[go: up one dir, main page]

DK166874B1 - Process and installation for composting - Google Patents

Process and installation for composting Download PDF

Info

Publication number
DK166874B1
DK166874B1 DK564188A DK564188A DK166874B1 DK 166874 B1 DK166874 B1 DK 166874B1 DK 564188 A DK564188 A DK 564188A DK 564188 A DK564188 A DK 564188A DK 166874 B1 DK166874 B1 DK 166874B1
Authority
DK
Denmark
Prior art keywords
air
composting
ammonia
temperature
straw
Prior art date
Application number
DK564188A
Other languages
Danish (da)
Other versions
DK564188D0 (en
DK564188A (en
Inventor
Hans Moeller Rasmussen
Niels Andersen
Original Assignee
Hans Moeller Rasmussen
Niels Andersen
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DK85487A external-priority patent/DK85487D0/en
Priority claimed from DK244287A external-priority patent/DK244287D0/en
Priority claimed from PCT/DK1988/000021 external-priority patent/WO1988006148A1/en
Application filed by Hans Moeller Rasmussen, Niels Andersen filed Critical Hans Moeller Rasmussen
Priority to DK564188A priority Critical patent/DK166874B1/en
Publication of DK564188D0 publication Critical patent/DK564188D0/en
Publication of DK564188A publication Critical patent/DK564188A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DK166874B1 publication Critical patent/DK166874B1/en

Links

Classifications

    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/20Fertilizers of biological origin, e.g. guano or fertilizers made from animal corpses
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse

Landscapes

  • Fertilizers (AREA)

Description

DK 166874 B1DK 166874 B1

Ansøgningen angår en fremgangsmåde til kompostering af fibrøst, organisk materiale, for eksempel halm, efter at 5 det er fugtet med en vandig opløsning eller opslemning indeholdende vækstfremmende næringsstoffer, for eksempel flydende, animalsk gødning, og deponeret i i det mindste et komposteringskammer, hvor det gennemstrømmes med 10 atmosfærisk luft.The application relates to a method for composting fibrous organic material, for example straw, after it has been wetted with an aqueous solution or slurry containing growth-promoting nutrients, for example liquid, animal manure, and deposited in at least one composting chamber where it is poured. with 10 atmospheric air.

I tidligere tiders landbrug har man haft sammensat driftsform omfattende både planteavl og dyreavl, og her har 15 man i årtusinder omsat halm og gødning ved såkaldt kompostering, dvs. man har ophobet halmen og gødningen i lukkede eller åbne møddinger. Ved mere eller mindre god luftadgang ville denne ophobede mængde af affald i løbet af 20 nogle måneder blive komposteret mere eller mindre, og den færdige kompost ville derefter kunne fjernes og anvendes som gødning på agerjorden.In former times agriculture has had a complex operating form including both plant breeding and animal breeding, and here for 15 millennia, straw and fertilizer have been converted into so-called composting, ie. the straw and manure have been accumulated in closed or open areas. With more or less good air access, this accumulated amount of waste over 20 months would be composted more or less, and the finished compost could then be removed and used as fertilizer on arable land.

25· Den stigende specialisering i moderne landbrug medfører en opdeling i forskellige driftsformer, for eksempel ejendomme med ensidig planteavl, ejendomme med stor svineproduktion og ejendomme med store kvægbesætninger.25 · The increasing specialization in modern agriculture leads to a division into different types of operation, for example, properties with one-sided plant breeding, properties with large pig production and properties with large cattle herds.

30 I de rene planteavlsbedrifter bliver der let overskud af plantemateriale, for eksempel halm, som disse steder for det meste bliver betragtet som et affaldsprodukt, hvorfor halmen 35 oftest er blevet afbrændt på marken, fordi dette er den billigste måde at skaffe sig af med halm. Ved afbrændingen opstår dels miljømæssige ulemper, og dels vil halmen derved ikke indgå i naturens kredsløb ved naturlig omsætning. Det kan derfor frygtes, at mangel på biologisk omsætning i jorden på . . i 2 DK 166874 B1 længere sigt er til skade for jordens struktur.30 In the pure plant breeding farms, there is a slight surplus of plant material, for example straw, which in these places is usually considered a waste product, which is why straw 35 has most often been incinerated in the field because this is the cheapest way to get rid of straw . In the burning process, environmental disadvantages arise, and partly the straw will not be included in the natural cycle of natural circulation. It can therefore be feared that the lack of biological circulation in the soil. . In the long term, long-term damage to the structure of the earth.

I egne med stor animalsk produktion har man som regel alene en stor produktion af gylle. Denne produktion af gylle er 5 ofte så stor, at det er uønskeligt at sprede den over jorden, fordi dette på langt sigt kan medføre nitratforurening af grundvandet. Det vil derfor ofte være ønskeligt at afsætte overskudsgylle til egne med små eller 10 ingen husdyrbesætninger. Dette ville bevirke, at husdyr gødningen kunne udnyttes bedre, idet der her ville være former for planteavl, hvor nævnte husdyrgødning kunne tjene som jordforbedringsmiddel og som gødning for planterne.In areas with large animal production you usually only have a large production of manure. This slurry production is often so large that it is undesirable to spread it over the ground, because in the long term this can cause nitrate pollution of the groundwater. It will therefore often be desirable to allocate surplus manure to areas with little or no livestock. This would allow the livestock manure to be better utilized, as there would be forms of plant breeding where said livestock manure could serve as soil improvement agent and as fertilizer for the plants.

15 Dette sker dog kun i ringe grad, da der ikke er tilstrækkelig økonomi i dette.15 However, this is only to a small extent since there is insufficient finances in this.

På grund af den stigende opmærksomhed i de højtudviklede 20 samfund overfor de miljømæssige konsekvenser af de voksende mængder af organisk -affald, har man stedse flere steder i verden vist interesse for kompostering som et middel til behandling af organisk affald, og det ville være nærliggende 25- at benytte samme metode, som tidligere tiders landmænd anvendte gennem årtusinder, dvs. at kompostere halmen og gyllen.Due to the increasing awareness in the highly developed 20 communities of the environmental impact of the growing amounts of organic waste, several places around the world have shown interest in composting as a means of treating organic waste, and it would be nearby 25 - to use the same method used by millennial farmers for millennia, ie. to compost the straw and manure.

30 Ved kompostering er der imidlertid risiko for spredning af smittefarlige bakterier og parasitter, der findes i gyllen.30 However, when composting, there is a risk of spreading infectious bacteria and parasites found in manure.

Disse smittefarlige bakterier og parasitter er karak-35 teristiske derved, at de trives ved temperaturer op til omkring 40 grader Celcius. Andre bakterier, som også findes, omend i hviletilstand, i affaldsstofferne, trives ved væsentligt højere temperaturer, og benævnes derfor thermofile bakterier.These infectious bacteria and parasites are characteristic in that they thrive at temperatures up to about 40 degrees Celsius. Other bacteria, which are also found, albeit in a resting state, in the waste materials, thrive at substantially higher temperatures, and are therefore termed thermophilic bacteria.

% 3 DK 166874 B1% 3 DK 166874 B1

Af faglitteraturen fremgår det, at man ved forhøjet temperatur kan hæmme eller helt ødelægge en række sygdomsbringende bakterier, og at parasitter, deres æg, samt tillige ukrudtsfrø inaktiveres eller dræbes ved ophold i 5 tilstrækkeligt høj temperatur og ved passende hydrogenionkoncentration (pH).It is apparent from the professional literature that, at elevated temperature, a variety of pathogenic bacteria can be inhibited or completely destroyed, and that parasites, their eggs, as well as weed seeds are inactivated or killed by staying at a sufficiently high temperature and at appropriate hydrogen ion concentration (pH).

