DE19727657C1 - Anti-noise loudspeaker combating noise for direct use in MR tomography esp. control of sound in brain and heart studies - Google Patents
Anti-noise loudspeaker combating noise for direct use in MR tomography esp. control of sound in brain and heart studiesInfo
- Publication number
- DE19727657C1 DE19727657C1 DE19727657A DE19727657A DE19727657C1 DE 19727657 C1 DE19727657 C1 DE 19727657C1 DE 19727657 A DE19727657 A DE 19727657A DE 19727657 A DE19727657 A DE 19727657A DE 19727657 C1 DE19727657 C1 DE 19727657C1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- noise
- loudspeaker
- sound
- esp
- direct use
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/175—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general using interference effects; Masking sound
- G10K11/178—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general using interference effects; Masking sound by electro-acoustically regenerating the original acoustic waves in anti-phase
- G10K11/1785—Methods, e.g. algorithms; Devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/175—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general using interference effects; Masking sound
- G10K11/178—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general using interference effects; Masking sound by electro-acoustically regenerating the original acoustic waves in anti-phase
- G10K11/1787—General system configurations
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
- G01R33/28—Details of apparatus provided for in groups G01R33/44 - G01R33/64
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K2210/00—Details of active noise control [ANC] covered by G10K11/178 but not provided for in any of its subgroups
- G10K2210/10—Applications
- G10K2210/116—Medical; Dental
- G10K2210/1161—NMR or MRI
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K2210/00—Details of active noise control [ANC] covered by G10K11/178 but not provided for in any of its subgroups
- G10K2210/30—Means
- G10K2210/321—Physical
- G10K2210/3212—Actuator details, e.g. composition or microstructure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R9/00—Transducers of moving-coil, moving-strip, or moving-wire type
- H04R9/06—Loudspeakers
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Ein Antischallautsprecher als elektrodynamischer Tiefmitteltonlautsprecher ohne eigenen Magneten zur Verwendung unmittelbar im Magnetresonanztomographen zur aktiven Lärmbekämpfung, ohne mit der Bildgebung zu interferieren.An anti-noise speaker as an electrodynamic low-mid speaker without its own Magnets for immediate use in magnetic resonance imaging for active noise abatement without interfering with imaging.
Superschnelle Methoden der Kernspintomographie zur bildlichen Darstellung von z. B. Hirnleistungs- und Herzfunktionsstörungen sind durch ihre hohen Schallemissionen, denen im niederfrequen ten Bereich durch passive Maßnahmen nur unzureichend begegnet werden kann, in Anwendung und klinischer Verbreitung einge schränkt (Zeitschrift "British Journal of Radiology", Jahrgang 1994, Heft 67, Seiten 413 bis 415; Zeitschrift "Radiology", Jahrgang 1994, Heft 191, Seiten 91 bis 93 in Verbindung mit der "Empfehlung der Strahlenschutzkommission, verabschiedet in der 131. Sitzung am 22. Juni 1995", Seite 17). Auch unterhalb der gesetzlichen Grenzwerte stellen die Schallemissionen eine Redu zierung von Patientenkomfort und Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten und damit der Patientensicherheit dar. Aktive Lärmbekämpfung ("Antischall") stellt ein aussichtsreiches Verfahren zur Redu zierung der Schallemissionen von MRT-Anlagen dar (Zeitschrift "Radiology" Jahrgang 1989, Heft 173, Seiten 549 bis 550 und Zeitschrift "Proceedings of the Society of Magnetic Resonance" Jahrgang 1995, Heft 2, Seite 1223). Eine wirksame Störgeräusch auslöschung ist für Frequenzen bis etwa 1 kHz aber nur möglich, wenn I.) der Antischallautsprecher einen sehr geringen räumli chen Abstand zur Störgeräuschquelle (dem Gradientenrohr inner halb des MRT-Magneten) hat und II.) der Antischallautsprecher das akustische Feld der Störquelle spiegeln kann (Buch "Active Control of Sound", Academic Press: London, Jahr 1992). Es ist bisher kein mit Magnetresonanztomographen