CN215417919U - Multiple suction superimposed electric switch - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model provides an electric switch with multiple superimposed attractive forces, which at least comprises an insulating shell, an operating mechanism, a wire inlet end, a wire outlet end, a moving contact and a chuck, wherein a conductor of the wire inlet end is connected with the chuck, a conductor of the wire outlet end is connected with the moving contact, the moving contact is inserted into or moved out of the chuck under the action of the operating mechanism, magnetic conductive members are arranged around the chuck, when a large current passes through the chuck, the chuck generates attractive force to clamp the moving contact due to the isotropy of the flowing current, and meanwhile, the magnetic conductive members around the chuck are magnetized to generate the attractive force to enable the chuck to further clamp the moving contact, the two overlapped attractive forces are superposed to offset the electric repulsion force between the contacts, so that the burning loss caused by electric arc generated by the repulsion of the contacts due to the large current is prevented, and the short-time tolerance capability of the switch is improved.

Description

Multiple suction superimposed electric switch

Technical Field

The utility model relates to the field of low-voltage electrical appliances, in particular to an electric switch.

Background

The switch is the most important distribution equipment in a low-voltage distribution system, along with the continuous improvement of the requirements of power supply and power transmission and distribution equipment in power engineering, the performance requirements for the circuit protection switch are higher and higher, and the miniaturization, high performance, modularization and high reliability are the main development directions of the air switch at the present stage. The short-time endurance is an important index of the switch, and means the maximum short-circuit current which can be borne by the switch within a certain time, and has a very high requirement on the dynamic stability of the switch, and in the practical use of the switch, the peak value of the short-circuit current can often reach hundreds of kiloamperes, so that a large current flows through a conductive loop of the switch, and a very large electric repulsion force can be generated between a moving contact and a static contact.

The electric repulsion between the existing switch heads mainly comprises two parts, one part is Lorentz force generated by current under the action of a magnetic field, the other part is Hoemz force generated by the contraction of current lines at the contact position of a contact, and the electric repulsion generated on a moving contact when short circuit occurs is very large, so that the moving contact is easily repelled. Therefore, in order to ensure that the moving contact of the switch is not repelled, the generated contact repulsion must be counteracted by the suction force generated by the short-circuit current, and the short-time endurance of the switch is further improved.

Disclosure of Invention

Based on the background, the utility model provides an electric switch with multiple superposed attractive forces, which is characterized in that an original static contact is optimized into a structure of a movable chuck, Lorentz force generated by current under the action of a magnetic field is converted into electric attractive force, Homh force generated by contraction of current lines at the contact position of a contact is counteracted, meanwhile, a magnetic conduction piece is arranged on the chuck, when short-circuit current passes through the chuck, the magnetic conduction piece is magnetized, the attractive force is generated, the pressing force of the chuck on a moving contact is increased, the two repeated attractive forces are superposed to clamp the contact together, burning loss caused by electric arcs generated by repulsion of the contact due to large current is prevented, and the short-time tolerance of the switch is improved.

The above object of the present invention can be achieved by the following technical solutions:

the utility model provides an electric switch with multiple superimposed suction forces, which at least comprises an insulating shell, an operating mechanism, a wire inlet end, a wire outlet end, a moving contact and a chuck, wherein a conductor of the wire inlet end is connected with the chuck, a conductor of the wire outlet end is connected with the moving contact, and a magnetic conduction piece is arranged around the chuck.

Preferably, the conductor connecting the wire inlet end and the chuck is a soft wire or a hard wire.

Preferably, the movable contact is moved into or out of the chuck under the action of the operating mechanism.

Preferably, the movable contact is inserted into the chuck, the pair of chuck contact fingers are respectively arranged on two sides of the movable contact, the pair of magnetic conduction members are respectively fixed on the chuck contact fingers, and a gap is formed between the pair of magnetic conduction members.

Preferably, when the current flowing into the clamping head is larger than the rated current of the switch, the magnetic conduction piece generates a magnetic field to push the clamping head to move inwards to clamp the moving contact.