Forskningsresultater viser, at der er en klar sammenhæng 10 mellem omsætningsstemperaturen for kompost og dennes vædskeindhold. Således har animalsk gødning uden halm en maksimal omsætningstemperatur på omkrinng 55-57 grader C, når fugtighedsgraden er mellem 40-50%, mens animalsk gødning 15 blandet med halm har et tydeligt temperatur-maksimum på cirka 70-72 grader C ved et snævert område på kun ca. 5 procentpoint, når fugtighedsgraden af materialet er mellem cirka 75 og 80 procent vædskeindhold. Denne sammenhæng er 20 vist i fig. 1.Research results show that there is a clear correlation between the turnover temperature of compost and its liquid content. Thus, animal manure without straw has a maximum turnover temperature of about 55-57 degrees C when the humidity is between 40-50%, while animal manure 15 mixed with straw has a clear temperature maximum of about 70-72 degrees C at a narrow range. in only approx. 5 percentage points when the moisture content of the material is between about 75 and 80 percent moisture content. This relationship is shown in FIG. First

Figuren er et udtryk for de dynamiske egenskaber, som er karakteristiske for den proces, som virker nedbrydende på 25 organisk stof under luftens adgang. Mest bemærkelsesværdigt fra en reguleringsteknisk synsvinkel er først og fremmest, at kurven er ulineær med et udpræget maximum, som nævnt omkring 75-80% fugtighed.The figure is an expression of the dynamic properties that are characteristic of the process which degrades organic matter during air entry. Most notable from a regulatory technical point of view is first and foremost that the curve is non-linear with a pronounced maximum, as mentioned about 75-80% humidity.

3030

Endvidere bemærkes kurvens stejlhed på begge sider af maximum. Dette betyder, at selv små ændringer i fugtighedsgraden medfører store temperaturændinger. Da de 35 thermofile bakterier henter deres væsentligste energiforsyning i materialets carbonhydrater, og tillige, at netop nedbrydning af disse medfører, at de spaltes til hovedsagelig vand og carbondioxid, kan man - i reguleringsteknisk 4 DK 166874 B1 henseende - slutte, at afgørende for, at høj temperatur og dermed høj aktivitet opretholdes i processen er, at det dannede, ekstra vand udover 75-80 % fugtighed løbende fjernes fra materialet. Dette gælder naturligvis også for 5 den frigjorte carbondioxid, og iøvrigt tilsvarende for den ammoniak, som fraspaltes de nitrogenholdige forbindelser, der som næringsstoffer tillige også er en forudsætning for de thermofile bakteriers livsprocesser.Furthermore, the steepness of the curve is noted on both sides by the maximum. This means that even small changes in humidity cause large temperature changes. Since the 35 thermophilic bacteria obtain their most important energy supply in the carbohydrates of the material, and also precisely decomposing them causes them to be split into mainly water and carbon dioxide, it can be concluded - in regulatory engineering 4 DK 166874 B1 - that it is crucial that high temperature and thus high activity is maintained in the process is that the extra water formed in addition to 75-80% moisture is continuously removed from the material. This, of course, also applies to the released carbon dioxide and, moreover, similarly to the ammonia which is decomposed by the nitrogenous compounds, which as nutrients are also a prerequisite for the life processes of the thermophilic bacteria.

10 -10 -

Yderligere er ammoniak ejendommelig derved, at øvre temperaturgrænse for ammoniaks opløselighed i vand er netop 70 grader C, en egenskab, som medfører, at den beskrevne proces 15 er velegnet til også at frigøre den nitrogen, som foreligger på letspaltelig ammoniumform i det organiske materiale, som komposteres.Further, ammonia is peculiar in that the upper temperature limit for ammonia solubility in water is precisely 70 degrees C, a characteristic which means that the described process 15 is well suited to also release the nitrogen present in easily digestible ammonium form in the organic material. which is composted.

20 Både carbondioxid og ammoniak har betydeligt lavere kogepunkt end vand, og den luftmængde, som er nødvendig for at fjerne disse tre stoffer i procesforløbet, er alene bestemt af vandmængden. Mængdeforholdene er iøvrigt således, 25' at den nødvendige luftmængde til at fordampe og derpå at føre vandet bort som damp er mange gange større end behovet for luftstrøm til iøvrigt at optage og fjerne både carbondioxid og ammoniak, samt tillige at forsyne de aktive, 30 thermofile bakterier med fornøden'oxygen.20 Both carbon dioxide and ammonia have a significantly lower boiling point than water, and the amount of air needed to remove these three substances in the process is determined solely by the amount of water. Moreover, the volume ratios are such that the required amount of air to evaporate and then convey the water away as steam is many times greater than the need for air flow to absorb and remove both carbon dioxide and ammonia as well as supply the active thermophiles. bacteria with the necessary oxygen.

Det er ønskeligt at opretholde højest mulig temperatur af hensyn til ødelæggelse af sygdomsfremkaldende organismer, og 35 at opretholde høj omsætningshastighed.It is desirable to maintain the highest possible temperature for the destruction of pathogenic organisms, and to maintain high turnover rates.

Fig. 1 viser netop det afgørende kriterium herfor, og derfor reguleres processen på den simplest mulige måde ved at sørge for netop så stor gennemluftning, at det ekstra dannede vand 5 DK 166874 B1 hele tiden fjernes.FIG. 1 shows precisely the crucial criterion for this, and therefore the process is regulated in the simplest possible way by providing just so much aeration that the extra formed water is constantly removed.

For en given mængde materiale og for et givet volumen er dette en luftstrøm af en fast størrelse, som en gang for 5 alle indstilles, og systemet er herefter teknisk selvregulerende. De thermofile bakterier overtager derved den automatiske temperaturregulering, fordi der konstant i materialet råder optimale vækstbetingelser for disse, for 10 omverdenen iøvrigt harmløse bakterier.For a given amount of material and for a given volume, this is a fixed size air flow which is set once for 5 all and the system is then technically self-regulating. The thermophilic bacteria thereby take over the automatic temperature control, because the material constantly has optimal growth conditions for these, otherwise harmless bacteria in the outside world.

Man bør derfor af hensyn til størst mulig virkning på smitsomme bakterier og parasitter tilstræbe at blande den 15 animalske gødning med halm og at frembringe et vædske-indhold svarende til de anførte 75-80%.Therefore, for the greatest possible effect on infectious bacteria and parasites, efforts should be made to mix the 15 animal manure with straw and to produce a liquid content corresponding to the stated 75-80%.

Forskningsresultater har endvidere fastslået, at stald-20 gødnings vandkapacitet afhænger af halmindholdet og homogeniteten. God, homogen, halmopblandet staldgødning kan’ således have op til 80% vandindhold uden at miste sin struktur.Research results have further established that the water capacity of the barn-20 fertilizer depends on the straw content and homogeneity. Good, homogeneous, straw-mixed manure can thus have up to 80% water content without losing its structure.

