DE10234568A1 - Convective energy recovery in closed flow system involves thermodynamically describable or defined closed circulation process occurring in heat transport medium for each circulation in circuit system - Google Patents

Abstract

The method involves locating a heat source underneath a heat sink, resulting in pressure differences in local sections of the flow circuit or within a heat transport medium and a thermally initiated gravimetric-convective heat transport medium flow. A thermodynamically describable or defined closed circulation process takes place in the heat transport medium circulating in the circuit system for each circulation. The method involves subjecting a heat transport medium to a convective hydromechanical flow as a result of heat exchange processes by locating a heat source (3) underneath a heat sink (7), resulting in pressure differences in local sections of the flow circuit or within the heat transport medium and a thermally initiated gravimetric-convective heat transport medium flow. A thermodynamically describable or defined closed circulation process takes place in the heat transport medium circulating in the circuit system (1) for each circulation. AN Independent claim is also included for the following: (a) a device for implementing the inventive method.

Description

The invention relates to a method for convective energy generation in a fluidically closed Circulatory system in which a heat transfer medium, which is also working medium, circulates that hydro and thermodynamically at least one heat source and one heat sink different temperature connects and in the areas the heat source and sink heat exchange between the circulating heat transfer medium and heat reservoir especially about installed heat exchanger is carried out, the heat source especially locally below the heat sink is localized so that as a result of heat exchange processes taking place the heat transfer medium is subjected to a convective hydromechanical flow, so that yourself about local sections of the circulatory system or within the flowing heat transfer medium build up pressure differences in the gravitational field, the summarizing a thermally initiated gravimetric-convective flowing heat transfer medium circuit flow result and an apparatus for performing this method.

It is known that with convection in the gravitational field of the heat load-bearing material, mostly fluids (liquid and gaseous substances), even flows from one place to another. It is also known that substances when they heat up expand and thus reduce their density, so that in the convective heat transfer incorporated heated Amount of substance in an artificial created or natural Gravitational gravity field automatically from the lower place to the higher place Potential flows. In this way, the material flow can be done without the use of additional energy be maintained.

The best known examples of this are in waters rising warm or sinking cold water masses or in the the atmosphere the appearance of thermals. These processes run as an open process from.

This principle of convective energy transport has been in fluid circuits since efficient for heating purposes, e.g. by means of the circulation pump-free Hot water gravity heating used. It flows through an a liquid heat transfer medium enclosed in a pipeline circulation system one locally heat exchanger located in the lower part of the piping system, at the same time the heat source, mostly is the boiler and absorbs heat energy. This is what it learns Medium a temperature increase, expands under density reduction and starts convectively in the riser of the piping system to go up where it in the upper area heat exchanger as heat sinks flows through and thermal energy while lowering the temperature and increasing the density releases to the environment, then in the down pipe line after down towards the heat source to sink. This process is ongoing as long as a cycle, as heat is added below and heat is removed above.

From the US 6 225 705 B1 For example, a solar energy-fed, convective energy generator working in a closed process is known, in which electrical energy is obtained in a gas circuit by means of the chimney effect and the impeller installed therein. Furthermore, in the US 6 225 705 B1 a convective fluid circulation process is also explained, in which, for example, a magnetic fluid flows through a coil defined around the pipe system and induces current in it.

From the DE 29 44 722 A1 an energy production system is known in which in a riser pipe of a closed liquid circuit by convection, thermal energy is transported upwards from a heat source located in the lower part of the system into a heat sink, where it cools down and cooled down in the downpipe with higher density flows back into the heat source to absorb energy again. The warm rising medium should correspond to the DE 29 44 722 A1 expediently be heated to 70.degree. In addition, it is proposed to partially transfer the heat energy given off to the heat exchanger in the heat sink, for example by means of a circulation circuit or by means of a heat pipe, into the heat source so that it is available there again to drive the circulation process. In the lower area of the downpipe area, a valve-controlled piston machine for the purpose of energy extraction is installed, which is driven by the gravimetrically and thermally convectively driven fluid.

A disadvantage of these methods is that only very small amounts of energy can be supplied as exergy, which is due to the low exergetic energy flow density of the circulating fluid. That in the DE 29 44 722 A1 The principle of heat energy recovery cited raises thermodynamic doubts about the better functioning of the energy recovery system.

However, there are also numerous descriptions of the invention, according to which floating bodies and or buoyancy machines are intended to provide for the decoupling of exergy by means of gravimetrically thermally driven convective fluid circulation processes with or without gas exchange. For example, the DE-OS 31 51 258 A1 such a lift motor arrangement with thermal differential pressure drive.

The group of convection power plants is very well known, the thermal up or Use winds. The most well-known are updraft projects, after which e.g. in sunshine regions of the world under defined transparent roof surfaces with a chimney in the middle creates a greenhouse effect. Seems the sun on the roof system, then the heated air flows down through the chimney and drives one via the impellers inside Generator to generate electricity.

The disadvantage of the solar thermal power plants that they're comparatively large Need installation areas, regarding the voluminous Installation expenditure have a specifically low power output, have an open material cycle and work depending on the weather; s. e.g. the 50 kW upwind power plant near Manzanares in southern Spain, which was stronger after 1998 storm damage was dismantled again.

In the patent US 5,477,684 For example, convection towers are presented, which are designed to use turbines to couple the exergy from gas flows rising or falling in the chimneys according to the thermal upwind principle. In downwind systems, the chimney air flow is initiated by the sun regardless of the weather or in the absence of thermal heating by spraying cooling liquids (eg water) into the chimney downflow. At the bottom exit and under the chimney there are condensation and recovery devices for the sprayed and partially evaporated liquid. According to this principle, upwind or downwind systems can work even in the absence of sunshine, but the disadvantages previously described for the upwind power plants have not been eliminated.

Another principle of an updraft plant is in the DE-GM 298 24 124 U1 described as an updraft power station for the use of commercial and industrial waste heat using a heat exchanger. The basic principle here is again a type of chimney, which has been functionally improved compared to the above proposals by a large number of technical fixtures, particularly the heat exchanger waste heat air. Commercial and industrial waste heat is used as the heat source, which is fed to the initiation of the chimney effect via guidance and a heat exchange process. This system can also be connected to a geothermal borehole in order to have a permanent heat source that is independent of the weather, at least in the cooler season, for generating the upwind current.

In the DE 42 29 185 C2 describes the generation of energy by means of a wind-up system generated from geothermal heat, in which a wind-up power plant device is directly adapted to a geothermal borehole ensemble. For this purpose, a flowable heat transfer medium flows through several shafts or channels drilled into the ground. It is combined via collecting channels so that after the heat has been absorbed in the heat reservoir in a discharge shaft, it reaches the electricity-generating engine. This method is characterized by the fact that the heat transfer medium is air originating from the atmosphere, that the duct or shaft system in the earth is closed and connected and that the heat transfer medium can conduct continuously, that between the heat transfer medium supply and discharge area there is a heating area that leads through the heat reservoir and that the feed and discharge area is heat-insulated. Furthermore, the shafts and ducts are geometrically expediently designed such that the atmospheric air masses flow through the effect of the thermal insulation of the feed and discharge area in a convective manner in order to then enter the wind generator at the top.

A disadvantage of these solutions for Energy generation via weather-independent Is heat reservoirs, that the principle of the wind turbines only relatively low power from the circulating material flows can extract low exergetic energy current density and that single-phase circulating heat transfer media as a heat energy transporter only for efficient use of sufficiently high exergies can, if the temperature differences between heat sink and source are sufficient are great. In the case of small temperature differences, for example below 70 ° C, is Exergetic efficiency in comparison to the plant engineering effort disproportionately small.

Thermally initiated and by the Gravity-driven convection processes in closed circuits, at which the circulating medium changes in physical state or in thermodynamic sense undergoes phase transformations of the first kind to Example of liquid too gaseous and back, include in comparison to the pure thermally initiated gravity liquid circulation processes a much higher one exergetic energy flow density in the circulation flow. When it occurs or targeted use of such phase transformations comes the efficiency closer to the best possible thermodynamic efficiency, characterized by the Carnot process. The terrestrial Nature accomplished such processes in the weather as open processes and near the surface Volcanism sometimes as quasi-closed processes.

