EP0059171B1 - Dowel and sleeve for the absorption and transfer of a shearing force - Google Patents

Abstract

1. Mandrel (1-13) and sleeve (21-32) for holding and transmission of a transverse force in only one direction and its opposite direction and for the compensation of thrust in the hereof vertical situated cross direction as well as in longitudinal direction, for the connecting of construction units in building and below grade construction like roof purlins, base plates, ceilings, walls, supports, retaining walls or parts thereof together or with other construction units, for which the sleeve (21-32) in one of the construction units to be connected, the mandrel (1-13) in the other one have to be connected and fixed in such a manner, that the mandrel (1-13) and/or the sleeve (21-32) protrudes of the construction unit referred to on the mandrel (1-13) penetrates the sleeve (21-32) at which the mandrel (1-13) has on both sides a movement clearance only in the for holding or transmitting transverse force vertically standing cross direction in the sleeve (21-32), which is at least as big as by the different extensions and contractions between both of the construction units to be connected, occurring mutual displacements accross of mandrel and sleeve, and the mandrel (1-13) and/or the sleeve (21-32) outside in the area of the connecting part and at least over one of its external end neighbouring section is equipped with a reinforcement (41-53, 61-72), which at least in the plane vertical to the received or transmitted transverse force has a bigger surface than the section of the mandrel or the sleeve, covered by the reinforcement, and at which the reinforcement (41-53, 61-72) under the effect of the transverse force is at least partly more elastic than the mandrel resp. the sleeve itself.

Description

The invention relates to a mandrel and a sleeve for receiving and transmitting a transverse force only in one direction and its opposite direction and for the compensation of thrust in the transverse direction perpendicular thereto and in the longitudinal direction, for connecting structural and civil engineering components such as roof panels, Floor slabs, ceilings, walls, supports, retaining walls or parts thereof with each other or with other components, for which the sleeve in one of the components to be connected, the mandrel in the other is to be inserted and fastened in such a way that the mandrel and / or the sleeve from the projecting component and the mandrel penetrates the sleeve. The application primarily concerns components made of concrete, but is also possible for other components.

As is well known, the mandrel and sleeve serve to fix components to one another in their plane, for which the mandrel and sleeve must be able to absorb considerable transverse forces in the direction perpendicular to this plane, while on the other hand the mandrel in the sleeve must be freely displaceable and remain longitudinally so that the components can expand and contract in their plane under the influence of changing temperatures. Therefore, the mandrel and sleeve must be corrosion-resistant and remain so for the long service life required by buildings, which is why they mostly consist of stainless steel. Its very high specific load-bearing capacity is far from being achieved by the surrounding concrete, which is why it has previously been forced to insert a disproportionate number of mandrels and sleeves in order to keep the concrete load in the boundary layer around the mandrels and sleeves within permissible limits. At the same time, however, this means inadequate use and waste of the precious, increasingly rare material from which the mandrels and sleeves are made, and waste of working time.

So that neighboring components are fixed sufficiently precisely in their plane and, on the other hand, the mandrel in its sleeve can be freely moved longitudinally, it is known to choose a loose sliding seat with less than 1 mm total play all around for the mandrel in the sleeve. For their use, therefore, it had previously been assumed that components to be connected hereby did not expand and contract noticeably differently in their plane along adjacent edges; where this was disregarded, some of the mandrels were clamped in their sleeves and the concrete finally broke out to at least some depth on the edge of the component. Different degrees of expansion along adjacent edges can occur due to different temperatures or different material of adjacent components, especially if their length is long, and also during their manufacture, if this does not take place simultaneously or immediately after one another, because the concrete mortar mixtures are subject to a shrinking process when they set and harden. So far, having to take these circumstances into account has hindered the construction of the building and caused costs.

To remedy this, the invention provides that the mandrel groove in the transverse direction perpendicular to the transverse force to be received or transmitted in the sleeve has a mutual freedom of movement which is at least as large as the mutual occurrence due to different expansion and contraction between the two components to be connected Displacements transversely to the axis of the mandrel and the sleeve, that the mandrel and / or the sleeve is provided on the outside in the region of the part to be let in and at least over a section adjacent to its outer end with a reinforcement which is at least in the plane perpendicular to the absorbed or transmitted transverse force has a larger surface than the section of the mandrel or sleeve covered by the reinforcement, and that the reinforcement is at least partially elastically more flexible than the mandrel or sleeve itself under the action of the transverse force.

