DE2501315A1 - POLYESTER - Google Patents

Description

Me invention "relates to new plasticizers for thermoplastic polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride, especially plasticizers, those of alcohol-end-saturated polyesters are derived with a lactone as a co-reactant.

In GB patent 1,289,516 a process for the production of linear or branched polyesters is claimed which are essentially primary-hydroxy-terminated, have a maximum true melting point of 30 ° C and $ 25 - lofo (weight) of the epsilon oxycaproyl unit - b (CHp) j - C = OI-, characterized in that a material which provides the epsilon-oxycaproyl unit is mixed with at least one dicarboxylic acid or a corresponding anhydride and at least 2 straight-chain glycols of the formula HO (CH ₉ ) OH with η equal to a whole

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Number of 2-5 converts, the ratio of the reactants so is that the received :. Polyester has the necessary content of epsilon-oxyoaproyl units. The polyester, the acylation obtained in this way are said to act as plasticizers be suitable for vinyl resins.

In GB patent 1,137,882 a process for the production of polyesters is claimed, characterized in that that one converts a mixture of the following components:

(a) Io - 65 mol $> E-caprolactone,

(b) 45-17.5 mol generally of an aliphatic di-hydroxy compound, or a mixture of 2 or more such compounds, and

(c) 45 - 17.5 mole io an aliphatic "carboxylic acid!

or a mixture of 2 or more of such acids, or a mixture of one or more of such acids with up to Io mole io of total acids of an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, wherein the proportions of components (a), (b) and (c) the reaction mixture still in above limits according to the nature of the individual compounds of components (b) and (c) are chosen so that the total ratio of carbon to oxygen in the polyester obtained, excluding the oxygen in the end groups, is at least 4.5: 2, wherein when component (b) consists of a single aliphatic <*, u> -dihydroxy compound

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and component (c) consists of a single aliphatic ⁰ ^ w -diacid, at least one of components (b) and (c) is a compound in which the main chain carbon atoms carry one or more substituents which are lower alkyl with 1- 4 carbon atoms are. These polyesters produced in this way are said to be suitable as plasticizers for vinyl chloride resins.

GB Patent 859,642 describes a polyester derived from lactones, which at least one terminal hydroxyl group, and the plasticizer is useful for vinyl halide and other resins. The polymerization is carried out by compounds v / ie primary alcohols with 2-lo carbon atoms and dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid. It will also reports that when the polyesters are to be used as plasticizers, the molecular weight of about 15oo - 9ooo and that the optimum for plasticizers in polyesters with a molecular weight of about 2,000,000 lies.

Surprisingly, it has now been found that a group of alcohol-terminated polyesters with a molecular weight from 5oo - 14oo containing a lactone as a co-reactant with an aromatic or a partial or completely hydrogenated aromatic diacid and an ali-

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phatic diol valuable plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride is. They are more effective than plasticizers made from similar higher molecular weight reactants G-B patent 859 * 642. They are easier to work with and show other valuable properties compared to other commercially available polyester plasticizers. The molecular weight of the polyesters according to the invention is by 2 factors determine:

1) the ratio of number of MoIb alcohol to reactant _ -n

Number of moles of diol reactant

2) Moles of lactone used = C

Decreasing R for a given C increases the molecular weight and vice versa.

Increasing C for a given R increases the molecular weight and vice versa.

The invention therefore relates to compounds of the formula · '"' · &

A (P) _a (D) _b (L) _c AI.

wherein A is a radical of one or more saturated straight-chain or branched monohydric alcohols with 1 - 20 carbon atoms, P is a radical of one or more saturated straight-chain or branched aliphatic Diols with 2-6 carbon atoms, D is a radical of one or more unsubstituted or substituted aromatic dicarboxylic acids is that may be partially or wholly hydrogenated

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can and have 8-16 carbon atoms, L is a residue of one or more saturated hydroxy acids with 4-12 carbon atoms, each of the residues is linked by ester bonds and P, D and L are randomly distributed over the molecule, and a, b and c are each greater than O, the amount of hydroxy acid residue is Io - 9ο mol fo based on the total number of moles of the reactants, and the ratio of the number of moles of alcohol to the number of moles of moles is 2.2 - o.93, so that the average molecular weight is 500-1400.

