DE69025470T2 - ELECTRICAL ENCYME SENSOR ELECTRODE AND THEIR PRODUCTION METHOD - Google Patents
ELECTRICAL ENCYME SENSOR ELECTRODE AND THEIR PRODUCTION METHODInfo
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- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
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Description
Diese Erfindung bezieht sich im allgemeinen auf elektrochemische Enzymsensoren, und im besonderen auf Enzymelektroden. Diese Erfindung ist das Ergebnis eines Vertrags mit dem Department of Energy (Vertragsnummer W- 7405-ENG-36).This invention relates generally to electrochemical enzyme sensors, and more particularly to enzyme electrodes. This invention is the result of a contract with the Department of Energy (Contract Number W-7405-ENG-36).
Enzymelektroden sind eine Klasse von Vorrichtungen, die ein Enzym als ein katalysierendes Element in eine konventionelle Elektrode einbauen. Das Enzym ist neben der Elektrode angebracht und katalysiert eine Reaktion mit einer ausgewählten Substanz, in der eine elektroaktive Spezies gebildet (oder verbraucht) wird, und von der Elektrode detektiert wird, und ein Signal produziert, und zwar was funktionell zu der Menge der ausgewählten Substanz neben der Elektrode in Beziehung steht. In möglichen medizinischen Anwendungsbereichen solcher Sensoren können geringe Mengen verschiendener Substanzen in einem Körper gemessen werden. Solche Substanzen können Glukose, Urea, Harnsäure, Triglyzeride, Aminosäuren, Milchsäure usw. sein. Glukosekonzentrationen sind ein besonderes wichtiger Indikator von verschiedenen Körperkonditionen, z.B. Diabetes, und Glukosesensoren können mit anderen Vorrichtungen kombiniert werden, um abnorme Konditionen zu berichtigen.Enzyme electrodes are a class of devices that incorporate an enzyme as a catalyzing element into a conventional electrode. The enzyme is attached adjacent to the electrode and catalyzes a reaction with a selected substance in which an electroactive species is formed (or consumed) and is detected by the electrode, producing a signal that is functionally related to the amount of the selected substance adjacent to the electrode. Possible medical applications of such sensors include measuring small amounts of various substances in a body. Such substances may be glucose, urea, uric acid, triglycerides, amino acids, lactic acid, etc. Glucose concentrations are a particularly important indicator of various body conditions, e.g. diabetes, and glucose sensors may be combined with other devices to correct abnormal conditions.
Beispielsweise katalysiert das Enzym Glukoseoxidase die Reaktion von Glukose mit Sauerstoff zu Glukonsäure und Wasserstoffperoxid. Das Vorhandensein von Wasserstoffperoxid kann detektiert werden von der benachbarten Elektrode und die Menge von Wasserstoffperoxid kann bestimmt werden, wodurch die Glukosekonzentration in dem Material neben dem Enzym dann bekannt ist. Konventionel wird ein ausgewähltes Enzym neben dem Probematerial gehalten, und zwar durch Einkapselung des Enzyms zwischen Polymermembranen, die zum Transport des zu messenden Material geeignet sind, und zwar durch Einfügen des Enzyms in die Porenzwischenräume einer geeigneten Membran, oder durch Bilden einer Membran, welche das Enzym einbaut.For example, the enzyme glucose oxidase catalyzes the reaction of glucose with oxygen to form gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The presence of hydrogen peroxide can be detected by the adjacent electrode and the amount of hydrogen peroxide can be determined, whereby the glucose concentration in the material next to the enzyme is then known. Conventionally, a selected enzyme is placed next to the sample material by encapsulating the enzyme between polymer membranes suitable for transporting the material to be measured, by inserting the enzyme into the pore spaces of a suitable membrane, or by forming a membrane which incorporates the enzyme.
