DE2846604A1 - PROCESS FOR PRODUCING MUSHROOMS, IN PARTICULAR MUSHROOMS AND PLANT FOR CARRYING OUT THIS PROCESS - Google Patents

Description

DDipl.Ing.Dr.techn. Othmar RUTHNER Vienna ,, ( Austria )

"Process for the production of mushrooms, in particular mushrooms and installation for implementation this procedure ".

The invention relates to a method for the production of mushrooms, in particular mushrooms, in which substrate studded with mycelium is filled into containers in which the mycelium the substrate grows through, whereupon the substrate with

a layer of soil is covered, then the cover soil is grown through and the mushroom bodies arise.

Another object of the invention is a system for carrying out this method.

In mushroom cultivation it was previously known to add mushroom substrate with mushroom mycelium Peck and fill in boxes, in which the mycelium grows through the fertilizer, whereupon the substrate covered with a layer of earth or sand.

The object of the invention is to create measures by which the cultivation of mushrooms by name the mushrooms can be done faster than before.

This goal is achieved in that in a method of the type mentioned in accordance with the invention the studded substrate is filled into cups, which at least in the last phase of the cultivation

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Procedure after growing through the cover soil on an endless one that runs in vertical snakes Conveyor belt are brought, on which the cups are brought up to the conveyor belt which the cups are guided through one or more climatic zones until the mushrooms are ripe.

To carry out the process in question, a system is proposed in which according to the invention, two drums are provided for moistening and composting the substrate, followed by a device for loading the substrate, to which a conveyor device for Guiding of cups filled with substrate to a cultivation system, which consists of several Chambers with circulation systems for guiding the cups through air-conditioned rooms as well as a device for applying consists of cover soil, with locks with relocating devices being provided between the chambers are·

Further details of the invention are explained in more detail with reference to the drawing, in which a schematic production of the system according to the invention is shown in two variants,

1 denotes a straw and hay store, in which straw in bales with trucks over a weighbridge and Hay is delivered in sacks. Unloading can be done with a mobile conveyor belt. The camp is a pitched roof hall with a concrete floor, where the straw bales and hay bales are stacked.

The organic substrates, in the present case straw and hay, must be inoculated with mushroom mycelium be composted and pasteurized,

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For this purpose, the bales of straw and hay sacks are brought from the store 1 by means of a conveyor belt (not shown) to a scale 21, which at best can be designed as a belt scale and preferably has a counter. After opening the bales of straw and emptying the haybags, the material arrives from the scales in a mixing ratio of 80 % straw and 20 % hay into a chopper 2, where it is chopped to a length of about 2 to 10 cm. The chopped material is brought into an intermediate store 3 by means of a, for example, pneumatic conveying device 22, which can have a capacity of 50 to 60 mm, for example.

The straw and hay must have a certain amount of moisture for later rotting and composting which also determines the growth of the fungi. To give the GuA the necessary moisture to give, it is fed from the intermediate store 3 via a metering device 3a to a humidifying drum 4, which is arranged in a falling line rotates. The fresh substrate is used in terms of the C-N ratio and the water content analyzed automatically.

In the moistening drum 4, the substrate is rapidly and continuously brought to the required water content by blowing in steam in combination with the circulation of the substrate caused by the constant rotation. Instead of steam, hot water at a temperature of 60-80 ^° C. can also flow through the drum 4.

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There is also the possibility of replacing the drum with a container in which there is a rotating screw is located, which causes the substrate to circulate. The excess water is recovered from the drum 4. In the case of a rotating drum, there are on the inside of the same Arranged strips, which bring about the mixing of the substrate.

From the moistening drum 4, the substrate is converted into a composting drum via a metering device 23 5 supplied, which is arranged sloping downward similarly to the moistening drum and rotates, with bars on the inside of the drum shell for mixing the Substrates are arranged. In this case, too, a standing container with a rotating container could be used Replace the auger the drum. In the metering device there is a short one, not shown A conveyor belt is provided, which transports the moist straw / hay mixture.

When transferring the substrate from Drum 4 in drum 5 is the substrate determined in the analysis carried out at the beginning, required amount of additives from the container 6, i.e. programmed to the desired Composition at the end of the drum 5 with monitoring of the substrate in the store. 3. cybernetic and continuously attached. The additives or aggregates get into the container 6 from a not shown Silo, to which, for example, every quarter of the year aggregates in the form of carcass meal, sulfur

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acidic NH ,, CaCO, etc. are fed in sacks, introduced via a bucket elevator 24. At most, the moisture of the substrate can also be increased to about 90% in the metering device. This increase in moisture can also only take place in the composting drum 5, in which the substrate remains for about 10 days.