25.25th

Det er imidlertid bekendt, at befugtning af i forvejen tørret plantemateriale kan være særdeles vanskelig at udføre. Det skal erindres, at tørret plantemateriale har 30 været anvendt som et effektivt tagdækningsmateriale.However, it is known that wetting of pre-dried plant material can be extremely difficult to perform. It should be recalled that dried plant material has been used as an effective roofing material.

Eksemplerne er blade og grene af palme-arter, spåner af træ, strå af græsarter og lignende.Examples are palm leaves and branches, wood shavings, grass grasses and the like.

35 Årsagen hertil er at finde i stabiliteten af de tørre, døde plantecellers membraner m.m.35 The reason for this is to be found in the stability of the membranes of the dry, dead plant cells, etc.

Ved forsøg med byg og andre almindelige kornsorter har det imidlertid overraskende vist sig, at halm kan adsorbere t 6 DK 166874 B1 indtil 4-5,5 gange sin egen vægt af vandbaseret vædske, for eksempel flydende animalsk gødning.However, in experiments with barley and other common cereals, it has been surprisingly found that straw can adsorb up to 4-5.5 times its own weight of water-based liquid, for example liquid animal manure.

Fugtighedsindholdet ved adsorption af fire gange halmens 5 vægt svarer til 80%, og 5,5 gange halmens vægt svarer til ca. 85% vand.The moisture content of adsorption of four times the straw weight is 80%, and 5.5 times the straw weight is approx. 85% water.

Ved forskellige fysiske metoder kan man oprive eller 10 deformere tør-ret plantemateriale såsom halm, hvorved materialet bibringes en stor overflade. Dette er en af de væsentligste forudsætninger for en stor adsorption af vandige opløsningers eller opslemningers vandmolekyler, 15 hvilket igen tilskrives vandmolekylets særlige polære karakter.By various physical methods, dried plant material such as straw can be torn or deformed, giving the material a large surface. This is one of the most important prerequisites for a large adsorption of water molecules of aqueous solutions or slurries, which in turn is attributed to the particular polar nature of the water molecule.

Det er opfindelsens formål at sikre de thermofile bakte-20 rier de bedste vækstbetingelser i forbindelse med det lavest mulige energiforbrug og på den enkleste måde.It is the object of the invention to ensure the thermophilic bacteria the best growth conditions in connection with the lowest possible energy consumption and in the simplest way.

Fremgangsmåden ifølge opfindelsen er særegen derved, at man 25- lader den ved adsorption maksimalt opnåelige fugtighedsgrad i fibermaterialet være den styrende egenskab, som fremkalder maksimal temperatur i fibermaterialet.The process according to the invention is peculiar in that the maximum degree of moisture attainable by adsorption in the fibrous material is allowed to be the controlling property which produces maximum temperature in the fibrous material.

30 Herved opnås, at man uden tilførsel af varme fra eksterne varmekilder får frembragt en så tilpas høj temperatur, de omtalte ca. 70 grader Celcius, at smitstof og parasitter tilintetgøres, uden at de for omsætningen godartede 35 bakterier, der udøver denne aktivitet, beskadiges eller tilintetgøres, og det forhold, at den påviste sammenhæng mellem temperatur og fugtighedsgrad er ulineær og kun har et maximum betyder, at en komposteringsproces kan være selvstyrende eller selvregulerende.Hereby it is obtained that without such a supply of heat from external heat sources as such a high temperature is obtained, the said approx. 70 degrees Celsius, that infectious and parasites are destroyed without damaging or annihilating the benign 35 bacteria that carry out this activity, and the fact that the detected relationship between temperature and humidity is non-linear and has a maximum means that a composting process can be self-governing or self-regulating.

* 7 DK 166874 B1* 7 DK 166874 B1

Tysk patentskrift DE 28 09 344 C2 synes at vise en komposteringsmetode og et anlæg til at udføre en lignende proces. Som det i imidlertid klart fremgår af såvel tekst som også af den tilhørende fig. 1, lægges der stor vægt på 5 yderst komplicerede og endog på en måde indbyrdes forbundne, automatisk reguleringssystemer. Det angives, at en regulator 38 måler fugtigheden af materialet, åbenbart på mindst to steder ved sonderne 35, udfra hvilke målinger en befugter 15 10 skal styres, således at en til målingerne svarende mængde frisk luft indsuges og befugtes. Det fremgår ikke, hvorledes de mindst 2 fugtighedsmålinger, som kan være ens eller forskellige, bearbejdes af regulatoren, og hvorledes 15 regulatoren herpå styrer luftbefugteren 15. Samtidig, men uafhængigt heraf, måler en anden regulator 42 udsugningsluftens carbondioxyd- eller oxygenkoncentration og styrer på basis heraf sugetræksventilatoren 21. Det 20 fremgår ikke, hvilken vægt der lægges på forholdet mellem carbondioxid eller oxygen.German Patent Specification DE 28 09 344 C2 appears to show a composting method and plant for carrying out a similar process. However, as can be clearly seen in both the text and the accompanying fig. 1, great emphasis is placed on 5 extremely complicated and even in a way interconnected, automatic control systems. It is stated that a regulator 38 measures the moisture of the material, evidently in at least two locations at the probes 35, from which measurements a humidifier 15 10 must be controlled so that a quantity of fresh air corresponding to the measurements is sucked in and humidified. It is not apparent how the at least 2 humidity measurements, which may be the same or different, are processed by the controller and how the controller 15 controls the humidifier 15. At the same time, but independently, another controller 42 measures the carbon dioxide or oxygen concentration of the exhaust air and controls on the basis of of which, the suction pull fan 21. It is not clear what weight is attached to the ratio of carbon dioxide to oxygen.

Sådanne reaktioner, som finder sted i et større rumfang af 25 organisk materiale under kompostering, vil nødvendigvis udvise store tidsforsinkelser og store reguleringstidskonstanter. Erfaringer viser, at tilstandsændringer af f.eks. temperatur eller carbondioxidudslip let kan vare adskillige 30 timer.Such reactions, which take place in a larger volume of organic matter during composting, will necessarily exhibit large time delays and large regulation time constants. Experience shows that state changes of e.g. temperature or carbon dioxide emissions can easily last several 30 hours.

Udfra gængs, reguleringsteknisk erfaring er det velkendt, at automatiske reguleringssystemer under sådanne betingelser 35 let bliver ustabile, og der indtræder oscillationer.From conventional control technology experience, it is well known that under such conditions automatic control systems become easily unstable and oscillations occur.

Systemet 'går i sving', og kan derfor ikke regulere. Dette er i særlig grad tilfældet, dersom flere reguleringssystemer hver på sin måde påvirker tilstande, som er indbyrdes 8 DK 166874 B1 forbundne.The system 'turns' and therefore cannot regulate. This is particularly the case if several control systems each in their own way affect conditions which are interrelated.

Vor opfindelse har som sit primære mål for det første at udnytte den kendsgerning, at enhver biologisk proces er 5 reguleret og styret af de levende organismer, som virker i processen, idet en sådan styrende aktivitet er en integrerende del af enhver biologisk aktivitet i naturen. For det andet at undgå kompliceret, automatisk styring, som udfra 10 almindelig erfaring vides at være vanskelig eller muligvis umulig at justere til stabile tilstand. Det er væsentligt, at arbejdet med vor opfindelse har vist, at ingen teknisk, automatisk reguleringsanordning eller -system kan regulere 15 naturens nedbrydningsprocesser bedre eller mere effektivt end naturens egne reguleringssystemer.Our invention has as its primary objective, first, to exploit the fact that every biological process is regulated and controlled by the living organisms that act in the process, such a controlling activity being an integral part of any biological activity in nature. Secondly, to avoid complicated, automatic control, which from 10 ordinary experience is known to be difficult or possibly impossible to adjust to steady state. It is essential that the work of our invention has shown that no technical, automatic control device or system can regulate the degradation processes of nature better or more efficiently than nature's own control systems.