US Patent 4,415,666, erteilt am 15. November 1983 an D'Orazio et al. lehrt den Gebrauch von Zelluloseacetat und Kopolymeren von Zelluloseactetat, um eine mehrschichtige Membran zu bilden, wobei ein Enzym in eine Schicht eingebaut wird. Mehrere Nachteile des Standes der Technik sind darin diskutiert: Cellophanmembranen können beeinträchtigende, hochmolekulargewichtige Substanzen neben dem Enzym durchlassen: dünne Filtermembranen können die Passage von störenden Materialien verhindern, müssen aber zu dünn sein, um die Ansprechfähigkeit der Elektrode zu erhalten, als daß sie praktisch wären: laminierte Strukturen benötigen einen Enzymkleber, um Schichten zusammenzubinden, und können delaminiert werden; nur geringe Enzymladungen sind möglich. Der von dem '666 Patent gelehrte Sensor versucht diese Probleme zu lösen, und zwar durch Bilden einer zweischichtigen Zelluloseacetatmembran, in welche Glukoseoxidase in eine der Schichten eingebaut ist, um das Enzym unbeweglich zu machen, und um größere Ladungen des in die Membran einzubauenden Enzyms zu erlauben. Eine Außenschicht eines eine höhere Dichte habendes Zelluloseactetats ist gebildet, um die Probe zu verbinden, und zwar um Passage von störenden Materialien zu verhindern. Die Enzym- enthaltende Zelluloseactetatschicht ist direkt an der Schicht mit der höheren Dichte geformt um eine im wesentlichen integrale Membran zu bilden. Eine Membrandicke von ungefähr 1-10 µm für die erste Schicht und ungefähr 40-80 µm für die zweite Schicht wird erzielt. Die Membran wird in einen Polarograph angebracht, der einen Elektrolyt enthält, welcher Sauerstoff enthält, um Wasserstoffperoxid zu erzeugen, und zwar benachbart der Zellelektrode zum Fühlen. Die Außenschicht ist auch benötigt, um den Fluß von zum Enzym benachbarten Glukose zu limitieren, um nichtlineare Signale, welche durch Sauerstoffunterversorgung in der Membran entstehen, auszuschließen.U.S. Patent 4,415,666, issued November 15, 1983 to D'Orazio et al., teaches the use of cellulose acetate and copolymers of cellulose acetate to form a multilayer membrane in which an enzyme is incorporated into one layer. Several disadvantages of the prior art are discussed therein: cellophane membranes can allow interfering high molecular weight substances to pass alongside the enzyme; thin filter membranes can prevent the passage of interfering materials but must be too thin to maintain electrode responsiveness to be practical; laminated structures require enzyme adhesive to bind layers together and can delaminate; only low enzyme loadings are possible. The sensor taught by the '666 patent attempts to solve these problems by forming a two-layer cellulose acetate membrane in which glucose oxidase is incorporated into one of the layers to immobilize the enzyme and to allow larger loadings of the enzyme to be incorporated into the membrane. An outer layer of higher density cellulose acetate is formed to bind the sample to prevent passage of interfering materials. The enzyme-containing cellulose acetate layer is molded directly to the higher density layer to form a substantially integral membrane. A membrane thickness of approximately 1-10 µm for the first layer and approximately 40-80 µm for the second layer is achieved. The membrane is placed in a polarograph containing an electrolyte containing oxygen to to generate hydrogen peroxide adjacent to the cell electrode for sensing. The outer layer is also required to limit the flow of glucose adjacent to the enzyme to exclude nonlinear signals caused by oxygen deficiency in the membrane.
Es wäre erstrebenswert, das Enzym in einer dünnen Schicht, d.h. weniger als 10 µm dick, benachbart zur Elektrode für eine sehr schnelle Ansprechszeit für Glucosekonzentrationsänderungen, zur Verfügung zu stellen. Die Elektroden nach dem Stand der Technik benötigen auch eine benachbarte Quelle von Sauerstoff um die Enzymreaktion aufrechtzuerhalten und sind deshalb empfindlich gegenüber lokalen Sauerstoffkonzentrationen. Es soll auch bemerkt werden, daß jedes Material, welches den Sensor bildet, stabil und biokompatibel für möglichen in-vivo Gebrauch sein muß. Außerdem ist es erstrebenswert, die Beeinflußung von anderen oxidierbaren Substraten in einer Blutumgebung, wie zum Beispiel Ascorbinsäure und Harnsäure, zu minimieren.It would be desirable to provide the enzyme in a thin layer, i.e. less than 10 µm thick, adjacent to the electrode for a very fast response time to glucose concentration changes. The state of the art electrodes also require an adjacent source of oxygen to sustain the enzyme reaction and are therefore sensitive to local oxygen concentrations. It should also be noted that any material forming the sensor must be stable and biocompatible for possible in vivo use. In addition, it is desirable to minimize interference from other oxidizable substrates in a blood environment, such as ascorbic acid and uric acid.