While this is about two components, e.g. B. with their edges adjacent concrete slabs to fix each other in their plane by means of thorns and sleeves inserted there, the subject of Swiss Patent 596397 serves a fundamentally different task, namely superimposed components such. B. to connect the substrate and covering plates in such a way that the latter are elastically displaceable in all transverse directions on the substrate, for which purpose elastic elements made of rubber or the like are inserted between the connecting spikes and sleeves. this is to reduce the transmission of vibrations and sound to the ground. In contrast to this, the elements previously referred to as “reinforcement” in the subject matter of the invention are inserted between the mandrel or sleeve and the component, and they should expediently not be given such a degree in view of the completely different task of fixing the components in their plane and reducing the specific concrete load be flexible; otherwise they would transmit almost no forces to the component in their area and concentrate them on the remaining installation length of mandrel and sleeve.

Such reinforcements are also described in European patent application 0 032 105 - this document constitutes the relevant prior art, but falls under Article 54 (3) EPC - where, however, the mandrel in the sleeve has no freedom of movement in any transverse direction. Are the components not otherwise, e.g. B. by standing on a common foundation, mutually determined, so one becomes provide such mandrels and sleeves expediently between two extended components in the middle, but towards the ends of mandrels and sleeves according to the invention; this makes the centers of the components mutually immovable along their parting line and at the same time takes into account different thermal expansions.

The lateral freedom of movement of the mandrel in the sleeve, which therefore extends after its installation in the component plane in the direction of the adjacent component edges to be connected, in the direction in which mutual displacements can occur due to different expansion of the components, can be on each side, for . B. 10 to 15 mm to take into account most practical conditions. In the case of very large components, correspondingly large mutual displacements can be avoided by fixing them against each other in the middle, e.g. B. by known mandrels and sleeves without such freedom of movement, while from there towards the ends mandrels and sleeves of the new type with mutual freedom of movement in this direction.

The range of motion preferably extends over the entire length of the mandrel section immersed in the sleeve: in addition, a variant of this would still be considered, in which the mandrel has the freedom of movement in the outer part of the sleeve but not at its end in the sleeve and in its direction - at least near its end in the sleeve - has a considerably smaller section modulus than perpendicular to it, ie when the components are mutually displaced, it is bent there, the bend expediently remaining in the elastic range. The realization could a. consist in that the mandrel carries at its end a leaf spring with which it is hung at the end of the sleeve.

If a transverse force acts perpendicular to the level of the components on the protruding part of the mandrel, the concrete load is not distributed evenly over its embedded part; near the inner end it is small, near the component edge it rises sharply with a steep peak at the component edge, while in between it is even negative, i.e. occurs in the opposite direction. A similar load distribution occurs with the sleeve, only the negative section is not so pronounced because the transverse force does not act outside but in the area of the surrounding concrete in the sleeve. These load distributions are extremely unfavorable because they strive to split the components, and above all the steep load peak at the component edge means that the permissible stress on the concrete is very easily exceeded there and it then breaks out, or had to be considered So far, a disproportionately large number of mandrels and sleeves have been let in, while it had long been recognized that an increase in the diameter of the mandrel and sleeve would lead to even poorer material utilization and, moreover, is mostly forbidden in view of the limited thickness of the components in the edge area would be unduly weakened by excessively thick mandrels and sleeves.

The most obvious, but not the only, effect of the reinforcement according to the invention is that it increases the force-transmitting area precisely where the greatest load occurs, thus reducing the specific load on the concrete, which is why it only affects the area of the concrete Load increase near the component edge, so only needs to cover a relatively short section of the mandrel or the sleeve.

In the mandrel and the sleeve according to the invention it is sufficient if the reinforcement is only parallel to the component plane, i. H. extends perpendicular to the direction in which the mandrel and the sleeve can absorb or transmit transverse forces; but it does not mean a disadvantage if the gain z. B. has a certain extent in other directions for manufacturing reasons.

The reinforcement. need not be made of the same expensive material as the mandrel and sleeve; it is protected against corrosion by concreting in, and there is no requirement for permanent lubricity as with the mandrel and sleeve in the reinforcement.