Tysk offentliggørelsesskrift nr. 20 53 610 beskriver på 20 lignende måde et komposteringsanlæg, som ifølge teksten er tilføjet flere automatiske styresystemer, som imidlertid ikke er vist i de tilhørende tegninger.German Patent Publication No. 20 53610 similarly describes a composting plant, which according to the text has been added several automatic control systems, which, however, are not shown in the accompanying drawings.

25 . Disse automatiske reguleringssystemer måler og styrer komposteringstilstande som temperatur, carbondioxidkoncentration, fugtighed og materialeniveau i reaktoren. Oversprøjtning med vand, opløsninger af ammoniumsulfat eller 30 andet nitrogenbærende stof sammen med luftstrøm og udsugning styres af disse reguleringssystemer.25. These automated control systems measure and control composting conditions such as temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, humidity and material level in the reactor. Spraying with water, solutions of ammonium sulphate or 30 other nitrogen-carrying substances together with air flow and suction are controlled by these control systems.

At et maximum på 65 grader Celcius aldrig må overskrides 35 erklæres i dette fremlæggelsesskrift at være vigtigt for komposteringsprocessen ifølge den beskrevne opfindelse.That a maximum of 65 degrees Celsius must never be exceeded 35 is stated in this submission to be important for the composting process of the invention described.

Hvad angår vurderingen af de forskellige automatiske reguleringssystemer og deres virkning, således som disse i 9 DK 166874 B1 beskrives i dette fremlæggelsesskrift, henvises til kommentarerne foran vedrørende DE 28 09 344.Regarding the assessment of the various automatic control systems and their effect, as described in 9 DK 166874 B1 in this disclosure, refer to the comments above regarding DE 28 09 344.

Det er imidlertid vigtigt her at påpege, at så langt fra at 5 begrænse komposteringstemperaturen til 65 grader Celcius, baseres vor opfindelse på netop at tillade temperaturen af det komposterende materiale at stige frit, kun styret af den biologiske proces. Dette faktum betyder, at styremetoden 10 ifølge vor opfindelse er fundamentalt forskellig fra systemet beskrevet f.eks. her i DE-OS 20 53 610. Vor opfindelse koncentrerer sig, således som det omtales senere, om den præcise viden om den måde, hvorpå naturlige, 15 biologiske systemer fungerer, og at anvende sådanne som den eneste styremetode.However, it is important to point out here that so far from limiting the composting temperature to 65 degrees Celsius, our invention is based on precisely allowing the temperature of the composting material to rise freely, controlled only by the biological process. This fact means that the control method 10 according to our invention is fundamentally different from the system described e.g. here in DE-OS 20 53 610. Our invention concentrates, as will be discussed later, on the precise knowledge of the way natural biological systems work, and to use such as the only control method.

Tysk offentliggørelsesskrift nr. 27 09 715 beskriver en 20 komposteringsreaktor, hvor en af metoderne til styring, hvilket vil sige en af flere samtidigt anvendte og forskellige metoder, er at sprinkle komposten med CaO, kalciumoxid, altså brændt kalk. Det omtales imidlertid i 25. teksten, at den nødvendige mængde af kalciumoxid er afhængig af kompostmaterialets fugtighed, og følgelig må fugtigheden kontinuerligt måles.German Patent Publication No. 27 09 715 describes a composting reactor in which one of the methods of control, that is, one of several simultaneously used and different methods, is to sprinkle the compost with CaO, calcium oxide, ie burnt lime. However, it is mentioned in the 25th text that the required amount of calcium oxide is dependent on the moisture of the compost material and hence the moisture must be continuously measured.

30 Da sprinkling med CaO bruges til at forhøje reaktionstemperaturen, vil det sige, at også temperaturen måles kontinuerligt.Since sprinkling with CaO is used to raise the reaction temperature, that is, the temperature is also measured continuously.

35 Under andre omstændigheder bliver der tilført ekstra vand gennem sprøjtedyser, men det er ikke beskrevet, hvorledes denne besprøjtning styres.35 In other circumstances, extra water is supplied through spray nozzles, but it is not described how this spray is controlled.

Da der i teksten ikke decideret er omtalt nogen styre- eller i 10 DK 166874 B1 reguleringssystemer, må det derfor antages, at processen enten styres manuelt, eller at et kompliceret regulerings-og styresystem må forbindes til komposte- ringsreaktoren.Therefore, since no control or in control systems have been mentioned in the text, it must therefore be assumed that the process is either manually controlled or that a complicated control and control system must be connected to the composting reactor.

5 I begge disse tilfælde må igen henvises til vor kommentarer til de forannævnte fremlæggelsesskrifter.5 In both of these cases, we must refer again to our comments on the aforementioned writings.

Tysk patenskrift nr. 430821 beskriver en diskontinuert 10 gæringsproces, som styres manuelt. Dette fremgår implicit af patenskriftets tekst side 3, spalte 1, linie 35 til 48. Det udtrykkes her, hvorledes anlægget fyldes, gæring begynder, og sluttelig efter afslutning af gæringen tages 15 restmaterialet ud gennem en lem mrk. 5. I mellemtiden opbevares afgivne gasser i et gasometer og genbruges i omsætningen af næste fyldning, uden at det dog er tilkendegivet, hvilke kemiske processer eller tekniske 20 fordele, der herved tilsigtes.German Patent No. 430821 discloses a discontinuous fermentation process which is controlled manually. This is implicitly stated in the patent text page 3, column 1, lines 35 to 48. It is expressed here how the plant is filled, fermentation begins, and finally after the fermentation is completed, the residual material is removed through a limb. 5. In the meantime, released gases are stored in a gasometer and reused in the turnover of the next filling, without, however, indicating which chemical processes or technical advantages are intended.

I modsætning hertil er processen i henhold til vor opfindelse - med det viste eksempel på en udførelse af et anlæg i 25· henhold til opfindelsen - kontinuerlig og selvstyrende.In contrast, the process according to our invention - with the example shown of an embodiment of a system in 25 · according to the invention - is continuous and self-governing.

Vor opfindelse er således ikke sammenlignelig med det i dette patentskrift DE 430821 beskrevne anlæg.Thus, our invention is not comparable to the plant described in this patent DE 430821.

3030

Dansk patentansøgning nr. 1227/85 beskriver et såkaldt komposteringsvarmeanlæg. Ifølge teksten går opfindelsen ud på at anvise udformninger af mekaniske metoder og komponen ter 35 som tilsigter dels at mindske luftmodstanden (side 1, linie 10-17), dels at imødegå indsugning af falsk luft.Danish patent application no. 1227/85 describes a so-called composting heating plant. According to the text, the invention is to provide embodiments of mechanical methods and components 35 which are intended partly to reduce the air resistance (page 1, lines 10-17) and partly to counter the intake of false air.