kompatibler Schaller zeuger beschrieben worden, der diese Forderungen erfüllt.Superfast methods of magnetic resonance imaging for imaging Representation of z. B. Brain performance and cardiac dysfunction are due to their high sound emissions, those in the low frequency Passive measures are insufficient to address this area can be used in application and clinical spread limits (British Journal of Radiology, vintage 1994, No. 67, pages 413 to 415; Journal "Radiology", 1994, issue 191, pages 91 to 93 in connection with the "Recommendation of the Radiation Protection Commission, adopted in the 131st meeting on June 22, 1995 ", page 17). Also below the statutory limit values reduce noise emissions decoration of patient comfort and communication possibilities and thus represents patient safety. Active noise abatement ("Antischall") represents a promising method for reducing of noise emissions from MRI systems (magazine "Radiology" volume 1989, number 173, pages 549 to 550 and Proceedings of the Society of Magnetic Resonance magazine 1995, Issue 2, page 1223). An effective noise cancellation is only possible for frequencies up to 1 kHz, if I.) the anti-noise speaker a very small spatial Chen distance to the noise source (inside the gradient tube half of the MRI magnet) and II.) the anti-sound speaker can reflect the acoustic field of the source of interference (book "Active Control of Sound ", Academic Press: London, 1992). It is So far no sound generator compatible with magnetic resonance tomographs has been described who meets these requirements.
Der im Patentanspruch angegebenen Erfindung liegt das Problem zugrunde, daß die hohen Störschallpegel von MRT-Anlagen durch aktive Lärmbekämpfung wirkungsvoll gesenkt werden können, wenn ein leistungsstarker Antischallerzeuger im Gradientenrohr der MRT-Anlage installiert werden kann. Insbesondere muß hierbei dem Umstand Rechnung getragen werden, daß die Handhabung magneti scher Materialien in heutzutage zur Anwendung gelangenden Ma gnetfeldflußdichten (1 T bis 3 T im klinischen Betrieb) ein äu ßerst großes Gefahrenpotential darstellt.The invention specified in the patent claim is the problem based on the fact that the high noise levels of MRI systems active noise abatement can be effectively reduced if a powerful anti-noise generator in the gradient tube of the MRI system can be installed. In particular, the The fact that the handling magneti materials used today gnetfield flow densities (1 T to 3 T in clinical operation) represents an extremely high risk potential.
Anordnungen zur Auslöschung von Schallwellen, basierend auf dem Prinzip der Erzeugung eines um 180° phasenverschobenen Signals, sind vielfach auch außerhalb der Magnetresonanztomographie be schrieben worden (DE 195 28 888 A1), können jedoch im Bereich der Magnetresonanztomographie aufgrund der dort vorliegenden Ge gebenheiten nicht verwandt werden.Arrangements for canceling sound waves based on the Principle of generating a 180 ° phase-shifted signal, are often also outside of magnetic resonance imaging have been written (DE 195 28 888 A1), but can in the area magnetic resonance imaging based on the Ge present there circumstances are not used.
Frühere Entwicklungen von Störgeräuschunterdrückungssystemen in der Magnetresonanztomographie beschränken sich auf die Stör geräuschverminderung zur Verbesserung der Patientenüberwachung außerhalb des Magnetresonanztomographen, in einem vom Magnetre sonanztomographen akustisch isolierten Kontrollraum. Hierbei wird zudem kein Antischall erzeugt, sondern ein durch Verwendung geeigneter adaptiver Filter um das Störsignal vermindertes Si gnal mit einem herkömmlichen Lautsprecher innerhalb des magnet feldfreien Kontrollraumes ausgegeben (EP 0 655 730 A1). Previous developments in noise suppression systems in Magnetic resonance imaging is limited to the sturgeon noise reduction to improve patient monitoring outside of the magnetic resonance scanner, in one of the magnetre sonography tomograph acoustically isolated control room. Here no sound is generated, but one through use suitable adaptive filter Si reduced by the interference signal gnal with a conventional speaker inside the magnet field-free control room issued (EP 0 655 730 A1).