What is essential for the value and importance of the invention is the combination with the further feature that the reinforcement is at least partially elastically more flexible than the mandrel or the sleeve itself. This is the only way to significantly reduce the maximum specific load on the concrete in the critical area adjacent to the component edge, even far more than the increase in surface area, and in particular to completely reduce the load peak directly at the component edge, while also reducing the difference between reinforcement and Mandrel or sleeve occurring load is substantially evened out and reduced, so that the strength properties of the material to be used for the reinforcement do not have to be particularly high requirements and even some plastics are sufficient, which are already in some selection with different ones for the present Valuable properties are available for the purpose and can be easily attached to or cast around the mandrel or sleeve. Suitable shaping can also make reinforcements made of a metallic material sufficiently flexible.

The effect can be illustrated by the following comparison: Sleeping on a slatted frame or on a wire mesh is not particularly comfortable because the specific load is sometimes too great; Interpose an elastic layer called Mattress can solve this problem. The comparison, however, limps because, in contrast to concrete, the body surface itself is flexible. In the case of concrete, compression of the reinforcements by a small fraction of a millimeter is sufficient to equalize the load and reduce stress peaks, and this can also be achieved with metallic reinforcements, which do not have to be so elastic that they spring under pressure between two fingers. A suitable dimensioning can easily be calculated using known approaches or determined by experiments.

The invention also includes the possibility of providing the reinforcement only on the mandrel or only on the sleeve. This is considered when the two components in question consist of substances with very different strength properties; the reinforcement will then be arranged in the component with a lower specific load capacity of its material.

The freedom of movement of the mandrel in the sleeve transverse to the direction of force means that the bore of the sleeve in this direction must be limited on both sides by flat surfaces. If this is also provided for the mandrel, there is a minimum of the specific load (surface pressure) between the mandrel and the sleeve. It is therefore advantageous if the interior of the sleeve has a rectangular cross-section that is constant over its length and the mandrel has a rectangular or a cross-section inscribed at least where it protrudes into the sleeve, and it should be noted that a square is also used Is rectangle.

A cross-section inscribed in a rectangle is found e.g. B. in the double-T profile. The mandrel thus has a greater section modulus in the direction in which it has to absorb or transmit the transverse force than perpendicular to it. A mandrel with a rectangular cross-section, the longer sides of which extend in the direction of the force, also has a better use of the material. In this way, material can be saved or mandrels with a very high section modulus in the direction of force can be obtained without considerable material expenditure, as are particularly important if they have to bridge a relatively large distance between the components. This comes e.g. B. when fixing balconies, if an approximately 10cm thick insulating layer is inserted on the house wall between masonry and plaster. Such a shape for the mandrel is of course also considered if there is no lateral freedom of movement in the sleeve, but transverse forces which are far predominant in one direction are provided.

So that the mandrel in the sleeve, despite its lateral freedom of movement, is centered during installation and remains centered until the mortar has hardened, it is advisable to fill the mutual freedom of movement with foam inserts. To do this, you can glue foam strips into the sleeve or insert strips of hard foam into them. Suitable foams and rigid foams can be compressed to a very small residual volume and therefore practically do not reduce the freedom of movement.

Although the mandrel has only a small amount of play in the sleeve in the direction of force, so that it can only tilt slightly in it, the slightest tilt was sufficient during installation so that the force is no longer distributed over the entire surface. but only acts on the adjacent edge. Although it can be expected that the mandrel - if it is installed in a second position, otherwise this applies to the sleeve - thanks to its weight will fit snugly with the force-transmitting surface in the sleeve bore, but this only applies if this Surface is horizontal instead of vertical; furthermore, influences from the mortar during hardening may not be completely excluded because it does not represent a homogeneous mass. If you want to address concerns of this kind, you can surround the mandrel as far as it can be inserted with a housing in which it is rotatably mounted; the reinforcement is then attached to the housing. The mandrel then rotates later, after installation, under the action of the transverse force without further ado in the position corresponding to the tight contact in the sleeve.