Air is blown into the drum 5 so that in connection with the constant rotation good mixing that takes place a rapid and uniform biological conversion of the substrate, as required for good composting, is guaranteed. The climatic conditions in the drum 6 (in particular humidity, temperature, Op content) can by feedback are constantly kept at optimum values with built-in measuring instruments.

This enables such a favorable temperature control that there is a rapid enrichment of the necessary microorganism flora. This leads to self-heating of the substrate up to about 70 ⁰ C, whereby a uniform and continuous pasteurization can take place.

The substrate composted in this way is conveyed into a mixing and chilling container 7, in which it is continuously mixed with the seed material.

The mixing and spiking can also take place on a conveyor belt, which is located between the exit from the drum 6 and the entrance to the container 7 is located.

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The seeding material is taken from a hatchery in containers 8 on a stage (not shown) brought over the container 6, whereupon the container 8 is emptied into the container 6. The daily amount can be 220 1, for example. The application of the brood to the aforementioned compost conveyor belt can, for example take place via a dosing device. The spiked material itself is made up of small grains of cereal Mushroom mycelia. They form small initial points in the substrate mixture.

The goods stored there can be supplied to various uses from the container 7. In the The simplest form is the goods in boxes, bags or the like. packaged for sale. It can also be used for a conventional Mushroom making can be used. According to the invention, the goods are filled into cups in a circulation system brought on which the actual mushroom sauce takes place. Two different * Route3 lead.

In one way, a conveyor belt 9 is provided below the container 7, on which cups 25 of an empty cup stack 36 via a not shown Forklift and feed rollers are brought. The filling the cups 25 takes place by means of a metering device 7a, whereupon the Korapost surface is milled flat and is pressed down by means of rollers or punches 26. The larded cups are by means of a conveyor belt 9a brought to a loading device 10, which in the present case in the form of an endlessly revolving conveyor belt and / or a transfer car via a sterile lock 27 in a chamber I on an endless

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Circulation system 11 is hung, which leads the cups in ascending and descending lines through a climatic space in which the substrate grows, that is to say, the substrate grows through with mushroom threads. In chamber I, the cups remain in circulation for about half a week at preferably 24 ^° C.

At the end of the chamber I, the cups are unhooked from the circulation system 11 by means of a transfer trolley 12 and brought via a sterile lock 28 into a chamber 29 in which above the Car 12 is a container 13 with covering soil.

For the preparation of the cover soil, peat, CaCO, is delivered in sacks and stored in sacks under the above-mentioned or another canopy. Using a front loader, peat, sand and CaCO2 are brought into a mixing device, from which the mixed covering soil is brought into a pasteurization room with a front loader and preferably heaped 50-80 cm high. This embankment is ventilated from the bottom with a steam-air mixture of 60 ^° C., preferably for 4 hours, the air being circulated in a circulation mode. The cover soil is then cooled to around 25 ° C using fresh air and then cleared out using a front loader. This covering soil prepared in this way is fed to the collecting container 13, from which it is introduced into a uuerförderer, not shown, which covers the, for example, 3 m long cups with this prepared material. After the cups have been covered, the surface of the cover soil is stripped, milled flat, pressed down and watered,

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whereupon the cups through a lock 30 in the subsequent lock 30 in the subsequent Climatic chamber II introduced and hung there in an endless circulation system 14, which the circulation system 11 is similarly equipped. In the chamber II begins to grow through the Top layer and nodes form, which are already microscopic fruiting bodies. The consolidation of hyphae into small clusters takes about a week to 10 days. In the chamber

II there is a temperature of 24 ⁰ C with a humidity of 85 - 90 %,

The transfer device 15 hangs the cups from the circulation system 14 and brings them through a lock 31 into the subsequent chamber III, in which the. Cups can be hung on a further identically designed circulation system 16. The formation of the young fruiting bodies leads to an increase in biological activity. In connection with the increase in biological activity, there is also a stronger development of heat. For this reason, the air temperature in the chamber III must be decreased to 18 ⁰ C on 17th In the chamber

III the continuation of the growth and further development of the fruit takes place.