Der Gebrauch von Perfluorsulfonsäurepolymeren, und im besonderen von Nafion (einem Warenzeichen von Du Pont), als einer Schutzschicht für den Gebrauch mit Glukoseoxidase wird von Harrison et al. "Characterisation of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Polymer Coated Enzyme Electrodes and a Miniaturized Integrated Potentiostat for Glucose Analysis in Whole Blood" 60 Anal.Chem., No.19, pp 2002- 2007 (1. Oktober 1988) gelehrt. Enzym-beschichtete Ionen- empfindliche Feldeffekttransistoren (ISFET) wurden mit Nafion beschichtet um eine semipermeable Membran über der Enzymschicht zu bilden, welche die Empfindlichkeit zu O&sub2; Spannungen reduziert und welches zufriedenstellende elektrochemische Leistung vorsieht, d.h. es war semipermeable für Glukose, es schützt die Enzymschicht, war biokompatibel und erziehlte reproduzierbare Ergebnisse. Eine Vorrichtung mit einer Nafionschicht von 1.7 µm wurde erfolgreich in einer ganzen Blutprobe für ungefähr sechs Tage betrieben, bevor die Nafionschicht sich von einer Glasabdeckung um die Elektrode trennte. Die 1.7 µm Dicke von Nafion sah ein Signalansprechen von Glukosekonzentrationen so gering wie 1.2 mM vor. Ein lineares Ansprechen wurde jedoch nur bei Glukosekonzentrationen von bis zu 28 mM erhalten und die Ansprechszeit war 5-17 s. Harrison et al. haben auch Probleme beim Befestigen des Nafion bemerkt. Weiterhin würde jede Öffnung in dem Nafionbezug das Enzym zu dem Testmaterial aussetzen, was in einer Degradierung des Enzyms resultiert.The use of perfluorosulfonic acid polymers, and in particular Nafion (a trademark of Du Pont), as a protective layer for use with glucose oxidase is taught by Harrison et al. "Characterisation of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Polymer Coated Enzyme Electrodes and a Miniaturized Integrated Potentiostat for Glucose Analysis in Whole Blood" 60 Anal.Chem., No.19, pp 2002- 2007 (1 October 1988). Enzyme-coated ion-sensitive field effect transistors (ISFET) were coated with Nafion to form a semipermeable membrane over the enzyme layer which reduced sensitivity to O₂ voltages and which provided satisfactory electrochemical performance, i.e. it was semipermeable to glucose, it protected the enzyme layer, was biocompatible and gave reproducible Results. A device with a 1.7 µm Nafion layer was successfully operated in a whole blood sample for approximately six days before the Nafion layer separated from a glass cover around the electrode. The 1.7 µm thickness of Nafion provided a signal response from glucose concentrations as low as 1.2 mM. However, a linear response was only obtained at glucose concentrations up to 28 mM and the response time was 5-17 s. Harrison et al. also noted problems in attaching the Nafion. Furthermore, any opening in the Nafion cover would expose the enzyme to the test material, resulting in degradation of the enzyme.
Diese und andere Probleme des Standes der Technik werden von der vorliegenden Erfindung besprochen und ein verbesserter enzymelektrochemischer Sensor wird vorgesehen.These and other problems of the prior art are addressed by the present invention and an improved enzyme electrochemical sensor is provided.
Ein Ziel der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein geeignetes Enzym benachbart zu der Sensorelektrode in einer Matrix vorzusehen, in welcher das Enzym nicht Gegenstand der Degradierung durch das Testmaterial ist.An object of the present invention is to provide a suitable enzyme adjacent to the sensor electrode in a matrix in which the enzyme is not subject to degradation by the test material.
Ein weiteres Ziel der Erfindung ist eine dünne Enzymschicht vorzusehen, welche verbesserte Ansprechszeiten hat.Another object of the invention is to provide a thin enzyme layer which has improved response times.
Wieder ein anderes Ziel ist es ein Enzym in einer Matrix vorzusehen, welche Störungen von unerwünschten oxidierbaren Bestandteilen im Testmaterial ausschließt.Yet another goal is to provide an enzyme in a matrix that excludes interference from undesirable oxidizable components in the test material.
Ein anderes Ziel der Erfindung ist es, einen elektrochemischen Sensor mit einer stark reduzierten Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Sauerstoffspannungen in der benachbarten Membran vorzusehen.Another object of the invention is to provide an electrochemical sensor with a greatly reduced sensitivity to oxygen tensions in the adjacent membrane.
Weitere Ziele, Vorteile und neue Eigenschaften der Erfindung werden zum Teil in der folgenden Beschreibung dargestellt, und werden zum Teil für Fachleute offensichtlich werden nach Prüfung des folgenden oder vielleicht durch praktische Anwendung der Erfindung. Die Ziele und Vorteile der Erfindung können verwirklicht und erreicht werden durch die Maßnahmen und Kombinationen, besonderes aufgezeigt in den unabhängigen Ansprüchen 1 und 3, und den davon abhängigen Ansprüchen.Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or perhaps by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instruments and combinations particularly pointed out in independent claims 1 and 3, and the claims dependent thereon.
Um das vorhergesagte und andere Ziele zu erreichen, und gemäß dem Ziel der vorliegenen Erfindung, wie dargestellt und hierin breit beschrieben, kann die Vorrichtung dieser Erfindung eine elektrochemische Sensorelektrode aufweisen, mit einem elektronischen Leiter mit einer 1-10 µm dünnen Beschichtung aus einem Persulfonsäurepolymer, und zwar mit einem Enzym darin verteilt, und zwar geeignet um eine Reaktion zwischen einer ausgewählten Substanz und Sauerstoff zu katalysieren, um Wasserstoffperoxid zu erzeugen in dem genannten Polymer für Detektion von dem Leiter. In einem bestimmten Ausführungsbeispiel bildet die Perfluorsulfonsäurepolymer mit dem verteilten Enzym eine einfache Beschichtung an dem elektronischen Leiter in Kontakt mit einer Lösung, welche die ausgewählte Substanz enthält.To achieve the foregoing and other objects, and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention as set forth and broadly described herein, the device of this invention may comprise an electrochemical sensor electrode comprising an electronic conductor with a 1-10 µm thin coating of a persulfonic acid polymer having an enzyme dispersed therein capable of catalyzing a reaction between a selected substance and oxygen to generate hydrogen peroxide in said polymer for detection from the conductor. In a particular embodiment, the perfluorosulfonic acid polymer with the dispersed enzyme forms a simple coating on the electronic conductor in contact with a solution containing the selected substance.