The reinforcement, which only has to extend transversely to the direction of force given here with regard to the direction of force clearly specified here, so that the advantage of only minimal weakening of the component is given, in the simplest case consists of a wing on either side of the mandrel or on the sleeve or from a plate above or below. In the latter case, the attachment is easier to accomplish if the reinforcement consists of a metallic material, e.g. B. by spot welding. Two wings on each side or one plate above and below are also possible and distribute the power over the same area with the same projection. The reinforcement can also be cubic, cylindrical, frustoconical, truncated pyramid or provided with ribs on the outside and completely or partially surround the mandrel or sleeve section covered by it. Truncated cone and truncated pyramid-shaped reinforcements are arranged with regard to the maximum load at the component edge in such a way that their greatest projection is there, provided that the material is used optimally.

The reinforcement can be made of metal or an elastic material such. B. in the form of plastic with or without filler or cement-based mortar with or without plastic or made of various such materials, for. B. by the mandrel or the sleeve carries a metallic reinforcement, which is covered with the elastic material, or by having a thickening under a reinforcement made of elastic material, which then does not need to be particularly flexible. To attach the reinforcement to the mandrel or sleeve come next to the Welding with metals, various known technologies, including gluing, and plastics such as epoxy resin with hardener and filler can also be cast around the mandrel or sleeve.

Because the transverse load is generally greatest at the outer end of the recessed part of the mandrel and sleeve and then decreases sharply further to the rear, there would be no purpose in inserting the mandrel and sleeve disproportionately deep and making them correspondingly long; the load would then no longer be distributed over a greater length, and there would be unnecessary expenditure of expensive material. Experiments under the most varied conditions have shown that the length of the part of the mandrel and sleeve to be let in is optimally dimensioned when it is approximately equal to seven times the mandrel diameter. The optimal length of the reinforcement cannot simply be stated in relation to the mandrel diameter, because the other dimensions, the shape and the material properties of the reinforcement itself play a role in this; with conventional mandrel diameters and various suitable reinforcements, tests have shown an optimal length of 5 to 11 cm, which, moreover, the less critical the better the feature of compliance is fulfilled. With this information, the smaller values relate to the sleeves and their reinforcements, which should be connected with the fact that the sleeves according to the invention are themselves considerably wider than the mandrels transverse to the direction of force.

On the reinforcement of the mandrel or on the sleeve, a fastening flange can be attached to the outer end of the part to be let in, which is called "nail plate" in construction. In this context, it seems appropriate to go into the installation of the mandrel and the sleeve, especially since their design is thereby determined; for this it is assumed that the sleeves to be let in at the edge in a first component each carry a fastening flange and that the corresponding mandrels are to be let in in a second, adjacent component. The formwork of the first component is produced, the sleeves are nailed to the intended positions with their fastening flanges from the inside against the formwork, if necessary the reinforcement and then the concrete mortar are inserted and the formwork is removed after it has set. Then you insert the associated mandrels into the concreted-in sleeves, create joint insulation and formwork for the second component, if necessary bring in the reinforcement and then the concrete mortar and remove the formwork after it has set. If a further component to be connected with mandrels and sleeves is connected to the second component, the sleeves provided are attached to the adjacent formwork side of the second component as described above, and the installation process continues accordingly.

How many mandrels and sleeves to install or at what intervals they should be arranged to decide this based on the load and the gap play is a matter for the structural engineer. On the other hand, the rule can be given here that the concrete layer thickness around the mandrel or sleeve should be at least four times as large as the mandrel diameter. If this value has to be fallen short of, it is advisable to install a support reinforcement to distribute the concrete stress over a larger section, as a precaution against splitting and breaking out of the component on its edge.

So that cement milk and other foreign bodies cannot penetrate, it is expedient if the outer opening of the sleeve or of the fastening flange has a cover which can be easily removed after installation, for. B. a glued film, and when the sleeve bore is closed at the other end.

Within the scope of the inventive concept, there is also the possibility of inserting a sleeve of the new type in each of the components to be connected and inserting the mandrel in between. He then has in each of the two sleeves a lateral range of motion perpendicular to the transverse force direction, which roughly doubles this compared to the arrangement described above with the mandrel in one and the sleeve in the other component if the holes of the sleeves have the same width. However, the arrangement with two sleeves can also be used to make it narrower perpendicular to the transverse force direction and thus to achieve the same freedom of movement of the mandrel as with a wide sleeve.