Herefter angiver den kendetegnende del af krav 1 udformning af en kasse, varmeisoleret på alle sider og ovenpå, tillige 11 DK 166874 B1 et transportorgan og en indføringsdel, i det hele komponenter, som er udformet med det ene hensyn at afhjælpe problemer med transport at materialet gennem anlægget.Next, the characterizing part of claim 1 design of a box, heat insulated on all sides and above, as well as a conveying means and an insertion part, in the whole components designed for the sole purpose of alleviating problems with transport, that the material through the plant.

5 Det fremgår intetsteds her, i efterfølgende krav, eller i teksten som helhed, hvorledes processens betingelser rent termisk tilrettelægges, d.v.s. i modsætning til metoden i henhold til vor opfindelse, som muliggør, at processen 10 forløber ved konstant, maximal temperatur og maximalt tempo.5 It is nowhere stated here, in the following claims, or in the text as a whole, how the conditions of the process are purely thermally organized, i.e. in contrast to the method of our invention, which allows the process 10 to proceed at a constant, maximum temperature and maximum pace.

DK-ansøgning nr. 1227/85 angiver derfor kun en udformning af et anlæg med det formål at afhjælpe visse mekaniske problemer ved 15 materialers og luftarters gennemløb af anlægget.DK application No. 1227/85 therefore only specifies the design of a plant for the purpose of alleviating certain mechanical problems during the passage of 15 materials and air types of the plant.

Den i det følgende beskrevne opfindelse bygger modsætningsvis på den tanke, at når man kan styre fugtigheds-20 graden, når materialet indføres i reaktoren, så at denne tilnærmelsesvis er 80%, vil denne bestemmende fugtigheds- ' grad ved hjælp af simple midler kunne opretholdes, således at en kontinuert komposteringsproces ved konstant 70-72 25 grader C vil kunne vedligeholdes, hvilket også er eksperimentelt påvist.The invention described below, in contrast, is based on the idea that when one can control the degree of humidity as the material is introduced into the reactor so that it is approximately 80%, this determining degree of humidity can be maintained by simple means. , so that a continuous composting process at constant 70-72 25 degrees C can be maintained, which has also been experimentally demonstrated.

Man sikrer ifølge opfindelsen og ved den beskrevne udnyt-30 telse af den naturlige sammenhæng, mellem temperatur og fugtighedsgrad således automatisk maksimumtemperatur, ca. 70 grader Celcius. Derved opretholdes den højeste, biologiske aktivitet, en tilsvarende hurtig nedbrydning af det 35 organiske materiale, og en minimal gennemløbstid for en kontinuerlig komposteringsproces af fast eller flydende gødning og f.eks. halm eller andre organiske fibre.Thus, according to the invention, and with the described utilization of the natural relationship, between temperature and degree of humidity, maximum automatic temperature is thus ensured, approx. 70 degrees Celcius. This maintains the highest biological activity, a correspondingly rapid degradation of the organic material, and a minimum throughput time for a continuous composting process of solid or liquid fertilizers and e.g. straw or other organic fibers.

Ved fremgangsmåden ifølge opfindelsen undgås således et 12 DK 166874 B1 kompliceret reguleringssystem til at styre fugtighed, temperatur eller andre parametre, hvilket er kostbart og sårbart. Den hertil svarende justering af alle systemparametre til sådanne værdier, at en stabil, 5 automatisk regulering uden svingningstendenser kan sikres i alle tilfælde, undgås. Hvis ikke den beskrevne, simple sammenhæng if. fig. 1 udnyttes til styringsformål, vil en automatisk kontinuerlig temperaturstyring ellers være en 10 omfattende, om overhovedet løselig opgave.Thus, the method of the invention avoids a complicated control system for controlling humidity, temperature or other parameters, which is costly and vulnerable. The corresponding adjustment of all system parameters to such values that a stable, automatic control without vibration tendencies can be ensured in all cases is avoided. If not the described simple context if. FIG. 1 is utilized for control purposes, an automatic continuous temperature control will otherwise be a comprehensive, if at all solvable, task.

Og en sådan høj, konstant fastholdt temperatur er afgørende for at sikre en hygiejnisk nedbrydning af sygdomsfremkal-15 dende stoffer, parasitter og ukrudtsfrø.And such a high, constantly maintained temperature is essential to ensure a hygienic degradation of disease-causing substances, parasites and weeds.

Af halmens carbonhydrat dannes varme, carbondioxid og vand.Heat, carbon dioxide and water are formed from the straw's carbohydrate.

Hvis man tillader fugtighedsgraden at stige udover de 20 anførte 80%, så vil temperaturen ifølge kurven vist fig. 1 falde. Dette imødegås ifølge opfindelsen ved permanent at justere udsugningen af luften fra rummet mellem øvre og nedre komposteringskammer en gang for alle til et vist 25- overskud. Den bortventilerede luft erstattes af luft nedefra, idet komposteringstanken er åben for luftadgang nedadtil. Herved udnyttes den ejendommelige selvregulerende egenskab, som finder sit udtryk i, at kurven fig. 1 er 30 ulineær og har et udpræget toppunkt.If the humidity level is allowed to rise beyond the 80% indicated, then the temperature according to the curve shown in FIG. 1 fall. This is countered by the invention by permanently adjusting the suction of the air from the space between the upper and lower composting chambers once and for all to a certain 25 excess. The vented air is replaced by air from below, with the composting tank open for downward air access. This utilizes the peculiar self-regulating property, which finds its expression in the fact that the curve fig. 1 is 30 nonlinear and has a distinct vertex.

At indgangsmaterialet tildeles den ønskede fugtighedsgrad, opnås som omhandlet i krav 2 ved, at fibermaterialet 35 gennemvædes med en vædskemængde, som svarer til 4-5,5 gange fibermaterialets vægt. Dette sker ad naturlig vej ved at lede dette, for eksempel ved frit fald gennem en zone af vædskedråber, hvori fibermaterialet oversprøjtes, hvorefter det ledes til et øverste komposteringskammer. Herfra i 13 DK 166874 B1 tillades det senere gennem dettes riste at falde ned i et underste komposteringskammer. Luft suges med et vist overskud op gennem det underste komposteringskammer, som gennem en rist er åbent nedadtil.That the input material is assigned the desired degree of moisture is achieved as claimed in claim 2 by soaking the fiber material 35 with a liquid amount equal to 4-5.5 times the weight of the fiber material. This occurs naturally by passing this, for example, by freely dropping through a zone of liquid droplets in which the fibrous material is sprayed, after which it is led to an upper composting chamber. From here in 13 DK 166874 B1 it is later allowed through its grate to fall into a lower composting chamber. Air is sucked up with some excess through the lower composting chamber, which is open downwards through a grate.

55

Det er eksperimentelt vist, at på denne måde vil materialet af sig selv opnå den tilstræbte fugtighedsgrad på ca.It has been experimentally shown that in this way the material itself will achieve the desired moisture content of approx.

80%, og dette er iøvrigt ifølge faglitteraturen den øvre 10 grænse for den fugtighed, som et fibermateriale, som for eksempel halm, kan indeholde uden at miste sin struktur.80%, and this, moreover, according to the professional literature, is the upper limit of the moisture that a fiber material, such as straw, can contain without losing its structure.

En eksperimentelt påvist betingelse for en god komposte-15 ring er derefter, at den gennemvædede halm henlægges således, at den kan gennemstrømmes af luft i passende mængde.An experimentally demonstrated condition for good composting is then that the soaked straw is disposed so that it can flow through air in an appropriate amount.