Ein zur Verwendung innerhalb des homogenen Teils des Magnetfel des eines Magnetresonanztomographen geeigneter elektrodynami scher Lautsprecher ohne eigenen Magneten unter Verwendung ferro magnetischer Feldinhomogenisierer sowie von Schlauchleiter systemen zur Weiterleitung des erzeugten Schalls ist bereits be schrieben worden (US 005 450 499 A). Dieser liefert jedoch auf grund des verwendeten Schlauchleitersystems weder die zur Erzeu gung von Antischall erforderlichen Schalldrücke über das benö tigte Frequenzband in definierter Phasenlage, noch erlaubt die Verwendung von wesentlichen ferromagnetischen Bauteilen die un bedingt zu fordernde gefahrlose Handhabung in von Magnetfeldern durchdrungenen Räumen. Desweiteren entstehen bei Verwendung fer romagnetischer Bauteile innerhalb des ursprünglich homogenen Teils des Magnetfeldes durch die lokale Erzeugung nichtdefinier ter Magnetfeldinhomogenitäten Interferenzen mit der Bildgebung.One for use within the homogeneous part of the magnetic field that of a magnetic resonance tomograph suitable electrodynami shear speaker without its own magnet using ferro magnetic field inhomogenizer and hose conductor systems for forwarding the sound generated is already be have been written (US 005 450 499 A). However, this delivers due to the hose line system used, neither the required sound pressure over the required frequency band in a defined phase position, still allows Use of essential ferromagnetic components the un Safe handling in magnetic fields is required permeated spaces. Furthermore, arise when using fer romagnetic components within the originally homogeneous Part of the magnetic field due to the local generation undefined Magnetic field inhomogeneities interference with imaging.
Diese Probleme werden durch den im Patentanspruch aufgeführten Antischallautsprecher gelöst.These problems are exacerbated by that in the claim Anti-sound speaker solved.
Die mit der Erfindung erzielten Vorteile bestehen darin, daß ei ne aktive Lärmbekämpfung über einen, mit Schlauchleitersystemen nicht erzielbaren, ausreichend großen Frequenzbereich bei MRT- Anlagen, insbesondere im Bereich unterhalb 1 kHz bis 50 Hz, er möglicht wird, da das akustische Problem der Erzeugung phasende finierten Antischalls auf den einfachen eindimensionalen Fall von Schallwellen im Inneren einer Röhre reduziert wird und der Abstand zwischen Störquelle und Antischallautsprecher so verrin gert wird, daß Störschallauslöschung bis zu einer Frequenz von ca. 1 kHz möglich wird. Oberhalb dieser Frequenz ist passiver Schallschutz ausreichend wirksam.The advantages achieved by the invention are that egg ne active noise abatement via one, with hose line systems not attainable, sufficiently large frequency range with MRI Systems, especially in the range below 1 kHz to 50 Hz, he is possible because the acoustic problem of generation is phased refined anti-noise on the simple one-dimensional case is reduced by sound waves inside a tube and the Reduce the distance between the source of interference and the anti-noise speaker is that noise cancellation up to a frequency of approx. 1 kHz becomes possible. Above this frequency is more passive Sound insulation sufficiently effective.
Weitere Vorteile bietet die offene Bauform der Schwingspule des Tiefmitteltonlautsprechers, sie ermöglicht I.) eine vollkommen symmetrische und damit (Lorentz-) kraftfreie Stromzuführung, II.) eine Gebläsekühlung zur Erhöhung der Dauerlastfestigkeit sowie III.) eine axiale Verlängerung des Schwingspulenträgers zur räumlichen Trennung der Membran, nahe dem untersuchten Volu men im homogenen Teil des Magnetfeldes, von der Schwingspule im inhomogenen Teil des Magnetfeldes am Rand des Magneten.The open design of the voice coil of the Low-mid speaker, it enables I.) a perfect symmetrical and thus (Lorentz) force-free power supply, II.) Fan cooling to increase the permanent load resistance and III.) an axial extension of the voice coil former for spatial separation of the membrane, close to the examined volu in the homogeneous part of the magnetic field, from the voice coil in the inhomogeneous part of the magnetic field at the edge of the magnet.