The possibility of fixing the mandrel at its end in the sleeve is also within the scope of the inventive concept. The mandrel is then elastically flexible within its range of motion and counteracts mutual displacements of the components in this direction with a force proportional to the displacements.

Some exemplary embodiments of the subject matter of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, FIGS. 1 to 30.

A first embodiment is shown in Fig. 1 to 6, with Fig. 1, 2 and 5 for the sleeve in side, front and perspective view, and with Fig. 3, 4 and 6 accordingly for the mandrel. A sleeve 21, closed at the rear with a cover 21 ', carries a plate-shaped reinforcement 61 and 61', which are identical to one another, at the top and bottom, and a two-part fastening flange 17, 17 '; K indicates the position of the component edge for installation, and 19 denotes foam inserts for centering the mandrel during installation. An associated mandrel 1 of square cross section carries a plate-shaped reinforcement 41 and 41 'at the top and bottom, which are identical to one another. The edges of the reinforcements 41, 41 ', 61, 61' could also be rounded or chamfered so that the transition from loaded to unloaded cross-section takes place more gently in the concrete and that at on the other hand, concrete that has penetrated between the plate-shaped reinforcements is exposed to less stress due to shearing.

6a and 6b illustrate alternatives to the mandrel shown in Fig. With regard to the formation of its reinforcements. The reinforcements 41b, 41b 'are wider at the component edge where the maximum load occurs. The widening of the reinforcements 41a, 41a 'at the opposite end may theoretically be less good; after all, this widening also contributes somewhat to the relief of concrete on the edge of the component. Parts embedded in concrete do not always have to be anchored so that they cannot be pulled out. However, due to the hardening shrinkage of the concrete, embedded parts are clamped very tight all around.

Fig. 7 differs from Fig. 5 only in that reinforcements and fastening flange parts are combined to form units 62, 62 'and each consist of a piece of angular profile on a sleeve 22; 8 shows the corresponding with angle profiles 42, 42 'on an associated mandrel 2.

On the second drawing sheet, mandrels 3 to 10 and associated sleeves 23 to 30 are shown one above the other in a front view for further embodiments, the primary concern being differently designed reinforcements.

9 and 10, reinforcements 43, 43 ', 63, 63' are beveled inward too much, which offers the concrete located therebetween a larger transition cross-section and thus less stress on shearing. This can also be seen from FIGS. 11 and 12, where reinforcements 44, 44 ', 64, 64' consist of angled metal sheets and are therefore somewhat more flexible, and from FIGS. 13 and 14, where reinforcements 45, 45 ', 65, 65 'are corrugated on the outside.

15 and 16 form at the ends bent and attached sheets 46, 46 ', 66, 66' reinforcements that are most compliant in the middle, where the greatest load occurs, so that they are there Relieve concrete the most. Although this is not the case with sheets 48, 48 ', 68, 68' which are also bent at the ends as reinforcements according to FIGS. 19 and 20, they can be attached more easily, for. B. by spot welding, and their particularly great flexibility compared to the concrete located after installation between the bent ends is a further advantage.

17 and 18, the reinforcements consist of less flexible plates 47, 47 ', 67, 67', surrounded by flexible pads 47a, 47a '. 67, 67a 'z. B. made of plastic.

21 and 22 show a particularly simple embodiment with a wing 49, 49 ', 69, 69' on both sides as reinforcement; 23 and 24 illustrate the corresponding with wings 50, 50 ', 70, 70' as reinforcement with greater flexibility.

The mandrels 6 and 10 in FIGS. 15 and 23 require special mention. Both mandrels have a greater section modulus in the load direction, which is assumed in the vertical direction in all the figures, than transversely thereto; this can be used to save material by reducing the section modulus in the other direction, where it is not required to the extent, or to increase the section modulus in the load direction without too much material consumption z. B. in the event that one has to bridge larger distances between the components.

25 to 27, a cubic reinforcement 51, 71, which is held transversely to the load direction, is applied to a sleeve 31 and to a mandrel 11, for. B. by casting with a synthetic resin, which holds fastening flange parts 18, 18 'at the same time in the sleeve. Using the example of the mandrel 11, it is shown in section in FIG. 27 that it can carry a thickening 16 which, in the vicinity of the component edge K, reduces the specific load on the inner surface of the reinforcement 51. The sleeve 31 could also be provided with a corresponding thickening, but since the sleeve is anyway wider and thus larger across the load direction, this will usually not be necessary for it.