Liquid polyesters are preferred because they are easier to handle and in practice. to process are as solid polyester.

The average molecular weight is preferably 600-100. The remainder of a hydroxy acid is esp. derived from the corresponding lactone, but can also be derived from the hydroxy acid itself.

The alcohol that corresponds to the residue A is, for example, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, isobutyl alcohol, n-hexanol, isooctyl alcohol, nonanol, isodecyl alcohol, mixed C ₁₂ and ^ 3 normal alcohols (Dobanol 23 ), Tridecanoljletradecanol, Octadecanol, Eieosol, or a mixture thereof. A preferably contains 4-15 carbon atoms, especially 7-11 carbon atoms. Examples of the latter are: isooetyl alcohol

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(a commercial mixture containing branched primary alcohols with 8 carbon atoms), "Alphanol" 79 (consisting of mainly from straight-chain and branched primary alcohols with 7-9 carbon atoms), 2-ethylhexanol, Isodecyl alcohol, Alfol 81o (a commercial product, consisting mainly of n-octanol and n-decanol), Mixtures of predominantly straight-chain aliphatic alcohols with 7-9 carbon atoms, sold under the trade name "Linevol" 79, as well as the mixtures of predominantly straight-chain aliphatic alcohols with 9 - H C atoms, sold under the trade name "Linevol" 911.

The mole corresponding to P contains esp. 2-4 carbon atoms.

The chain can, if desired, be interrupted by an O atom, as in diethylene glycol. Examples of these preferred diols are ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propane-1,2-diol, butane-1,3-diol, 2,2-diethylpropane-1,3-diol, butane-1,4-diol, pentane-1,5-diol, Hexane-1,6-diol and di-propylene glycol.

The dicarboxylic acid or the anhydride corresponding to D can, if desired, with 1-4 alkyl groups be substituted with 1-4 carbon atoms or with 1-4 halogen atoms, such as chlorine or bromine.

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The dicarboxylic acid or anhydride contain in particular 8 carbon atoms and can be: isophthalic acid, i'etrachloro-ortho-phthalic anhydride, however, o-phthalic acid and phthalic anhydride are "particularly" preferred.

The lactone corresponding to L contains in particular 6 ring carbon atoms and can, if desired, be substituted by one or more alkyl groups with up to 4 carbon atoms, for example methyl, the total carbon number not exceeding 12 . Examples of lactones are, however, y-butyrolactone, zeta-enantholactone, eta and lambda Caprylolactpn Laurolaeton- is B-caprolactone even preferred.

If the lactone which corresponds to L- is epsilon-caprolactone and the ratio of the number of moles of alcohol to the number of moles of diol is 2.2o, the amount of ε-caprolactone is. preferably 20 mol $ - 70 mol $ , with particularly valuable polyesters being obtained when the amount of E-caprolactone is 30-5o mol $. If the alcohol to diol molar ratio approaches the lower limit of 0.93, the amount of ε-caprolactone is especially 3o - 5o mol $>,

The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of the polyesters of the formula I, which thereby is characterized by a mixture of the following

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Components implements:

a) Io - 90 mol i = of a lactone or a hydroxy acid with 4 - IZ carbon atoms.

b) 22-2 mol $ of a hydroxy 1 component, which is one or contains several saturated straight-chain or branched aliphatic diols with 2-6 carbon atoms,

c) 33-12 mol io an acid component which contains one or more aromatic or partially or fully hydrogenated aromatic dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides with 8-16 C-atoms, and

d) one or more saturated straight-chain or branched ones monohydric alcohols with 1 - 20 carbon atoms, the hydroxyl components in stoichiometric amounts or up to $ 15 excess over stoichiometric amounts the acid components are used up.

The amount of monohydric alcohol is preferably 93-220 moles of the diol component.

The process of making the polyester
of the formula I can be carried out in the usual way for the production of polyesters which are obtained from only dihydroxy compounds and dicarboxylic acids. For example, the reaction mixture suitable to loo ⁰ C - 25o ° C under such conditions will be heated so that the water

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originates from the condensation reaction, is removed as well as it arises, e.g. by passing a stream of inert gas through the heated reaction mixture, or by>. the reaction is carried out in the presence of a suitable inert solvent, v / ie xylene, with which the water can be distilled off azeotropically. The Reaction continued "until the fraction of carboxy acid end groups in the polyester obtained, an acid number of not more than 10 milligrams, especially not more than 5 milligrams, equivalent to potassium hydroxide per gram.

