DE3420123A1 - Working method for the harvesting of field crops, for the optimum utilisation of crop residues along with simultaneous soil-working, for seedbed preparation and for soil covering - Google Patents

Abstract

A working method for the harvesting of field crops and/or for the optimum utilisation of crop residues along with simultaneous soil-working and/or seedbed preparation with seed or for covering the loosened or ready-sown soil with at least some of the field crops to be harvested provides that the pick-up and comminution of the plant stock and/or of the crop residues should take place either directly from the stock or from a swathe or from a layer of material covering the soil. In the apparatus for carrying out this method, a supporting frame (3) provided with a mounting bracket both on its front side and on its rear side has at least two rearwardly extending longitudinal members (4, 5) which are arranged parallel to one another and of which at least one extends through between the upper and the lower strand of a band-conveyor device arranged behind the transverse member (8) and is connected to the second longitudinal member (5) by means of at least one or two further transverse members, the gear and the spreading disc (10) being arranged directly under the rear transverse member (5) of the frame (3). <IMAGE>

Description

Working methods for harvesting crops,

for optimal utilization of harvest residues with simultaneous tillage, for Seedbed preparation and soil cover The reports on compaction, inanity, Erosion, leaching, declining natural fertility (water retention capacity, Buffering capacity) of many arable soils sometimes contain dramatic formulations.

Some authors speak of the danger of a subsequent forest dieback Soil death.

Dambroth, Preuschen, Kahnt, for example, are calling for a fundamental turnaround in tillage.

It cannot be about just cultivating the soil with or those without a plow, or with a heavy cultivator or only the reduced tillage or either to recommend or reject no-till sowing.

The point is to set the goals based on the respective soil condition of tillage at the lowest possible cost.

This includes the "revitalization and deepening of the crumb", the "preservation and increasing the humus content ", the" avoidance of erosion and leaching.

The working procedures and equipment are to be selected so that their Advantages are fully used and the disadvantages are largely avoided.

Agriculture therefore needs inexpensive but versatile applicable to all types of soil, soil conditions, farm sizes and tractors adaptable devices that can be used individually as well as versatile with each other can be combined and therefore allow it to be done on a much larger scale of the soil cover, which is particularly favorable for soil fertility, of all To make use of usable areas e.g. with living plants, straw, green mass, etc.

Also the increasing discussions about the nitrate pollution of the groundwater (The EC wants to reduce the previous limit value from 90 mg per liter to 50 mg; the US only allow 10 mg perm) require better tillage methods and Soil cover, because any leaching of nutrients not only affects the groundwater, but also the wallet of the Charged by the landowner.

The nutrient leaching (also the erosion) can by the following measures at least largely reduced: Reduction of intensive tillage (no unnecessarily repeated or too intensive crushing and turning of the soil), Intensive cultivation only during the growing season. Increased cultivation of catch crops for soil cover ("conservation tillage").

Application of all types of fertilizer in not too large, possibly repeated Givings and only during the growing season (i.e. more often as top fertilizer), etc.

The increased cultivation of catch crops for ground cover is due to new implement systems facilitate better soil cultivation, i.e. both a precisely dosed "flat crumbs, as well as the gentle deep loosening as required and the problem-free seedbed preparation and ordering e.g.

of catch crops.

Also the direct sowing of winter and summer cereals after catch crops, Meadow plowing through extremely shallow milling has become possible. Any gentle loosening (without unnecessary turning, mixing or loosening the crumb) promotes the bottom cooking.

New additional equipment enables the preparation and ordering of the seedbed or the gentle deep loosening and seedbed preparation in one operation, too with tractors from 50 HP.

With a new spreader with two-disc wide spreading unit, manure, Chicken manure, compost, sewage sludge, separating lime, etc. unmatched wide, even and scattered thinly. The fertilization can therefore (either in autumn or in spring) increased "on the head of the cultivated plants" and possibly in several smaller gifts are given.

Despite these numerous, partly old, partly new possibilities and improvements can be seen with every trip across the country that very many farmers still of the given possibilities for consistent land cover of their fields do not make use of it, although agriculture urgently needs to exhaust it relies on all rationalization reserves that are somehow available and therefore either crop residues, catch crops, have to be better utilized, or fallow land, e.g. after the grain harvest in August, September, October Cannot be ordered with sales crops, consistently for growing catch crops The reason why many farmers fail to do so is because in that they fear difficulties in the rotting of considerable crop residues, or difficulties in preparing the seedbed and ordering the following See main fruit.