28, for the purposes described above, a mandrel 13 is cylindrical in its part to be let in and rotatably supported in a housing 14, which is closed at the end with a cover 14 '. The protruding part 13 'of the mandrel, however, has a square cross section. So that the mandrel does not slip out of the housing, it is provided with a recess in which a bolt 15 attached to the housing engages. A gain 53 z. B. of the type shown in Fig. 26 is attached to the housing 14.

Figs. 29 and 30 tie in with Figs. 7 and 8; Reinforcements 52, 52 ', 72, 72', multi-ribbed and at the same time forming fastening flanges, are mounted on a sleeve 32 or on a mandrel 12 and consist simply of U-profile sections.

Claims (10)

1. Mandrel (1-13) and sleeve (21-32) for holding and transmission of a transverse force in only one direction and its opposite direction and for the compensation of thrust in the hereof vertical situated cross direction as well as in longitudinal direction, for the connecting of construction units in building and below grade construction like roof purlins, base plates, ceilings, walls, supports, retaining walls or parts thereof together or with other construction units, for which the sleeve (21-32) in one of the construction units to be connected, the mandrel (1-13) in the other one have to be connected and fixed in such a manner, that the mandrel (1-13) and/or the sleeve (21-32) protrudes of the construction unit referred to on the mandrel (1-13) penetrates the sleeve (21-32) at which the mandrel (1-13) has on both sides a movement clearance only in the for holding or transmitting transverse force vertically standing cross direction in the sleeve (21-32), which is at least as big as by the different extensions and contractions between both of the construction units to be connected, occurring mutual displacements across of mandrel and sleeve, and the mandrel (1-13) and/or the sleeve (21-32) outside in the area of the connecting part and at least over one of its external end neighbouring section is equipped with a reinforcement (41-53, 61-72), which at least in the plane vertical to the received or transmitted transverse force has a bigger surface than the section of the mandrel or the sleeve, covered by the reinforcement, and at which the reinforcement (41-53, 61-72) under the effect of the transverse force is at least partly more elastic than the mandrel resp. the sleeve itself.

2. Mandrel and sleeve following application 1, characterized through that the interior of the sleeve (21-32) dispose of a rectangled section, constant over the whole length and that the mandrel (1-12) at least where it is put into the sleeve, has a rectangled or quadratic section or a section which is inscribed in rectangle or a square.

3. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 1 or 2, characterized through that the mandrel (6, 10) in the direction in which it has to receive or transmit the transverse force has a bigger moment of resistance than in the hereto vertical standing cross direction.

4. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 1, characterized through that the movement clearance on both sides of the mandrel (1-12) in the sleeve (21-32) is filled with enclosures of aerated plastic material.

5. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 1 or 2, characterized through that the mandrel (13) as far as it is to be connected or fixed, is surrounded by a housing (14) in which it is pivoted and that the reinforcement (53) is fitted on the housing.

6. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 1, characterized through that the reinforcement disposes of the form of at least ever one wing (49, 50, 69, 70) on both sides or at least on flat or otherwise formed plate (41-48, 61-68) in the direction of the transverse force to be received or transmitted.

7. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 1, characterized through that the reinforcement (51, 52, 71, 72) is outside cubic, cylindrical, in form of a truncated cone or a truncated pyramid or equipped with fins and surrounds the segment overlapped of it completely or partly.

8. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 1, 6 or 7, characterized through that the reinforcement (41-46,48-53,61-66,68-72) consists uniformly of a metal or an elastic material in form of synthetic resin with or without filler or of mortar on cement basis with or without plastic or that the reinforcement (47, 47a, 67, 67a) is composed of different such construction materials.

9. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 8, characterized through that the mandrel (7) and/or the sleeve (27) carry a metallic reinforcement (47, 67) which is coated with a layer (47a, 67a) of that elastic material or that they have a thickening (16) of the elastic material under a reinforcement (51).

10. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 1, characterized through that its connecting part has a length, which is approximately the sevenfold of the mandrel diameter and that the reinforcement (41-53, 61-72) has a length of 5 to 11 cm in the direction parallel to the axis of the mandrel resp. the sleeve.

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