The occurrence of volcanically fed geysers is a special type of natural convection effect, often associated with mass transport, in which the liquid water penetrating into tectonically deeper and hot zones also undergoes a phase change from liquid to gaseous in the depth after thermal energy absorption, and then expands to the earth's surface to rise where it releases its energy to the cooler environment, condenses and flows down again - sometimes such process runs can be considered quasi-closed. With this natural, substance-bound heat exchange with phase change, a significantly higher exergetic energy density is achieved than without phase change. In addition, the geyser effects can be divided into different process groups. What they all have in common is that primarily water in hot rock undergoes a change in the state of matter from liquid to gaseous. But the way in which the liquid water enters and exits the heat exchange and phase change process, i.e. either in the same way, then the geyser acts discontinuously pulsating or on separate paths, whereby the inlet is not identical to the outlet channel, then acts he almost con Continuous, reveals distinguishing features on the one hand and on the other hand there are distinguishing features in that the water is evaporated and moved as a material flow, namely as a result of the entrainment effect of volcanically escaping hot gases or only through pure heat-conducting heating processes. The working capacity of such gas and liquid flows is so enormous that enormous mineral masses can be transported and separated over great height differences in geologically short times.

This natural work was made possible by the human activity tries to add value exploit and implement technically.

For example, in the DE 40 00 240 A1 described a device which uses one of the four geyser processes described above for convective energy generation in a closed circuit by utilizing phase conversions of a low-boiling heat transfer medium. The temperature gradient that exists between winterly cold air above a surface of water or water ice, the area functions as a heat sink and the unfrozen water underneath serves as a heat source. The liquid boiling at low temperature evaporates in the heat exchanger, which is positioned below the surface of the water in thermal contact with the water, and rises to the top, where it condenses in the cold area in a special heat exchanger, releasing heat to the environment and via an extra downpipe in the heat source exchanger flows back to circulate again. An engine for energy extraction is installed on the gas ascent path, for example a vane wheel turbine which is driven by the gas stream.

The same principle is in DE 38 07 747 A1 described as an energy device. Only that the circulating gas and liquid phases drive a kind of buoyancy float machinery, in which floating bodies or buoyancy bodies located in a liquid-filled tube, attached to a traction cable, are mutually and definedly interspersed with the gaseous, condensing and liquid fluids in order to generate energy.

Disadvantageous in terms of efficient practical Recovery with these devices is that on the one hand they only very weather dependent can work, for example when taking advantage of winter temperature level differences between liquid cold water and frosty atmosphere or the maritime temperature differences deeper water and coastal areas or can only be used in permafrost regions and on the other hand no procedural features of a thermodynamic cycle optimization to have the Carnot efficiency as possible to get close.

With the energetic use of thermal potentials with small temperature differences, such as they also exist in flat geothermal energy have been conventional so far heat exchangers and heat pump systems used.

The disadvantage of these methods is that that they are permanent to ensure geothermal energy exploitation Auxiliary energy in the form of the highest quality form of energy, e.g. electrical Electricity, need.

Recently, have become energetic Exploitation of thermal potentials of relatively small temperature differences, which are below the boiling point of water, special ORC processes (Organic Rankine Circle, or freely translated "Organic cycle according to Rankine") developed; s. e.g. lecture to ORC technology; F. Eckert from Gesellschaft für Energietechnik mbH, July 25th 2000. These are cycle processes using compressors, gas turbines or gas engines (also Stirling engines), evaporators, condensers and Regenerators work and in addition to the supply of useful heat also a part of the thermal potential to be exploited. there come as working medium or transmission medium Fluids which are expediently chosen in terms of process technology defined boiling points and vapor pressures. The most popular are, for example, water, ammonia, CFCs or organic liquid gases and mineral spirits such as isopentane.

The disadvantages of classic ORC processes e.g. for use in geothermal power plants are that for the thermodynamic realization of the energetic exploitation process a considerable machine park with simultaneous consumption of part of the electricity generated or equivalent forms of energy must work and that this effort with decreasing temperature differences, e.g. below 70 ° C, always continues to increase.

In classic ORC processes for The mechanism of heat transport is used in geothermal power plants realized separately from the borehole and the energy production (what means it's primary and secondary cycles there) mostly with different working media, in particular huge at low temperature of the heat transfer medium flow rates and heat exchangers need.

The natural convection is thereby not used for direct energy extraction, occasionally for heat transport, but without thermodynamic optimization.

It is currently still true that the classical ORC techniques independently of the borehole geometry and the installation space during the day do not use fully.

In the ORC process, the energy is extracted exclusively from the gas; when using turbines, this gas should not contain any droplets or particles, in order not to limit the life of the turbine to a great extent. In order to avoid condensation, the gas is therefore overheated, which in turn is a Reduction in thermodynamic efficiency means.

Gases are naturally lower Density than liquids and this requires accordingly with the same specific energy content larger sizes.

An energy transfer principle, which a two-component mixture, preferably consisting of ammonia and water in a closed heat exchange and transfer process used by EXERGY company publishes that among other things known under the name Kalina process is.

With this litigation in contrast to the ORC process, where one-component in the circulation system Pumping fluids around, a two-component mixture as Heat transfer medium used. The more volatile Component, in this case ammonia, is lower in comparison to water Temperatures in the gas phase above. Compared to the ORC process it is when using this two-substance mixture as the working medium possible, favorable Heat transfer conditions with evaporation and condensation and thus a higher efficiency to achieve in energy production. Meanwhile exist in the USA and Iceland's first plants using the Kalina process work and have been adapted to the needs of geothermal energy. This is achieved by "producing more electricity from less heat" higher Efficiency than the ORC plants working in geothermal energy.

The disadvantage of these methods is that that the two-component working medium is powered by external energy Machines, analogous to the ORC process, are used as heat transfer and exchange media becomes. Furthermore, not the natural Convection of the pouring Fluids used for direct energy extraction. A work machine to extract energy in this process is not arbitrary Locating the circulating heat transfer medium used.

Object of the present invention is therefore the method mentioned at the beginning and the associated device by improving that totally self-sufficient energy generation even with small temperature differences is possible and the process can be carried out efficiently with a device with a low Costs can be produced and operated.

The object is achieved by the characterizing features of claim 1; 2 and 3 and the device claim 36 solved. Advantageous embodiments of the method and the device are specified in the subclaims.

With this procedure and the proposed one Convection generator as a device, for example, in the geothermal exploitation the potential differences of fluids of different temperatures and Density in the gravitational field of the earth or the pressure differences caused thereby used to implement thermodynamic cycle processes.

Due to the fluidically closed Fluid circuit in the convection generator and using defined thermodynamic processes during the Transport of thermal energy from a higher place Exergy becomes a place of low temperature levels in the form of mechanical or preferably electrical energy is released, with an energetic yield of any temperature level differences possible is - too relatively low that below the boiling point of water below Normal conditions.

This creates between two communicating hydromechanical lines, in the simplest In the case of a vertically oriented, annularly closed tube arrangement, with fluids like liquids, Gases, multi-phase mixtures of different temperatures are filled and their pipe segments in defined thermal respectively heat energy Contact with the environment, so that caused by the thermal different density will cause a pressure drop, a Convection movement that is used to extract energy.

The extraction of energy can both in the ascending area as in the downward flowing area of the convection flow, this means both in the gas area and in the liquid area of a convection generator with phase change. The decoupling in the liquid area means high Power densities, even at low temperature differences between heat reservoir and heat sink or low exergy content small sizes for the machine for energy extraction (for example a liquid turbine). This is how exergy is obtained by converting it into potential energy down to the slightest temperature difference possible.

Convection can be thermodynamic can be used optimally, especially with the convection generator with phase change. There is no separation of the heat transfer process and energy extraction, that is, the lines e.g. within a geothermal well can immediately can be used to extract energy.

The device of the convection generator according to the invention and the procedure for performing the convective energy production refers to a heat engine for exergy production (for example, electrical current) from heat reservoirs that are low Have temperature difference between them, as they typically when using geothermal energy or utilizing residual heat. With the convection generator, the potential differences in the gravitational field or the resulting pressure differences for implementation used by thermodynamic cycle processes.

For example, between two communicating tubes, which are filled with fluids of different temperatures due to the different Density a pressure drop, that leads to a convection movement and to the decoupling of power is being used.

So that the process of convective Fluid circulation is low loss, the hydromechanical wiring harness system is predominantly vertical laid out and in the cold area, the heat sink and in the warm area, the heat source, in functionality a heat exchanger designed.