This is due to the fact that vigorous crops, even if they only stand in the field for 2 - 3 months, can generate significant biomass, the quantity of which is greater than the quantity of the subsequent crop in the same field at all could be recovered. There is therefore a lack of simple methods and devices which agriculture is given the opportunity to remove harvest residues, e.g. grain or grain maize straw, and / or green matter either wholly or partially in the field, on which they have accrued, to recycle them, or to transfer these materials to others, mainly to transport neighboring fields, or - that would be the best solution - to temporarily clear these harvested masses aside in the field, e.g. through production of swaths, then to loosen the field and, if necessary, to order and in one The next step is to sprinkle the harvested material onto the finished part of the field.

Naturally, there is neither time nor for these various operations Workforce available.

They should be able to be carried out in such a way that the taking up, the chopping up and re-sprinkling the organic material in the same operation as the loosening or drilling can be done.

It is known that the sugar beet leaf is harvested in fodder beet harvesting machines pick up, shredded, conveyed crosswise and with an additional spreading device to be distributed over the adjacent field area. However, this is usually done only directly when harvesting, i.e. not with material that is in swaths on the Field, or perhaps swathed first to carry out the order and then has to be spread over another part.

In addition, since agriculture no longer invest unnecessary marks can, these special machines are too expensive, too one-sided and not in every company usable.

The present invention therefore solves the problem, a method and to create a device suitable for its implementation, with which the most diverse Material either harvested from the plant stock, chopped up, to the side promoted and evenly on a strip of field loosened after the harvest or a seedbed can be sprinkled on, regardless of whether it is planted is available as a previously prepared swath or as previously spread over the field Ground cover.

Preferably, the method and the device should also be suitable except for covering crops, e.g. also for transporting heavy items Animal feed in a manger and / or for making swaths from grass, straw etc., but also suitable for spreading swaths of grass, straw etc. be.

further basic ideas of the present method result from The following: Anyone who talks about green manure in agriculture today, means fertilization with biomass, (above-ground parts of plants, harvest residues, roots etc.) on the field that is fertilized (and / or of course also covered) should be, has grown.

Green manure - especially with legumes - can result in considerable Achieving higher yields, improving the condition of the soil and reducing leaching, erosion, etc. prevented, or at least greatly reduced.

That many practitioners still do not have all the options available to use for the cultivation of a green manure is due on the one hand to the fact that it used to be relatively convenient (and not particularly expensive) to use more and more commercial fertilizers apply. However, these are becoming increasingly expensive. With the mineral fertilization as neither the humus content nor the water retention capacity nor the aeration can do this the soils are improved, while leaching and soil erosion are prevented.

On the other hand, many practitioners still see certain things disadvantage the green manure: lush plant stocks (e.g. winter catch crops) can sometimes not without disadvantages for the following crop (e.g. summer cereals, sugar beets, Maize or similar) can be recycled. If too large a mass of green is plowed in, it is cultivated or milled in, this can lead to acidification of the soil, to formation of root toxins or a puffy soil condition.

Green manure also consumes significant amounts of water. Is in Areas with high rainfall an advantage, in arid areas a disadvantage.

These difficulties in tillage and the subsequent Ordering after a green manure should not prevent us from all of the crop rotation of the season, the climate, the soil, etc. to be fully exploited for green manure: a lush catch crop must, however are not always driven onto the farm, fed or ensiled in order to achieve this to be able to order harvested field without any problems.

Large masses of green can also be mowed, taken up with a dosing loader wagon, shredded and then immediately opened with an additional broad spreader one neighboring field (e.g. potatoes, sugar beets, corn, etc.) can) be scattered as a veil-like ground cover! With it, outlaws can In the future, farms will improve their crop rotations and, for example, after cereals even then grow a catch crop when it is neither needed for feed nor before Ordering the subsequent crop can be incorporated.

In autumn, the first cut can be used, for example, as "top dressing" (or soil cover) can be spread on rapeseed, winter wheat, winter barley, etc.

