in that the contact is compressed after being pressed in, if appropriate at the same time as a desired surface deformation of the contact. Of course, contact plates produced according to this method can in turn also be equipped with contacts which are flush with the contact plate or protrude above its level, again with contact surfaces on one or both sides.

Die Herstellung der Kontakte ist äußerst einfach; sie werden lediglich als Kontaktstifte oder -Platten aus einem entsprechenden Material herausgestanzt. Auch die Herstellung der Durchbrüche in der Kontaktplatte kann unschwer im Stanzverfahren erfolgen, wobei auch gleichzeitig die Durchbrüche ein- oder beidseitig angefast werden können, um ein Andrücken des Kontaktmaterials in diese Fase zu ermöglichen.The making of the contacts is extremely simple; they are simply punched out of a corresponding material as contact pins or plates. The openings in the contact plate can also be easily produced in the stamping process, the openings being simultaneously chamfered on one or both sides in order to allow the contact material to be pressed into this chamfer.

Zweckmäßigerweise wird der Kontaktkern an seinem Einführende auch leicht angefast, um einerseits das Einführen des Kontaktkerns in die Durchbrüche zu erleichtern und zum andern auch, um zu vermeiden, daß die in die Durchbrüche hineinragenden Leisten statt weggedrückt, abgeschert werden.Advantageously, the contact core is also slightly chamfered at its introducer, on the one hand to facilitate the insertion of the contact core into the openings and, on the other hand, to avoid the strips protruding into the openings being sheared off instead of being pushed away.

Auf der Zeichnung ist schematisch das Einfügen von Kontakten in eine Kontaktplatte, in diesem Falle in ein Kontaktband, dargestellt. Hierbei zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 Ein Kontaktband bei einer Durchbruchstelle in der Draufsicht,
  • Fig. 2 das Kontaktband nach Fig. 1 im Längsschnitt,
  • Fig. 3 zwei in einem Kontaktband eingesetzte Kontakte in Draufsicht,
  • Fig. 4 einen Längsschnitt nach Fig. 3 mit einseitigen Kontakten und
  • Fig. 5 den gleichen Längsschnitt wie Fig. 4, jedoch mit Kontakten mit beiseitigen Kontaktflächen.
The drawing schematically shows the insertion of contacts into a contact plate, in this case into a contact strip. Here show:
  • 1 a contact tape at a breakthrough in plan view,
  • 2 shows the contact strip according to FIG. 1 in longitudinal section,
  • 3 is a top view of two contacts inserted in a contact band,
  • Fig. 4 shows a longitudinal section according to Fig. 3 with one-sided contacts and
  • Fig. 5 shows the same longitudinal section as Fig. 4, but with contacts with contact surfaces on both sides.

Ein Kontaktband (Kontaktplatte) 1 ist mit einer Durchbrechung 2 versehen, in die Leisten 3 hineinragen. Beidseitig ist die Durchbrechung 2 geringfügig angefast 4.A contact strip (contact plate) 1 is provided with an opening 2 into which strips 3 protrude. The opening 2 is slightly chamfered on both sides 4.

In diese Durchbrüche 2 werden nunmehr Kontakte 5, in diesem Falle Bimetall-Kontakte mit rundem Kontaktkern, eingepreßt, wobei die in den Durchbruch 2 hineinragenden Leisten 3 weggedrückt werden. Das Herstellen der Durchbrüche 2 und das Einpressen der Kontakte 5 kann unmittelbar nacheinander erfolgen, so daß eine zusätzliche Reinigung der kalt miteinander zu verschweißenden Flächen zwischen dem Material der Kontaktplatte 1 und demjenigen des Kontaktes 5 nicht erforderlich ist. Dies ist insbesondere dann nicht notwendig, wenn auch die Kontakte 5 unmittelbar zuvor aus einem Kontaktmaterialband herausgestanzt werden.Contacts 5, in this case bimetallic contacts with a round contact core, are now pressed into these openings 2, the strips 3 projecting into the opening 2 being pressed away. The manufacture of the openings 2 and the pressing of the contacts 5 can be carried out immediately one after the other, so that an additional cleaning of the cold Areas to be welded to one another between the material of the contact plate 1 and that of the contact 5 are not required. This is not necessary in particular if the contacts 5 are also punched out of a contact material strip immediately beforehand.

Fig. 4 zeigt zwei Kontakte mit einseitiger Kontaktfläche 6, eingesetzt in Durchbrüche 2 nach den Fig. 1 und 2. Der links dargestellte Kontakt steht über die Ebene der Kontaktplatte hinaus; der rechts dargestellte Kontakt schließt bündig mit der Ebene der Kontaktplatte 1 ab. Durch Stauchen der Kontakte 5 wird erreicht, daß auch der abgefaste Teil des Durchbruches 2 ausgefüllt wird beziehungsweise es wird dadurch erreicht, daß der Kontakt 5 stets die richtige Lage in der Kontaktplatte 1 einnimmt. Fig. 5 zeigt wiederum wie Fig. 4 zwei in die Durchbrechungen 2 eingefügte Kontakte 5, die jedoch beiseitig Kontaktflächen 6 aufweisen.Fig. 4 shows two contacts with one-sided contact surface 6, inserted in openings 2 according to Figs. 1 and 2. The contact shown on the left is beyond the level of the contact plate; the contact shown on the right is flush with the level of the contact plate 1. By upsetting the contacts 5 it is achieved that the chamfered part of the opening 2 is filled or it is achieved in that the contact 5 always assumes the correct position in the contact plate 1. FIG. 5 again shows, like FIG. 4, two contacts 5 inserted into the openings 2, but which have contact surfaces 6 on both sides.

