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CN87105488A - 干分离脂肪物质的方法 - Google Patents

干分离脂肪物质的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN87105488A
CN87105488A CN87105488.4A CN87105488A CN87105488A CN 87105488 A CN87105488 A CN 87105488A CN 87105488 A CN87105488 A CN 87105488A CN 87105488 A CN87105488 A CN 87105488A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
filter
fatty
separation
fatty substances
crystals
Prior art date
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Withdrawn
Application number
CN87105488.4A
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English (en)
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CN1007519B (zh
Inventor
木通口清幸
前田裕一
日高博志
岩朝央
海老原善隆
浅原和人
久保田隼人
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Fuji Oil Co Ltd
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Fuji Oil Co Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fuji Oil Co Ltd filed Critical Fuji Oil Co Ltd
Publication of CN87105488A publication Critical patent/CN87105488A/zh
Publication of CN1007519B publication Critical patent/CN1007519B/zh
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
    • B22D11/0605—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by two belts, e.g. Hazelett-process
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Abstract

一种干分离脂肪物质的方法，包括冷却脂肪物质后，将其分离成固体部分和液体部分，所述冷却是将液态脂肪物质引入具有压挤功能的过滤装置的过滤室内，并在晶体沉积温度条件下将其保持在该过滤室内，直至生成预定的晶体量，所述分离是通过压挤过滤室，将脂肪物质分离成固体部分和液体部分。

Description

干分离脂肪物质的方法
本发明涉及利用熔点差异以干分离含有不同熔点组分的脂肪原料的方法。
作为一种将脂肪物质分离成具有不同熔点的馏分的方法，即采用丙酮、己烷等一类熔剂进行溶剂分馏已久为公众所知。尽管分馏的精度很高，但这种方法仍存在危险性，因为所用的溶剂是易燃物质，而且从工业卫生的角度来看，该方法也并不理想，因为溶剂的蒸发有害健康。另外，由于溶剂消耗的费用、溶剂回收的热能费用以及溶剂回收装置的设备费用等的增加，该方法需要很高的生产费用。
已知还有一种分离方法，即采用表面活性剂的乳液分馏。但是，这种方法的缺点是分馏效率低（产率低和质量差）。另外，从含有表面活性剂的水溶液中分离脂肪或油的后处理工作很复杂，而且处理含有表面活性剂的废水需要大型装置和昂贵费用。
还有一种分离方法也早已为人们所知，即冻凝方法，该方法不需用任何溶剂或表面活性剂，而是将经加热熔化的脂肪或油静置于0℃左右的冷却槽内，使下部的固体层与上部的液体层分离。该方法需要许多冷却槽设备并且要历时几天才能完成分离。因此上述这两种方法的产率很低，分离效果也很差。