Der vollständige Verzicht auf ferromagnetische Materialien er möglicht die unter allen Umständen sichere Handhabung des Anti schallautsprechers. Anderenfalls können ferromagnetische Teile geschoßartig in Richtung des Zentrums des permanenten Magnetfel des beschleunigt werden. Es sind keinerlei Sicherungsmaßnahmen zur Beherrschung von ferromagnetischen Kräften in der Nähe von MRT-Magneten erforderlich.The complete absence of ferromagnetic materials enables safe handling of the Anti under all circumstances sound speaker. Otherwise, ferromagnetic parts projectile towards the center of the permanent magnetic field be accelerated. There are no security measures for the control of ferromagnetic forces in the vicinity of MRI magnets required.
Ein Ausführungsbeispiel ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und wird im folgenden näher beschrieben.An embodiment is shown in the drawing and is described in more detail below.
Der elektrodynamische Tiefmitteltonlautsprecher ist aus einem kommerziell erhältlichen Tieftonlautsprecher mit Aluminiumdruck gußkorb (Hersteller: Baltlains, Lettland, Typ 75 GDN) herge stellt worden. Der Lautsprechermagnet mit Polplatte sowie die Spulenzuleitungen wurden entfernt. Die nun offenliegende Schwingspule wurde direkt an ein geschirmtes Kabel (RG 58 CU) angeschlossen und mit einer Gebläsekühlung versehen. Durch die Inhomogenität des starken Magnetfeldes am Rande des MRT-Magneten erfährt die Schwingspule nun je nach eigener Polarität eine Kraft in Richtung abnehmender bzw. zunehmender Feldstärke. Auf einer Holzplatte am Ende des Gradientenrohres innerhalb des MRT- Magneten (Bruker, 3 T/60 cm Magnet mit Gradientenrohr SK330) in stalliert, liefert dieser Lautsprecher Schalldrücke bis zu 130 dB bei 100 Hz und bis zu 115 dB bei 6 kHz - gemessen mit einem Brüel & Kjaer Typ 2233 Schallpegelmesser im Zentrum des Magne ten - bei einer Verstärkerleistung von etwa 100 Watt. Diese Lei stungen reichen aus, um wirksam Antischall erzeugen zu können.The electrodynamic low-mid speaker is made of one commercially available woofer with aluminum printing cast basket (manufacturer: Baltlains, Latvia, type 75 GDN) herge has been put. The loudspeaker magnet with pole plate as well as the Coil leads have been removed. The now exposed Voice coil was connected directly to a shielded cable (RG 58 CU) connected and provided with fan cooling. Through the Inhomogeneity of the strong magnetic field at the edge of the MRI magnet the voice coil now experiences one depending on its polarity Force in the direction of decreasing or increasing field strength. On a wooden plate at the end of the gradient tube inside the MRI Magnets (Bruker, 3 T / 60 cm magnet with gradient tube SK330) in installed, this speaker delivers sound pressures up to 130 dB at 100 Hz and up to 115 dB at 6 kHz - measured with a Brüel & Kjaer Type 2233 sound level meter in the center of the Magne ten - with an amplifier output of around 100 watts. This lei Stations are sufficient to be able to effectively generate anti-noise.