Preferably, the two sides of the moving contact are provided with upper moving contacts which are made of alloy materials.

Preferably, a lower moving contact is arranged on the chuck contact finger, the lower moving contact is made of alloy materials, and after the moving contact is inserted into the chuck, the upper moving contact is in contact with the lower moving contact.

Preferably, the device further comprises a fixed contact, the fixed contact is connected with the chuck in parallel, and the fixed contact and the chuck are both connected with the wire inlet end.

Preferably, the movable contact may be in contact with the stationary contact and/or the collet.

Preferably, the movable contact may not contact or contact when inserted into the chuck under the action of the operating mechanism.

Preferably, the operating mechanism at least comprises an upper connecting rod, a lower connecting rod, a trip bar and a rotating shaft, the rotating shaft is driven by the upper connecting rod and the lower connecting rod to drive the moving contact to be in contact with the fixed contact and/or the chuck, the trip bar can be unlocked through the shunt release, and the moving contact is disconnected from the fixed contact and/or the chuck.

Preferably, the moving contact is connected to the rotating shaft, and a magnetic yoke is arranged on the moving contact and is arranged in front of and/or behind the rotating shaft.

Preferably, the magnetic yoke is fixed on the moving contact and rotates along with the moving contact.

Preferably, when the moving contact is closed, a fixed armature is arranged in the direction opposite to the magnetic yoke, and when the moving contact flows in a current larger than the rated current of the switch, the magnetic yoke generates a magnetic field to attract the fixed armature, so that the moving contact is prevented from being repelled.

Preferably, the moving contact is a front bridge type rotating double contact and a rear bridge type rotating double contact, and the clamping heads are correspondingly arranged in front and at the rear of the bridge type rotating double contact.

Preferably, the moving contact is a left U-shaped double contact and a right U-shaped double contact, and the clamping heads are correspondingly arranged on the left and the right of the U-shaped double contacts.

The utility model has the following beneficial effects:

1. the utility model provides an electric switch with multiple superimposed attractive forces, which is characterized in that an original static contact is optimized into a structure of a movable chuck, an electric attractive force is generated due to the isotropy of chuck current to clamp a moving contact, and a magnetic conduction piece is arranged around the chuck.

2. The utility model provides an electric switch with multiple superimposed suction forces, which is characterized in that a movable chuck is connected in parallel with an original static contact, a magnetic yoke is arranged on a movable contact, and the like, when a large short-circuit current flows, the chuck structure can generate the double suction forces to clamp the movable contact, and the current flowing through the movable contact magnetizes the magnetic yoke to generate the suction force with an armature so as to increase the contact pressure of the movable contact to a static contact, so that the movable contact can reliably contact with the static contact and the chuck under the combined action of the multiple suction forces, and the short-time tolerance of the switch is improved.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative efforts.

Fig. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a multi-attraction superimposed electric switch according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a rotating shaft, a moving contact and a collet of a multi-attraction-superimposed electrical switch according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of a multiple suction force superimposed electric switch according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a multiple suction force superimposed electrical switch according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of a multiple suction force superimposed electric switch according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 6 is a schematic view of a chuck structure of a multiple suction force superimposed electric switch according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a rotating shaft, a moving contact and a clamping head of a multiple suction force superimposed electric switch according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of a multiple suction force superimposed electric switch according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of states of a moving contact, a stationary contact and a collet when rated current is carried by an electrical switch with multiple superimposed attractive forces according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 10 is a schematic view of the states of the moving contact, the fixed contact and the clamping head when the electric switch with multiple superimposed attractive forces bears short-circuit current according to the third embodiment of the utility model.

Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram showing a structure in which a yoke of a multiple attraction superimposed electric switch according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention is placed in front of a rotating shaft.

Fig. 12 is a schematic diagram showing a structure in which a yoke of a multiple attraction superimposed electric switch according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention is placed behind a rotating shaft.

Fig. 13 is a schematic diagram of a fifth embodiment of the present invention, showing a multiple-suction-force superimposed electrical switch employing a front-rear bridge dual-contact configuration.