最近，为了消除这些已知分离方法的缺点，提出了一种分离方法，包括将熔点为55～75℃的硬化油以晶种形式加到经加热熔化的脂肪或油中，通过熟化并过滤混合物，以加速结晶过程（日本专利申请公开号No.56-15759）。熟化后当晶体量达到相当小时（即所需固体部分的得率很低时），这种方法非常适用。但是，当晶体量较大时，泵送晶体就有困难，处理也很费时。
此外，还有一种分离方法，即植物脂肪如芒果仁油或婆罗双树脂中分离出相似于可可脂的部分，从而提出一种脂肪的干分离方法，包括将由果仁脂或可可脂中得到的β或β′晶体作为晶种加到经加热熔化的植物脂肪中，熟化混合物，生成所需要的稳定晶体，逐步冷却到分离温度，使晶体生长，然后加压过滤混合物（日本专利申请公开号No.60-101197）。但是，在该干分离方法中，生成的结晶聚集体具有糊状稠性。因此，为了进行有效分离，应将糊状结晶聚集体从冷却槽或冷却盘转移到适宜于加压过滤的袋中，将袋压紧，从顶部加压使液体部分向外流出。然而这个方法需要化费大量时间和人力。
本发明的主要目的在于克服上述分离方法的不足之处。为此，本发明提供了新的干分离方法，而且分离效率高，不需要大量人力。
本发明的这个目的以及其它目的和优点，结合附图通过如下阐述，对本领域的专业人员来说是显而易见的。
图1（A）～1（E）是以图解说明本发明方法每个步骤的立式薄膜压滤器的截面图。
根据本发明提供的干法分离脂肪物质的方法，包括先将脂肪物质冷却，然后将其分离成固体部分和液体部分，所述冷却是将液态脂肪物质引入具有挤压功能的过滤装置的过滤室，在该过滤室内，脂肪物质在晶体沉积温度条件下，保持到生成预定量的晶体，所述分离是通过挤压过滤室分离成固体部分和液体部分。
从本质上说，本发明的特征在于通过在过滤室内将晶体沉积和挤压在过滤室内生成的滤饼，以分离成晶体部分（固体部分）和液体部分。
采用本发明方法，就有可能有效地分离脂肪物质，因使用易燃溶剂而造成的危险和工业卫生的问题也都不存在了。
本发明所分离的脂肪物质，包括脂肪和油，如动物脂肪，例如牛脂和猪脂等;植物脂肪，例如棕榈油、牛油树脂、婆罗双树脂、芒果仁油、椰子油、棕榈仁油等;各种合成脂肪和油;他们的硬化油和分馏硬化油;蜡;以及其混合物，等等。
本发明的方法是通过采用具有挤压功能的过滤装置实施的。
与一般的固液分离不同，从脂肪物质中沉积出结晶部分取定于温度。此外，为了精确地进行分离，沉积速度应尽可能低。为此，过滤装置最好采用间歇式装置，为了处理大量脂肪物质，最好采用具有许多互相平行排列的过滤室压滤器，特别是采用所谓体积可变型压滤器或薄膜型压滤器，其中过滤室是用耐压橡胶膜进行静压压滤。这种类型的过滤装置具有几十毫米厚度的和能控制温度的较大传热面的薄膜过滤室。此外，尽管各个过滤室的容积很小，但是将许多过滤室互相平行配置后，则可以一次处理数吨以至数十吨的脂肪物质。因此，这种过滤装置适宜于本发明在工业上的应用。当然也可采用其他类型的过滤装置，例如X压滤器、自动压滤器、管式压滤器、立式连续过滤器和活塞压滤器，等等。
按本发明方法，将流态脂肪物质引入过滤室，并在晶体沉积温度条件下保持到沉积出预定的晶体量。
本发明的特征之一是利用过滤室本身作为固体脂肪沉积的容器，其方法是用要处理的脂肪物质的凝块密封过滤室中的滤器表面。这种密封可用脂肪物质的凝块涂于滤器表面，以在滤器表面形成密封层。实际上，用脂肪物质浸渍构成滤器表面的过滤介质并在低于脂肪物质凝固点的温度条件下冷却过滤介质以形成密封层，同样也能极其有效地进行密封。由此可见，脂肪物质的温度不能很高，即当脂肪物质被引入过滤室时，以不能破坏密封层为限度。
在晶体沉积温度下，将脂肪物质保持在过滤室内以后，挤压过滤室，破坏密封层，从而液体部分由过滤室流出，而滤饼（结晶部分）仍保留在过滤室内。至此完成了分离过程。
现参考附图1（A）至1（E），说明本发明方法的最佳实施例，附图采用具有膜压装置的立式薄膜压滤器。
如图1（A）至1（E）所示，压滤器（4）有两个滤网（6），固定在压滤器主体膜（B）和（B′）之间，组成过滤室（5）。要处理的脂肪物质（O）用泵（P）经导管（2）引入两个膜网（6）之间。导管（2）与槽（1）连接，它能加热和冷却脂肪物质（O）。两个滤网（6）之间的脂肪物质可通过导管（3）返回槽（1）。有一个网膜与隔膜（7）接触。所用0～30℃冷水一类制冷剂经由制冷剂供应装置（附图未示）引入隔膜（7）和一个主体膜（B）之间的空间，以冻胀隔膜（7）。当隔膜（7）冻胀后，挤压两个滤网之间的脂肪物质（O），通过滤网（6）进行过滤。