A transfer device 17 brings the cups through a similar to the transfer device 15 Lock 32 to a circulation system 18 of a further chamber IV, which is the same as the previous circulation systems. At the transition to chamber IV, the formation of the fruiting body is already so far in progress that small mushrooms

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nons are present, which after the cups have been left in the chamber for one to four weeks IV grow to the desired size and weekly at a harvest sluice 19, which in a Harvesting space 33 leads, if need be harvested using automatic devices can. The harvest space is expediently sterile. Of course there is also the possibility that pickers cut the mushrooms, clean them and sort them into tubes according to quality class give up, which go to conveyor belts 34, from which the mushrooms in collecting container 20 falling on a scale 35 so that the mushrooms are packed in equal geo-chts on pallets using a forklift in a cold store or for shipping in refrigerated trucks to a loading ramp to be brought. A poor grade of mushrooms can also unpackaged canning plants are fed. When using harvesting machines, the sorting can be done automatically in sorting devices take place.

There is also the possibility of a combined harvest by putting the mushrooms for sale picked by hand and automatically for the canning factories.

The harvested cups are removed from the hanger of the circulation system by means of a removal device 18 pushed out, stacked and brought to old compost places by forklifts ^ where the old compost is dumped.

The cups can also be placed in containers or on conveyor belts after they have been removed from the hanger

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tipped and emptied are placed on their own conveyor belts, on which they are via washing devices be guided. The cleaned cups are stacked in boxes and placed in a pasteurization room or the sterilization room, from which they arrive at the stack 36 already mentioned.

The inventive method has the advantage over the conventional systems that a • there is a continuous, fully automatic process. By controlling the indoor climate created optimal reaction conditions. A shortened reaction time is nutrient-friendly, Worked to save substrate and time. Furthermore, an optimal mixing of the substrate is achieved, whereby uniform compost is obtained, which a possible use of harvesting machines is possible power. In addition, a separate pasteurization phase can be omitted. Another advantage is in one low space requirements and the exclusion of infections of the substrate by airborne germs. By the Completed system will impair the environment through compost germs, odor, ammonia fumes etc. turned off. Finally, energy can be recovered from the heated exhaust air.

Of course, within the scope of the invention various changes are made. For example, it is possible to use compost and the seedling material from the intermediate container 7, as shown in dashed lines, to be introduced into a growing drum 11a. This is located horizontally in the present case, preferably with an inner Conveyor screw can be formed. Appropriate

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however, a rotating drum with a sloping axis is used so that the material moves slowly to the outlet opening. As far as the indoor climate is concerned, the drum 11a can be regulated like the drum 5. After a certain dwell time in the drum 11a, which dwell time is determined, as in the case of the previously described drums, by their length, speed of rotation and, if necessary, the built-in transport mechanism, the substrate that has grown through with mycelium is filled into cups 25a of a circulating belt 9a via a metering device 11b, which is attached to the circulating belt 9 and is equipped with the same additional equipment for smoothing and pressing down the substrate in the cups.

The circulating belt 9a or a connecting conveyor 9b brings the cups, bypassing chamber I, directly into chamber 29 for application the cover soil. The further progress of the breeding process takes place in the same way as in the previous one described procedure.

Of course, other substrates or composts can also be used. So can for example horse manure or urban compost can be used. Attempts have already been made to add the latter to the horse manure in small amounts. For city compost and horse manure as well If the two are mixed, the moistening drum 4 may be omitted. All of these substrates however, must be conditioned in the composting drum 5 will.

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The thorough mixing of the substrate in the composting drum 5 ensures good growth the microorganisms, which means that composting is faster than in the compost heap, because in the compost rent, precisely because it is a heap of 1.5 m, annaerobic conditions can arise, which are rather disadvantageous for composting, while with the invention Procedure by blowing through additionally the positive effect of the annaerobic Construction occurs.

An essential measure of the invention The process consists in that it breaks down into two stages, namely in the preparation of the Substrate with Spickmateirial and in the actual cultivation process, one of the two processes takes place in a continuous process. Thus, as shown in FIG. 2, the sequence can be in three different ways Species go on. The first possibility is that conventional substrate, which already is provided with seed material, is subjected to the breeding process according to the invention, in which it is filled into the cups 25 or introduced into the drum 11a. The second option is the combination of the continuous process for the preparation of the substrate, which provided with seeding material, fed to a conventional method for growing the mushrooms, such as was already mentioned before the detailed description of the breeding facility. The third option is the combination of both steps in a continuous sequence, as shown in FIG. 1.

