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DE1785165C3 - Process for the production of nonwovens - Google Patents

Process for the production of nonwovens

Info

Publication number
DE1785165C3
DE1785165C3 DE19681785165 DE1785165A DE1785165C3 DE 1785165 C3 DE1785165 C3 DE 1785165C3 DE 19681785165 DE19681785165 DE 19681785165 DE 1785165 A DE1785165 A DE 1785165A DE 1785165 C3 DE1785165 C3 DE 1785165C3
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
fleece
treatment liquid
action
hot
treatment
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
DE19681785165
Other languages
German (de)
Other versions
DE1785165A1 (en
DE1785165B2 (en
Inventor
Des Erfinders Auf Nennung Verzicht
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Vepa AG
Original Assignee
Vepa AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Vepa AG filed Critical Vepa AG
Priority to DE19681785165 priority Critical patent/DE1785165C3/en
Priority to GB1264820D priority patent/GB1264820A/en
Publication of DE1785165A1 publication Critical patent/DE1785165A1/en
Priority to US326559A priority patent/US3889325A/en
Publication of DE1785165B2 publication Critical patent/DE1785165B2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE1785165C3 publication Critical patent/DE1785165C3/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/70—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres
    • D04H1/74—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being orientated, e.g. in parallel (anisotropic fleeces)
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/04—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres having existing or potential cohesive properties, e.g. natural fibres, prestretched or fibrillated artificial fibres
    • D04H1/06—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres having existing or potential cohesive properties, e.g. natural fibres, prestretched or fibrillated artificial fibres by treatment to produce shrinking, swelling, crimping or curling of fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
    • D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
    • D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
    • D04H1/48—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation
    • D04H1/49—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation entanglement by fluid jet in combination with another consolidation means
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
    • D04H1/542—Adhesive fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06C—FINISHING, DRESSING, TENTERING OR STRETCHING TEXTILE FABRICS
    • D06C29/00—Finishing or dressing, of textile fabrics, not provided for in the preceding groups
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06C—FINISHING, DRESSING, TENTERING OR STRETCHING TEXTILE FABRICS
    • D06C7/00—Heating or cooling textile fabrics
    • D06C7/02—Setting

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Faservliesstoffen, die aus wenigstens zwei Faserarten bestehen, von denen eine unter Wärmeeinwirkung stärker schrumpft als die andere, indem das Gut zum Schrumpfen der Einwirkung einer heißen Behandlungsflüssigkeit ausgesetzt wird.The invention relates to a method for producing fiber nonwovens made from at least two types of fiber exist, one of which shrinks more under the action of heat than the other by adding the good to the Shrinkage is exposed to the action of a hot treatment liquid.

Ein derartiges Verfahren ist aus der FR-PS 11 08 826 bekannt Dabei können die beiden Faserarten beispielsweise aus Polypropylen und Polyamid, Polypropylen und Zellwolle, Polypropylen und Polyester oder Polyamid-Hochschrumpffasern und normalen Polyesterfasern oder anderen synthetischen Fasern bestehen. Das Schrumpfen des Faservliesstoffes erfolgt durch Besprühen mit heißer Flüssigkeit oder in einem heißen Flüssigkeitsbad oder auch durch Bedüsen des Vlieses mit heißer Luft oder bei Polyamid mit Dampf. Ein Faservliesstoff mit glatter Oberfläche ist hierbei nur dann zu erhalten, wenn das Vlies im Anschluß an die Schrumpfbehandlung noch einer Glättbehandlung unterzogen und dazu zwischen einem Walzenpaar hindurchgeführt wird.Such a method is from FR-PS 11 08 826 known Here, the two types of fiber can, for example, from polypropylene and polyamide, polypropylene and rayon, polypropylene and polyester or high-shrink polyamide fibers and normal polyester fibers or other synthetic fibers. The nonwoven fabric is shrunk by Spraying with hot liquid or in a hot liquid bath or by jetting the fleece with hot air or, in the case of polyamide, with steam. A non-woven fabric with a smooth surface is only here to be obtained when the fleece is subjected to a smoothing treatment following the shrinking treatment and is passed between a pair of rollers for this purpose.