If desired, a catalyst commonly used in the preparation can be added to the reaction mixture, for example strong acids such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, p-toluene sulphonic acid, Lewis acids such as stannic acid, zinc chloride, aluminum chloride and metal salts and metal derivatives such as metal alkoxides, for example tetrabutyl titanate, zinc adipate, antimony oxide and organotin compounds, especially dibutyltin oxide. The amount of catalyst can be o.ool ^ -5 $ (weight) based on the total weight of the reaction mixture. If desired, up to Vfo (weight) of activated carbon based on the total weight of the reaction mixture can be added either to the reaction mixture or during filtration to maintain the color of the product.

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The polyesters according to the invention can be used in Quantities "up to 60? & (Weight) of the white.made. mixture be used. They are effective, easy to process plasticizers with good extraction resistance. They show an improved long-term effect in PVC without Decrease in effectiveness compared to conventional ones non-polymeric plasticizers. The polyesters according to the invention show a remarkable combination of properties as they do not have conventional, non-migrating plasticizers. Not only are they extraction stable and do not migrate, but they avoid the main disadvantage of plasticizers of this type, in that they are easy to use Processing temperatures can be used which are customary for monomeric plasticizers. The invention Polyesters can be incorporated into thermoplastic polymers, such as in polyvinyl chloride or its copolymers, in conventional Way to be incorporated. If desired, other conventional additives can be included in the thermoplastic Mixture present, such as heat and light stabilizers, antioxidants, fillers, pigments, lubricants, Processing aids and other plasticizers.

Examples of heat and light stabilizers are:

1) salts of inorganic or organic acids containing all such as aluminum, barium, bismuth, calcium,

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Cadmium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, ITodium, lead, Antimony, tin, strontium or zinc ·, or a metal that has a stabilizing effect on PYC in salt form ■ exercises. The salts can be simple salts or complexes. .

Examples of inorganic salts are basic lead carbonate and tribasic lead sulphate.

Organic acids that can be used are:

a) Aliphatic ^ carboxylic acids, straight-chain or branched, unsaturated or saturated, and optionally with hydroxyl substituents or oxygen in epoxy form. Examples are zinc 2-ethyl hexanoate, barium laurate and tin (II) octanoate.

b) Aromatic mono- or di-carboxylic acids of any kind: of substitution in the aromatic part and any alkyl / aryl configuration. Examples are cadmium p-tertiary butyl benzoate, Calcium benzoate or lead salicylate.

c) As acidic substances "phenols, which can form stable compounds (phenates) with metals, regardless of whether they are suitable Solution or not. An example of this is barium nonyl phenate.

2) Organo-metal compounds of the following Me

metals: aluminum, barium, bismuth, calcium, cadmium,

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Potassium, lithium, magnesium, sodium, lead, antimony,

Zinc, tin or strontium.

Examples are 3 dialkyltin meroapti.de and dialkyltin carboxylates.

3) Organic compounds of any kind that cause the

Prevent PVC from degrading.

These include oc-phenyl-indole and aminocrothonic acid esters.

All of these compounds can be used alone or as mixtures with one another, as solids or as solutions in a suitable solvent, which does not necessarily have to be a stabilizer. Combinations that can be used are calcium and zinc carboxylates or a barium phenate with the Cadmium salt of a branched fatty acid or barium, cadmium and zinc carboxylates.

With the above stabilizers, substances can be used which increase the effectiveness of the stabilizers, but which are not themselves stabilizers for PVC. These are co-stabilizers, viz
eg:
a) Epoxidized oils and esters, such as epoxidized

Soybean oil or epoxidized octyl oleate.

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b) esters of phosphorous acid, such as trialkyl, triaryl or alkyl aryl esters, e.g. triphenyl phosphite, Tris (nonyl phenyl) phosphite and diphenyl isodecyl phosphite.

c) Aliphatic hydrophilic compounds, such as Pentaery-thritol, neopentyl-glycol, sorbitol or half-esters of glycerol.

d) Phenolic compounds such as 2: 6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol or 2,2-bis (4'-hydroxyphenyl) propane.