Claims (5)

1. Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Kontaktelementes, das aus einer Kontaktplatte mit punktförmig darin eingefügten Kontakten mit einseitiger oder beidseitiger Kontaktfläche besteht, wobei die Kontakte vorzugsweise aus einem Kontaktkern bestehen, der ein- oder beidseitig mit Kontaktmaterial beschichtet ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kontaktplatte (1) mit den Querschnittsabmessungen des Kontaktkerns entsprechenden Durchbrechungen (2) versehen wird, wobei die Durchbrechungen (2) so ausgeführt werden, daß in die Durchbrechungen (2) hineinragende stabförmige Leisten (3) verbleiben und daß der Kontaktkern in die Durchbrechungen (2) unter Wegdrücken der Leisten (3) eingepreßt wird.1.Method for producing a contact element, which consists of a contact plate with point-inserted contacts with one-sided or bilateral contact surface, the contacts preferably consisting of a contact core which is coated on one or both sides with contact material, characterized in that the contact plate ( 1) is provided with openings (2) corresponding to the cross-sectional dimensions of the contact core, the openings (2) being designed such that rod-shaped strips (3) projecting into the openings (2) remain and that the contact core is inserted into the openings (2) Pushing the strips (3) is pressed. 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Kontakt (5) nach dem Einpressen gestaucht wird.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact (5) is compressed after the pressing. 3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Durchbruch (2) ein- oder beidseitig angefast (4) ist.3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the opening (2) is chamfered on one or both sides (4). 4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Kontaktkern an seinem Einführende angefast ist.4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact core is chamfered at its introducer. 5. Kontaktelement, bestehend aus einer Kontaktplatte mit punktförmig darin eingefügten Kontakten mit einseitiger oder beidseitiger Kontaktfläche, wobei die Kontakte vorzugsweise aus einem Kontaktkern bestehen, der ein- oder beidseitig mit Kontaktmaterial beschichtet ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Kontaktkern mit der Kontaktplatte (1) kalt verschweißt ist.5. Contact element, consisting of a contact plate with points inserted therein with contacts on one or both sides, the contacts preferably consisting of a contact core which is coated on one or both sides with contact material, characterized in that the contact core with the contact plate (1) is cold welded.
EP83104208A 1982-04-30 1983-04-29 Method of manufacture of a contact element Expired EP0093424B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT83104208T ATE46790T1 (en) 1982-04-30 1983-04-29 PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING A CONTACT ELEMENT.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19823216135 DE3216135A1 (en) 1982-04-30 1982-04-30 CONTACT ELEMENT AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF
DE3216135 1982-04-30

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0093424A2 true EP0093424A2 (en) 1983-11-09
EP0093424A3 EP0093424A3 (en) 1986-12-03
EP0093424B1 EP0093424B1 (en) 1989-09-27

Family

ID=6162350

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP83104208A Expired EP0093424B1 (en) 1982-04-30 1983-04-29 Method of manufacture of a contact element

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0093424B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE46790T1 (en)
DE (2) DE3216135A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1320113A2 (en) * 2001-12-13 2003-06-18 Matsushita Electric Works (Europe) Aktiengesellschaft Contact element

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB760231A (en) * 1953-08-26 1956-10-31 Peppers Of Woking Ltd Improvements relating to electrical connectors
FR1448780A (en) * 1964-11-27 1966-03-18 Bernier & Cie Ets Method of placing contacts and contacts thus obtained
US3341943A (en) * 1962-10-31 1967-09-19 Talon Inc Method of making electrical contact elements
CH574669A5 (en) * 1973-11-28 1976-04-15 Kaludjerovic Ilija Electrical contact element with support section - has shaft extension fitting into fixing hole with changeable cross section
US4025143A (en) * 1975-06-10 1977-05-24 Rozmus John J Electrical contacts
DE2920028A1 (en) * 1978-05-19 1979-11-29 Tetsuo Takano ELECTRICAL CONTACT FOR A SWITCH AND PROCEDURE FOR MAKING SUCH CONTACT
EP0037154A1 (en) * 1980-03-27 1981-10-07 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process for inserting gold dot in electrical terminals

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB760231A (en) * 1953-08-26 1956-10-31 Peppers Of Woking Ltd Improvements relating to electrical connectors
US3341943A (en) * 1962-10-31 1967-09-19 Talon Inc Method of making electrical contact elements
FR1448780A (en) * 1964-11-27 1966-03-18 Bernier & Cie Ets Method of placing contacts and contacts thus obtained
CH574669A5 (en) * 1973-11-28 1976-04-15 Kaludjerovic Ilija Electrical contact element with support section - has shaft extension fitting into fixing hole with changeable cross section
US4025143A (en) * 1975-06-10 1977-05-24 Rozmus John J Electrical contacts
DE2920028A1 (en) * 1978-05-19 1979-11-29 Tetsuo Takano ELECTRICAL CONTACT FOR A SWITCH AND PROCEDURE FOR MAKING SUCH CONTACT
EP0037154A1 (en) * 1980-03-27 1981-10-07 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process for inserting gold dot in electrical terminals

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1320113A2 (en) * 2001-12-13 2003-06-18 Matsushita Electric Works (Europe) Aktiengesellschaft Contact element
EP1320113A3 (en) * 2001-12-13 2003-08-20 Matsushita Electric Works (Europe) Aktiengesellschaft Contact element

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0093424A3 (en) 1986-12-03
EP0093424B1 (en) 1989-09-27
ATE46790T1 (en) 1989-10-15
DE3380650D1 (en) 1989-11-02
DE3216135A1 (en) 1983-11-03

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