In einer weiteren Charakterisierung der vorliegenden Erfindung wird eine elektrochemische Sensorelektrode aus einer Gußlösung hergestellt, welche ein Perfluorsulfonsäureionomer enthält und ein Enzym, was ausgewählt wurde, um die Konzentration einer vorbestimmten Substanz zu bestimmen. Das Perfluorosulfonsäureionomer wird in einer alkoholischen Lösung vorgesehen, welche auf einen pH-Wert neutralisiert ist, welcher das Enzym nicht beeinflußt. Das Enzym wird dann zu der Ionomerlösung gegeben in einer Menge, die wirksam ist eine gewünschte Empfindlichkeit für die erwartete Konzentration der vorbestimmten Substanz vorzusehen. Die Ionomerlösung mit dem Enzym wird dann auf den elektronischen Leiter aufgetragen, um die elektrochemische Sensorelektrode zu bilden.In a further characterization of the present invention, an electrochemical sensor electrode is prepared from a casting solution containing a perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer and an enzyme selected to determine the concentration of a predetermined substance. The perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer is provided in an alcoholic solution which is neutralized to a pH which does not affect the enzyme. The enzyme is then added to the ionomer solution in an amount effective to provide a desired sensitivity for the expected concentration of the predetermined substance. The ionomer solution with the enzyme is then applied to the electronic conductor to form the electrochemical sensor electrode.
Die beiliegenden Zeichnungen, welche eingefügt sind und Teil der Beschreibung sind, illustieren Ausführungsbeispiele der vorliegenden Erfindung und dienen zusammen mit der Beschreibung die Prinzipien der Erfindung zu erklären. In den Zeichnungen zeigt:The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
Fig. 1 eine schematische Darstellung eines elektrochemischen Sensors gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung;Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of an electrochemical sensor according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 eine graphische Darstellung die Ausgabestabilität eines elektrochemischen Sensors gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung;Fig. 2 is a graphical representation of the output stability of an electrochemical sensor according to the present invention;
Fig. 3 eine graphische Darstellung des Ausgabeansprechens zu einer Anzahl von Glukosekonzentrationen eines Ausführungsbeispiels eines elektrochemischen Sensors gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung.Figure 3 is a graphical representation of the output response to a number of glucose concentrations of an embodiment of an electrochemical sensor according to the present invention.
Gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung, wird eine Gußlösung aus Perfluorsulfonsäureionomer und Enzym hergestellt und ein Elektrodenleiter wird mit der Lösung überzogen um einen Film zu bilden, und zwar der das Enzym in einer Dicke enthält, welcher die Menge des Enzyms vorsieht, die gebraucht wird, um die vorgegebene Empfindlichkeit mit der gewünschten Ansprechszeit gegenüber Konzentrationsänderungen in einem ausgewählten Material zu erhalten, und zwar mit einer Reaktion mit Sauerstoff, der von dem Enzym katalysiert wird. Der integrierte Film kann als Membran oder direkt auf die Elektrodenleiteroberfläche aufgebracht bzw. gegossen werden ohne Probleme mit Enzymdegradierung. Das Perfluorsolfonsäurepolymer, das gebildet wird, sieht eine unlösliche biokompatible Matrix für das Enzym vor und das Enzym ist gegen bakterielle Zersetzung von in-vivo oder in-vitro Umgebung geschützt. Außerdem bleibt das Enzym verwendbar für ständigen Gebrauch in der Elektrodenstruktur. Das Perluorsulfonsäurepolymer löst auch große Mengen Sauerstoff, der dann dem benachbarten Enzym zur Verfügung steht um die Wasserstoffperoxidbildung zur Signalerzeugung zu fördern.According to the present invention, a casting solution of perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer and enzyme is prepared and an electrode conductor is coated with the solution to form a film containing the enzyme in a thickness which provides the amount of enzyme needed to obtain the specified sensitivity with the desired response time to concentration changes in a selected material by reaction with oxygen catalyzed by the enzyme. The integrated film can be applied as a membrane or directly to the electrode conductor surface. without problems with enzyme degradation. The perfluorosulfonic acid polymer that is formed provides an insoluble biocompatible matrix for the enzyme and the enzyme is protected against bacterial degradation from the in vivo or in vitro environment. In addition, the enzyme remains viable for continuous use in the electrode structure. The perfluorosulfonic acid polymer also dissolves large amounts of oxygen, which is then available to the adjacent enzyme to promote hydrogen peroxide formation for signal generation.