20 Denne luftmængde er ligeledes eksperimentelt fastslået at skulle være så stor, at den kan borttransportere: for det første det fordampede vand, inclusive det vand, som 25 hidrører fra det carbonhydrat, som nedbrydes; for det andet den dannede carbondioxid, ligeledes hidrørende fra nedbrydningen af carbonhydrat; 30 for det tredie den fra de tilstedeværende ammoniumsalte afgivne ammoniak.This amount of air is also experimentally determined to be so large that it can transport away: first, the evaporated water, including the water derived from the decomposed carbohydrate; second, the carbon dioxide formed, also resulting from the degradation of carbohydrate; 30, thirdly, the ammonia released from the ammonium salts present.

35 Alle disse tre stoffer, vand, carbondioxid samt ammoniak, må hver på sin måde opfattes som gift for processen, og vil hver på sin måde nedsætte komposteringensprocessens omsætningshastighed og dens temperatur: % 14 DK 166874 B1 for det første vil overskud af vand føre til anaerobe tilstande i materialet, hvorved dette falder sammen, dvs. mister sin fysiske struktur og porøsitet, 5 for det andet vil overskud af carbondioxid medføre ændring af kompostens reaktion i sur retning, for det tredie vil ammoniakken virke stærkt hæmmende på 10 bakterievæksten.35 All three of these substances, water, carbon dioxide and ammonia, must each in their own way be regarded as poison for the process, and will each in their own way reduce the turnover rate of the composting process and its temperature:% 14 DK 166874 B1 firstly, excess water will anaerobic conditions in the material whereby this coincides, i.e. loses its physical structure and porosity; 5 second, excess carbon dioxide will cause a change in the compost's reaction in an acidic direction; third, the ammonia will strongly inhibit the bacterial growth.

Disse forhold medfører tilsammen, at den gennemsugede luftmængde skal være så stor, at den mindst dækker det 15 største af de 3 behov. Dette medfører, at processen tilføres et stort overskud af oxygen, to til tre gange processens biologiske oxygenbehov. Såfremt dette luftoverskud er til stede, vil komposteringen forløbe med maksimal hastighed og 2 0 temperatur.These factors together mean that the amount of air drawn must be so large that it covers at least the 15 largest of the 3 needs. This causes the process to supply a large excess of oxygen, two to three times the biological oxygen demand of the process. If this excess of air is present, the composting will proceed at maximum speed and 20 ° temperature.

Samtidig vil det nævnte oxygenoverskud medføre, at eventuelle ildelugtende stoffer oxyderes og nedbrydes, 25. hvilket er af stor vigtighed for processens praktiske anvendelse, idet den afgivne ammoniak tillige på anden vis kan opsamles og koncentreres fra afgangsluften.At the same time, the said excess oxygen will cause any odorous substances to be oxidized and decomposed, which is of great importance for the practical application of the process, since the released ammonia can also be otherwise collected and concentrated from the exhaust air.

30 Den nævnte nødvendige luftmængde,. som eksperimentelt er vist at kunne indjusteres en gang for alle, kan strømme igennem det fugtede fibermateriale, der på grund af sin struktur har stor porøsitet. Det er eksperimentelt påvist, at luftmængden 35 let og praktisk en gang for alle kan justeres til en sådan størrelse, at processens arbejdspunkt vil ligge på toppen af temperaturkurven vist fig. 1, evt. lidt til højre for denne, hvorved driftstemperaturen forbliver på sin maximale værdi 70-72 grader Celcius.30 The required amount of air,. which has been experimentally shown to be adjustable once and for all, can flow through the moistened fiber material which, due to its structure, has high porosity. It has been experimentally shown that the airflow 35 can be easily and practically adjusted once and for all to such a size that the working point of the process will be at the top of the temperature curve shown in FIG. 1, possibly slightly to the right of this one, whereby the operating temperature remains at its maximum value 70-72 degrees Celsius.

15 DK 166874 ολ15 DK 166874 ολ

Systemet er herved selvregulerende, og der skal herudover blot sørges for automatisk fjernelse af færdigkompostering materiale gennem nederste rist, successiv efterfyldning af frisk materiale fra øverste kammer, og endelig tilføres nyt, 5 befugtet materiale til øverste kammer. Herved foreligger forudsætningerne for fuldautomatisk, kontinuerlig drift med konstant vedligeholdt maximal omsætningshastighed uden at kompliceret måling og styring er fornøden.The system is hereby self-regulating, and in addition only automatic removal of finished composting material through the bottom grate, successively replenishing fresh material from the upper chamber, and finally new, 5 wetted material is added to the upper chamber. This provides the prerequisites for fully automatic, continuous operation with a constantly maintained maximum turnover rate without the need for complicated measurement and control.

1010

Opfindelsen angår også som omhandlet i krav 4 et anlæg til brug ved udøvelse af fremgangsmåden, hvilket anlæg har i det mindste et komposteringskammer med organer, som er udformet 15 til at suge luft gennem fiberaterialet, og hvilket anlæg ifølge opfindelsen er særegent ved, at anlægget har en indretning for tilledning af findelt fibermateriale, et herunder placeret brusekammer med dyser til vædske samt et 20 underliggende opsamlingskammer for det befugtede fibermateriale, en transportindretning til transport af det befugtede fibermateriale til komposteringskammeret, som ved riste er opdelt i et øverste og et nederste 25 komposteringskammer, og endelig at luftudsugningsorganerne er udformet til at udsuge luften mellem de to komposteringskammer.The invention also relates to a plant for use in the process according to claim 4, which plant has at least one composting chamber with means designed to suck air through the fibrous material and which plant according to the invention is peculiar in that the plant has a device for feeding finely divided fiber material, including a liquid shower nozzle chamber, and an underlying collecting chamber for the wetted fiber material, a conveying device for transporting the humidified fiber material to the composting chamber, which is divided into a top and bottom 25 by a grate. composting chamber, and finally that the air extraction means are designed to exhaust the air between the two composting chambers.

30 Det opfindelsesmæssige anlæg vil kunne opfylde sådanne betingelser, så man automatisk opnår, at patogene bakterier og parasitter med sikkerhed dræbes, så at det færdigt komposterede materiale, som forlader processen efter 35 genemløb, kun vil indeholde harmløse og for anvendelse i jordbruget ønskelige organiske stoffer, idet dette anlæg samtidigt på enkel måde kan gøres selvstyrende.The inventive plant will be able to meet such conditions as to automatically kill pathogenic bacteria and parasites safely so that the finished composting material leaving the process after 35 cycles will contain only harmless and desirable organic substances for use in agriculture. , since this plant can simultaneously be made simple in self-control.

i DK 166874 B1 16in DK 166874 B1 16

Den fornødne styring af et fuldautomatisk anlæg til formålet vil således principielt kunne reduceres til en kontrol med, at materialet gennemløber de to afgørende processer, gennemvædning og beluftning.The necessary control of a fully automatic plant for the purpose can thus in principle be reduced to a check that the material goes through the two crucial processes, soaking and aeration.

55

Automatisk styring af driftstemperaturen er under disse konkret opfyldte betingelser ikke nødvendig, fordi dennes 10 styring er knyttet til mikroorganismernes egen livsbetingede regulering.Under these specific conditions, automatic control of the operating temperature is not necessary because its control is linked to the microorganisms' own life-regulating.