Durch die FR-PS 14 80 200 ist ein Schrumpfverfahren bekannt, bei dem 2in Faservliesstoff auf oder nahezu auf die Schrumpfbreite durch mechanische Mittel zusammengeschoben und das Vlies in dem zusammengeschobenen Zustand durch ein heißes Wasserbad hindurchgeführt wird. Die mechanischen Mittel bestehen aus seitlich des Vliesstoffes angeordneten Führungsstäben, die den Stoff vor dem Kontakt mit dem Wasser von den Kanten her zur Mitte zusammenschieben. Die Führungsstäbe sind in einem Schacht oberhalb des heißen Bades angeordnet, in den zum Vorschrumpfen des Vlieses Dampf eingeführt wird. Abgesehen davon, daß hier zwei hinsichtlich ihrer Phase unterschiedliche Schrumpfmedien, nämlich Dampf und Wasser erforderlieh sind, hat es sich als nachteilig erwiesen, daß der Faservliesstoff durch den im Schacht vorhandenen Dampf nur an der Oberfläche zum Schrumpfen veranlaßt wird und der dabei erzielte Vorschrumpf den anschließend ausgelösten Naßschrumpf so behindert, daß ein glatter Faservliesstoff nicht erhalten wird. Ein ähnlich nachteiliger Vorschrumpf tritt auch auf, wenn der Faservliesstoff vor der Schrumpfbehandlung mit heiß gewordenen Führungsstäben in Berührung kommt und auch dabei nur eine Aufheizung des Vlieses an seiner Oberfläche erfolgtFrom FR-PS 14 80 200 a shrinking process is known in which 2in nonwoven fabric on or almost on the shrinkage width pushed together by mechanical means and the fleece in the pushed together State is passed through a hot water bath. The mechanical means consist of Guide rods arranged on the side of the nonwoven fabric, which protect the fabric from contact with the water Push the edges together towards the middle. The guide rods are in a shaft above the hot Arranged bath, in which steam is introduced to pre-shrink the fleece. Besides that here two shrink media that differ in their phase, namely steam and water, are required are, it has been found to be disadvantageous that the nonwoven fabric through the existing in the shaft Steam is caused to shrink only on the surface and the pre-shrinkage achieved thereby subsequently triggered wet shrinkage is so hindered that a smooth nonwoven fabric is not obtained. A Similar disadvantageous pre-shrinkage also occurs if the nonwoven fabric is subjected to the shrinking treatment hot guide rods comes into contact and also only a heating of the fleece its surface takes place

Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Schrumpfverfahren zu entwickeln, bei dem nur ein Behandlungsmedium verwendet werden muß, der Schrumpfvorgang schockartig, gleichmäßig und vollständig über die Breite des Vliesstoffes und seinen Querschnitt ausgelöst wird und nach dem Schrumpfvorgang ein glattes Vlies vorliegtThe invention is therefore based on the object of developing a shrinking process in which only one Treatment medium must be used, the shrinking process shock-like, evenly and completely is triggered across the width of the nonwoven fabric and its cross section and after the shrinking process a smooth fleece is present

Diese Aufgabe wird durch die im Kennzeichenteil des Patentanspruchs 1 angegebenen Merkmale gelobt Durch diese Maßnahme wird das Schrumpfen des Faservliesstoffes schockartig über seinen ganzen Querschnitt ausgelöst und dadurch eine Vorschrumpfung von Obeiflächenbereichen des Faservliesstoffes, z. B. durch aus dem Behandlungsbad aufsteigenden Dampf oder auch durch heiß gewordene Führungswalzen od. dgl. vermieden; denn durch das Besprühen des Vlieses mit kalter Behandlungsflotte wird vor der eigentlichen Schrumpfbehandlung ein unerwünscht hohes Aufheizen des Vlieses durch Dampf oder durch heiße Führungswalzen unterbunden. Durch die im Patentanspruch 2 gekennzeichneten Maßnahmen wird nicht nur ein voll ausgeschrumpftes und glattes Vlies, sondern auch ein trockenes Vlies erhalten. Durch die Nachfixierung wird zusätzlich erreicht, daß auch die andere Faserkomponente noch schrumpft. Bei Polyester soll die Nachfixiertemperatur bei etwa 220° C liegen, bei Anwendung von Polypropylen genügt dazu eine Temperatur von 140° C.This task is praised by the features specified in the characterizing part of claim 1 By this measure, the shrinkage of the nonwoven fabric is shock-like over its whole Cross-section triggered and thereby a pre-shrinkage of surface areas of the nonwoven fabric, z. B. by rising steam from the treatment bath or by guide rollers that have become hot or the like avoided; because by spraying the fleece with cold treatment liquor is before the actual shrink treatment an undesirably high heating of the fleece by steam or by prevented hot guide rollers. The measures characterized in claim 2 will not only get a fully shrunk and smooth fleece, but also a dry fleece. Through the Post-fixing is also achieved that the other fiber component also shrinks. With polyester the post-setting temperature should be around 220 ° C; when using polypropylene, one is sufficient Temperature of 140 ° C.