In einem besonderen Ausführungsbeispiel wurde eine glukoseempfindliche Elektrode gebildet mit Perfluorsulfonsäureionomer und Glukoseoxidase. Ein Perfluorsulfonsäureionomer, Nafion, ist gewerblich erhältlich als eine Lösung in einem Alkohol/Wasser Gemisch, typischerweise als 5 Gewichts% von Nafion. Die Nafion Lösung wurde verdünnt um einen wesentlichen Betrag, z.B. zehnfach, durch die Hinzufügung von einem Phosphorpuffer (pH = 7) und Glukoseoxidase wurde zu der gepufferten Lösung zugefügt. Die entstehende Lösung kann dann auf die Elektrode aufgetragen werden durch Oberflächenauftragung für flache Elektroden oder durch Tauchbezug für Netze und Drähte. Typische Schichtdicken von 3 µm oder weniger sind ausreichend.In a particular embodiment, a glucose sensitive electrode was formed with perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer and glucose oxidase. A perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer, Nafion, is commercially available as a solution in an alcohol/water mixture, typically as 5% by weight of Nafion. The Nafion solution was diluted by a substantial amount, e.g., ten-fold, by the addition of a phosphorus buffer (pH = 7) and glucose oxidase was added to the buffered solution. The resulting solution can then be applied to the electrode by surface coating for flat electrodes or by dip coating for meshes and wires. Typical layer thicknesses of 3 µm or less are sufficient.
Wie hier gezeigt, sieht der Enzymüberzug, der gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung hergestellt ist, und zwar um eine Enzymelektrode zu bilden, verbesserte Leistungswerte gegenüber dem Stand der Technik elektrochemischer Sensorelektroden vor. Die Elektrode ist einfach hergestellt, und zwar benötigt es nur eine einfache Schicht des aktiven Nafion-Enzymmaterial auf dem Elektrodenleiter. Der entstehende dünne Überzug sieht eine sehr schnelle Ansprechszeit (2-4 Sekunden höchstens) auf Glukoseadditionen vor und spricht auf einen großen Bereich von Glukosekonzentrationen (wenigstens 1-110 mM) bevor Sättigung an. Das Perfluorsulfonat dissoziiert in der Gegenwart von Wasser in der Probe. Man glaubt, daß die entstehenden negativ geladenen Ionen die störenden Anionen wie zum Beispiel Ascorbin oder Harnstoff ausschließt. Außerdem ist das zusammengesetzte Material extrem stabil und zeigt wesentliche, und fast konstante, Leistung über eine lange Zeitperiode. Die starke Löslichkeit von Sauerstoff in der Nafionmatrix, die den Enzymkatalysator beinhaltet, stabilisiert auch die Reaktion und bietet potentielle Vorteile für Elektrodengebrauch in sauerstoffarmen Umgebungen oder bei Anwendungen, die hohe Glukosekonzentrationen beinhalten. Die Gußmischung (20 µl), welche gemäß Beispiel 1, unten, geformt wurde, wurde auf eine sich drehende Pt Scheibenelektrode (Fläche = 0.531 cm²) aufgetragen und luftgetrocknet für ungefähr 30 Minuten. Der entstehende Überzug enthält ungefähr 4 µg Enzym auf 100 µg Nafion.As shown here, the enzyme coating prepared according to the present invention to form an enzyme electrode provides improved performance over prior art electrochemical sensing electrodes. The electrode is easily fabricated, requiring only a single layer of the active Nafion enzyme material on the electrode conductor. The resulting thin coating provides a very fast response time (2-4 seconds at most) to glucose additions and is responsive to a wide range of glucose concentrations (at least 1-110 mM). before saturation occurs. The perfluorosulfonate dissociates in the presence of water in the sample. The resulting negatively charged ions are believed to exclude interfering anions such as ascorbic or urea. In addition, the composite material is extremely stable and shows substantial, and almost constant, performance over a long period of time. The high solubility of oxygen in the Nafion matrix containing the enzyme catalyst also stabilizes the reaction and offers potential advantages for electrode use in oxygen-poor environments or in applications involving high glucose concentrations. The casting mixture (20 µL) formed according to Example 1, below, was coated onto a rotating Pt disk electrode (area = 0.531 cm²) and air dried for approximately 30 minutes. The resulting coating contains approximately 4 µg enzyme per 100 µg Nafion.
1. Eine gewerbliche 5 % Nafion Lösung (Solution Technologies) wird zehnfach mit Wasser verdünnt.1. A commercial 5% Nafion solution (Solution Technologies) is diluted tenfold with water.