The realization of the cycle with the convection generator itself in two basic Distinguish cases the cyclic process without phases or physical state change and the cycle with phase change.

In order for the convective flow process to be thermally efficient, the heat transfer medium flowing through the line strands is thermally connected to the environment through locally defined heat exchange or transfer processes or by restricting them. A preferred flow direction is thereby impressed on the heat transfer medium flow. Complete thermal insulation of the upward wiring harnesses, as described for example in DE 42 29 185 C2 is proposed is not necessary.

Regarding restriction or prohibition of the heat transfer to the heat transfer medium does that mean for the geothermal use case in the borehole that that from the heat sink coming and going down pipe system segment only thermally against deep ambient heat energy from the depth must be isolated where the ambient temperature is that of the downward flowing and in phase change or static heat transfer medium in compression. And then only if the downward flowing medium without thermal insulation in the downward strand switch to flow-restricting boiling would. The upward line system segment can have thermal insulation along its local extent after the thermodynamic process control of the in the upward line flowing upwards Working or heat transfer medium directed. In the simplest case, thermal insulation begins there where the temperature of the convective-gravimetric working medium that exceeds the environment and runs as far up as it is for securing the ascent process and the thermodynamic ascent or lifting procedure is appropriate.

To explain how the length and the course of the thermal insulation in the upstream with the thermodynamic Litigation The following example is correlated: For example, is the convection generator designed so that the flowing working medium in the area of the heat source undergoes an isothermal change in state of matter, which changes from the flow position one in the heat source area installed work machine for energy extraction in the direction Ascent to the top occurs for reasons of thermodynamic Process optimization of the further expansive rise of the evaporating or already complete evaporated working medium isothermally and as long as necessary with subsequent supply of, for example, convective heat energy from the area of the heat source, until an adiabatic expansion during of the remaining ascent, the working medium when reaching the ascent end area the medium is safely transferred to such a temperature level then in the heat sink only the condensation and its heat dissipation without lowering the temperature perform is. In this case there is no thermal insulation on the ascent string required. Depending on the depth of the convection generator system and the Geometrical and thermodynamic design, for example be necessary between the areas of the last example described isothermal phase transformation or isothermal expansive rise of the working medium and the adiabatic to be initiated (isentropic) residual relaxation a thermal pipe system insulation is required.

In summary, whether, how and in what extent to the downward and upward leading Pipe systems thermal insulation should be available, that depends on the type of thermodynamic process control and according to the geometric and thermal design sizes as well according to the geothermally encountered situations.

The convection generator can be used as Heat engine also housed in a corresponding building be and the heat source as well - sink are realized through appropriate fluid circuits.

In the cycle without phase change flows for example, a fluid after or during the heat emission at the cold heat reservoir cold down through a pipe system, is then heated and rises after or during the heat absorption warm up. The warmer Fluid usually has a lower density over in the gravity field the height difference a pressure differential that maintains the convection movement that but can also be used to extract energy from turbines, for example can.

There are fluids in certain Temperature ranges when heated increase their density; The best-known example is water at normal pressure between 0 ° C and 4 ° C. If at Using such a fluid this increases its density when heated the heat source for energy generation and the heat sink in their position on the ascending and descending fluid flow exchange.

In the cyclic process without phase change the extraction of energy, which causes a pressure drop, on one anywhere in the cycle.

However, in practice not from such single-phase convective circulating cycles all thermodynamically possible decouple mechanical energy content of the flowing heat transfer and transport medium, like earlier and some of the descriptions of the invention cited above suggest could. Such a system design would bring the circulating cycle to a standstill or inefficiently let work.

Only a sufficient amount of kinetic energy or exergy per time can be drawn from a flowing working medium of a convection generator that works without phase change processes, so that the remaining circulation current can still have a stable effect. There is an optimum in this regard. A relationship characterizing these relationships can be written down for a uniform pipe diameter by summing up the individual pressure drop processes that act on the flowing heat transfer medium through the pipe system during a full circulation. Of course, the pressure drop across the installed turbine or machine must also be taken into account. .DELTA.P gravimetr - ΔP dissipative - ΔP nutz = 0 (1)

The first term here caused the gravity caused by the thermally caused density differences Pressure difference over the vertical extension of the system, the second term includes the dissipative pressure drop resulting from the friction and thus loss processes the flowing through the pipes liquid results and the third term provides the over the machine Decoupling of energy acting pressure drop.

aufgeschrieben werden.Taking into account that the volume flows multiplied by the respective pressure drop heaters deliver the performance quantities of the cycle, the relation can be made for the maximum exergetic performance extractable from the flow process

to be written down.

gibt den Massestrom im Kreislaufsystem an. Der Massenstrom ist gleich dem Produkt aus Volumenstrom und Dichte des Fluids. Unabhängig von den thermodynamischen Zustandsbedingungen und der geometrischen Auslegung der Konvektionskreislaufanlage besteht zwischen der Geschwindigkeit der fließenden Massepartikel, die entsprechend des Energiesatzes exergetisch erfassbar genutzt werden kann und der maximal im System erreichbaren mittleren Strömungsgeschwindigkeit der Zusammenhang

v _max represents the maximum achievable average flow velocity in the system (without decoupled mechanical useful power).

indicates the mass flow in the circulatory system. The mass flow is equal to the product of the volume flow and the density of the fluid. Regardless of the thermodynamic conditions and the geometric design of the convection circulation system, there is a connection between the speed of the flowing mass particles, which can be used in accordance with the energy set, and the maximum average flow speed that can be achieved in the system

These relations are valid as long as the system is not operated in the physically non-linear range as long as there are no changes in the aggregate state in the circulating Heat transfer medium of the convection generator take place.

For the efficiency of each thermodynamic cycle Exergy generation, if it succeeds, increase the heat output and heat absorption in the areas of the heat sink and heat source with if possible to ensure zero temperature difference. The best case occurs on when this temperature difference is zero. This is practical feasible by using the medium, for example in compression or decompression can carry out the temperature change. This condition can be difficult to achieve in the cycle without a phase change. At the Cyclic process with phase change (for example liquid-gaseous) can be this ideal state achieve better. Therefore leaves the convection generator with phase change has a better thermodynamic Achieve efficiency.

In the cycle of the convection generator with phase change, for example, the phase change takes place in the ascending fluid flow, in which the pressure decreases with the height, during the ascent in accordance with the thermodynamic properties of the fluid (such as boiling point and vapor pressure). The me dium changes its density and, compared to the descent pipeline, exerts a significantly lower static pressure on the area deepest in the system.

While the phase change can additionally isothermal heat from the heat source are released to the evaporating fluid until the medium is completely or partially completed the phase change.

The cycle with phase change starts the installation of a Working machine for energy extraction or an exergy extraction to. For example in the area of the ascent gas phase over a Turbine that takes the gas down to the vapor pressure, the temperature the heat sink corresponds, relaxed.

Many machines or types of gas turbines are vulnerable against condensing droplets, therefore can the gas instead of overheating to be relaxed isothermally in front of the turbine in the gravitational field, by going over it a corresponding height difference rises. Then work is done on the descending Side of fluid flow with machines for extracting energy, such as liquid turbines, can be coupled out as an exergy.

Furthermore, instead of passing through a turbine, the gas can be adiabatically expanded in the gravitational field during the ascent so that when the ascent end point is reached, the vapor pressure corresponds to the temperature of the heat sink. The entire exergy coupling takes place in the liquid phase either in the descending or ascending part of the flow or at a position of the pipeline that lies within the heat source area. The latter means, for example, that the liquid phase begins to absorb heat as it enters the heat exchanger in the heat source region, usually after the end of the descent, but before reaching the machine. But due to the high static pressure in the lower line area, no boiling process starts. If the flow of heat transfer medium has absorbed enough heat on its way through the heat source region, it meets a device installed in the lower area of the system that reduces the static pressure. The location of the pressure reduction is expediently identical to a work machine installed there in the cycle for energy extraction. The pressure reduction of the liquid heat transfer medium which is against the machine and is under static pressure is carried out in the heat transfer medium flow by the process of energy extraction. The static pressure is reduced downstream of the machine. The fluid emerging from the machine immediately begins to change to the gaseous state. This change from liquid to gaseous takes place in the heat source area, so that the medium flowing out of the machine and undergoing phase change passes completely isothermally through the rest of the way through the heat exchanger of the heat source and isothermal on the ascent path that also begins in the heat source area is relaxed ascending. (It should be noted that in this description of the process, the heat exchanger is predominantly arranged horizontally in the heat source region. It is therefore expedient that the heat transfer medium has already increased its temperature in the heat exchanger to the maximum possible system temperature when the work machine has been crossed, so that after leaving the work machine, it can flow further evaporating isothermally through the rest of the heat exchanger without backflow, in the case of a vertical installation, such as in 2 shown, the phase change, warming and expansive ascent warming no longer has to be predominantly isothermal. The supply of thermal energy can be isobaric except for the barometric pressure influence.) Only on the last section of the ascent path is the gaseous heat transfer medium adiabatically relaxed so that it has reached the thermodynamic condensation conditions on completion of the ascent path. This adiabatic entropic relaxation can be achieved by expanding the ascent via the path of the last ascent section or, if the thermal dimensioning of the convection generator permits this, the adiabatic residual relaxation takes place via an additionally installed work machine.