Für eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des bean-For a device to carry out the requested

♦5 spruchten Verfahrens bietet sich die Verwendung einer unter Saugzug stehenden Siebtrommel· mit regulierbarem Antrieb an, wobei die Siebtrommel mit genügendem Abstand hinter einer Einrichtung zum gleichmäßigen mechanischen Zusammenschieben des Vlieses zum Vliesstoff angeordnet ist. Diese Einrichtung kann aus einem Walzenpaar mit daran befestigten Ringen od. dgl. bestehen, die so angeordnet sind, daß jeweils ein Ring der einen Walze über eine zwischen zwei Ringen der anderen Walze gebildeten Lücke zu liegen kommt und das Vlies gleichmäßig über die Breite in eine wellenförmige Lage gezwungen wird. Durch Verändern des Achsabstandes der Walze kann das genadelte Vlies in stärkere oder flachere Wellen gelegt und in dieser Form z. B. der unter Saugzug stehenden Siebtrommel übergeben werden. Der regulierbare Antrieb der Siebtrommel dient dazu, die Längenvorgabe dam Schrumpfvermögen des Vlieses anzupassen.♦ 5 claimed procedure offers the use of a sieve drum under suction with adjustable drive, whereby the sieve drum with sufficient Distance behind a device for uniform mechanical pushing together of the fleece for Nonwoven fabric is arranged. This device can od from a pair of rollers with attached rings. exist, which are arranged so that each one ring of a roller over one between two rings of the Another gap formed comes to rest and the fleece comes to rest evenly across the width in a wavy position is forced. By changing the center distance of the roller, the needled fleece can placed in stronger or shallower waves and in this form z. B. the screen drum under suction be handed over. The adjustable drive of the sieve drum is used to set the length dam Adjust the shrinkage capacity of the fleece.

Claims (2)

Patentansprüche:Patent claims: 1. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Faservliesstoffen, die aus wenig: lens zwei Faserarten bestehen, von denen eine unter Wärmeeinwirkung stärker schrumpft als die andere, indem das Gut zum Schrumpfen der Einwirkung einer heißen Behandlungsflüssigkeit ausgesetzt wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Vlies unter Breitenvorgabe gleichmäßig wellenförmig zusammengeschoben, vor der Schrumpfbehandlung mit kalter Behandlungsflotte besprüht, dann der Einwirkung der heißen Behandlungsflüssigkeit vor Auflage auf einer ausschließlich in Längsrichtung des Faservliesstoffes gekrümmten Unterlage ausgesetzt und schließlich zur Erzielung eines vollständigen Schrumpfes bei lockerer Lage auf der Unterlage von der heißen Behandlungsflüssigkeit durchströmt wird.1. Process for the production of fiber nonwovens, which consist of few: lens two types of fibers, one of which shrinks more under the action of heat than the other, in that the good is turned into Shrinkage is exposed to the action of a hot treatment liquid, characterized in that that the fleece is pushed together evenly in a wave-like shape under the specified width, sprayed with cold treatment liquor before the shrink treatment, then the action the hot treatment liquid before being placed on one exclusively in the longitudinal direction of the nonwoven fabric curved surface exposed and finally to achieve a complete Shrinkage is flowed through by the hot treatment liquid in the case of a loose position on the base. 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Vlies mit einer wäßrigen, auf über 90°C aufgeheizten Behandlungsflüssigkeit beaufschlagt, dann von dieser durchströmt und anschließend bei wesentlich höheren Temperaturen, z.B. über 140° C, von einem gas- oder dampfförmigen Behandlungsmedium zum Trocknen und Nachfixieren durchströmt wird. 2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fleece is acted upon by an aqueous treatment liquid heated to over 90 ° C, then flows through it and then at significantly higher temperatures, e.g. over 140 ° C, by a gaseous or vaporous treatment medium for drying and post-fixing is flowed through.
DE19681785165 1968-08-17 1968-08-17 Process for the production of nonwovens Expired DE1785165C3 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19681785165 DE1785165C3 (en) 1968-08-17 1968-08-17 Process for the production of nonwovens
GB1264820D GB1264820A (en) 1968-08-17 1969-07-23
US326559A US3889325A (en) 1968-08-17 1973-01-24 Process for shrinking non-woven webs