2. Die Lösung wird auf einen pH = 7.2 mit NaOH und Phosphatpufferlösung eingestellt.2. The solution is adjusted to pH = 7.2 with NaOH and phosphate buffer solution.
3. Glukoseoxidase wird zu der verdünnten Nafionlösung hinzugefügt (50 µl einer 10 mg/ml Glukoseoxidaselösung zu 2.5 ml Nafionlösung).3. Glucose oxidase is added to the diluted Nafion solution (50 µl of a 10 mg/ml glucose oxidase solution to 2.5 ml Nafion solution).
4. Die Gußmischung wird auf die Elektrodenstruktur aufgetragen.4. The casting mixture is applied to the electrode structure.
Es wird geschätzt werden, daß Perfluorsulfonsäure (Nafion) in Wasser dissoziiert um eine stark saure Lösung zu bilden, die das Enzym denaturieren würde. Gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung wird Enzymtätigkeit aufrechterhalten durch im Wesentlichen neutralisieren der sauren Lösung bevor das Enzym in die Perfluorsulfonsäurelösung gemischt wird. Sobald das Enzym hinzugefügt wurde um die Gußlösung zu bilden, wird die Mischung sofort auf die Leiterelektrodenstrukur aufgetragen und getrocknet, um die zusammengesetzte elektrochemische Sensorelektrode zu bilden. Überraschenderweise wird die Enzymaktivität dann in der zusammengesetzten Elektrode in der Persulfonsäurepolymermatrix, die das Enzym enthält, aufrechterhalten.It will be appreciated that perfluorosulfonic acid (Nafion) dissociates in water to form a strongly acidic solution which would denature the enzyme. According to the present invention, enzyme activity is maintained by substantially neutralizing the acidic solution before the enzyme is mixed into the perfluorosulfonic acid solution. Once the enzyme has been added to the To form a casting solution, the mixture is immediately applied to the lead electrode structure and dried to form the composite electrochemical sensor electrode. Surprisingly, the enzyme activity is then maintained in the composite electrode in the persulfonic acid polymer matrix containing the enzyme.
Bezugnehmend auf Figur 1, wurde der elektrochemische Sensorzusammenbau 10 konstruiert, um eine Enzymelektrode gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung einzubauen. Ein gewöhnlicher Elektrodenzusammenbau, d.h. Bezugselektrode 14, Zählerelektrode 16 und Fühlerelektrode 18, wurden in einer Probelösung 12, d.h. Glukoselösung, angebracht. Die Fühlerelektrode 18 beinhaltet einen Signalleiter 22, gestützt von Stange 24, die aus Teflon sein kann, und ist verbunden mit der Metalleiterelektrode 26. Die Enzymmatrix 28, nach Beispiel 1, wurde an der Oberfläche der Metalelektrode 26, die zur Lösung 12 zugegewandt ist und Lösung 26 berührt, und zwar um ein elektroaktives Material wie oben beschrieben zu bilden.Referring to Figure 1, the electrochemical sensor assembly 10 was constructed to incorporate an enzyme electrode according to the present invention. A conventional electrode assembly, i.e., reference electrode 14, counter electrode 16 and sensing electrode 18, were placed in a sample solution 12, i.e., glucose solution. The sensing electrode 18 includes a signal conductor 22 supported by rod 24, which may be made of Teflon, and is connected to the metal conductor electrode 26. The enzyme matrix 28 according to Example 1 was deposited on the surface of the metal electrode 26 facing the solution 12 and contacting the solution 26 to form an electroactive material as described above.
Das Ansprechen der Sensorelektroden, die wie oben beschrieben konstruiert waren, wurde für Glukosezugaben zu Phosphatpufferlösungen bestimmt. Das Ansprechen wurde für eine Konzentrationszunahme von 0.113 M Glukoseoxidase in dem Phosphatpuffer bestimmt. Die Ansprechszeit ist definiert als die Zeit von dem Punkt der Glukoseinjektion bis ein höherer Gleichgewichts- oder stetiger Stromzustand erreicht ist. Dies war typischerweise 2-4 Sekunden für die Testsensoren mit einer Nafion- Glukoseoxidaseschicht mit einer Dicke von ungefähr 3 µm. Eine Schicht mit einer Dicke von 1-10 µm gibt angemessene Leistung. Außerdem zeigten die Sensoren eine gleichbleibende Leistung während der Testzeit von über 50 Tagen, wie in Fig. 2 gezeigt ist. Ein anfänglich hohes Niveau von Elektrodenleistung ist allgemein beobachtet bei Elektroden, gefolgt von einer im wesentlichen konstanten Leistung, und zwar zeigt es eine allgemeine Aufrechterhaltung von Enzymaktivität während der Testperiode.The response of the sensor electrodes constructed as described above was determined for glucose additions to phosphate buffer solutions. The response was determined for a concentration increase of 0.113 M glucose oxidase in the phosphate buffer. The response time is defined as the time from the point of glucose injection until a higher equilibrium or steady state current is reached. This was typically 2-4 seconds for the test sensors with a Nafion glucose oxidase layer with a thickness of approximately 3 µm. A layer with a thickness of 1-10 µm gives adequate performance. In addition, the sensors showed consistent performance during the test period of over 50 days as shown in Fig. 2. An initial high level of electrode performance is generally observed. at electrodes, followed by essentially constant performance, indicating a general maintenance of enzyme activity during the test period.