These co-stabilizers can be used alone or together with the main stabilizers in any ratio and combinations used. They can be in their natural state, alone, or as a mixture of stabilizers can be used, also as a solution, alone or with the stabilizers, using suitable solvents which themselves are not necessarily PVC stabilizers can be used.

They can also be used in a mixture with lubricants, such as polyethylene waxes, ester waxes, Stearic acid, calcium stearate, lead stearate, fillers, like calcium carbonate flour or precipitated clay.

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They can also be used with fabrics

absorb UV light and make PVC more stable to light, e.g. benzophenones or benzotriazoles.

They can also be used together with other known plasticizers, such as:

a) flame retardants, such as triaryl phosphates, Alkyl-di-aryl-phosphates,

b) phthalate esters,

c) Low tempera door softeners, such as adipate sebacate and azelate ester,

d) conventional polyester plasticizers, such as poly (1: 3 butylene glycol adipate) closely saturated with a C _ß alcohol or other typical representatives of this class,

e) phenyl esters of alkane sulphonic acids,

f) Extenders such as halogenated paraffin or aromatic hydrocarbons.

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The following examples illustrate the invention.

Examples 1-6

A 2 liter 4 neck round bottom flask comes with a with glass flour "treated stirrer, an ο - 25o ° C contact thermometer in a thermometer pocket and a nitrogen inlet provided, as well as with a Yigreux column with Yakuum jacket, 15o cm long, the top a water separator with water-cooled radiator carries. The anhydride, ethylene glycol, isooctyl alcohol and ε-caprolactone in Quantities according to Table I together with Io - $ 15 (weight) based on the theoretical yield of polyester xylene and o.l $ (weight) based on the theoretical yield Polyester dibutyltin oxide in Examples 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 and 1.8 g of hydroquinone in Example 4 were added to the flask. Add $ 1 (weight) to the reaction mixture based on the theoretical yield of ester activated carbon to preserve the color of the product.

The reactants are then heated to about 200 ° C. in 8 hours with stirring and at that temperature Leave Io hours. A slow stream of nitrogen is introduced into the flask during the reaction. The water of reaction is separated from the xylene in the water separator. If the acid number of the reaction mixture is the same as in

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When the values given in Table I are reached, the solvent is removed by heating the reaction mass under reduced pressure. The mixture is finally held at 20 mm Hg at 20 ° C. for 1 hour. That
Product is filtered in a pressure filter under nitrogen and is obtained as a clear liquid. Yields and properties of these polyesters are shown in Table I.

Comparative examples A and B

Polyesters are described in a manner similar to Examples 1-6 with dibutyltin oxide prepared as a catalyst, the amounts of the reactants being as given in Table I. Exploit and properties of these polyesters are shown in Table I.

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TABULOY

cn ο, co

u> O '

O 00 O) cn

33

G)

RSAkTANT (g) j Phthalic
anhydride
296133.3] Ethylene [MoI %) ζ rCapro- MoI alcohol (S) Scuxsur Hydr Vis- J) iester * MoleLular 1 anhydride Phthalr
anhydride
296 [25.9] Glycol Isocctyl lactone Mole of oil 620 mg
KOH / g oxyl
^ xJJ.
rag
KOH / g cositafc
Centi-
stokes
25 ° C 27.0 2 Phthalic
Anhydride. ■
296 [18.4] 65.5
[17.7] Alcohol 69.I
[10.1] 2.20 808 2.7 1
21.0 859 10.0 500 3 TL'ira-Ifyüro-
Phthalic
anhydride 65.5
[13.7] 303
[219 wrt diol] 267
[30.3] 2.20 II92 4.5 4.0 912 3.0 68Ο 4th Phthalic
anhydride
143 [21.O] 65.5
[9.77] 303
[220 wrt diol] 622
[50.3] 2.20 849 5.1 7.0 1205 8.0 935 Phthali-.
Anhydride.
296 [28.5] 65.5
[13.7] 303
[220 wrt diol] 267
[3Ο.3] 2.20
■ 462 12.5 33 466 1.5 600 6th Phthalic
anhydride
296131.6] 44.0
[14.9] 303
[220 wrt diol] 267 1.00
■ 695 ■
3.0 5819 5.0 1241 A.
■ ? ht! -al-
anhydride 88.0
[21.7] 92.3
[100 wrt di.ol] LTN
VO Ov
KN CVI
OJ · - ■ 610 8.0 <, 0 383Ο 1.0 852 "I)! · - !! ion, KN
rH CO
rH CVI I85
[93.5 wrt diol] 217
[30.0] 0.358 529 9.2 2.0 790OO 1251 122
[32.6] 83.2
[35.7 wrt diol] 205
[29.8] 0.140 ("ic hy] · - ti. 3.65 4.0 : <■ (. 4 2279 ; '., V.I - pliL] i: r 35.7
[1 ' ¹ 1.0 wrt diol] . J-, '■' , Ί, 'j , "·, Λ Μ · .Μ; W-ir. ; i-iili.v <li OpI) L! IfI 1 11. Ill Ρ. <·,>! Λ> ; dd. in Wv '^