By tapping these static pressure differences over a expedient in the convection circuit installed work machine, it is possible without explicit compression and flow drive work to have to spend the highest achievable thermal efficiency of a thermal power plant to achieve. Compared to all existing processes and devices for the exergetic exploitation of geothermal energy this convection generator comes to Carnot's efficiency the next.

But it is also possible to relax multiphase mixture, especially in one Ratio, that when relaxing the vapor pressure, the temperature the heat sink corresponds to the appropriate temperature, namely that of the heat sink, results. It makes sense to relax adiabatically via the height difference and decoupling the exergy in the high density flow area, preferably in the liquid area, to realize. Because of the presence of the second, denser phase when climbing, there are smaller height differences over which the relaxation takes place, realizable.

As multi-phase mixtures can do this either a partially evaporated liquid, a mixture of one liquid with another or a liquid be used with solid particles. That is, the multi-phase Mixture can also contain multi-component components.

When using multi-substance mixtures in the circulation cycle, it only makes sense exergetically if those types of material that do not undergo any change in phase or physical state in the closed thermodynamic cycle are also subject to the flow paths in terms of flow. In any case, they have to go through the lifting and lowering processes together with the working or propellant in the wiring harness system. The non-boiling or high-boiling additives, for example, can be separated from them in terms of flow technology before the condensation of the working or propellant media, in order to then be admixed again with the downward movement.

If the multi-phase heat transfer substance mixtures in the cycle, at least one component of which or propellant acts that undergoes liquid - gaseous - liquid phase changes, in start the ascent movement to do the ascent lifting work, The added, non-evaporated heat transfer component must not come from the flow process fail. A deadweight can be achieved through various measures can be achieved. For example, a kind of foam formation is a defined consistency possible, so that the entire mixture goes through the upward phase. Or but the ascent strand is in the manner of a parallel tube bundle strand designed, in which the partially evaporating or evaporated medium the added substances flow in with it and undergoes the lifting procedure. The clear expanse of the individual Elements of the tube bundle strand are dimensioned so that according to the thermodynamic, hydrodynamic and substance-specific parameters and design data the plant as possible there is no segregation or partial reflux when the mixture of substances rises.

In the upper area of the facility, where the heat sink is localized, gives the circulating heat transfer medium by heat exchange process Thermal energy to the environment. Substances in the heat source area or during the Ascent have reached the gas or vapor state, through defines guided thermodynamic State changes, for example beginning isothermal ascent combined with isothermal Pressure reduction and subsequent adiabatic ascent and pressure reduction procedure so tempered at the end point of the ascent in the heat sink area arrive that the gas phase is a liquid-saturated or supersaturated vapor phase represents that enters the condensation. It's the condensation above or dissipate phase change heat. The condensation process can by various measures favored or be made more effective. For example, added and carried along in the cycle or stationary arranged sorption-active material components when falling below accelerate the condensation of the vapor pressure. Or but it becomes the effect of capillary condensation in a special gravity-driven two-phase capacitor used. A part the condenser system is then, for example, as a parallel bundle of tubes defined slope or designed in a vertical orientation so that this bundle medium or mixture of substances to be condensed or in condensation flowing. The clear width of the condensation capillaries is dependent from the thermodynamic design data of the plant and the material parameters of the or the heat transfer media (e.g. surface tension and viscosity) chosen so that the flowing in liquid and gaseous and condensing heat transfer and working medium as liquid under the action of gravity at the bottom of the gravitational Two-phase capacitor independently flow out again can. Thereby the heat emission at the heat sink in the condensation caused by the hydrostatic or geodetic Fluid pressure (isothermal compression) favors. From the gravitational Two-phase capacitor segment, the heat of condensation becomes permanent dissipated.

On the individual thermodynamic processes or on the entire thermodynamically closed cycle is determined by varying the inclusion pressure value of the heat transfer medium a regulating influence is realized in the circulation circuit system. About the Defined inclusion pressure influence is a targeted influence on the local position and the intensity of thermodynamic changes of state executable, with which the performance of the convection generator according to the capabilities the heat exchange processes in the heat source and sink area and the required load removal is adjustable.

Another influence on specific Performance data of the individual thermodynamic processes in the convection generator is given when over or parallel to certain circulation phases switchable bypasses be created or independent material flows Transport heat. This makes it possible through targeted transport of heat a directed influence on locally running thermodynamic Exercise changes of state. This, for example, in the evaporation area of the upstream or the condensation tract in the heat sink area or directly in the area where the heat transfer medium the downward flow starts or performs.

mit √_fl = π⋅r² _düse⋅√_fl–düse = π⋅r² _Abstiegsletg⋅√² _{fl–abstiegsleitg}.A characteristic feature of this convection generator method with phase or aggregate state change is the fact that, for example in geothermal applications, a high static pressure builds up in the downward branch of the circulation circuit system, where the liquid heat transfer medium or working medium moves down with high density. This cool and liquid medium under high pressure flows through the heat exchanger or heat exchangers in the heat source area, presses the superheated but still liquid medium due to the high static pressure into the beginning upward line, where it begins to change isothermally into the gaseous phase freely from a certain ascent height or after a pressure reduction by a working machine. The gaseous working medium, which is initially isothermally expanding and adiabatically expanding towards the end point of the ascent, has a density during the ascent that is significantly lower than that of the liquid phase. For the convection generator, however, a method is also characteristic, according to which the cold liquid working medium coming from the heat sink heat exchanger flows downward via the descent line while increasing its hydrostatic pressure and there via a jet nozzle arrangement which is used in a working machine for energy generation and decoupling (for example a liquid jet turbine) is located, transfers its exergetic energy content to the machine. In this case, the potential energy stored in the liquid is converted into kinetic energy by means of the jet nozzle arrangement in accordance with the hydrostatic pressure built up over the vertical depth of the descent line string, and is extracted and extracted as mechanical work by the working machine. The conversion of the liquid pressure or mass potential equivalent into mechanical energy can be done with the general formulas

with √ _fl = π⋅r ² _nozzle ⋅√ _{fl – nozzle} = π⋅r ² _descent gate ⋅√ ² _{fl – descent} guide

= Massenstrom, √² _fl–düse = mittlere Fließgeschwindigkeit der Flüssigkeit durch die Düse, r_düse = Düsenradius, V_{fl-Abstiegsletg} = mittlere Fließgeschwindigkeit der Flüssigkeit im Abstiegsleitungsstrang, r_{Abstiegsleitg} Radius des Abstiegsleitungsstranges,

Volumenstrom der Flüssigkeit (ist wegen Kontinuitätsgleichung durch Düse gleich dem durch Abstiegsleitung) und p_fl = Dichte der Flüssigkeit.There are

= Mass flow, √ ² _{fl – nozzle} = average flow velocity of the liquid through the nozzle, r _nozzle = _nozzle radius, V _{fl descent line} = average flow velocity of the liquid in the descent line, r _{descent line} radius of the descent line,

Volume flow of the liquid (due to the equation of continuity through the nozzle is equal to that through the descent line) and p _fl = density of the liquid.

P _S is the pressure that can be tapped in the system at the nozzle or via the nozzle arrangement. The cross-section of the descent pipeline must be larger than that of the nozzle everywhere; or if there are several nozzles, then also larger than the total nozzle cross-sectional area.