Fig. 3 zeigt eine typische Reaktion des Enzymsensors auf aufeinanderfolgende Additionen oder Zugaben von Glukose. Der Strom, die an der Elektrode gemessen wird, spricht gut auf den schrittweisen Anstieg in der Glukosekonzentration von 1 mM zu 113 mM an. Dieser Bereich von Glukosekonzentrationen ist wesentlich größer als der Glukosebereich, der mit anderen bekannten Glukosesensoren erreicht werden kann, was die Fähigkeit der Fluorsonfonsäurematrix anzeigt, eine angemessene Sauerstoffzufuhr benachbart zum Enzym aufrechtzuerhalten. Fig. 3 zeigt auch das Ansprechen der Elektrode auf Eliminierung von Sauerstoff aus dem System durch Leiten von Argongas durch eine Phosphatpufferlösung, zu der Glukose hinzugefügt wurde. Nach einer Stunde der Behandlung war der Elektrodenstrom immer noch 40% des Anfangsbetrags, was die Wirkung der Sauerstofferhaltung in dem Nafion und daraus folgender verminderter Empfindlichkeit gegenüber lokalen Sauerstoffkonzentrationen in dem Testmedium zeigt.Figure 3 shows a typical response of the enzyme sensor to successive additions of glucose. The current measured at the electrode responds well to the stepwise increase in glucose concentration from 1 mM to 113 mM. This range of glucose concentrations is substantially larger than the glucose range that can be achieved with other known glucose sensors, indicating the ability of the fluorosulfonic acid matrix to maintain an adequate oxygen supply adjacent to the enzyme. Figure 3 also shows the response of the electrode to elimination of oxygen from the system by passing argon gas through a phosphate buffer solution to which glucose has been added. After one hour of treatment, the electrode current was still 40% of the initial value, demonstrating the effect of oxygen conservation in the Nafion and consequent reduced sensitivity to local oxygen concentrations in the test medium.
Ein elektrochemischer Sensor gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung, der auch einen Drehscheibenelektrodenleiter aufweist, wurde auch in humanen Serumproben getestet. Das Ansprechen des Sensors zu Additionen von Glukose war ähnlich zu dem Ansprechen, die mit Phosphatpufferlösungen gemessen wurde. Die Addition von 2 mM Glukose wurde richtig detektiert mit einer Ansprechszeit von 2-4 Sekunden.An electrochemical sensor according to the present invention, which also includes a rotating disk electrode conductor, was also tested in human serum samples. The response of the sensor to additions of glucose was similar to the response measured with phosphate buffer solutions. The addition of 2 mM glucose was correctly detected with a response time of 2-4 seconds.
Während die Elektrodenleistung in Fig. 2 und 3 erreicht wurden mit dem Gebrauch von Sensoren, die gemäß dem Verfahren des Beispiels 1 gebildet wurden, kann ein großer Bereich von äquivalenten Gußlösungsmischungen verwendet werden. Beispielsweise wurde der Effekt von Alkoholgehalt auf die Sensoraktivität bestimmt durch Ersetzen verschiedener Bruchteile der Phosphatpufferverdünnung der 5% Nafionlösung mit Ethanol während ein gleichbleibender Nafion und Enzymgehalt aufrechterhalten wurde. Sensoren von zufriedenstellender Aktivität wurden erhalten mit Gußlösungen, die bis zu 40 Gewichts% Alkohol enthielten, obwohl eine beschränkende Alkoholkonzentration nicht bestimmt wurden.While the electrode performance in Figs. 2 and 3 was achieved using sensors formed according to the method of Example 1, a A wide range of equivalent casting solution mixtures can be used. For example, the effect of alcohol content on sensor activity was determined by replacing various fractions of the phosphate buffer dilution of the 5% Nafion solution with ethanol while maintaining constant Nafion and enzyme content. Sensors of satisfactory activity were obtained with casting solutions containing up to 40 wt% alcohol, although a limiting alcohol concentration was not determined.