«Ro cn O

co

»Cn 1

The viscosities of the polyesters in Comparative Examples A and B are so high that they can be used as plasticizers are difficult to use.

Examples 7-11

The blends of these examples are obtained by adding 35 parts of the polyesters of the examples 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 each in 65 parts of polyvinyl chloride (Breon S 125/12), 4 parts of white lead paste and 1 part of calcium stearate are incorporated. ! This mixing is done in compounded in a 2-roll mill at 165 G for 15 minutes and compression molded at 18o C for 5 minutes. The physical properties are shown in Table 2.

Comparative Examples C and D

The mixtures of these examples are obtained by mixing 35 parts of the polyester of comparative examples A and B in 65 parts of polyvinyl chloride
(Breon S 125/12), 4 parts of lead paste and 1 part
Calcium stearate is incorporated. The mixture is compounded in a 2-roll mill at 165 ° C. for 15 minutes
and compression molded at 18o C for 5 minutes. The physical properties are shown in Table 2.

The physical properties of the mixtures

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of Examples 7-11 and Comparative Examples G and D are determined according to the following methods:

a) International Rubber Hardness Degrees (IRHD) according to BS 9o3 Part A 7 at 23 ° C

b) Extraction resistance. $ Weight loss of thin strips (7.6 cm χ 7.6 cm χ ο.οΐδ cm), which are immersed under the following conditions:

Gasoline: $ 75 iso-octane, $ 25 toluene, 1 hour

at 23 ° C

Soap: Vfo (weight / volume) solution of lux flakes in distilled water, 24 hours

at 6o ° C.

After extracting the samples, one hour is at 82.5 ° C before being weighed again.

c) Loss of fitness: $ weight loss one 8 cm 1 cm χ 0.125 cm sample in 48 hours at 82.5 ° C in a CIBA-GEIGY air oven.

d) Cold Plex (Clash & Berg): according to BS 2782 Method Io4 B.

e) Clear point: temperature at which some PVC particles are heated in an excess of plasticizer and are no longer visible at 10x magnification in the microscope. Of the Test shows relative workability

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of formulations with different. We j choiaciiHrn. In general: the lower the clear point, the easier it is to process the formulation.

* CO VD ¹ <! ■ CM CO , ^. OO i-l CM CM i-l CM r-I CO
rl i-l rJ _t t-i r-l 5 +1 CM Clear ρ
( ⁰ C,; O CO r-i * O O in • CM O r-4 • • OO • O I. CM + O
rl CM co O I. + Λ Φ < P4 rH υ PQ Φ Sl OO CM O vD <J O CO f3 O O O eg 0 £> - co φ b ?; rj ON Ö OH VD * Ο r-l CO in M N r-l ΡΟ CM -O § mg φ H-P • Η X-H Φ - OO :O O lic O φ 's m » O : Ο CM • r-l • • Nc *! Q)
<Ö CO r-l r-l M txO m - CM in ϋ
• Η W Ö OT OO OO in ON • CO O*\ ON W. ON • pi St. C ^ H O •H O P: rl
rl O cn • -ri Q

- 20 - 509830/086

Ii

. In the mixtures of Examples 7-11, the polyesters according to the invention show properties as PVC plasticizer "with acceptable effectiveness, good extraction stability and low volatility loss. In contrast, the polyesters in the blends of Comparative Examples C and D show little effectiveness as Plasticizers according to IHHD of 99.5 and 99.7. These polyesters are not the subject of the invention, as the ratio ^ is less than o.93 and falls within GB Patent 859,642.