The descent pipe with the working machine at the bottom is within the steam or gas riser pipeline. This wiring harness continues below the position of the work machine in depth so that the liquid working medium after leaving of the working machine partially wetting the wall in depth of the pipeline mainly filled with gas / steam falls its way down heat absorbs, evaporates and after sufficient further heat energy absorption begins to rise above. Below the position of the work machine the state of matter or phase changes from liquid to gaseous Status. And at the same time, both heat transfer medium phases use together, but in the countercurrent principle, the lower line segment, which as a heat exchanger in the heat source area acts as a descent and ascent line. In this line segment takes place up to the barometric pressure component of the ascending Gas or steam column the phase change from liquid too gaseous and warming of steam is isobar instead.

The lifting work of the expansively rising Working medium can be energetically completely absorbed heat be repaid. On the pressure side of the system, i.e. in the area of the liquid Working medium leaves through a targeted combination of thermal, convective and gravimetric effects without explicit compression work to have to muster Decouple a high exergetic part from the high pressure flow. This thermodynamically closed process control by means of the convection generator according to the invention comes for geothermal exergy exploitation applications of Carnot's process control on next.

As a heat transfer medium are also chemical and or physically reactive substances can be used. These are, for example such substances or multiphase mixtures of substances based on the Circulation path through the reversible inner wiring system Structural transformations and and chemical or physical connection or undergo network structure transformations. there are also sorption and Desorption processes on or in material components of a multi-phase mixture incorporable.

To increase the influence of the gravitational field or entirely centrifugal force can be used as a replacement in rotating arrangements for process maintenance be used.

Further details of the invention result from the following description and the attached drawings, in which a preferred embodiment the device for carrying out of the inventive method are shown schematically.

The figures show:

1 : a schematic representation of a convection generator Aa with a horizontally running heat source area heat exchanger,

2 : a schematic representation of a convection generator A with a vertical heat source area heat exchanger.

In order to enable the convective flow of the fluid in the gravitational field without the use of auxiliary energies and simultaneous exergy extraction from the flowing fluid, the following device and process engineering conditions must be met, for example:
A circulatory system 1 without phase change in the circulating working or heat transfer medium is conceivable based on the well-known gravity hot water heating principle. The hot water riser and the water return line represent the communicating pipe system via the radiators and the boiler, which act as heat exchangers.

The boiler provides the heat source below 3 and the radiators and the top heat sink 7 Between these two locally separated heat reservoirs of different temperature levels, which are fluidically connected to each other, a convective-gravimetrically driven volume flow of a defined direction is built up.

The heat source lies for geothermal applications 3 in the depths of the earth or warm geothermal water is used as a heat source. The heat sink 7 doesn't have to be on the surface of the earth. Applications are conceivable where the upper heat exchange process takes place, for example, at a depth of 10 m or deeper in a groundwater-bearing layer with a constant low temperature.

The cable harness is used to maintain a directed convection flow 2 , through which the cold fluid flows downwards, from the end of the cold region downwards, that is to say from the depth region where the ambient temperature begins to exceed that of the fluid flowing downwards, to the region of the lowest point of the downward branch 2 mostly the lowest point of the system, preferably located in the heat source 3 , thermally insulated by thermal insulation. This ensures that the downward flowing fluid experiences no or only a negligible, thermally caused reduction in density.

Down in the heat source area 3 where the thermal insulation 14 on the downward strand 2 ends, heat is absorbed from the environment at this point. The fluid expands, decreases its density and begins 5 to ascend to the top.

To avoid heat loss from the rising fluid is on the upward line 5 Thermal insulation from a certain depth position 13 intended. In terms of process engineering, this position is defined in such a way that the thermal insulation 13 starts where the temperature of the rising fluid approximately corresponds to that of the environment.

This convective circulatory system 1 lasts as long as heat energy is supplied to the fluid in the lower area of the system by heat exchange and heat is removed from the top.

A communicating circulatory system which is expediently designed in this way geometrically and fluidically and with regard to heat transfer and insulation 1 offers a wide range of possibilities on the flow path of the fluid to use thermodynamic and process engineering processes to generate mechanical or electrical energy.

For this purpose, machines are in a suitable place, but in terms of process technology at any position in the fluid circuit 10 . 11 . 12 , which can be impellers or turbines, to which the flowing fluid releases part of its kinetic energy by rotating the impellers.

A circulatory system without going on Has phase transformations only in comparison to the Carnot process an extremely small one Efficiency.

A significant increase in Power efficiency is possible when the circulating fluids undergo thermodynamic phase transformations or changes in physical state via the flow path perform.

As in 1 shown, they flow in the pipe system 1 trapped substances, for example in the colder downward strand 2 liquid downwards, take heat from the heat source from the deepest area of the plant le 3 then on the way through the heat exchanger 4 the heat source 3 or the way up in the upward line 5 according to their physico-chemical properties and the thermodynamic environmental and plant conditions, which are defined in terms of process technology, successively predominantly and isothermally into the gaseous state 6 switch. In the upper area, there is the heat sink 7 , the gas stream for condensation in a heat exchanger system 8th in special condensation capillary tubes 9 can take advantage of the principle of capillary and sorption-active gravity-driven two-phase condensation, withdraw heat, so that the medium condenses or is in condensation as a liquid or liquefies back into the downward strand 2 of the circulatory system 1 can occur.

With the principle of the capillary and sorption-active gravitationally driven two-phase condenser, the steam can also be mixed with sprayed liquid. The mixture enters capillaries in which phase separation is largely prevented. There remains a two-phase mixture, which is due to the now relevant geodetic or hydrostatic pressure increase when flowing through the downtrend 2 condensed almost isothermally into the gas phase.

Due to the appearance of two different states of matter, cool and liquid and therefore materially tight in the downward strand 2 of the pipe system 1 and partially heated in liquid and partially in gaseous form with a much lower density than that of the liquid, the gravimetric potential differences between the two fluid columns cause a greater pressure difference than is the case with single-phase fluids. Due to the occurrence of these large pressure differences, they are realized over machines 10 ; 11 ; 12 for decoupling energy, for example turbines, for example in the gas flow phase of the upstream 5 installed, much larger power transfers. Because it is known that this corresponds to a flowing medium using a machine 10 ; 11 ; 12 decouplable exergetic performance of the product from the pressure drop across the working machines 10 ; 11 ; 12 and per time through this work machine 10 ; 11 ; 12 flowing volume. Physically, the better efficiency in phase changes can be explained by the use of the thermal energy of the phase change and the strong dependence of the temperature on gases during pressure changes.

The performance of such a system is determined by the ability of the heat exchange in the heat sink 8th , the condensation capillary tubes 9 and 4 in the heat source 3 certainly. The same applies here for geothermal applications as the upper heat exchange process in the heat sink 8th on the surface of the earth, but it does not have to. For example, a flowing body of water, a standing body of water or a cool, groundwater-bearing layer beneath the earth's surface can be used as a heat sink with heat exchangers installed in it.

The cited performance product of volume flow and pressure difference across the work machine 10 ; 11 ; 12 for extracting energy, for example a turbine, allows, as explained in the description of the invention, exergy to be obtained in the a) liquid, b) gaseous or c) mixed fluid range. Is, for example, a turbine arrangement in the liquid area (for example a downward run 5 ) of the circulatory system, for example at the site 11 as in 1 shown, the output component which can be decoupled results as a product of a pressure value which can be tapped very large and which corresponds to the static differential pressure forces of the fluid columns and a smaller volume flow. The volume flow through the turbine arrangement can be regulated for optimal trimming of the maximum thermodynamic performance of the system. For this purpose, a volume flow controller is located at the turbine inlet area. According to b), the output is decoupled in the uplink 5 the gas flow, for example at the position shown on the working machine 10 , then the usable and decouplable output amount is the product of a very large volume flow and one compared to the a) positioning (machine 11 ) lower pressure difference. The mixed phase c), consisting of gas and liquid components in the fluid flow, requires the use of special machines 11 , As generally described above in the description of the invention, a fluid mixture consisting of phases of different physical states would meet, for example, a paddle wheel arrangement in accordance with a special thermodynamic conversion regime. A work machine 12 , which serves the case of the mixed phases according to variant c), is at the point, for example 12 in 1 positioned. The work machine 11 can also flow a bit before or after the in 1 shown working machine 12 be arranged. Characteristic of the position of the work machine 12 is that the work machine 12 in the heat source area 3 of the circulatory system 1 is positioned in such a way that the liquid, which is under static pressure but is already partially heated, enters the machine 12 occurs, there undergoes a pressure reduction and exits from it partly in a liquid but already evaporating manner. The subsequent subsequent evaporation or residual evaporation is carried out isothermally.