Claims (1)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19727657A DE19727657C1 (en) | 1997-06-30 | 1997-06-30 | Anti-noise loudspeaker combating noise for direct use in MR tomography esp. control of sound in brain and heart studies |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE19727657A DE19727657C1 (en) | 1997-06-30 | 1997-06-30 | Anti-noise loudspeaker combating noise for direct use in MR tomography esp. control of sound in brain and heart studies |
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DE19727657C1 true DE19727657C1 (en) | 1999-01-14 |
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DE19727657A Expired - Fee Related DE19727657C1 (en) | 1997-06-30 | 1997-06-30 | Anti-noise loudspeaker combating noise for direct use in MR tomography esp. control of sound in brain and heart studies |
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Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19910018C1 (en) * | 1999-03-08 | 2000-10-19 | Siemens Ag | Magnetic resonance tomography apparatus operating method |
DE10018032C1 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2001-08-16 | Leibniz Inst Fuer Neurobiologi | Acoustic transducer for headphones |
WO2001076320A2 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2001-10-11 | Leibnitz-Institut Für Neurobiologie | Acoustic transducer for broad-band loudspeakers or headphones |
DE10018033C1 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2001-11-29 | Leibniz Inst Fuer Neurobiologi | Acoustic transducer has membrane(s) of elastic, non-magnetic or weakly magnetic material connected to conducting tracks on which Lorenz force acts |
DE10343006A1 (en) * | 2003-09-17 | 2005-04-14 | Siemens Ag | Electroacoustic system for reproduction of acoustic signals within MR diagnosis equipment, has a loudspeaker with an electrodynamic vibration system that is designed taking into account the tomograph static base magnetic field |
DE102005000848B3 (en) * | 2005-01-05 | 2006-06-22 | Siemens Ag | Device for protecting ear from noises of magnetic resonance tomography system has protective sound generating mechanism electronically connected to it for generating protective sound of steadily rising amplitude |
US9702947B2 (en) | 2012-10-24 | 2017-07-11 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | MRI acoustic system, acoustic output device, and electro-acoustic transducer |
US9791524B2 (en) | 2012-10-24 | 2017-10-17 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | MRI acoustic system, acoustic output device, and electro-acoustic transducer |
US11601742B2 (en) | 2016-11-28 | 2023-03-07 | Innovere Medical Inc. | Systems, methods and devices for communication in noisy environments |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0665730A1 (en) * | 1992-10-20 | 1995-08-09 | Premier Laser Systems, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for applying thermal energy to luminal tissue |
US5450499A (en) * | 1992-11-25 | 1995-09-12 | Magnetic Resonance Equipment Corporation | Audio speaker for use in an external magnetic field |
DE19528888A1 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 1997-01-23 | Nokia Deutschland Gmbh | Arrangement for canceling sound waves |
-
1997
- 1997-06-30 DE DE19727657A patent/DE19727657C1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0665730A1 (en) * | 1992-10-20 | 1995-08-09 | Premier Laser Systems, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for applying thermal energy to luminal tissue |
US5450499A (en) * | 1992-11-25 | 1995-09-12 | Magnetic Resonance Equipment Corporation | Audio speaker for use in an external magnetic field |
DE19528888A1 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 1997-01-23 | Nokia Deutschland Gmbh | Arrangement for canceling sound waves |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19910018C1 (en) * | 1999-03-08 | 2000-10-19 | Siemens Ag | Magnetic resonance tomography apparatus operating method |
DE10018032C1 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2001-08-16 | Leibniz Inst Fuer Neurobiologi | Acoustic transducer for headphones |
WO2001076320A2 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2001-10-11 | Leibnitz-Institut Für Neurobiologie | Acoustic transducer for broad-band loudspeakers or headphones |
DE10018033C1 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2001-11-29 | Leibniz Inst Fuer Neurobiologi | Acoustic transducer has membrane(s) of elastic, non-magnetic or weakly magnetic material connected to conducting tracks on which Lorenz force acts |
WO2001076320A3 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2002-04-18 | Leibnitz Inst Fuer Neurobiolog | Acoustic transducer for broad-band loudspeakers or headphones |
DE10343006A1 (en) * | 2003-09-17 | 2005-04-14 | Siemens Ag | Electroacoustic system for reproduction of acoustic signals within MR diagnosis equipment, has a loudspeaker with an electrodynamic vibration system that is designed taking into account the tomograph static base magnetic field |
DE102005000848B3 (en) * | 2005-01-05 | 2006-06-22 | Siemens Ag | Device for protecting ear from noises of magnetic resonance tomography system has protective sound generating mechanism electronically connected to it for generating protective sound of steadily rising amplitude |
US7804964B2 (en) | 2005-01-05 | 2010-09-28 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Device for protecting the hearing from loud MRT sounds |
CN1801320B (en) * | 2005-01-05 | 2011-08-31 | 西门子公司 | Device to protect hearing against mrt noise |
US9702947B2 (en) | 2012-10-24 | 2017-07-11 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | MRI acoustic system, acoustic output device, and electro-acoustic transducer |
US9791524B2 (en) | 2012-10-24 | 2017-10-17 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | MRI acoustic system, acoustic output device, and electro-acoustic transducer |
US11601742B2 (en) | 2016-11-28 | 2023-03-07 | Innovere Medical Inc. | Systems, methods and devices for communication in noisy environments |
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