I et teknisk anlæg, som opbygges efter de nævnte krite-15 rier, er det herved muligt at begrænse måling og styring stærkt, da driftstemperaturen på forhånd ligger fast i et snævert område.In a technical plant, which is built according to the above criteria, it is thereby possible to severely limit the measurement and control, since the operating temperature is fixed in advance in a narrow range.

20 Herved opnås en forenkling og driftssikkerhed af væsentlig betydning for billiggørelsen af tekniske anlæg til kompostering af affald, i det beskrevne eksempel specielt landbrugets affalds- og gødningsstoffer.20 This provides a simplification and reliability of essential importance for the cheapening of technical plants for composting waste, in the example described, especially agricultural waste and fertilizers.

2525

Opfindelsen vil i det følgende blive nærmere beskrevet med udgangspunkt i fig. 1, hvor sammenhængen mellem fugtig-hedsgrad og komposteringstemperatur er vist.The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to FIG. 1, where the relationship between humidity and composting temperature is shown.

30 35 t 17 DK 166874 Bl30 35 t 17 DK 166874 Bl

Ved den friske, halmopblandede gødning kan man ved adsorption opnå et vandindhold på tæt ved 80%, hvorfor det må tilstræbes at bibringe det organiske materiale den størst mulige overflade, hvortil vand og/eller gylle kan bindes.With the fresh, straw-mixed fertilizer, an adsorption content of close to 80% can be obtained, so that the organic material must be endowed with the largest possible surface to which water and / or slurry can be bonded.

5 Denne opnås for eksempel ved snitning eller oprivning af materialet.This is achieved, for example, by cutting or tearing the material.

Efter denne sønderdeling af materialet og efterfølgende 10 befugtning, vil komposteringsprocessen gå i gang, hvorved temperaturen stiger i materialet.After this disintegration of the material and subsequent wetting, the composting process will start, thereby increasing the temperature of the material.

I fig. 2 er vist en udførelsesform for et anlæg ifølge 15 opfindelsen til brug ved udøvelsen af fremgangsmåden.In FIG. 2 is an embodiment of a plant according to the invention for use in the practice of the method.

Den findelte halm 1 opbevares for eksempel i en silo, hvorfra den kan udledes via åbninger 4 og falde gennem et 20 brusekammer, hvori der indsprøjtes gylle 6 via dyser 5.For example, the finely divided straw 1 is stored in a silo from which it can be discharged via openings 4 and fall through a 20 shower chamber into which manure 6 is injected via nozzles 5.

Herved fugtes halmen totalt og regnes af gylledråberne 6 ned i opsamlingskarret 2, hvor den overskydende gylle 6 kan 25 opsamles under en rist 8 eller lignende genstand og derfra recirkuleres på almindeligt kendt måde.In this way, the straw is completely moistened and counted by the slurry drops 6 into the collection vessel 2, where the excess slurry 6 can be collected under a grate 8 or similar object and from there recycled in a generally known manner.

Et transportbånd 11, som er regulerbart med hensyn til 30 transportkapaciteten, transporterer blandingen 7 gennem en lukket kanal til selve komposteringsanlægget, som omfatter en beholder med varmeisolerende sidevægge 13.A conveyor belt 11, which is adjustable in terms of transport capacity, transports the mixture 7 through a closed channel to the composting plant itself, which comprises a container with heat insulating side walls 13.

35 Blandingen 7 tilledes anlægget foroven og fordeles ved hjælp af føre- eller rivestænger 17, 18; der bevæges på passende vis.The mixture 7 is fed to the plant at the top and distributed by means of guide or tear rods 17, 18; moving appropriately.

i 18 DK 166874 B1in 18 DK 166874 B1

Endvidere er der placeret en rist 12, vandret midt i kammeret, og der vil derved dannes et isolerende lag over det underliggende komposteringskammer 23. Dette lag består af det tilledte materiale foroven, som på grund af sin 5 fastholdte fugtighed er stærkt varmeisolerende, og det mere komprimerede, underliggende lag 21. Efterhånden vil materialet 21 synke gennem den bevægelige rist 12 og falde ned i komposteringskammeret 23 på en underliggende rist 15.Further, a grate 12 is placed horizontally in the middle of the chamber, thereby forming an insulating layer over the underlying composting chamber 23. This layer consists of the entrained material at the top, which, due to its maintained moisture, is highly heat insulating and the more compressed, underlying layers 21. Gradually, the material 21 will sink through the movable grate 12 and fall into the composting chamber 23 on an underlying grate 15.

10 Det ses, at reaktoren ikke ellers er isoleret opadtil. Atmosfærisk luft suges op gennem risen 15 og gennem materialet 24 og ud gennem en sugeledning 20, 22.10 It can be seen that the reactor is not otherwise insulated upwards. Atmospheric air is sucked up through the rice 15 and through the material 24 and out through a suction line 20, 22.

15 Den luft, som bortsuges, erstattes af luft nedefra gennem den underste rist 15, idet anlægget er lukket opadtil på oversiden og på de varmeisolerede sider, hvorhos også transportbåndet 11 er ført ind gennem en udadtil lukket 20 kanal. Materialet, som synker ned gennem det øvre * komposteringskammer, bliver opvarmet, efterhånden som det fjerner sig fra det øverste kolde lag og nærmer sig den øvre rist 12, hvor temperaturen har nået sit maksimum. X det 25· nedre komposteringskammer møder materialet koldere og mere tør luft og afkøles og tørres, hvorved fugtighedsgraden falder til omkring 60-70% eller med andre ord, tørstofindholdet stiger til 30%, før materialet falder 30 gennem den underste rist 15.The air which is sucked out is replaced by air from below through the lower grate 15, the plant being closed upwards on the upper side and on the heat-insulated sides, the conveyor belt 11 being also introduced through an outwardly closed 20 duct. The material which sinks down through the upper composting chamber is heated as it moves away from the upper cold layer and approaches the upper grate 12, where the temperature has reached its maximum. X the 25 · lower composting chamber meets the colder and drier air and is cooled and dried, thereby reducing the humidity to about 60-70% or in other words, the dry matter content rises to 30% before the material drops 30 through the bottom grate 15.

Når komposteringen er tilendebragt, lader den nederste rist materialet 25 falde ned, for eksempel på et under- liggende 35 transportbånd 26, som kan fjerne det færdige kompostmateriale.When composting is completed, the lower grate drops material 25, for example, on an underlying conveyor belt 26 which can remove the finished compost material.

Da det som ovenfor nævnt er nødvendigt at lade materialet have den høje fugtighed og opholde sig i en passende tid i DK 166874 B1 19 komposteringskammeret, er der tilsluttet på tegningen ikke viste styremidler til en gang for alle at fastsætte hastigheden af transportbåndet 11 og eventuelt af de bevægende riste eller stænger 17, 18, således at man kan 5 opretholde en kontinuerlig kompostering blot ved at lade disse transportindretninger tidsregulere. Dette forenkler styringen, og man opnår den maximale komposteringshastighed.Since, as mentioned above, it is necessary to allow the material to have the high humidity and to stay in the composting chamber for a suitable time, the control means not shown in the drawing are connected once and for all to determine the speed of the conveyor belt 11 and possibly of the moving grids or rods 17, 18 so that continuous composting can be maintained simply by allowing these transport devices to time-regulate. This simplifies control and achieves maximum composting speed.