A last special case for variant c) should be mentioned. It is possible, for example, but the fluid overheats completely liquid and under static pressure via a nozzle arrangement on a paddle wheel or impeller arrangement of a work machine 12 to allow volume flow to shine. Such a machine is on site 12 , conveniently in the deepest area of the heat source 3 positioned so that the work machine 12 inflowing fluid experiences the maximum possible temperature increase possible by heat exchange. The one through the work machine 12 passing through at high speed The fluid jet passes through the machine on its way 12 a pressure reduction, as a result of which the liquid enters into an adiabatic phase transition from liquid to gaseous, combined with a volume expansion. In terms of process technology, however, it is an advantage if the through machine 12 liquid jet which has penetrated successively completely passes into the gas phase. Otherwise the energy decoupling stage would "drown" in non-evaporated liquid. To prevent this from happening, i) the volume flow of the jet arrangement is regulated, ii) the jet arrangement and the working machine 12 for energy extraction are still located locally in the area of the heat source 3 , so that iii) the evaporation process initiated by local adiabatic phase transition and expansion as a whole or until it emerges from the heat source 3 is carried out integrally as an isothermal process. In addition, the working media outlet of the working machine 12 be placed on a slightly lower collecting or evaporator basin, which functions as a volume flow buffer. This means that the entire remaining flow path area of the plant is located on the flow path between the exit from the work machine 12 and the beginning thermal insulation 13 in the upward line 5 located, which can immediately absorb adiabatically consumed thermal energy from the environment. For this purpose, this area of the system is also designed as a heat exchanger. The fluid flow in the outlet area of the working machine can be bypassed by means of a heat exchanger 12 additional phase change energy can be supplied.

The thermal insulation 13 between environment and fluid flow, for example in the upstream 5 , as in 1 shown is not absolutely necessary. Whether local thermal insulation 13 in the upward line depends on the thermodynamic design and the geometric expansion of the system, such as the depth expansion. In this context, a characteristic design is determined in such a way that the ascending gas or steam flow or in the multi-phase mixture the mixing component including the gaseous or vaporous part only on leaving the ascent or stroke path with entry into the heat sink heat exchanger 8th For example, condensation occurs when the pressure falls below the adiabatic pressure.

On the downward strand 2 is thermal insulation 14 also not mandatory for the entire descent route on the pipe system 1 necessary. The isolation 14 only starts where the downward flowing fluid meets areas whose temperature is higher than the temperature of the flowing heat transfer medium. This prevents premature boiling reactions in the downflow area above the entry into the heat source heat exchanger 8th comes. The thermal insulation 14 must be on the downward strand 5 do not run into the area of the lowest point of the plant. If, for example, the static pressure in the downward flowing heat transfer medium stream reaches such a value that no evaporation occurs, especially no evaporation up to the position of the working machine due to possible inflowing thermal energy combined with an increase in temperature in the fluid stream 12 , then from this depth range, as in 1 for example as a non-boiling area 15 is labeled and localized, without thermal insulation.

When using multi-phase or / and multi-component mixtures as the heat transfer medium are in the upstream 5 passive media lifting and guidance aids, for example as a parallel tube bundle, in 1 with position 16 only indicated locally, installed. These auxiliary devices prevent segregation, sedimentation or backflow of non-evaporated heat transfer medium components to be lifted.

The downward strand 2 and upward strand 5 of the pipe system 1 doesn't have to be like in 1 Clearly presented, run in its own borehole. It is possible, for example, to use a borehole based on the probe principle and defined insulated concentric lines for the upward and downward flow.

Convection generators Aa according to the invention and A for the use of geothermal energy are also in shafts, tunnels, Caverns and sewer systems, for example in shafts and Mine tunnels can be installed.

The convection generator can appropriate height can also be accommodated in a machine hall, using as a heat source and sink e.g. appropriate fluid circuits can be realized.

On 2 Another embodiment of a convection generator A according to the invention is shown.

This embodiment of the convection generator A is constructed as a geothermal probe. The circulatory system 1 is nested with respect to the transport routes for the heat transfer medium; which is also possible, for example, concentrically. This means that in the gas riser line, the liquid descent line, which is smaller in cross section, runs downward. The two cable strands are thermally insulated from each other. The two end regions of the probe tube string open at the bottom in the heat source area 3 and up in the heat sink 7 , In a probe tube of larger diameter, which as a steam upstream 5 serves for the evaporated heat transfer medium on the way up, there is a downward branch leading downwards 2 for the liquid heat transfer medium or working medium. The heat exchanger 4 in the heat source area 3 is the larger diameter probe tube in the borehole, what from the end of the downward line runs further into the depths and as a heat exchanger in the heat source area the depth expansion 4 having. The steam upstream 5 or the large-caliber probe tube opens into the heat exchanger at the top 8th the heat sink 7 , In the large-caliber probe tube or the steam upstream 5 runs from the heat sink-7 / heat exchanger 8th the liquid downflow 2 to the position of the machine 11 for energy generation and extraction via the power generator 11a , This work machine 11 For example, a liquid jet turbine that works directly on an electric generator is for energy generation and extraction. The entire block 11 ; 11a , is designed as an underground unit and can be transported upwards, for example, in the case of maintenance inside the large-caliber probe tube. Against the work machine 11 the static pressure of the liquid column of the heat transfer medium or working medium is in the downward line for energy generation 2 on. The down line 2 ends, for example, inside the turbine in liquid jet nozzles, so that the static pressure via these nozzles in the turbine against the space behind, in which only the pressure of the steam or gas masses striving upwards, the barometric pressure, plus the inclusion or system pressure, acts, is converted into speed. This means that the static pressure against the turbine or the potential energy of the liquid above it is converted via the nozzles into high-speed liquid mass jets, which transfer their kinetic energy to the turbine blades by impacting them, causing the turbine rotor to rotate and the like then drives the generator to generate electricity.

In this embodiment, the position of the work machine is 11 not, as in the example of the 1 shown, in the area of the lowest point of the plant. Below the position of the machine 11 runs in this example 2 the large-caliber upward strand 5 , trained as a heat exchanger 4 , further down into the warmer layers of the earth. The depth of this pipe segment depends on the energetic and thermodynamic dimensioning or design of the convection generator system A and the thermal yield of the earth's masses. In this embodiment, the downward fluid flow can be in, at, or before entering the heat source area 3 its exergy content to a work machine 11 to deliver energy without this fluid flow to the machine 11 has absorbed thermal energy at all or significantly. Then it emerges smoothly from the machine 11 and must be able to flow downwards to avoid fluid backflow against the machine outlet. The liquid working or heat transfer medium splashes after leaving the power generator 11a against the pipe wall leading downwards or falls down and absorbs so much heat energy on the way towards the lowest point of the plant that it completely passes into the vapor phase and on the long way up can do the necessary lifting work with regard to its own weight from its absorbed thermal energy content without condensing before reaching the heat sink heat exchanger. The evaporation on the way down runs in the example of the 2 no longer only or predominantly isothermal, as in the horizontally arranged course of the heat source heat exchanger 1 shown. The evaporation and further heating takes place in the example of 2 on the way down in the vertical heat exchanger up to the barometric pressure effects of the gas column predominantly isobaric. Only the following requirements are made here: a) the thermodynamic conditions of the convection generator system must be determined via the system dimensions so that the evaporating or completely evaporated heat transfer medium or working medium does not reach the critical state conditions down to the lowest point of the system, b) that the ascending vaporous medium has absorbed so much thermal energy that it can feed its mechanical lifting work from the thermal potential without reaching the heat exchanger 4 the heat sink 3 to condense and c) that no liquid heat transfer medium or working medium collects in the deepest area of the heat source region heat exchanger. This also means that the gas can rise in an adiabatic, relaxing manner as it ascends on the last ascent section without prematurely condensing.