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19681785165 DE1785165C3 (en) 1968-08-17 1968-08-17 Process for the production of nonwovens

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE1785165A1 DE1785165A1 (en) 1971-01-21
DE1785165B2 DE1785165B2 (en) 1977-04-07
DE1785165C3 true DE1785165C3 (en) 1982-08-12

Family

ID=5706038

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE19681785165 Expired DE1785165C3 (en) 1968-08-17 1968-08-17 Process for the production of nonwovens

Country Status (2)

Country Link
DE (1) DE1785165C3 (en)
GB (1) GB1264820A (en)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL180530C (en) * 1974-01-30 1987-03-02 Non Tisses Ste Fse METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A NON-WOVEN FABRIC AND FLAW OBTAINED BY THIS PROCESS
AT391710B (en) * 1988-02-26 1990-11-26 Chemiefaser Lenzing Ag FIRE-RESISTANT HIGH-TEMPERATURE-RESISTANT POLYIMIDE FIBERS AND SHAPED BODIES THEREOF
ATE136597T1 (en) * 1988-04-14 1996-04-15 Albany Int Corp HEAT SHRINKABLE FIBERS AND PRODUCTS MADE THEREFROM
US5229184A (en) * 1988-04-14 1993-07-20 Albany International Corporation Heat shrinkable fibres and products therefrom
DE19904142B4 (en) * 1999-02-03 2004-06-03 Daimlerchrysler Ag The body shape following flexible packaging for a motor vehicle and method for packaging a vehicle so
DE19904140B4 (en) * 1999-02-03 2004-05-27 Daimlerchrysler Ag The body shape following flexible packaging for a motor vehicle
DE19904141B4 (en) * 1999-02-03 2004-06-03 Daimlerchrysler Ag The body shape following flexible packaging for a motor vehicle
DE10132563A1 (en) * 2001-07-10 2003-01-30 Fleissner Maschf Gmbh Co Process for colorless patterning of a material web and device for carrying out the process

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2197147A (en) * 1935-09-28 1940-04-16 Wilfred N Hadley Cloth finishing
NL189176B (en) * 1956-07-13 1900-01-01 Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co PLASTER BASED ON A SYNTHETIC RUBBER.
US2955344A (en) * 1955-08-08 1960-10-11 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co Textile element treatment
DE1103280B (en) * 1957-02-27 1961-03-30 Erich Kiefer Konstruktions K G Perforated drum dryer for drying and simultaneous shrinking of railway goods
DE1195709B (en) * 1958-08-04 1965-07-01 Fleissner & Sohn G M B H & Co Sieve drum dryer
FR392479A (en) * 1959-10-26 1908-11-27 Isaac Emerson Palmer Roller to circulate fluids
BE626189A (en) * 1961-12-15
FR1480200A (en) * 1965-03-16 1967-05-12 Artos Meier Windhorst Kg Method and device for causing the webs of fibers and the like to shrink

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1785165A1 (en) 1971-01-21
DE1785165B2 (en) 1977-04-07
GB1264820A (en) 1972-02-23

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