首先在槽内将脂肪物质（O）加热熔化，再经导管（2）进入两个滤网（6）之间的过滤室（5）内，使脂肪物质浸渍滤网（6）〔见图1（A）〕。
然后，脂肪物质经导管（3）返回槽（1），制冷剂进入隔膜（7）和主体膜（B）之间的空间。制冷剂压力的增高，将隔膜（7）冻胀，从而能与滤网接触。制冷剂（C（f））经隔膜（7）冷却倾注在滤网（6）内的脂肪物质并使其凝固〔见图1（B）〕。在这种情况下，制冷剂（C（f））的温度保持在低于脂肪物质分离温度几度至几十度（以摄氏温标计）（即所保持的温度使脂肪物质紧接着发生分离），以防止以后通过滤网进入过滤室的脂肪物质的流通。
接着将槽（1）内的脂肪物质（O）冷却到晶体沉积温度（例如5～40℃），同时保持其流动状态并通过导管（2）将其引入过滤室（5）。脂肪物质在过滤室内保持在分馏温度下（例如0～40℃）〔见图1（C）〕。在引入脂肪物质时，脂肪物质最好处于正好是在晶体沉积开始之前的状态。但是，脂肪物质处于晶体多少有点沉积的状态时，尤其是占晶体沉积总量的大约20%或低于20%，最好是约占5%或低于5%时，同样也是理想的。当沉积在要处理的脂肪物质中的晶体量过多时，很难得到具有良好压挤效率的晶体。
然后，在分离温度下，过滤室（5）中的脂肪物质一直保持到沉积出预定的晶体量（例如相当于脂肪物质总量的30～90%（重量）。在正常条件下，为了防止脂肪物质因外来的热传递而温度升高，在这个阶段中需要冷却过滤室。为此，理想的是被引入的冷却剂的温度至少应该低于脂肪物质分离温度15℃。温度差异过大时，造成局部过冷，甚至低熔点部分的结晶，导致分离精度下降。当沉积出预定的晶体量时，通过用压缩制冷剂（C）将隔膜冻胀，以此来压挤固液混合物，从而分离为滤饼（固体部分）（Os）和滤液（液体部分）（Ol）。通常维持该混合物受压在一段时间，例如在5～100公斤/厘米2压力下保持0.5到10小时〔见图1（D）〕。
然后打开压滤器（4），从滤网上去除滤饼（Os）〔见图1（E）〕。
上述各步骤的第一、第二以及以后各操作过程中，不需要用熔化的脂肪物质浸渍滤网，也无须使其凝固。
本发明方法适宜于从脂肪物质中得到高质量的高熔点的和低熔点的分离物，例如动物脂肪一类的脂肪和油，如牛脂和猪脂等;植物脂肪、如棕榈油、牛油树脂、婆罗双树脂、芒果仁油、椰子油、棕榈仁油等;各种合成脂肪和油;它们的硬化油和分离硬化油;蜡;以及它们的混合物，等等。本发明方法尤其适用于获得高质量的硬脂肪分离物。本发明方法特别适用于分离大量晶体分离物，例如按本发明方法，从棕榈仁油一类脂肪物质中，仅通过冷却方法就能高精度分离得到大量晶体分离物，如高于30%的晶体分离物。此外，由于本发明所用装置仅仅祇有一个槽和一个带有挤压装置的过滤器，所以本发明方法非常经济，需要的设备费用很低，能够无人操作。
以下实施例和参考实施例将更详尽地说明本发明，但不能认为是限制本发明的范围。实施例和参考实施例中所用的“%”和“部分”，除另有说明外，都以重量计算。
实施例1
将经过脱酸的净熔点为31℃的棕榈仁油（脂肪物质）置于槽内并在50℃左右加热熔化。把油引入具有20个过滤室的薄膜型立式压滤器的过滤室内，使油充分浸渍过滤室内的滤网。然后油返回到槽内，将20℃的冷水引入压滤器的隔膜和主体膜之间的空间，以冷却过滤室和滤网，使浸渍的棕榈仁油凝固，形成密封层。
另一方面，将槽内的棕榈仁油搅拌冷却到20℃左右，然后引入到冷却过滤室内具有密封层的两个滤网之间。棕榈仁油在过滤室内保持90分钟，同时20℃的冷水在隔膜与主体膜之间的空间循环。
然后关闭隔膜的出口阀门，所用压力为5公斤/厘米2。压力逐步增加到50公斤/厘米2时，过滤室在这种状态下再保持90分钟，压挤结晶油，使液体部分流出。压挤后，打开压滤器，剥离并回收过滤室内的滤饼（固体部分）。
由此得到的固体和液体两部分的性质和产率在表1中给出。
Figure 87105488_IMG1
固体部分具有下列固体脂肪指数（SFI），说明得到的硬脂肪的质量极好。SFI值为：
5℃∶68.8    22.5℃∶64.8    32.5℃∶7.9
10℃∶68.5    25℃∶60.4    35℃∶0.0
15℃∶68.0    27.5℃∶53.3
