CN2514538Y - 一种太阳能电池自动功率伺服装置 - Google Patents
一种太阳能电池自动功率伺服装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本实用新型涉及一种太阳能电池自动功率伺服装置,通过脉宽调制PWM电路的控制,功率变换电路将太阳能电池输出的直流电变换成一定的电压给负载供电。将负载回路电流取样,负载电流下降判别电路在负载电流下降时通过电压调整电路和PWM电路对功率变换器的占空比进行精确调整,使功率变换器始终工作在太阳能电池的最大功率输出点。电路控制没有量的运算,处理环节少,电路的误差对控制结果无影响,控制精确。电路结构简单、成本低。
Description
技术领域
本实用新型涉及太阳能电池,特别是能在各种光照、温度条件下自动地以最大功率给负载提供电能的太阳能电池自动控制装置。
技术背景
目前,人类对太阳能利用方面的研究十分活跃,尤其是在太阳能电池方面技术日趋成熟,应用领域也越来越广泛。在以太阳能电池为能源的供电系统中,常规的电源电路因是以固定电压、电流工作,实际电能利用率不高。现有技术中也有一些太阳能电池功率跟踪电路,它们工作在固定的电压值辅以温度或照度补偿。然而在不同的照度和温度条件下,太阳能电池最佳放电电压是不定的,以上电路系统无法进行精确补偿、跟踪。
已知中国专利公开号CN1171650A所公开的一种电源设备,其工作原理是检测太阳能电池的输出电压和电流,并将该电压和电流值在所述乘法器中相乘得到输出功率值,并通过所述最大功率点检测装置对输出开关电路进行一系列调整,用以跟踪最大功率输出点。但是所述电流、电压检测电路、乘法器及最大功率检测装置等电路处理环节过多,各环节电路的精度误差将在很大程度上影响到最终结果,造成实际工作点与最大功率输出点偏移。另外由于所述电源设备电路结构过于复杂,应用成本偏高。
发明内容
本实用新型所要解决的技术问题是:提供一种数据处理环节少、电路结构简单、成本低的,在不同光照、温度条件下,总是能精确地工作于最大功率点,从而提高太阳能电池的利用率的太阳能电池自动功率伺服装置。
本实用新型解决上述技术问题所采用的技术方案是:它的输入端与太阳能电池连接,它包括将太阳能电池输出的直流电变换成适合负载使用的电压的功率变换器;接在功率变换器输出端的负载;对功率变换器进行脉宽控制的PWM电路;对太阳能电池输出工作电压进行取样和对工作电压范围进行初步调节的电压取样调节电路;对太阳能电池输出工作电压进行精确调整的电压调整电路;对负载的回路电流进行取样的负载电流取样电路;对所述负载电流进行时差比较以产生负载电流下降脉冲信号的负载电流下降判别电路。
本实用新型太阳能电池自动功率伺服装置,让太阳能电池先以一定的固定电压工作,然后根据输出回路电流微调装置的工作电压,当输出回路电流最大时,装置从太阳能电池得到的功率最大,此时对应的工作电压为当前条件下的最佳工作电压,其结果是在各种光照、温度条件下,太阳能电池总是工作在最大功率输出点。
本实用新型只是在所述的电流时差比较器中对输出负载电流进行上升或下降的变化趋势进行判别,从而对工作电压的高低进行精密调节,始终没有物理量数值方面的运算,因此各个电路组成部分的精度对控制的最终结果没有影响,可以达到很高的控制精度。另外,本实用新型电路结构简单、成本低。
附图说明
图1是本实用新型实施例的电路结构图
图2是图1所述负载电流下降判别电路6和电压调整电路5的结构图
图3是本实用新型实施例工作流程图
图4是实施例中负载电流下降判别电路的工作时序图
图5是太阳能电池的输出特性曲线
图6是不同条件下太阳能电池的输出I/V曲线
具体实施方案