Using the embodiment of 2 is on the circulatory system 1 a bypass in the upper area 17 placed. The rising steam or gas volume flow becomes a fraction via the line 17 branched off by means of a compressor 18 primarily adiabatically compressed, increasing its internal energy and thus temperature and through a heat exchanger 19 for the generation of heating energy, for example water flow to be heated 21 ; 22 , for heating and home use. The cooled, but still under the compression pressure of the compressor 18 standing gas volume flow flows through an adiabatic expansion, combined with the onset of condensation 20 in the heat sink heat exchanger 8th , where it supports the general condensation process. The temperature of the adiabatically expansive volume flow is slightly lower than the heat sink temperature after the adiabatic expansion to the system inlet pressure. The energy to operate the compressor 18 or this via the bypass 17 heat pump is laid out by the working machine arrangement 11 ; 11a extracted amount of energy. For example, 50% of the work machine 11 and the power generator 11a Amount of electrical energy obtained to operate the heat pump can be used to provide heating and domestic heat energy. The other 50% would then be available as electrical energy. Such an example of a system ensures the self-sufficient operation of buildings and other facilities with regard to heating and electrical energy supply based on geothermal energy.

If the convection generator Aa; A is shut down for a long time in terms of flow technology, which means that there is no convective preferential flow in the circuit system and the heat transfer medium is thermally in equilibrium with its surroundings, the cycle process is via an extra switchable bypass line 17 using an external machine (e.g. a pump) or a machine installed in a cycle 10 ; 11 ; 12 to decouple the energy, which temporarily acts as an active carrier due to external energy being switched on.

For general switching on and off as well as for control engineering intervention in the flow process is at least one hydromechanical in the wiring harness arrangement Flow input and off switch installed.

Conveniently, by means of several valves, the entire liquid-carrying line from the gas-carrying Fluidic area split off.

Another regulation of the convection generator results from change the inclusion pressure of the heat transfer or Working medium in the wiring harness system. This can take into account the temperatures in the heat sink but also in the heat source area on the vapor pressure or condensation behavior of the heat transfer medium Be influenced. For example, the heat sink heat exchanger be installed in a water flow. The river is subject to weather and seasonal temperature differences. Is it getting colder in the Heat sink area, then the confinement pressure can be reduced and the condensation takes place in exactly the same way as under somewhat higher temperature influences higher Containment pressure. However, the climatic decrease in temperature increases the heat sink the energetic yield the heat source.

• – Ammoniak (NH₃) und Ammoniak-Wassergemische
• – Gruppe der Halogen-Kohlenwasserstoffe; zum Beispiel R 22
• – Bohrchlorid
• - Iodwasserstoff-Wassergemisch
• – Kohlendioxid (CO₂); (unter speziellen thermischen Anlagen-Bedingungen)
• – Schwefeldioxid
• – Silizium-Disilan
• – 2-Methylpropan (Isobutan; i-Butan)
• – 2,2-Dimethylpropan (Neopentan)
• – 2-Butene (es existieren drei Sorten mit unterschiedlichen Siedetemperaturen zwischen – 6,3°C und 3,7°C unter Normalbedingungen)
• – 1,3-Butadien (es kann polymerisieren, daher nur in dies verhindernden Stoffmischungen verwendbar)
• – Gruppe der Ether, Oxirane (aber hochbrennbar)
• – Wasser / Wasserdampf

For example, the following substances can be used to carry out the method, also as a component in a multi-substance mixture:

• - Ammonia (NH ₃ ) and ammonia-water mixtures
• - group of halogenated hydrocarbons; for example R 22
• - drilling chloride
• - Hydrogen iodide / water mixture
• - carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ); (under special thermal system conditions)
• - sulfur dioxide
• - silicon disilane
• - 2-methylpropane (isobutane; i-butane)
• - 2,2-dimethylpropane (neopentane)
• - 2-butenes (there are three types with different boiling temperatures between - 6.3 ° C and 3.7 ° C under normal conditions)
• - 1,3-butadiene (it can polymerize, so it can only be used in mixtures that prevent this)
• - group of ethers, oxiranes (but highly flammable)
• - water / water vapor

aa

Konvektionsgenerator

A

Konvektionsgenerator

1

Wärmeträgermedien- or working fluid circulation system

2

Wiring harness / down train

3

Heat source area / heat source

4

heat exchangers

5

Wiring harness / upward run

6

optional gaseous Status

7

Heat sink / heat sink area

8th

Heat exchanger / heat sink

9

Condensing capillary tubes

10

working machine for energy extraction

11

working machine for energy extraction

11a

power generator

12

working machine for energy extraction

13

thermal Isolation / boost strand

14

thermal Isolation / down strand

15

nichtsiedender Area (position area)

16

position (Area)

17

Bypass line

18

compressor

19

heat exchangers

20

adiabatic Relaxation

21

Cold water supply

22

Warm water outflow

Claims (44)