20℃∶66.5    30℃∶37.7
实施例2
将经乙醇处理过的牛油树脂（脂肪物质）置于槽内，在大约50℃下加热熔化。按实施例1所述的同样方法，将脂肪引入过滤室，用脂肪充分浸渍过滤室内的滤网。然后脂肪返回槽内，将20℃的冷水引入压滤器的隔膜和主体膜之间的空间，以冷却过滤室和滤网，使浸渍的牛油树脂凝固，形成密封层。
另一方面，将槽内的牛油树脂搅拌冷却到25℃左右，然后引入到冷却过滤室内具有密封层的两个滤网之间。脂肪在过滤室内保持4小时，同时20℃的冷却水在隔膜和主体膜之间的空间内循环，使过滤室内的脂肪充分结晶。
采用的压力逐步升至30公斤/厘米2，过滤室在这种状态下再保持30分钟，挤压结晶脂肪，分离出液体部分。压挤后，打开压滤器，剥离并回收过滤室内的滤饼（固体部分）。
由此得到的固体和液体两部分的性质和得率在表2中给出。
Figure 87105488_IMG2
上述得到的牛油树脂固体部分和棕榈仁油中间部分（50∶50）的混合物，按常规方法提纯，得到下列固体脂肪指数（SFI），用该混合物制成的巧克力具有极好的勒性和耐热性。其SFI值如下：
5℃∶82.5    22.5℃∶76.9    32.5℃∶19.4
10℃∶82.0    25℃∶74.4    35℃∶0.0
15℃∶81.1    27.5℃∶65.1
20℃∶79.0    30℃∶50.0
实施例3
将碘值为56.9的软棕榈油（脂肪物质）置于槽内，在50℃左右加热熔化。按实施例1所述相同方法，将油引入薄膜型立式压滤器的过滤室内，用油充分浸渍过滤室内的滤网。然后油返回槽内，将10℃左右的冷水引入压滤器的隔膜和主体膜之间的空间，以冷却过滤室和滤网，使浸渍的软棕榈油凝固，形成密封层。
另一方面，将槽内的棕榈仁油搅拌冷却至15℃左右，然后引入到冷却过滤室内具有封闭层的滤网之间。软棕榈油在过滤室内保持3小时左右，同时13℃的冷水在隔膜和主体膜之间的空间中循环，使油充分结晶。
然后，所用压力逐步升至25公斤/厘米2，过滤室在这种状态下再保持50分钟，压挤结晶油，分离出液体部分。挤压后，打开压滤器，剥离并回收过滤室内的滤饼（固体部分）。
由此得到的固体和液体两部分的性质和得率在表3中给出。
Figure 87105488_IMG3
液体部分的浊点为-1℃，说明是用作沙拉油的质量极好的原料。
对比实施例1
按实施例1所述相同方法，进行棕榈仁油的分离，祗是不通过用油浸渍滤网以形成密封层这一步骤。在这种情况下，由于引入过滤室的油从滤网孔中流出，所以仅有大约70%所需油量引入过滤室内。此外，压滤器的出口被堵塞，导致分离精度很低。被分离的固体部分耐热性低，用作硬脂肪则质量太差。所得产品的性质和得率在表4中给出。
Figure 87105488_IMG4
对比实施例2
按实施例1所述相同方法，分离棕榈仁油，不同的是将槽内的棕榈仁油冷却到22℃，结晶出大约占晶体总量的31%，并在冷却油引入过滤室后立即对其进行挤压。
分离得到的固体部分耐热性差，用作硬脂肪时质量也低。所得产物的性质和得率在表5中给出。
Figure 87105488_IMG5
从表5可见，分离精度很低。
对比实施例3
按实施例2所述相同方法，分离用乙醇处理过的牛油树脂，不同的仅在于引入过滤室的脂肪在室温（20℃）下静置5小时而不用冷水冷却，接着进行压挤。得到的固体部分碘值和得率都很低。结果在表6中给出。
Figure 87105488_IMG6
对比实施例4
按实施例3所述相同方法，分离软棕榈油，不同的是脂肪物质在槽内冷却至12℃，使之充分结晶，然后引入过滤室。如表7所示，分离精度很低。
Figure 87105488_IMG7

Claims (4)

1、一种干分离脂肪物质的方法，包括冷却脂肪物质后，将其分离成固体部分和液体部分，所述冷却是将流动态的脂肪物质引入具有压挤功能的过滤装置的过滤室内，并在晶体沉积温度条件下将其保持在该过滤室内，直至生成预定的晶体量，所述分离是通过压挤过滤室，将脂肪物质分离成固体部分和液体部分。
2、根据权利要求1的方法，其中过滤室的滤器表面用脂肪物质的凝块密封。
3、根据权利要求1的方法，其中在没有晶体沉积，或最多祇有20%晶体总量沉积的温度条件下，将脂肪物质引入过滤室。
4、根据权利要求1的方法，过滤装置具有膜压装置。
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