In addition, the polyester according to Comparative Example D has a molecular weight which is in the preferred range according to GB patent 859,642 and is particularly ineffective as it has not been possible to make thin webs sufficiently Establish flexibility where extraction, volatility, and Clash & Berg are tested can.

Comparative example g Ξ, F and G

The clear points of the polyester from Beisx) iel 3 and of polyesters that are commercially available under the name Plastolein 95o6 (TTnilever-Emery), Arbeflex 538 (Robinson Bros.) and Palamol 644 (BASF) are determined, see Table 3.

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Affiliate 3 - example Plasticizers Clear point ⁰ C E.
F.
G Example 3
Plastolein 9506
Arbeflex 538
Palamol 644 126
144
159
155

The big difference in the clear points of the
Plasticizer according to Table 3 shows the superior processing properties of the product according to the invention. The unusually low value of Example 3 means that this plasticizer can be used to compound PVC at a lower temperature and faster than with conventionally used, migration-resistant calibration agents.

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Claims (1)

EXPECTATIONS where A is a residue of one or more saturated straight-chain or branched monohydric alcohols with 1-20 carbon atoms, P is a residue of one or more saturated straight-chain or branched aliphatic diols with 2-6 carbon atoms, D is a residue of one or more unsubstituted ones or substituted aromatic dicarboxylic acids, which can be partially or fully hydrogenated and have S - 16 C atoms, L is a radical of one or more saturated hydroxy acids with 4-12 C atoms, each of the radicals being linked by ester bonds and P, D and L are randomly distributed over the molecule, and a, b and c are each greater than O, the amount of hydroxy acid residue is Io - 90 mol fo based on the total number of moles of the reactants, and the ratio of the number of moles of alcohol to Ivol number D.iol is 2.2-0.93, so that the average molecular weight is 500-1400. 2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the remainder of the hydroxy acid is derived from the corresponding lactone. 3. Compound according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the component A 4-15 C-Ator :; «reveals", 50983 0/0 865 4. Connection after. Claim. 1-3, in which the Component A contains 7-11 carbon atoms. 5. Connection according to claim. 1-4, wherein component A is the remainder of isooctyl alcohol. 6. Connection according to claim. 1-5, in which the Diol, which corresponds to P, has 2-4 C atoms. 7. Compound according to claim 1-6, wherein the Diol, which corresponds to P, is ethylene glycol. 8. A compound according to claim 1-7, wherein the dicarboxylic acid or the anhydride, which corresponds to D-, 8 Has carbon atoms, 9. A compound according to claims 1-8, wherein D is derived from phthalic anhydride. 10. A compound according to claims 1-9, wherein. L.
is derived from a lactone with 6 ring carbon atoms. 11. Compound according to claim 1 - lo, wherein L is derived from epsilon-caprolactone. 12. The compound of claim 11, wherein the 509830/0865 JtS Amount of epsilon-caprolactone is 2o - 7o moles $. 13. A compound according to claim 11, wherein the amount of epsilon-caprolactone is 3o -5o mol $. Process for the production of polyesters according to claim 1, characterized in that one Mixture of the following components: a) Io - 9o mol io of a lactone or a hydroxy acid with 4-12 carbon atoms, b) 22-2 mol $ of a hydroxy! component, which is one or contains several saturated straight-chain or branched aliphatic diols with 2-6 carbon atoms, c) 33-12 mol io an acid component which contains one or more aromatic or partially or fully hydrogenated aromatic dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides with 8-16 C-atoms, and d) one or more saturated straight chain or branched monohydric alcohols having l-2o C-atoms, the hydroxyl components are used in stoichiometric amounts or up to Vöio excess of the stoichiometric amounts of the acid components. 15. Mixture containing a thermoplastic Polymer and a plasticizing amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1-13. 509830/0865 16. The blend of claim 15, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is polyvinyl chloride. 509830/0865