Process for convective energy generation in a closed fluidic circulation system, in which a heat transfer medium, which is also a working medium, circulates, that hydrodynamically and thermodynamically connects at least one heat source and one heat sink of different temperatures and in the areas of the heat source and heat sink an exchange of heat between them circulating heat transfer medium and heat reservoir is carried out in particular via installed heat exchangers, the heat source being located, in particular, locally below the heat sink, so that, as a result of heat exchange processes taking place, the heat transfer medium is subjected to a convective hydromechanical flow, so that pressure differences occur over local sections of the circulatory system or within the flowing heat transfer medium that summarize a thermally initiated gravimetric-convective flowing heat transfer medium circuit flow result, characterized in that the circulatory system ( 1 ) circulating heat transfer medium passes through a thermodynamically describable or defined closed cycle process per cycle. Process for convective energy generation in a closed fluidic circulation system, in which a heat transfer medium, which is also a working medium, circulates, that hydrodynamically and thermodynamically connects at least one heat source and one heat sink of different temperatures and in the areas of the heat source and heat sink an exchange of heat between them circulating heat transfer medium and heat reservoir is carried out in particular via installed heat exchangers, the heat source being located, in particular, locally below the heat sink, so that, as a result of heat exchange processes taking place, the heat transfer medium is subjected to a convective hydromechanical flow, so that pressure differences occur over local sections of the circulatory system or within the flowing heat transfer medium that summarize a thermally initiated gravimetric-convective flowing heat transfer medium circuit flow result, characterized in that the flowing heat transfer medium by locally defined on the circulatory system ( 1 ) heat exchange or transfer processes taking place or by a restriction thereof a preferred flow direction is impressed. Process for convective energy generation in a closed fluidic circuit System in which a heat transfer medium, which is also the working medium, circulates, which connects at least one heat source and a heat sink of different temperatures with each other in a hydrodynamic and thermodynamic manner, and in the areas of the heat source and heat sink, heat exchange between the circulating heat transfer medium and the heat reservoir, in particular via installed heat exchangers is carried out, the heat source being located, in particular, locally below the heat sink, so that, as a result of heat exchange processes taking place, the heat transfer medium is subjected to a convective hydromechanical flow, so that pressure differences build up over local sections of the circulatory system or within the flowing heat transfer medium, which in summary form a thermally initiated gravimetric -convectively flowing heat transfer medium circuit flow, characterized in that the liquid heat transfer medium or working medium from above located heat sink heat exchanger coming down through a downward line in the direction of a jet nozzle arrangement located at the end of the line, thereby building up an increasing static pressure within its liquid column with increasing depth and this static pressure or, equivalently, the potential energy of the liquid column against the nozzle arrangement via this nozzle arrangement is converted into a liquid mass flow of corresponding kinetic energy, which then flows through the heat source heat exchanger after exiting the nozzle arrangement in a heat-absorbing and evaporating manner, and after complete evaporation rises upward in the direction of the heat sink heat exchanger for condensation. Method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the in the circulatory system ( 1 ) flowing heat transfer medium in the entire area of the heat source ( 3 ) Thermal energy is supplied. Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that from the circulating heat transfer medium stream at any local point in the circulation system ( 1 ) mechanical energy is extracted or extracted. Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that from the circulating heat transfer medium stream at various and arbitrary points in the circulation system ( 1 ) mechanical energy is extracted or extracted at the same time. Method according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the circulating heat transfer medium on the flow path between the heat source ( 3 ) and the heat sink ( 7 ) undergoes thermodynamically defined phase transformations or physical state changes. A method according to claim 7, characterized in that the Change of state from fluid to vapor or gaseous carried out becomes. Method according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the phase change at any point in the heat source area ( 3 ) is carried out and then integrally over the remaining distance through the heat source area ( 3 ) is continued as an essentially isothermal process. Method according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the phase change at any point in the heat source area ( 3 ) is carried out and then integrally over the remaining distance through the heat source area ( 3 ) as an essentially isobaric process. Method according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the phase change of the heat transfer medium flow in the heat source area ( 3 ) is carried out locally in the direction of flow. A method according to claims 10 and 11, characterized in that the phase change begins at the point where, above all, a static pressure reduction of the heat sink area from above ( 7 ) liquid heat transfer medium flowing into the depth. Method according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that that from the heat transfer medium flow up to the maximum in the area of pressure reduction Thermal energy is recorded that the heat transfer medium under the influence of pressure not in the state of boiling or Evaporation is transferred. Method according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the pressure reduction or the pressure drop in a region of the circulatory system ( 1 ) which is identical to the area in which an installed work machine ( 10 ; 11 ; 12 ) energy is extracted and the pressure reduction or the pressure drop through the process of energy extraction via the working machine ( 10 ; 11 ; 12 ) is carried out. Method according to one of claims 1 to 13 with a predominantly horizontal course of the heat source heat exchanger (( 4 ) 1 ), characterized in that in the heat source area ( 3 ) in phase change from liquid to vapor or gaseous heat transfer medium or already completely in the vapor or gas phase with entry into the ascent process upwards in the direction of the heat sink ( 7 ) and is relaxed during the ascent as long as thermal energy is transferred from the process control environment to the expansively rising heat transfer medium stream, but this only takes place on the way up until there is still a sufficiently expansive ascent or stroke distance before the ascent is ended remains so that the rising heat transfer medium thermally approaches the temperature of the heat sink towards the end of the ascent path ( 7 ) can approach. Method according to one of claims 1 to 13 and 15, characterized in that the expansively rising vapor or gaseous heat transfer medium on the last ascent path section in the direction of the heat sink ( 7 ) is defined adiabatically in such a way that the temperature of the heat sink ( 7 ) is reached or at the end of the ascent or lift path the condensation does not yet occur or the thermal condensation conditions have just been reached. Method according to one of claims 1 to 13, 15 or 16, characterized in that the expansively rising vapor or gaseous heat transfer medium on the last ascent section towards the heat sink ( 7 ) is defined adiabatically so relaxed that a condensation of steam or gas components in the heat transfer medium flow takes place before the end of the ascent or stroke path in strength or intensity, that the condensation products from the ascent volume flow still completely over the remaining ascent distance in the heat sinks ( 7 ), be transported. Method according to one of claims 1 to 13 and 15 to 17, characterized in that the adiabatic relaxation through a reduction in the pressure in the rising gas stream is achieved becomes. Method according to one of claims 1 to 13 and 15 to 18, characterized in that the location of the adiabatic pressure reduction is identical to a work machine installed in the cycle ( 10 ; 11 ; 12 ) for decoupling energy and reducing pressure in the flow process as a pressure drop across the working machine ( 10 ; 11 ; 12 ) is achieved through the process of energy extraction. Method according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the circulating heat transfer medium on the flow path or between the heat source ( 3 ) and the heat sink ( 7 ) undergoes an internal structural transformation or chemical or physical connection or networking structural transformation. Method according to one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that that the phase transformations or structural transformations with exothermic Character integral over the intended distance for the phase or structural transformation of the heat transfer medium flow in particular carried out as an isothermal process becomes. Method according to one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that that the phase transformations or structural transformations with exothermic Character integral over the intended distance for the phase or structural transformation of the heat transfer medium flow in particular carried out as an isobaric process becomes. Method according to one of claims 1 to 22, characterized in that the phase change from vapor or gaseous to liquid partially or completely by capillary condensation and / or sorption heat exchange processes ( 9 ) is carried out in special gravity-operated two-phase capacitors. Method according to one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that the flowing heat transfer medium in a heat source area ( 3 ), which has no thermodynamically process-relevant pressure reducers and descending or ascending flow paths, absorbs isobaric heat energy. Method according to one of claims 1 to 24, characterized in that the heat transfer medium during the descent from the area of the heat sink ( 7 ) towards the heat source ( 3 ), in particular in the descent area, where the ambient temperature is below or just slightly above the temperature of the cold heat transfer medium but lower than the heat source temperature, is isothermally, gravimetrically driven and, as the depth increases, flows statically to increase the depth. Method according to one of claims 1 to 25, characterized in that the heat transfer medium in the cycle process ( 1 ) Multi-phase mixtures can be used. Method according to one of claims 1 to 26, characterized in that that a heat transfer medium is used as a multi-phase mixture consisting of at least two different fabric phases or fabric types. Method according to one of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that that as a heat transfer medium multi-phase mixture Solid components, especially granules or powders, are used become. Method according to one of claims 1 to 28, characterized in that that as a heat transfer medium multi-phase mixture chemically and / or physically reactive substances are used, which can also contain sorption-active components, their reaction mechanism is reversible in the thermodynamic cycle. Method according to one of claims 1 to 29, characterized in that that the heat transfer medium multi-phase mixture contains at least one component the while of the hydromechanical cycle the thermodynamic process relevant Physical states liquid - gaseous or performs their phase transformations Method for achieving a separation and sedimentation-free transport of the heat transfer and ballast media components by the component capable of changing the state of matter according to one of claims 1 to 30, characterized in that the heat transfer media multi-phase mixture component, which during the cycle ( 1 ) pass through the phases in liquid and gaseous form, must be present in the mixture in a minimum concentration, which are determined by the material properties of the heat transfer medium mixture, the thermodynamic design data and the geometric expansion of the convection generator. Method according to one of claims 1 to 31, characterized in that that favoritism the portability of the multi-phase mixture a foaming agent the heat transfer medium-multi-phase mixture is added. Method according to one of claims 1 to 32, characterized in that the ascending and descending strand of the circulatory system ( 1 ) is designed as a parallel line bundle for hydromechanical material flows, in particular in the case of multi-phase and / or multi-material mixture flows. Method according to one of claims 1 to 33, characterized in that to maintain the thermodynamic cycle ( 1 ) the centrifugal force of the heat transfer medium is used in a rotating arrangement. Method according to one of claims 1 to 34, characterized in that that a heat transfer medium is used, which has a negative coefficient of thermal expansion having. Device for carrying out the method according to claims 1 to 35, characterized by a convection generator (Aa; A) which is equipped with a heat transfer medium circulation system ( 1 ), the heat transfer medium is at the same time working medium, which is designed as a fluidically communicating wiring harness system, and in which at least one wiring harness ( 5 ) as a convective ascent or expansion gas / steam lifting line and a line line ( 2 ) is arranged as a liquid drop or descent pipeline. Implementation device of the method according to claim 36, wherein the liquid heat transfer or working medium in a descent line or a descent line line down flows and meets an energy-converting nozzle arrangement at the end of the line, thereby characterized in that their total nozzle cross-sectional areas or -Area is smaller than the cross-sectional area of the liquid descent pipeline. Device according to claims 36 and 37, characterized. that in the wiring harness that is horizontal to the heat sink ( 7 ), a heat exchanger with condensation capillary tubes ( 9 ) is arranged for an isothermal phase change from the gaseous to the liquid state and the condensation capillary tubes ( 9 ) of the heat exchanger in length and diameter are dimensioned such that the inflowing and condensing heat transfer medium automatically exits the capillary tube system in a gravimetrically driven manner according to its material parameters such as viscosity and surface tension after condensation has taken place. Device according to one of claims 36 to 38, characterized in that the absolute pressure in the heat transfer medium circulation system ( 1 ) and / or the inclusion pressure of the working and heat transfer medium can be changed in a defined manner. Device according to one of claims 36 to 39, characterized in that a bypass or an independent local parallel wiring harness ( 17 ) is provided, via which heat quantities bound to material flows parallel to the heat transfer medium circuit ( 1 ) transportable and heat transferring to the heat transfer medium circuit ( 1 ) can be connected. Device according to one of claims 36 to 40, characterized in that in the heat transfer medium circulation system ( 1 ) a hydromechanically explicitly switchable flow initiation bypass or injector line is integrated. Device according to one of claims 36 to 41, characterized in that in the heat transfer medium circulation system ( 1 ) at least one hydromechanical flow on and off switch is installed. Device according to one of claims 36 to 42, characterized in that the heat transfer medium in the convection generator (Aa; A) is ammonia and / or CO ₂ . Device according to one of claims 36 to 43, characterized in that the vapor or gas phase-carrying area of the line system ( 1 ) can be completely separated from the fluid line area by means of flow technology.