Enzymladungen von 4, 20 und 100 mg Glukoseoxidase pro Gram Nafion wurden befunden, als auf Glukoseänderungen angemessen anzusprechen. Tabelle A zeigt das Ansprechen des Sensors auf 16 mM Glukose in der Lösung. Man erkennt, daß die Empfindlichkeit (Strom/Ladungsverhältnis) relativ konstant ist. Tabelle A mg Glukoseoxidase/g Nafion Strom (µ) EmpfindlichkeitEnzyme loadings of 4, 20 and 100 mg glucose oxidase per gram Nafion were found to respond adequately to glucose changes. Table A shows the response of the sensor to 16 mM glucose in solution. It can be seen that the sensitivity (current/charge ratio) is relatively constant. Table A mg glucose oxidase/g Nafion Current (µ) Sensitivity
Eine Schutzschicht von Nafion ohne Glukoseoxidase wurde zu der elektrochemischen Sensorelektrodenstruktur hinzugefügt um den Effekt auf die Enzymfilmleistung zu bestimmen. Obwohl kein Effekt auf die elektrochemische Sensorelektrodenansprechszeit von der Nafionschicht beobachtetet wurde, gab es einen Verlust von ungefähr 75 % in der Sensoraktivität. Der Nafionschutzfilm war ungefähr 1 µm dick über dem 1 µm dicken Enzymfilm.A protective layer of Nafion without glucose oxidase was added to the electrochemical sensor electrode structure to determine the effect on enzyme film performance. Although no effect on electrochemical sensor electrode response time was observed from the Nafion layer, there was a loss of approximately 75% in sensor activity. The Nafion protective film was approximately 1 µm thick over the 1 µm thick enzyme film.
Es wird auch geschätzt werden, daß die vorliegende Erfindung nicht auf den Gebrauch mit dem Enzym Glukoseoxidase beschränkt ist. Viele andere Enzyme reagieren mit spezifischen Substanzen um Wasserstoffperoxid zu erzeugen, und zwar um ein elektrisches Signal, das funktionell verwandt zu dem Vorhandensein von solch spezifischen Substanzen, zu erzeugen. Geeignete Enzyme sind: Galaktoseoxidase, Alkoholoxidase, Milchsäureoxidase, Aminosäureoxidase und Cholersterinoxidase. Die relative Äquivalenz dieser Enzyme, um in elektrochemischen Sensoren gebraucht zu werden, ist in US Patent 4,795,707, erteilt am 3. Januar 1989 an Niiyama et al, gezeigt. Solche Enzyme, die Wasserstoffperoxid in der Gegenwart von einer spezifischen Substanz erzeugen, können in den Perfluorsonfonsäurepolymer eingebaut werden gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung um eine stabile, empfindliche elektrochemische Sensorelektrode zu bilden.It will also be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to use with the enzyme Glucose oxidase. Many other enzymes react with specific substances to generate hydrogen peroxide to produce an electrical signal functionally related to the presence of such specific substances. Suitable enzymes are: galactose oxidase, alcohol oxidase, lactic acid oxidase, amino acid oxidase, and cholesterol oxidase. The relative equivalence of these enzymes for use in electrochemical sensors is shown in U.S. Patent 4,795,707, issued January 3, 1989 to Niiyama et al. Such enzymes that generate hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a specific substance can be incorporated into the perfluorosulfonic acid polymer according to the present invention to form a stable, sensitive electrochemical sensor electrode.
Die vorrangegangenge Beschreibung verschiedender Ausführungsbeispiels der Erfindung wurde zum Zweck der Illustration und Beschreibung gegeben. Es ist nicht beabsichtigt ausführlich zu sein oder die Erfindung zu der genau beschriebenen Form zu limitieren, und offensichtlich sind viele Modifikationen und Variationen möglich im Licht der obigen Lehre. Die Ausführungsbeispiele wurden gewählt und beschrieben um die Prinzipien der Erfindung und ihre praktischen Anwendungen am besten zu beschreiben, um es so anderen Fachleuten zu ermöglichen die Erfindung mit den verschiedenen Ausführungsmöglichkeiten und mit verschiedenen Modifikationen zu nutzen, die geeignet sind für den bestimmten vorgesehenen Gebrauch. Es ist beabsichtigt daß der Bereich der Erfindung durch die anhängenden Ansprüche definiert wird.The foregoing description of various embodiments of the invention has been given for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form described, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best describe the principles of the invention and their practical applications, so as to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various forms and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the appended claims.
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US07/448,475 US5082550A (en) | 1989-12-11 | 1989-12-11 | Enzyme electrochemical sensor electrode and method of making it |
PCT/US1990/007136 WO1991009304A1 (en) | 1989-12-11 | 1990-12-10 | Enzyme electrical sensor electrode and method of making it |
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1989
- 1989-12-11 US US07/448,475 patent/US5082550A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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1990
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- 1990-12-10 EP EP91901386A patent/EP0457892B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-12-10 DE DE69025470T patent/DE69025470T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-12-10 JP JP3501772A patent/JPH04505966A/en active Pending
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EP0457892B1 (en) | 1996-02-21 |
DE69025470D1 (en) | 1996-03-28 |
JPH04505966A (en) | 1992-10-15 |
CA2045616A1 (en) | 1991-06-12 |
WO1991009304A1 (en) | 1991-06-27 |
EP0457892A4 (en) | 1992-10-28 |
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