Fig. 14 is a schematic diagram of a multiple suction force superimposed electric switch according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention, which employs left and right U-shaped dual contacts.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

The terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "front", "rear" and the like in the present invention are used with reference to the positions shown in the drawings.

First embodiment

Referring to fig. 1, the present embodiment discloses an electrical switch with multiple superimposed attractive forces, which includes an insulating housing 10, an operating mechanism 20, a wire inlet end 30, a wire outlet end 40, a movable contact 50, and a collet 60, wherein the operating mechanism 20, the wire inlet end 30, the wire outlet end 40, the movable contact 50, and the collet 60 are all accommodated in a cavity of the insulating housing 10, the wire inlet end 30 is electrically connected to the collet 60 through a first conductor 301, the movable contact 50 is electrically connected to the wire outlet end 40 through a second conductor 401, and the first conductor 301 is a soft wire or a hard wire.

The operating mechanism 20 includes an upper connecting rod 201, a lower connecting rod 202, a trip bar 203 and a rotating shaft 204, the movable contact 50 is hinged in the rotating shaft 204, and the rotating shaft 204 is driven by the transmission of the upper connecting rod 201 and the lower connecting rod 202 to drive the movable contact 50 to move into or out of the chuck 60.

Referring to fig. 2, two sides of the movable contact 50 are provided with upper movable contacts 501, the upper movable contacts 501 are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the movable contact 50, and the upper movable contacts 501 are made of an alloy material, preferably a silver-based alloy. The chuck 60 comprises a pair of chuck contact fingers 601, contact springs 602, a limiting shaft 603 and a magnetic conduction member 604, wherein the chuck contact fingers 601 are arranged in bilateral symmetry, two through holes are formed in the chuck contact fingers 601 and are arranged in the magnetic conduction member 604 in a left-right sliding manner through the two limiting shafts 603, the contact springs 602 penetrate through the limiting shaft 603 and are arranged between the chuck contact fingers 601 and the magnetic conduction member 604, so that the chuck contact fingers 601 are kept at an initial stressed position, the magnetic conduction member 604 is U-shaped, the U-shaped openings of the magnetic conduction member 604 are arranged oppositely, a gap is formed between the openings of the magnetic conduction member 604, a lower movable contact 605 is arranged on the chuck contact fingers 601, and the lower movable contact 605 is made of alloy material, preferably silver-based alloy.

The cartridge 60 is fixed in the insulating housing 10, when the operating mechanism 20 drives the movable contact 50 to insert the cartridge 60 for movement, the movable contact 50 will push the cartridge contact fingers 601 outwards, when the upper movable contact 501 moves to the position of the lower movable contact 605, the movable contact 50 stops moving, the upper movable contact 501 and the lower movable contact 605 are clamped under the action of the contact spring 602, the switch conductive loop is connected, the switch can carry normal rated current, when a large short-circuit current occurs in the conductive loop, a pair of the cartridge contact fingers 601 are respectively arranged on both sides of the movable contact 50, the directions of the currents flowing through the pair of the cartridge contact fingers 601 are the same, due to the principle that the currents in the same direction attract each other, a larger electromotive force will be generated to make the cartridge contact fingers 601 clamp the movable contact 50, and the magnetic conductive member 604 arranged on the cartridge contact fingers 601 is magnetized, the electromagnetic attraction is generated to further push the chuck 60 to move inwards to clamp the movable contact 50, and the superposition of the two attractive forces avoids the problem that the switch cannot be normally opened due to the fact that the contact is subjected to fusion welding because the contact is repelled to generate electric arcs when large current passes through the switch, so that the dynamic stability of the contact in the switch is improved, and the short-time tolerance of the switch is further improved.

With reference to fig. 3, a shunt release 21 may be further disposed in the insulating housing 10, and the shunt release 21 may drive the trip rod 203, so that the transmission of the upper connecting rod 201 and the lower connecting rod 202 of the operating mechanism 20 drives the rotating shaft 204 to drive the movable contact 50 to move out of the chuck 60.