如图1所示的本实用新型实施例的电路结构图,它的输入端与太阳能电池1连接,输出端与蓄电池负载7连接,它包括将太阳能电池1输出的直流电压Vin转化成适合负载使用的输出电压Vout的功率变换器2;对功率变换器2进行脉宽调制控制的PWM电路3;由串接在蓄电池负载7输出回路中的电阻Ro构成的负载电流取样电路8;对负载电流取样电路8所产生的取样电流进行放大、处理,在负载电流下降时产生一个负载电流下降脉冲信号的负载电流下降判别电路6;可以被负载电流下降判别电路6输出的负载电流下降脉冲信号触发并能对调整电容C3进行精确的充放电操作,用来精确控制脉宽调制器PWM3的输出脉宽的电压调整电路5;给PWM电路3提供电压控制信号,并确定太阳能电池1输出工作电压范围的由电位器W和电阻R1组成的电压取样调节电路4。功率变换器2输出端与负载7连接。
功率变换器2由串接在太阳能电池1和输出电感L之间受PWM电路3输出端控制的开关元件T、输出电感L、接在输出电压Vout端的输出电容C2、开关二极管D所构成。功率变换器2在PWM电路3的控制下,将太阳能电池1所产生的直流电压Vin转换成适合蓄电池负载7的直流电压Vout,给蓄电池负载7充电。电容器C1、C2分别是输入、输出滤波电容。
如图2所示的负载电流下降判别电路6和电压调整电路5,负载电流下降判别电路6包括:将负载电流取样电路8所提供的负载电流信号Ii进行放大的由运放U1组成的取样电流放大器9;将经模拟开关SW1保存在C4上的先前时刻电流信号与即时时刻电流信号进行比较的由运放U2组成的电流时差比较器10;经模拟开关SW2在即时时刻将电流时差比较器10输出的负载电流下降信号进行整形并输出一个负载电流下降脉冲信号的由运放U3组成的电流下降脉冲形成电路11;产生时钟信号S1、S2控制模拟开关SW1、SW2,以配合电流时差比较器10和电流下降脉冲形成电路11按要求时序工作的时钟路12。
电压调整电路5包括:可以被负载电流下降判别电路6所输出的负载电流下降脉冲信号触发的双稳电路13;由双稳电路13的正相输出端Q控制、在Q的高电平状态给调整电容C3充电的充电恒流源14;由双稳电路13的反相输出端
Q控制,在
Q的高电平状态给调整电容C3放电的放电恒流源15。
本实用新型实施例将太阳能电池1的输出电压Vin经过一个由常规的开关电源电路组成的功率变换器2,转换成适合于蓄电池负载7充电的输出电压Vout给蓄电池负载7充电,因此太阳能电池1的输出电压Vin与功率变换器2的输出电压Vout之间,存在以下数值关系:
Vout=Vin*D
式中D表示功率变换器2工作的占空比,即PWM电路3的输出控制信号的脉宽TON与工作周期T的比值。
因为蓄电池负载7两端的端电压即功率变换器2的输出电压Vout相对固定,故太阳能电池1的输出电压Vin将随占空比D的变化而变化。因此,我们可以通过调整功率变换器的占空比D将太阳能电池1的输出电压Vin调到与最佳工作电压Um一致,如图5中,此时太阳能电池1的输出电流正好是最大输出点Pm所对应的输出电流Im,这时太阳能电池1工作在最大功率点Pm。
如图6所示,图中箭头所指范围为Vin跟踪范围,由于太阳能电池1的输出电压Vin在不同的照度温度条件下是变化的,故最佳输出工作电压Um也是变化的。因此在实施例中,通过对PWM电路的脉宽即占空比进行精确调整,使太阳能电池1的输出电压Vin始终工作在最佳工作电压点,如图6中的u1或u2或u3,使太阳能电池1的输出功率最大。
在图1中,如果不考虑电路损耗,太阳能电池1的输出功率Pin、功率变换器2的输出功率Pout、输出电压Vout及输出回路电流Iout之间有以下关系式:
Pin=Pout=Vout*Iout
因为Vout基本不变,故而太阳能电池1输出功率Pin的变化将直接反映到输出回路电流的变化,也就是说Pin增大,Iout也增大;Pin减小,Iout也减小。因此可以通过对输出回路电流Iout的检测,而得知Pin的变化趋势。
在图2中的负载电流下降判别电路6中,由运放U1、R4、R3组成的取样电流放大器9对负载回路电流取样信号进行放大,并将电流信号输入到比较器U2与先前时刻保存在电容C4上的先前时刻电流信号进行比较,当即时时刻的电流信号小于先前时刻电流信号时,在比较器U2的输出端得到一个高电平的负载电流下降信号,利用时钟电路12产生的时钟信号S2的高电平在即时时刻接通模拟开关SW2,从而在由运放U3组成的电流下降脉冲形成电路11的输出端得到一个负载电流下降脉冲信号。