In the spring, a second cut can be used as a veil-like ground cover E.g. on already ordered beets, potatoes, corn, if the Tracks are matched to existing tramlines.

All subsequent crops (e.g. potatoes, corn, vegetables) can be used without any problems the harvested green manure field. (They recycle the stubble, the root mass and the accumulated legume nitrogen). When the fall sown green manure freezes off over winter, can be done directly in spring with new methods be ordered.

This "top dressing with biomass" is done with a dosing wagon attached wide spreading device possible without any problems. It has the great advantage that the subsequent order is simplified because the biomass is not incorporated must become.

Because they are scattered on the ground (or the crops) can, these grow through the mulch cover. This causes erosion and excessive water evaporation is also reduced or completely prevented.

You can also e.g. only half (e.g. every 2nd

Swath) of the biomass and move to a field other than the ground cover scatter. The remaining swaths are then charged and immediately again thanks to the spreader attached to the rear of the loader wagon across the entire field distributed.

This gives the practice additional options, more green manure to grow as before, b-zw.

better utilize them. Such fields can also be added be provided with green manure or a cover, on which e.g. for crop rotation reasons (or because of water scarcity) no green manure could be grown so far.

The companies can therefore in the future be able to use considerably larger areas - also without livestock - supply only with farm manure, erosion prevent and make better use of the precipitation. That saves more from year to year Purchased fertilizers, energy and raw materials.

The invention is illustrated by some in the drawings Exemplary embodiments are described as follows: They show: FIG. 1 a partially sectioned Side view of a tractor with an implement attached to the front Fig. 2 top view corresponding to FIG. 1, FIG. 3 view of the device in the direction of travel, FIG. 4 partially sectioned side view of a tractor with attached to the rear Working device, Fig. 5 top view corresponding to Fig. 4 Fig. 6 side view of the device during the work according to Fig. 1, Fig. 7 plan view of the device during the Work corresponding to Fig. 2, Fig. 8 side view of a modified embodiment, 9 shows a plan view of a modified exemplary embodiment.

Claims (5)

Working method for harvesting crops and / or for optimal utilization of harvest residues with simultaneous tillage and / or seedbed preparation with seeds or to cover the loosened or finished sown soil with at least part of the crops to be harvested or the harvest residues to be used, in which the crop stand or the harvest residues are initially preferably crushed at the front of the tractor, then promoted transversely to the direction of travel to the side and on an already loosened and / or part of the field prepared or sown ready for sowing are deposited, d a d u r c h e k e n n n n e i n e t that the picking up and chopping of the plant population and / or the crop residues, optionally directly from the inventory or takes place from a swath or from a layer of material covering the ground, and either in front of the tractor or behind the tractor, and that that After the shredding process, the crop is continuously fed to above the ground Side conveyed and either deposited there in the swath or thinly as a veil on the side that has already been loosened and / or prepared or sown ready for sowing next to the lane arranged part of the field is spread. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the working steps Picking up, chopping, cross conveying optionally together at the front or can be carried out at the rear of the tractor. 3. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in, that the operations of picking up, chopping, cross conveying + soil loosening on the Take place at the front of the tractor. 4. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the operations of picking up, cross conveying, chopping, spreading, together with the following work step "soil loosening or shallow milling" behind the Tugs are feasible! 5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the operations of picking up, transverse conveying, crushing, Spreading together with the subsequent work step "loosening or shallow soil Milling "can be carried out behind the tractor! & Method according to one of the claims 1 - 4, characterized in that the tool except for harvesting, chopping of green manure and / or straw temporarily also as a feeding device in the barn, or as a combined swath spreader or swather in the field for e.g. hay, green forage, Silage, grain straw, is usable. = 7. Device for performing the method according to one of the claims 1 - 4, characterized in that one on its front and back with each a support frame (3) provided with a trestle (2) at least 2 towards the rear and longitudinal members (4,5) arranged parallel to one another, of which at least one between the upper (6a) and the lower drum (7a) one behind the cross member (8) arranged belt conveyor runs through and with the second longitudinal beam (5) is connected by at least one or two further cross members, whereby the Gear (19) and the spreading disc (10) directly under the rear cross member (5) of the frame (3) are arranged.