Second embodiment

Referring to fig. 4-7, the present embodiment discloses another structure of a multiple suction force superimposed electrical switch, which includes an insulating housing 10, an operating mechanism 20, a wire inlet end 30, a wire outlet end 40, a movable contact 50, a collet 60, and a fixed contact 70, and is different from the first embodiment, the switch further includes a fixed contact 70, the fixed contact 70 is connected in parallel with the collet 60, both the fixed contact 70 and the collet 60 are connected to the wire inlet end 30, the fixed contact 70 is a flat plate structure, and includes a connecting plate 701, an arc striking angle 702, and a fixed contact 703, and the arc striking angle 702 and the fixed contact 703 are fixed on the connecting plate 701 in a welding manner, so as to jointly form the fixed contact 70.

The structure of the chuck in this embodiment is different from that of the first embodiment, as shown in fig. 6, the chuck 60 in this embodiment includes chuck contact fingers 601, spring tabs 606, chuck support seats 607, and magnetic conductive members 604, the chuck contact fingers 601 are fixed to the spring tabs 606 by riveting or welding, the spring tabs 606 are fastened to the chuck support seats 607 by screws, the magnetic conductive members 604 are disposed on the chuck contact fingers 601, a pair of the magnetic conductive members 604 are respectively disposed on two sides of a pair of the chuck contact fingers 601, a pair of the chuck contact fingers 601 are disposed between a pair of the magnetic conductive members 604, the magnetic conductive members 604 are U-shaped, openings of a pair of the U-shaped magnetic conductive members 604 are disposed oppositely, and a gap is left between the openings.

Referring to fig. 4, the collet holder 607 is supported below the fixed contact 70, the collet contact finger 601 is electrically connected to the fixed contact 70 through a flexible conductor, the movable contact 50 is also a flat plate structure and includes a movable contact rod 502 and a movable contact 503, the movable contact 503 is also fixed on the movable contact rod 501 through a welding manner to jointly form the movable contact 50, a knife inserting surface 5011 is disposed at a position of the movable contact rod 502 close to the movable contact 503, the movable contact 50 is driven by the operating mechanism 20 to simultaneously contact the fixed contact 70 and the collet 60, the movable contact 503 is contacted with the fixed contact 703, the knife inserting surface 5011 is contacted with the collet contact finger 601, at this time, current flows from the incoming terminal 30 to the movable contact 50 through two parallel branches of the fixed contact 70 and the collet 60, the operating mechanism 20 includes an insulating rotating shaft 204, the movable contact 50 is hinged to the insulating rotating shaft 204.

Referring to fig. 4 and 7, a magnetic yoke is disposed on the movable contact 50, the magnetic yoke includes a first magnetic yoke 80 and a second magnetic yoke 81, the first magnetic yoke 80 and the second magnetic yoke 81 are U-shaped and disposed in front of and behind the rotating shaft 204, the first magnetic yoke 80 is disposed in front of the rotating shaft 204, an opening of the first magnetic yoke is downward fixed on the movable contact 50 by a rivet, the second magnetic yoke 81 is disposed behind the rotating shaft 204, an opening of the second magnetic yoke is upward fixed on the movable contact 50 by a rivet, the rivet is made of a non-magnetic or weak magnetic material, the first magnetic yoke 80 and the second magnetic yoke 81 rotate together with the movable contact 50, when the movable contact 50 rotates to a position contacting the fixed contact 70 and the collet 60, at this time, a fixed armature is disposed in a direction opposite to the opening of the first magnetic yoke 80 and the second magnetic yoke 81, correspondingly, the first fixed armature 90 is arranged in the direction opposite to the opening of the first magnetic yoke 80, the second fixed armature 91 is arranged in the direction opposite to the opening of the second magnetic yoke 81, the first fixed armature 90 is positioned below the movable contact 50, the second fixed armature 91 is positioned above the movable contact 50, a section of suction air gap is arranged between the first fixed armature 90 and the first magnetic yoke, a section of suction air gap is arranged between the second fixed armature 91 and the second magnetic yoke 81, the first fixed armature 90 and the second fixed armature 91 are respectively fixed on the insulating shell 10, and the first magnetic yoke 80 and the second magnetic yoke 81 as well as the first fixed armature 90 and the second fixed armature 91 are made of soft magnetic materials such as pure iron