如图4所示,在0-t1期间,S1输出高电平,模拟开关SW1导通,将这一时刻取样电流放大器9输出的电流信号保存在电容C4中;在t1-t2期间,S1输出低电平,模拟开关SW1断开,此时的电流信号与0-t1期间保存在电容C4中的电流信号一同加在运放U2的两个输入端进行比较,当t1-t2期间负载电流比0-t1期间负载电流小时,运放U2输出为高电平;反之,运放U2输出为低电平。在t1-t2期间,S2的输出为高电平,模拟开关SW2导通,由运放U3组成的电流下降脉冲形成电路11的输出电平取决于运放U2的输出电平。当运放U2的输出为高电平时,经运放U3整形输出一个高电平的负载电流下降脉冲信号。因此,只有在负载电流下降时,负载电流下降判别电路6才会输出一个负载电流下降脉冲信号。
在图2中的电压调整电路5中,经所述负载电流下降脉冲信号的触发,双稳电路13的输出状态发生翻转,也就是说,如果先前时刻调整电容C3在放电,那么即时时刻改为充电状态;如果先前时刻调整电容C3在充电,那么即时时刻改为放电状态。由于双稳电路13每一时刻只能有一种稳定状态,所以调整电容C3每一时刻只能处于一种工作状态,要么是充电,要么是放电。通过对调整电容C3两端的电压进行精密控制,并通过R2精密调整PWM电路3的输出脉宽,实现对太阳能电池1的输出功率的精密控制。
在图1中,由电位器W和电阻R1组成的电压取样调整电路4通过PWM电路3给出一个固定的占空比,此时太阳能电池1的输出工作电压Vin是一相应的固定值,比如图5中的u2,此时蓄电池负载开始充电。由于电压调整电路5时刻在对调整电容C3进行充放电操作,因而调整电容C3的端电压uc3时刻处在上升或下降过程中,与之对应,PWM电路3的脉宽、太阳能电池1的输出电压Vin、负载回路电流Iout也在上升或下降过程中,整个电路装置将进行处理过程如图3,不断进行上述检测、触发、调整,使太阳能电池1的输出功率始终工作在最大功率点上。
综上所述,根据本实用新型太阳能电池自动功率伺服装置,通过对电压相对固定的负载电流强度取样,将一定期间的先前电流和即时电流进行比较,可以检测到太阳能电池1输出功率的变化趋势,通过对功率变换器2占空比的调节,使太阳能电池1精确地工作在最大功率点,不受光照度和温度的影响,而且电路结构简单、成本低。
Claims (3)
1、一种太阳能电池自动功率伺服装置,它的输入端与太阳能电池(1)连接,输出端与负载(7)连接,其特征在于:它包括将太阳能电池(1)输出的直流电变换成适合负载使用的电压的功率变换器(2)、对功率变换器(2)进行脉宽控制的PWM电路(3)、对太阳能电池(1)输出工作电压进行取样和对工作电压范围进行初步调节的电压取样调节电路(4)、对太阳能电池(1)输出工作电压进行精确调整的电压调整电路(5)、对负载(7)的回路电流进行取样的负载电流取样电路(8)、对所述负载电流进行时差比较以产生负载电流下降脉冲信号的负载电流下降判别电路(6);功率变换器(2)输出端与负载(7)连接。
2、如权利要求1所述的太阳能电池自动功率伺服装置,其特征在于:负载电流下降判别电路(6)包括:将负载电流取样信号进行放大并输出对应于输出电流的电流信号的取样电流放大器(9);将先前时刻电流信号与即时时刻电流信号进行比较,当即时时刻电流信号所对应的电压低时,产生一个负载电流下降信号的电流时差比较器(10);将负载电流下降信号在即时时刻整形输出一个负载电流下降脉冲信号的电流下降脉冲形成电路(11);以及输出时钟信号用于控制所述电流时差比较器(10)和电流下降脉冲形成电路(11)工作的时钟电路(12)。
3、如权利要求2所述的太阳能电池自动功率伺服装置,其特征在于:电压调整电路(5)包括:在负载下降脉冲信号触发下,使输出电平状态发生翻转的双稳电路(13):被双稳电路(13)输出端控制,能在双稳电路(13)第一稳态时对调整电容充电的充电恒流源(14);以及被双稳电路(13)输出端控制,能在双稳电路(13)第二稳态时对调整电容放电的放电恒流源(15)。
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