1010

De nævnte styremidler omfatter på i og for sig kendt måde organer, som, evt. via et styrekredsløb kan regulere dels mængden af indsprøjtet gylle 6 i brusekammeret og dels 15 opholdstiden for det befugtede, fordelte materiale i komposteringskammeret 2, hvilken opholdstid kan reguleres ved regulering af transportbåndets hastighed eller af den intermittens, hvormed dette drives.Said control means comprise, in a manner known per se, organs which, possibly. via a control circuit can regulate partly the amount of injected manure 6 in the shower chamber and partly the residence time of the wetted, distributed material in the composting chamber 2, which residence time can be controlled by controlling the speed of the conveyor belt or by the intermittent with which it is operated.

20 25 30 35 »20 25 30 35 »

Claims (3)

20 DK 166874 B120 DK 166874 B1 1. Fremgangsmåde til kontinuerlig kompostering af fibrøst organisk materiale, for eksempel halm, efter 5 at det er findelt og fugtet med en vandig opløsning eller opslemning indeholdende vækstfremkaldende stoffer, for eksempel flydende animalsk gødning, og deponeret i i det mindste et komposteringskammer, hvor det gennemstrømmes af atmosfærisk luft, kend 10 e t e g n e t ved, for det første, at fiber materialet, før det deponeres, bliver vædet med en vædskemængde svarende til 4-5,5 gange vægten af fibermaterialet, og for det andet, at en praktisk talt konstant temperatur på ca. 70° Celcius 15 vedligeholdes alene af den naturlige aktivitet af de allestedsnærværende thermofile bakterier betinget af, at atmosfærisk luft, som gennemstrømmer materialet, en gang for alle justeres til en mængde, som er tilstrækkelig til at fjerne de mængder af vand, 20 carbondioxid og ammoniak, der som spildprodukter afgives af kompostmaterialet under dettes nedbrydning.A process for continuous composting of fibrous organic material, for example straw, after it has been comminuted and moistened with an aqueous solution or slurry containing growth-inducing agents, for example liquid animal manure, and deposited in at least one composting chamber where it is flowed of atmospheric air, know 10 characterized by, first, that the fiber material, before being deposited, is wetted with a quantity of liquid equal to 4-5.5 times the weight of the fiber material, and second, that a practically constant temperature of ca. 70 ° Celcius 15 is maintained solely by the natural activity of the ubiquitous thermophilic bacteria provided that, once and for all, atmospheric air flowing through the material is adjusted to an amount sufficient to remove the amounts of water, 20 carbon dioxide and ammonia. which is released as a waste product by the compost material during its decomposition. 1 PATENTKRAV1 PATENT REQUIREMENT 2. Anlæg til brug ved udøvelse af fremgangsmåden 25 ifølge krav 1,kendetegnet ved, at det er således konstrueret, at det befugtede materiale anbringes i en reaktor og placeres-i to vandrette lag, idet det øverste lag er således anbragt, at ingen luft kan passere ned igennem det ovenfra, mens 20 det nederste lag er således anbragt, at luft og gasser kan suges op nedefra gennem dette lag til et rum mellem de to lag, hvorfra luften videre suges ved hjælp af en passende sugetræksventilator indstillet til at yde en rimelig konstant luftstrøm. 35 DK 166874 Bl 21System for use in carrying out the method 25 according to claim 1, characterized in that it is designed so that the wetted material is placed in a reactor and placed in two horizontal layers, the upper layer being arranged so that no air can pass down through it from above, while the lower layer is arranged so that air and gases can be sucked up from below through this layer to a space between the two layers, from which the air is further sucked by means of a suitable suction extractor fan set to provide a reasonable constant air flow. DK 166874 Pg 21 3. Anlæg ifølge krav 2, kendetegnet ved, at en sugetræksventilator suger luft, carbondioxid, vanddamp og ammoniak fra anlægget, og derved muliggør, at ammoniakken kan opsamles ved en af i 5 øvrigt flere, kendte metoder. 10 »System according to claim 2, characterized in that a suction extractor fan sucks air, carbon dioxide, water vapor and ammonia from the system, thereby enabling the ammonia to be collected by one of several other known methods. 10 »
DK564188A 1987-02-19 1988-10-07 Process and installation for composting DK166874B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DK564188A DK166874B1 (en) 1987-02-19 1988-10-07 Process and installation for composting

Applications Claiming Priority (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DK85487 1987-02-19
DK85487A DK85487D0 (en) 1987-02-19 1987-02-19 PROCEDURE AND PLANT FOR COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
DK244287A DK244287D0 (en) 1987-05-13 1987-05-13 composting
DK244287 1987-05-13
PCT/DK1988/000021 WO1988006148A1 (en) 1987-02-19 1988-02-12 Method and plant for composting
DK8800021 1988-02-12
DK564188A DK166874B1 (en) 1987-02-19 1988-10-07 Process and installation for composting
DK564188 1988-10-07

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
DK564188D0 DK564188D0 (en) 1988-10-07
DK564188A DK564188A (en) 1988-10-07
DK166874B1 true DK166874B1 (en) 1993-07-26

Family

ID=27220965

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DK564188A DK166874B1 (en) 1987-02-19 1988-10-07 Process and installation for composting

Country Status (1)

Country Link
DK (1) DK166874B1 (en)

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DK564188D0 (en) 1988-10-07
DK564188A (en) 1988-10-07

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Onwosi et al. Composting technology in waste stabilization: On the methods, challenges and future prospects
US20110239716A1 (en) Useful product producing apparatus, useful product produced by same and method for producing useful product
CN111792970A (en) Organic fertilizer prepared from cow dung and straw and preparation method thereof
BR112021001574A2 (en) process to manufacture nutritional compositions for plants and soils
CN108276039A (en) A kind of method and its device improving storehouse formula fermentation solid organic fertilizer decomposing degree
CN204162624U (en) A kind of unpowered self ventilated type aerobic composting device
EP0606119B1 (en) Process for composting waste
Guryanov et al. Technical means for disinfection and processing of bedding manure into organic fertilizers
CN113773141B (en) Straw organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof
DK166874B1 (en) Process and installation for composting
CN106892691A (en) A kind of method of nitrogen loss in reduction compost
Iewkittayakorn et al. Utilization of waste from concentrated rubber latex industry for composting with addition of natural activators.
KR20130066799A (en) Apparatus and method for liquid-fertilizing of livestock excretions using phytoncide
Suhartini et al. Composting of chicken manure for biofertiliser production: a case study in Kidal Village, Malang Regency
JP2000157949A (en) Treatment of garbage and device therefor
CN107686398A (en) A kind of animal manure process for producing technique for being used for matrix or organic fertilizer raw material
EP0303652B1 (en) Method and plant for composting
Leth et al. Influence of different nitrogen sources on composting of Miscanthus in open and closed systems
AT412534B (en) METHOD FOR VENTING ROTTE
Enakiev et al. Study of the main parameters of composting agricultural waste in Bulgaria
Mendoza et al. Influence of different airflows and the presence of bulking agent on biodrying of gardening wastes in reactors
ES2863424T3 (en) Procedure for the preparation of a nitrogen-enriched organic fertilizer as well as a nitrogen-enriched organic fertilizer
BR102019008757A2 (en) soil compost organic compost
Abdellatif et al. Effect of Aeration Rates and Mechanical Stirring System on Compost Production from Some Farm Wastes
CN106187639A (en) A kind of method of the aerobic compost protecting nitrogen for chicken manure

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AHB Application shelved due to non-payment
B1 Patent granted (law 1993)
PBP Patent lapsed