When a large current passes through the moving contact 50, the first magnetic yoke 80 and the second magnetic yoke 81 are magnetized, a large attraction force is generated between attraction air gaps, the attraction force enables the moving contact 50 to press the static contact 70, the contact pressure when a large short-circuit current passes through is greatly improved, the Homeph force generated between the moving contact 50 and the static contact 70 is counteracted, the moving contact 50 and the static contact 70 are prevented from being repelled when the large current passes through, in addition, the chuck 60 connected in parallel with the static contact 70 generates a large electromotive force between the chuck contact fingers 601 because the flowing directions of the currents are the same, the chuck contact fingers 601 clamp the slotting tool face 5011, meanwhile, the magnetic conductive member 604 arranged on the chuck contact fingers 601 is magnetized, an electromagnetic attraction force is generated, and the chuck 60 is further pushed to move inwards to clamp the slotting tool face 5011, the superposition of the triple attractive forces improves the dynamic stability of the switch when a short-circuit current flows, so that the short-time tolerance of the switch is greatly improved.

Third embodiment

Referring to fig. 8-10, the present embodiment discloses another structure of an electrical switch with multiple overlapped suction forces, which includes an insulating housing 10, an operating mechanism 20, a wire inlet end 30, a wire outlet end 40, a movable contact 50, a collet 60, and a fixed contact 70, and different from the second embodiment, when the switch carries a rated current, and the movable contact 50 is inserted into the collet 60, the movable contact 50 is in contact with the fixed contact 70, and the movable contact 50 is not in contact with the collet 60; when the switch carries short-circuit current and the movable contact 50 is inserted into the clamping head 60, the movable contact 50 is contacted with both the contact 70 and the clamping head 60.

Specifically, when the switch carries a rated current, the current flows from the incoming terminal 30 to the moving contact 50 only through the stationary contact 70 and then to the outgoing terminal 40; when the switch bears a short-circuit current, because the short-circuit current value is large, the current flowing through the static contact 70 magnetizes the magnetic conductive member 604 arranged on the chuck 60 to form an electromagnet, the magnetic conductive member 604 drives the chuck 60 to move inward to clamp the movable contact 50, and at this time, the short-circuit current flowing through the switch flows to the movable contact 50 through the two parallel branches of the static contact 70 and the chuck 60, so that the dynamic stability and the thermal stability of the switch when the short-circuit current flows through the switch are improved.

Fourth embodiment

Referring to fig. 11-12, the present embodiment discloses an electrical switch with multiple superimposed attractive forces, which includes an insulating housing 10, an operating mechanism 20, a wire inlet end 30, a wire outlet end 40, a movable contact 50, a collet 60, and a fixed contact 70, and is different from the second embodiment in that the movable contact 50 is only provided with a first magnetic yoke 80, the first magnetic yoke 80 is disposed on the front side or the rear side of the rotating shaft 201, when the first magnetic yoke 80 is disposed on the front side of the rotating shaft 201, an opening of the first magnetic yoke 80 is downward, and the first fixed armature 90 is disposed corresponding to the opening of the first magnetic yoke 80 and disposed below the movable contact 50, as shown in fig. 11; when the first magnetic yoke 80 is disposed behind the rotating shaft 201, the opening of the first magnetic yoke 80 is upward, the first fixed armature 90 is disposed corresponding to the opening of the first magnetic yoke 80, and the first fixed armature 90 is disposed above the movable contact 50, as shown in fig. 12.

Fifth embodiment

Referring to fig. 13, the present embodiment discloses an electrical switch with multiple superimposed attractive forces, which includes an insulating housing 10, an operating mechanism 20, a wire inlet end 30, a wire outlet end 40, a movable contact 50 and a chuck 60, and unlike the first embodiment, the movable contact 50 is a front and rear bridge-type rotating dual contact, and the chuck 60 is correspondingly disposed in front and rear of the bridge-type rotating dual contact.