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The following examples, known per se, are given for the composition of the mushroom substrate:
B_e_i_s_p__i__e_l 1 __ ^

Components

Fresh Dry % N weight substance in the in kg in kg Fresh weight 1000 415 0.5 100 22nd 1.5 15 * 15 * 6.0 5 * 5 * 4.0 15 * 15 *

kgHT

Horse manure Chicken droppings Cottonseed meal Malt sprouts Gypsum

5.0 1.5 0.9 0.2

* air dry, 7.6. 100 472

7.6

= 1.61 nitrogen in the dry matter

ingredients fresh-dry% N
weight substance in
in kg in kg fresh weight

kgM

Horse manure chicken manure sulfuric acid) Ammonia) carbonate of lime gypsum

1000
100

5 *

5 *
15 *

415
22nd

5 *

5 *
15 *

0.5
1.5

21.0

5.0 1.5

1.05

* air dry 7.55. 100

462

462

7.55

1.63 J6 nitrogen in the dry matter

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28466Q4

Fresh
weight
in kg Dry
substance
in kg % N
in the
Fresh
weight kgN Components 1000
200
25 * 415
44
25 * 0.5
1.5 5.0
3.0 Horse manure
Chicken droppings
plaster ι 1 -fiS 9ή S-hi 484
r.kstnff in . the>! before; 8.0
kensnh * air dry
8.0. 100

484

punch

Components

Fresh weight in kg

Dry% N
substance in
in kg fresh weight

kgN

Horse manure 1000 Chicken droppings 150 Plaster of paris 25 *

415
93
25 *

0.5

2.4

5.0 3.6

* air dry 8.6. 100

533

533

8.6

1.61 % nitrogen in the dry matter.

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Claims (10)

Dr.ter.nat.Wolfgang Kempe Patent attorney>. _H DDipl.Ing. Dr Teohn. Othmar RUTHNER, Vienna (Austria) Process for the production of mushrooms, in particular mushrooms, and installation for carrying out this process. Patent claims: ΓΤ) Process for the production of mushrooms, in particular Mushrooms, in which substrate studded with mycelium is filled into containers, in which the mycelium grows through the substrate, whereupon the substrate is covered with a layer of earth, then the cover soil is grown through and the mushroom bodies arise, characterized in that the studded substrate is filled into cups, which at least in the soldered phase of the growth process After the cover soil has grown through, it is placed on an endless conveyor belt that runs in vertical lines be brought on which the cups until the mushrooms ripen through one or more climatic zones be guided. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that that the substrate is placed in a container prior to pickling and subsequent filling into cups is composted, in which it is circulated and aerated. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the prepared and studded substrate one conventional methods for the production of mushrooms is fed. 4. The method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the mixed with seed material Substrate a container with controllable indoor climate - 1 909818/0905 is supplied, in v / elchem the substrate remains until it has grown through with mycelium, whereupon the substrate is filled into cups, which are provided with covering soil, whereupon the cups Wander through cultivation chambers, in which they remain until the fruit is ready to be harvested. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the cups after applying the Cover soil passes through at least three chambers, with a growth in the first and second chambers the covering soil and the formation of microscopic sacs takes place while in the last chamber completes the growth of the fruiting bodies, 6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that that the mushrooms are harvested in a chamber in which part of the circulation system is directed through a lock. 7. The method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the substrate as essential Has constituents straw and hay, which aggregates after passing through the humidification container be added. 8. Plant for carrying out the method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that that two drums (4,5) for moistening and composting of the substrate are provided, followed by a device for pecking the substrate to which a conveying device for guiding cups (25) filled with substrate to a cultivation system is connected, which consist of several chambers with circulating - 2 -
ο QQ ι 8/0905 there are systems for guiding the cups through air-conditioned rooms as well as a device for applying cover soil, between the chambers (I, 29, II, III, IV) locks with transfer devices are provided. 9. Plant according to claim 8, characterized in that in the ^A _nsC connection to the device for pecking the substrate, a container (7) for collecting the pecked substrate followed by a drum (11a) with an air-conditioned room, to which a metering device for filling of cups and a conveyor for transporting the cups to the device for applying the covering soil. 10. Plant according to claim 4, characterized in that that in connection with the conveying device, a first chamber with a circulation system connects to which a chamber (29) with a device (13) for applying cover soil and further cultivation chambers Connect (II, III, IV). - 3 909818/0905 10/10/1978 / cs