Sixth embodiment

Referring to fig. 14, the present embodiment discloses an electrical switch with multiple superimposed attractive forces, which includes an insulating housing 10, an operating mechanism 20, a wire inlet end 30, a wire outlet end 40, a movable contact 50 and a clip 60, and unlike the first embodiment, the movable contact 50 is a left and right U-shaped twinned contact, and the clip 60 is correspondingly disposed on the left and right U-shaped twinned contacts.

The above is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and those skilled in the art can make various changes or modifications to the embodiment of the present invention according to the disclosure of the application document without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Claims (16)

1. The utility model provides a superimposed electric switch of multiple suction, includes insulating casing, operating device, inlet wire end, leading-out terminal, moving contact and chuck at least, the inlet wire end conductor is connected the chuck, the leading-out terminal conductor is connected the moving contact, its characterized in that: and magnetic conduction pieces are arranged around the clamping head.

2. The multiple suction superimposed electrical switch of claim 1, wherein said conductors connecting said inlet terminals to said cartridge are either soft or hard wires.

3. The electrical switch of claim 1, wherein said movable contact is movable into and out of said cartridge by said actuator.

4. The electrical switch of claim 1, wherein the collet comprises at least a pair of collet fingers, the pair of collet fingers are respectively disposed on two sides of the movable contact when the movable contact is inserted into the collet, the pair of magnetic conductive members are respectively fixed on the collet fingers, and a gap is formed between the pair of magnetic conductive members.

5. The switch of claim 4, wherein said magnetic conducting member generates a magnetic field to urge said collet to move inwardly to clamp said movable contact when said current flowing into said collet is greater than a rated current of said switch.

6. The electrical switch of claim 4, wherein the movable contact is provided with an upper movable contact on both sides thereof, and the upper movable contact is made of an alloy material.

7. The electrical switch of claim 6, wherein said collet fingers have a lower moving contact formed thereon, said lower moving contact being made of an alloy material, and said upper moving contact and said lower moving contact are in contact when said moving contact is inserted into said collet.

8. The multi-suction superimposed electrical switch of claim 1, further comprising a stationary contact, wherein the stationary contact and the collet are connected in parallel, and both the stationary contact and the collet are connected to the inlet line end.

9. The electrical switch of claim 8, wherein the movable contact is capable of contacting the stationary contact and/or the cartridge.

10. The electrical switch of claim 9, wherein said movable contacts are adapted to be inserted into said cartridge without contacting or contacting with said operating mechanism.

11. The electrical switch of any one of claims 1 to 10, further comprising a fixed contact, wherein the operating mechanism comprises at least an upper link, a lower link, a trip bar, and a shaft, wherein the shaft is driven by the upper link and the lower link to drive the movable contact to contact with the fixed contact and/or the collet, the trip bar can be unlocked by a shunt release, and the movable contact is disconnected from the fixed contact and/or the collet.

12. The electrical switch of claim 11, wherein said movable contact is connected to said shaft, and a magnetic yoke is disposed on said movable contact, said magnetic yoke being disposed in front of and/or behind said shaft.

13. The electrical switch of claim 12, wherein said yoke is fixed to said movable contact and rotates with said movable contact.

14. The electrical switch of claim 13, wherein when said moving contact is closed, said yoke has a fixed armature facing in a direction opposite to said yoke, and when said moving contact has a current greater than a rated current of said switch, said yoke generates a magnetic field that attracts said fixed armature to prevent said moving contact from repelling.

15. The electrical switch of claim 1, wherein the movable contact is a front bridge-type rotating dual contact and a rear bridge-type rotating dual contact, and the clips are correspondingly arranged in front and rear of the bridge-type rotating dual contact.

16. The electrical switch of claim 1, wherein the movable contact is a pair of left and right U-shaped contacts, and the clips are disposed on the left and right sides of the U-shaped contacts.

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